Urban Morphology - Dissertation by Jessie Hu

URBAN MORPHOLOGY A Spatial Analysis of an Ethnic Enclave

URBAN MORPHOLOGY A Spatial Analysis of an Ethnic Enclave by Yang Hu A dissertation submitted to The Manchester School of Architecture in fulďŹ lment of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Master of Architecture The Manchester School of Architecture The University of Manchester Manchester Metropolitan University

April 2016

Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Declaration

No portion of the work referred to in the dissertation has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any other institute of learning.

Abstract

This dissertation seeks to find strategies and links that are present in a morphological understanding of structure, space and society. Although there has been much research done into studies about ethnic boundaries, this dissertation aims to focus on the physical properties of ethnic enclaves and will try to forecast the physical aspects and social interactions. The analysis of the surrounding urban environment as one system will capture the spatial configurations for individuals as they use and understand their local environment; as well as linking the local environment with the context of an entire city. As a purpose of representation, analytical tools of space syntax, photographs and illustrative maps will interrogate the surrounding environment and LANZHOU

differentiate itself from other urban network analyses through how it can represent the bordering spaces and therefore seek to deeper understand the city structures.

FIG 0.1

Keywords:

Contextual map of GanSu Province

Space Syntax, Ethnic Enclave, Urban Morphology, Lanzhou

The geographical location of Gansu is bordering Mongolia, between Tibetan and Xinjiang & Qinghai to the west, Sichuan to the South. The Yellow River passes through the southern part of the province.

vii

Acknowledgements

This dissertation would not have been possible without the support and help from many people. I owe my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Deljana Iossifova, who has read and reread the materials in each chapter, when they were just unstructured sentences in a notebook. During the times of pressure and hardship, she always had faith in me and encouraged me to be better. I also wish to extend my thanks to my family and friends whom helped me gather the data that made this dissertation full of interesting photographs and insights. I am grateful that they stayed patient with me and tried to help inspire and guide me through the stressful times.

viii

Contents

Author’s Declaration Abstract Acknowledgements Table of Contents List of Illustrations [Chapter 1] GENERAL OVERVIEW 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

Research Problem Theoretical Background Research Basis Research Questions Aims & Objectives Dissertation Structure

[Chapter 2] LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6

Place-Related Identity Thick & Thin Principles of Pattern Language Enclaves Space Syntax as a Theory Conclusion

[Chapter 3] LANZHOU

v vii viii x xii 2 3 5 6 7 7 7 12 14 17 19 23 25 28

3.3 The Study of Urban Hui Ethnic Minority Groups 3.4 The Hui Minority in Lanzhou

34 35

Population Living Patterns Religion

4.1 Context / Scope 4.2 Research Design 4.3 Space Syntax as a Theory 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3

Axial Map Heat Map Limitations & Assumptions

4.4.1

Limitations & Assumptions

37 37 38 41

4.4 Photo Analysis

4.5 Expected Outcomes & Contributions

[Chapter 5] RESULTS & FINDINGS

49 51 58 64

[Chapter 6] CONCLUSION

5.1 Study Site – one 5.2 Study Site – two 5.3 Study Site – three

Bibliography

3.1 Definition of the Ethnic Minority in the View of Distribution Pattern 3.2 A Brief Introduction of Hui Ethic Minority Group 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.2

[Chapter 4] RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

List of illustrations Chapter

[Chapter 1] [Chapter 2]

Fig. Description & Reference 0.1 1.0 2.0 2.1

Contextual map of GanSu Province, Illustrative Map

mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA3NTEwMTIxOA

2.2 Traditional Hui Minzu Children, Photograph, https://

2.3 Traditional Hui Minzu Wealthy Dwelling, Photograph,

https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA3NTEwMTIxOA

2.4 Aerial Shot of Old Lanzhou, Photograph, https://

2.5 Traditional Prayer Service, Photograph, https://

2.6 Typical Hui Minority Pagoda , Photograph, https://

mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA3NTEwMTIxOA mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA3NTEwMTIxOA mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA3NTEwMTIxOA

[Chapter 4]

[Chapter 5]

Districts in Lanzhou, Study Site, Illustrative Map 1 Citation Diagram for Literature Review, Illustrative Flowchart 11 Traditional Hui Minzu Man, Photograph, https:// 14 mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA3NTEwMTIxOA

[Chapter 3]

Page

2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 3.0

Pattern No.14 : Identifiable Neighbourhood

Pattern No.120 : Paths & Goals

Pattern No. 171 by Christopher Alexander

Pattern No. 171 reinterpreted

A Hui prayer gathering, Photograph, https://

mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA3NTEwMTIxOA

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 4.0 4.1 4.2

Hui men cooking, Photograph by Jie

Qilihe District Hui Mosque gateway, Photograph by Jie

Hui men cooking, Photograph by Jie

Qilihe District Hui Mosque gateway, Photograph by Jie

5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7

Major Roads Adjacent to Study Site 1, Illustrative Map Buildings Adjacent to Study Site 1, Illustrative Map Figure Ground of Study Site 1, Plan Front Entrance of XiGuan Mosque, Photograph Back Entrance of XiGuan Mosque, Photograph Access Route Near Study Site 1, Photographic Collage Access Route Near Study Site 1, Photographic Collage

50 50 50 51 51 52 52

Panoramic of Study Site 1, Photographic Collage

Inside Qilihe District Hui Mosque gateway, Photograph by Jie 34 Current day Hui setting up food stall, Photograph by Jie

Current day Hui setting up food stall, Photograph by Jie

Research diagram, Flowchart

39-40

Concepts of Space Syntax, Illustrative Diagrams

Blind men & Elephant Concept, Flowchart,

https://theanalogiesproject.org/the-analogies/elephantsix-blind-men-information-security-mean/

xii

Chapter

Fig. Description & Reference

Page

5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 5.29 5.30 5.31 5.32 5.33 5.34 5.35 5.36 5.37 5.38 5.39 5.40 5.41 5.42 5.43

Axial Map of Vehicular Accesses, Study Site 1, Map Axial Map of Main Vehicular Accesses, Study Site 1, Map

53 53

Axial Map of Pedestrian Accesses, Study Site 1, Map

Axial Map of Main Pedestrian Accesses, Study Site 1, Map

Heat Map of Pedestrian & Vehicular Access, Study Site 1, Map 55 Combined Heat Maps, Study Site 1, Map

Access Road Adjacent to Study Site 1, Photograph by Jie

Narrow Alley Adjacent to Study Site 1, Photograph by Kuan

Major Roads Adjacent to Study Site 2, Illustrative Map

Buildings Adjacent to Study Site 2, Illustrative Map

Figure Ground of Study Site 2, Plan

Main Entrance to Baishu Mosque, Photograph by Kuan

Iconic Gateway Into Baishu Alley, Photograph by Kuan

Axial Map of Vehicular Accesses, Study Site 2, Map

Axial Map of Main Vehicular Accesses, Study Site 2, Map

Axial Map of Pedestrian Accesses, Study Site 2, Map

Axial Map of Main Pedestrian Accesses, Study Site 2, Map

Heat Map of Pedestrian Access, Study Site 2, Map

Heat Map of Vehicular Access, Study Site 2, Map

Combined Heat Maps, Study Site 2, Map

Access Road Adjacent to Study Site 2, Photographic Collage

Narrow Alley Adjacent to Study Site 2, Photographic Collage

Gonglin Road leading up to Study Site 3, Photograph by Jie

Major Roads Adjacent to Study Site 3, Illustrative Map

Buildings Adjacent to Study Site 3, Illustrative Map Figure Ground of Study Site 3, Plan

65 65

Axial Map of Vehicular Accesses, Study Site 3, Map

Axial Map of Main Vehicular Accesses, Study Site 3, Map

Axial Map of Pedestrian Accesses, Study Site 3, Map

Axial Map of Main Pedestrian Accesses, Study Site 3, Map

Heat Map of Pedestrian Access, Study Site 3, Map

Heat Map of Vehicular Access, Study Site 3, Map

Heat Map of Vehicular & Pedestrian Access, Study Site 3, Map 68 Derelict Shop Frontage, Study Site 3, Photograph by Jie

Residential Settlements, Study Site 3, Photograph by Jie

Residential Compounds, Study Site 3, Photograph by Jie

xiii

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

1 GENERAL OVERVIEW ‘At the deepest level of what all cultures share that is, of what is common spatially to humankind is geometric language that we all speak.’ Space is the machine – (Hillier 1999)

AnNing Area

ChengGuan Area

Through a series of importance concepts that construct

the level of interaction and social significance between people along boundaries and within borderlands, I aim to focus this dissertation on the spatial systems that surround the urban morphology of enclaves. By using the notions introduced in various literatures around enclaves and place-related communities, I will approach this by clearly defining a theoretical

QiLiHe Area

framework that is built specifically using core concepts, maps, illustrations and photographs. These methods will provide a critical window to questioning the spatial configurations that affect ethnically different but spatially adjacent neighbourhoods of people with the study sites of Lanzhou, China.

2 Km

The future application of this dissertation is to prove whether by understanding the spatial configurations of ethnically divided cities, apply this knowledge to examine the social interactions of

FIG 1.0

enclaves that construct an ethnically divided city and therefore

An illustrative map of 3 districts in Lanzhou

also be applicable to cities under-going transformation and

Figure 1.0 is an illustrative map to show the districts of Chenguan, Qilihe of which the study sites are located. Along side Anning, the neighbouring district.

change in general.

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Research Problem

The issue that surround ethnic boundaries have been

the importance of geographic, in addition to social, perspectives

in an increasing debate over the recent years. Scholars in

for summarising the morphology of ethnic urban borderlands.

this field, such as Fredrick Barth since 1969, have addressed

‘Urban settings are definitely physical entities, although they

important questions that are fixated on the economic and

have been the background to many human activities’ (Alper

social explanations for the existence and persistence of ethnic

2009). This dissertation examines the physical properties of the

enclaves (Wang, Shangyi, et al. 2002). In this dissertation, I

spaces between adjacent Hui and Han enclaves in Lanzhou in

examine the minority enclave of the case study and its physical

order to understand if and how they are justified as borders,

entities through spatial analysis, implementing core ideas to

boundaries or borderlands. The analysis will focus on the

reflect the necessary divergent paths that enable different kinds

aspects of visual connectivity and typological structure of the

of coexistence. Despite the researched themes by Barth, Bretell

enclaves, which I believe have not been addressed adequately

and other scholars in ethnic boundaries and borderlands, their

by many scholars. It is part of this boarder picture, an approach

collective work has not yet fully explored the importance of

to conceptualising the physical complexities at various scales,

spatial configurations influencing the possible sustainment of

from individual plots, street blocks, street patterns and buildings

ethnic communities within a diverse urban developing city.

that make up the structure of the borderland help bridge the gap in engaging with the prospects of an enclave from a spatial

Therefore, the case study I have chosen is Lanzhou, the major

perspective.

city in the Gansu Province of China. This study will remedy this gap in the literature by examining the spatial make-up of

This knowledge helps us to apprise the hierarchy of change

the ethnic enclave of the predominant minority community

within urban features and in theory make clear that it would

in Lanzhou, in order to elucidate the heretofore-unrecognised

be both objective and inconceivable if borders were to dissolve

spatial relationship of the spatial configurations and the possible

altogether. Therefore, what is essentially highlighted in this

minority qualities in this patchwork context. Whilst other cities

dissertation is an accurate understanding of the big topic on

within the Gansu Province can also reflect the peculiarities of

boundaries and borderlands, but focusing on the spatial analysis

urban China’s ethnic geography, I argue that Lanzhou’s ethnic

of how these could contour the social connections of the existing

character is most distinct in expressing the major residential area

enclaves.

for the Hui people of Gansu province(Hu 2012) and underline

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

1.2 Theoretical Background Borders

Boundaries Borderlands The terminologies covered in this dissertation will exchange where appropriate between borders, boundaries and borderlands. The difference of interpretation persists, but the different models of conceptualisation should be organised under border experience. In all cases, borders are a line that indicates boundaries between states and counties, whereas boundaries are markers in existing states (Weber 2012).

There are many theories that can be associated with the

1.3 Research Basis Borders

study of space. The following theoretical approaches will form

Boundaries

border and boundaries, from a social and culture angle. Instead, I

the backbone for hypothesising the patterns of relationship that

Borderlands

intend to respond to the urban phenomenon of enclaves through

occur within a configuration of spaces: -

The triad of concepts of perceived-conceived-lived

(spatial practice, representation of space, representational spaces) in Production of Space, are the realms of interconnectedness that are supposed by Lefebvre as the ‘qualities and attributes’ of the tight bond used to stress the correspondences in society (Lefebvre 1974). -

The concept of borders, boundaries and borderlands used in this dissertation reaches beyond being just a line of division between the ‘inside’ and ‘outside’. The introduction of theses terminologies are far from being an exchange of words, instead are thoughts of interaction, and integration (Comelli et al. 2007). The interesting natures of borders as boundaries and borderlands are the relations that simultaneously occur between people and geographically active spaces. In this case, it is about understanding a space in which identities are co-existing and flourishing. The highlight of these borders, boundaries and borderlands are between the real and imagined open characteristics.

Identification of the forces that govern a city through a

This dissertation moves beyond the current debate of

spatial analysis, which can give results that can support the case study of Lanzhou as a multi-layered context, by taking into consideration the dynamics that lead to the visual experience. Through an intuitive way of investigating the case study environment, I aim to apply space syntax and photographic analysis, to gain results of the morphological properties. The projections that ethnic borderlands are influenced by spatial composition of architecture ‘inside’ the enclave borders and the possible reciprocal reaction between individuals on both

study of spatial and social and configurations (Hillier 1996).

sides of the border Intrigues me. Therefore, through this questioning, I aim to set out a number of parameter objectives

The ideas of Pattern Language used for forming a focus

that systematically tackle the spatial areas of an enclave. The

on reproducible solutions to any design solution. In due process,

method discussed in length in the following chapters, include

categorising the influencing patterns that are associated with the

the main advantage and limitations used to interpret the rules

spatial analysis of urban patterns, structure, network and form to

that can contribute to governing cities as open unforeseen future

study connectivity among the patterns of an ethnic borderland

ecologies.

(C.Alexander, 1964).

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

1.4 Research Questions - How does the urban or spatial morphology of the enclave

certain points of significance, may it be buildings or open

contribute to connectivity of the space?

spaces and how this will affect the functioning and patterns of

- By focusing on the analysis of the enclaveâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s space, can we make

borderlands. In other words, I attempt to identify how the spatial

an assumption on the social interactions that exist within the

configurations of data will show whether buildings of particular

urban grain?

architectural significance within an enclave underlines the

- How have the Hui minority responded to the existing urban

potential and tangible aspects of connectivity, in relation to other

morphologies and how can we predict the variations on social

parts of the urban scape.

connections through the analysis of the spatial patterns of the urban context?

Beyond this general aim, this study aims to: -

terms of space syntax.

1.5 Aims & Objectives

Contribute to the understanding of urban morphology in

The focus of this dissertation is on the theories that

Demonstrate the physical and social characteristics of

urban space.

attempt to make systematic predictions about the interrelations

of architectural connectivity. This will be examined on Lanzhouâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

the topological relations and consider the application of this

ethnic borderlands. The use of space syntax will frame the initial

knowledge to deduce the social workings of cross enclave

method of spatial analysis. A study through multiple sets of

activities.

Study the properties of spaces, which encompass

parameters emphasises the different descriptive strategies that will further investigate the possible underlying social functioning

1.6 Dissertation Structure

of a highly concentrated ethnic enclave, in a multifaceted city.

In the introduction and literature review, the dissertation

provides an overview of theories and concepts. It then moves on

I use space syntax and photographic analytical strategies to gain

to present methods of spatial analysis in order to apply them to

a theoretical understanding of whether enclaves pivot around

the chosen case study site and arrive at conclusions. Chapter 1 will include a brief summary of the dissertation. It will highlight the theoretical background, the research basis and the questions that follow from this and finally what my aims and

objectives are for this dissertation.

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

Chapter 2 progress round the main topics that are related to this

qualitative evaluation of the results will reference to the research

subject of study. This literature review presents the fundamental

objectives, and outcomes and contributions discussed.

concepts introduced by Barth, Haselberger and Hillier. Prior to looking at the spatial patterns examined by Hillier and

Chapter 6 evaluates the concepts engaged with throughout this

Alexander, the former will be dominated by the analysis of Barth,

dissertation and according to the outcome of the results discuss

Haselberger and other researches for classifying the different

the benefits and drawback of this particular piece of research and

phenomenon associated with borders and boundaries.

suggestions for further research.

Chapter 3 involves the urban characteristics of the wider study areas of Lanzhou and the definition of the Hui minority. A deeper understanding of the Hui minority group in relation to population, living patter and religion. Chapter 4 breakdowns the methods that relate to the concepts when analysing spatial connectivity, tangibility and integration. Debates of space syntax, photographic analysis methods and discuss in terms of their techniques in framing a deeper understanding of the spatial breakdowns of enclave community. Chapter 5 integrates the syntactical methods to understanding the axial maps and photographs generated as an approach to analysing the urban form and structure, and the application of this method to three selected study sites in Lanzhou. A

2 LITERATURE REVIEW ‘One is led to identify and distinguish ethnic groups by the morphological characteristics of the cultures of which they are the bearers. This entails a prejudged viewpoint both on 1) the nature of continuity in time of such units, and 2) the locus of the factors which determine the form of the units.’ - Fredrik Barth

The physical built environment can be seen to have many

characteristics that structure the image of cities, since ‘cities are often debated as agglomerations of clearly bounded spaces where everyday interactions with others supposedly diminish and public encounters occur exclusively within homogeneous groups.’ (Iossifova 2013, p.1) The studies around the topic of boundaries, borders and place-related identity mark a beginning of debates that applies to the generation of cities. As identified by Brunet-Jailly (2005, p.5), borders were ‘international agreements that are established by mutual understandings between states’ which we have come to understand at present as being a network of complex functions and policies that govern the boundaries of independent spaces.

FIG 2.0

A citation map of main concepts

Figure 2.0 shows the connection authors that have researched around the topics of this dissertation. Highlighting and summarising ideas.

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Place-Related Identity Mutually forming communities are associated with creating this ‘patchwork’ (Iossifova 2014, p.17) of a city. I address the distinct

‘Identity manifests itself on many levels, one of which is place.’ -Ashild Lappegard Hauge

dynamics that encompass the theories behind a disjointed city and critically analyse its urban morphology by bringing attention to the spatial formation of these enclave communities. The

topics that are covered will focus on spatially understanding

proscriptions on social situations’ (Barth 1969, p.17) can bring

place as having a sense of identity that defines its connective

about the opportunity for confrontation and modification. This

characteristics. The notion of thick and thin borders can be

relates to the emphasis that Brettell highlights for identity can

interpreted using space syntax as a theory, with the support of

be used to distinguish aspects of boundaries and contrastingly

Pattern Language as a less mainstream method of approaching

define the differences which become the foundation for the

urban morphological studies. In this way, all these main concepts aim to shift the epistemological perspective from their economic and social explanations to the intricate web of relationships that construct these dimensions spatially.

The enclaves that have opened up to ‘a set of

construction of new borders between them (Brettell 2007). FIG 2.1

An image of a traditional Hui Minority man The concepts described in social identity theory and identity process theory show evidence that regard the relationship between identity and space. Hauge has stressed a very connotative idea highlighting place-related communities form when one is attached and affected to the physical environment in which they live. For example, people often refer to coming from a particular country or town that has some form of architectural or spatial identification.

By collating the information by boundary researchers, further analysis begs the question of the different processes that are also involved in creating and continuing borderlands (Barth 1969). Therefore this first section of my literature review points out that place matters and the term ‘place’ here will refer specifically to locality at the municipal scale (Zhou 1998). Social contact between persons of different cultures could be expected to dissolve the qualities of culture since it requests both groups to generate a congruence of values and community of culture. On the other hand, ethnic solidarity and therefore boundary maintenance of the ethnic community will be, according to Brettell (2007, p.243), encouraged if there are high ‘geographical concentrated ethnic communities’ of work or residence which in turn ‘promote close-knit ties and social capital’ within the preservation of the enclave.

FIG 2.2 (Top)

Traditional Hui Minority children

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

LITERATURE REVIEW

The anthropological studies of borderlands respond to cultural

One example that has been used to foster the understanding

variation, historical boundaries and connections. Barth

of border studies, which can also give a sense of localisation of

furthermore points out the association of identities and value

social structures of borderlands, in combination with particular

standards, whereby ethnic enclaves persist with significance if

patterns of activity that result in trajectories of ethnic enclaves,

they imply ‘marked differences in behaviour’(Barth 1969, p.7).

is Chinatown. The use of this example demonstrates the term

This entails the criteria for signals of identification and also the structuring of interaction which allows the stable perseverance of cultural differences. Therefore, the questions that generates from this perception are more likely to focus on the principles of ethnic identity and this contributes to the understanding of the individual behaviour that stimulates the outputs of membership or exclusion. The logical idea that social relations are correlated with spatial relations and that social distances is also correlated with the physical context, is an idea generated by Wang (2002). It questions whether spatial analysis can be used to explore the architecture within a multi-layered borderland, by reflecting on the dynamics that lead to the visual impacts associated with

identity to locality at a spatial scale, as these enclaves are

FIG 2.3 (Top)

Traditional Hui Minority wealthy living dwelling Self-identity as is entrenched in all ways of life, place is constantly making a contribution to one’s self identity and brand. For example: the roles we play – teacher, student, father, child; the things we brand ourselves with – hairstyle, perfume, attire; the places that we visit or remember – home town, school, gym. Therefore, it is not wrong to assume an identity is given to communities and societies. The main concept to grasp is the contribution of place to self-identity, it is this that somewhat forms the meaning and principles symbolising a specific place or borderland. Hence, place-related communities, whether it is because of culture or architectural differences will be one of the main concepts that forms the start of this literature review (Hull IV et al. 1994).

place. Zhou (1998) captures the counter-argument and reasons that the spatial construction of place does not so much rely on the location itself. However, it is more important in grasping the interactive patterns between the social agents and processes used to investigate the territorial forms, which in turn capture the ability of local actors to exchange local identities.

commonly defined as ‘highly visible geographically or spatially bounded ethnic enclaves’ (Ong 1993) within a metropolitan core. Chinatown can be used as a representative to unpacking the various types of spaces demarcated by the diverse boundaries. These places have served as Chinese immigrants’ initial destination functioning as a buffer zone which help ‘ease their adjustments, sources of social networks, bases for ethnic solidarity, and means of their livelihood’(Wang, Zhou, & Fan, 2002, p. 105).

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.2 Thick & Thin

FIG 2.4 (Top)

An old aerial view of Lanzhou, date unknown

The first objection is to make a study with a string

Physical borders do no separate cities, they instead co-exist

of connections associated with borders and boundaries as

as spaces with different characteristics. Although there is

constantly changing or evolving entities, since as each sector of

argument that borders have overlapping sets of boundaries with

the border is unique (Newman 2006). Therefore agreeing with

contradictory functions and roles, it is important to think of

Newman, this part of the literature review focuses on developing

multiple soft, fuzzy spaces in parallel. This perspective allows

an understanding of how different components joins to continuously de- and re-form boundaries. By using Haselberger’s

FIG 2.5 (Top)

A traditional prayer service, wearing traditional cultural clothing

(2014) concept of thick and thin, I intend to understand the

coordination of differing or conflicting interests and intention on both sides of the border to consequently expand the prospect of creating an intertwined network of spaces.

assumptions that borders and boundaries are sets of overlapping geopolitical, sociospatial and biophysical layers of interactions,

Agreeing with Haselsberger, the notion of ‘thin’ border can

that can be interpreted further as open and closed parts of space

be applied to define typological ethnic space, occupied by an

that reside on either sides of an enclave.

accumulation of different people and that this permeable flow of differing population will generate a lively hub of cross border

Thus thick borders are more rigid and less permeable, consisting

interactions. On the contrary, thin does not imply the border is

of more imposed functions that over time attempting to cross the

open for everything and everyone, instead it establishes a space

boundaries become more difficult, both physically and mentally.

that allows different forms of coexistence to emerge and flourish

On the contrary, thin boarders are made up of soft spaces that

irrespectively of enclave characteristics.

are able to transcend borders as supported by Haselberger (2014, p.517) that ‘every space, either virtual or physical is demarcated by a boundary and every boundary demarcates space’. It can

FIG 2.6 (Top)

A typical Hui Minority pagoda

thin border are what kind of implications there are related to the

be inferredthat borders, boundaries and borderlands are all

clashing of thick and thin borders and whether this results in the

central to both the maintenance of space and people within

emergence of spatial challenges. Thick and thin border thinking

the organised community. So therefore, by understanding the

will provide a more holistic way of investigating the interstitial

concepts of thick and thin borders, attention can be drawn to the

spaces that coexist with the physical demarcation functions and

spatial impacts of boundaries on ecological activities and vice

the spatial make up of enclaves.

versa.

Therefore, the main questions around the notion of thick and

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.2 Principles of Pattern Language: with Henri Lefebvre’s production of space and the ideologies of space experienced as perceived, conceived, and lived. Henri

“Each pattern describes a problem which occurs over and over again in our environment, and then describes the core of the solution to that problem. In such a way that you can use this solution a million times over, without ever doing the same way twice.”

Lefebvre portrays the triad concepts in spatial terms as spatial practice, representation of space and representational spaces.

- Christopher Alexander

Spatial practice – perceived; is embracing the production

and reproduction of spatial characteristics in each formation.

Pattern Language is an integrated tool related to the

tied to the production of a space with many signs and symbols.

analyses of space to physical urban forms. The basic principle of

Christopher Alexander’s research participates in the thinking of Embedded in this thinking are 235 empirical design rules

The lived space balances the two end of Lefebvre’s theoretical

and solutions that generate a holistic guideline for creating

spectrum between idealism of conceived space and the

spaces(Park 2015). The abstractness of this design tool has been

materialistic of perceived space(Zhang 2006). This theory

in use to model the chemistry between design and the built environment domain. Although the original thinking behind

Figure 2.7 is a re-drawn version of the original pattern by Alexander to show that people need an identifiable spatial unit to belong to. This figure is an interpretation of Alexander’s original pattern portraying the concept of neighbourhood. It defines those small human groups which create the energy and character which can bring the larger community of 7000 (pattern no. 12) and the mosaic of subculture (pattern no. 08) to life.

pattern language has a very social nature (Wakkary 2002), this

Pattern No.14 : Identifiable Neighbourhood

suggested by Lefebvre suggest like that of Alexander’s Pattern Language, the habitable or lived space is subjective to human experiences of ‘people’s sense-making’ (Zhang 2006, p.3) with

dissertation aims to use the conceptual literature and produce

the space they encounter and embodying both the conceived and

and explicitly spatial analysis.

perceived. It is clear the relationship between space and society is a

Each pattern represents a rule governing one working piece of

reciprocal reaction and reasonable to assume that spatial practice,

a complex system and the application of pattern language will

representation of space and representational spaces all contribute

form the groundwork for an urban morphological approach.

to the different ways to the production of space (Lefebvre 1974).

According to Tzonis’ (1992) each of the patterns can be organised

Therefore, not only do the people directly influence the space

into three categories of morphology; referring to the physical

they inhabit, the spatial system will also evolve with the society

form, operation; discussing how people use the space and lastly performance representing how well the space is used.. This links 19

Representational space – lived; the emergent of the direct

relation between spatial practices and representations of spaces.

the practice of design reflected through a network of patterns.

FIG 2.7

Representation of space – conceived; are the relations

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

LITERATURE REVIEW

it encapsulates. Returning to the origins of Alexander et al, the

introduced by Alexander and theoretically address the wide

refined patterns are critical in creating a social process for design

variety of elements that are organised in perpetually co-evolving

that includes a piece by piece configuration of the individual patterns that focus on the relations of space to physical form (Jiaxiu Cai n.d.). Within the language, a statement seen as a hypothesis follows each pattern. What makes the language is the patternâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s performance as a collective and their implication in the design process. The application of Pattern Language will scrutinise the current

with the urban borders and enclaves.

FIG 2.9 (Top)

Pattern No. 171 by Alexander

FIG 2.10 (Bottom)

Pattern No.171 reinterpreted Both Figures 2.9 & 2.10 highlight the principles of Pattern no. 171 when trees are planted or pruned without regard for the special places they can create, they are as good as dead for the people who need them. The pattern even indicates that trees, along with houses and other people, constitute of the three most basic parts of the human environment.

tactics that underpin morphological research and provide another level of theory in a situation where border and enclave studies are being more diverse. As Alexander has pointed out, the importance is to understand the links and relationships that are present within the patterns. They reinforce the functions of one another, their essential foundations contribute to the process of planning, and implementing, however, using only the suggested patterns by Alexander will not create a unique vibe of a placerelated community.

FIG 2.8

Pattern No.120 : Paths & Goals

Figure 2.8 are sketches by Alexander that identifies, the layout of paths will seem right and comfortable only when it is compatible with the process of walking. And the process of walking is far more subtle than one might imagine. Therefore, from the original aims of C. Alexander, one should not only be able to use the patterns but also create their own patterns.

The major motive for looking into Pattern Language is to bring together the hierarchical natures of borders, both spatial and a-spatial aspects and characters (Newman 2006). The main limitation is not being able to use this abstract tool as an evaluative method, in the way space syntax is able to examine the relationship between geographical and spatial forms of place and ways of encounter. Therefore, the key aim is to reflect on the generative and indicative method suggested within the language

Pattern Language codifies practical solutions develops over a long period of time. These are appropriate to local customs, societies and climate. - Christopher Alexander

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.4 Enclaves help to explain that every type of space has its own dynamic. Henceforth, this supports that boundaries and their existence is

‘All types of fortified enclaves share some basic characteristics. They are private property for collective use; they are physically isolated, either by walls or empty spaces or other design devices; they are turned inwards and not to the street; and they are controlled by armed guards and security systems which enforce rules of inclusion and exclusion… they possess all that is needed within a private and autonomous space and can be situated almost anywhere, independent of the surroundings.’ (Cladeira, 1996,p.308)

parallel to the interactions that occur simultaneously. The broader terminology that has emerged from an increased interest on border studies defines boundary enclaves being not just visible lines in spatial terms nor visible markers on a map; instead, they are seen as complex impositions of social

Caldeira recognises the notion of enclaves in San Paulo

constructions with many different meanings and functions.

to be entrenched with architectural means of segregation. It

Spatial boundaries entrails cultural structures, complex

denotes the ideas of gated communities, representing a substitute

organisation of behaviour and social relations. Boundaries

life style for the urban middle to upper class population that

scholars such as Barth (1969) recognise within any ecology there

has been isolated by the use of walls and gates, as territorial

will be collections of personals who essentially share a common

makers. Newman (2006) and Paasi (2011) builds on a contrasting

culture. These groups have an interconnection of differences that

assumption and associates enclaves with being multifaceted,

distinguish each discrete culture from all others.

multilevel and multiple interpretations of both visible and invisible boundaries. They are processes transecting spaces in not only administrative but also cultural, economic and social terms. To uncover the complexities of enclaves as well as their changing and contested nature, Haselberger (2014, p.2) points out an obvious yet central point that borders ‘unify and divide, include and exclude, change over time and space’ which can

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.5 Space Syntax as a Theory

The following section will introduce the ideas rooted

The theory of ‘centrality as a process’

Concerns the mechanism that generates the spatial characteristics of,

from Professor Bill Hillier in explaining the origins and

in this case, place-related enclave as areas that benefit from movement

usefulness of Space Syntax. The original driving force behind

variations. This theory can suggest the workings of an integrated urban

space syntax research was originally to analyse building form

grid and its functions within a close-knit community.

and settlement patterns, all in effort to forecast the relationship between urban space and society. Part of the model developed

so far by Hillier sees a ‘city as a spatial system’ (Hillier 2014).

Suggesting a generative approach to the process of examining a

Developments of space syntax are from a meta-theoretical

community spatially. The nature of different land-use shares the common denominator of spatial structure and therefore influenced by the micro

approach. It is suggesting that spatial organisation be seen at a

levels of movement with the macro system of a city structure.

‘morphic language’ level (Hillier 2014). Overall, the morphic language of space syntax is about the ordering of space in

In this final section of the literature review, I will investigate the

buildings and its relationship between people. This in turn can

main readings, in addition to Bill Hillier’s use of space syntax as

allow for social or cultural attributes to be articulated (Bafna

a theory to decode the spatial morphological properties of the

2003).

built environment. Furthermore, discover the significance of typologies that are placed within that boundary. As identified

A key concept in using the methods of spatial configuration

by Hillier, although space syntax commonly is used as a set of

is the systematically are as suggested by Hillier and split into

parameters that contributes to the evaluation of urban space and

categories of: -

The theory of ‘the city as object’

the predictions of future outcomes, it is also adopted as a strategy

The theory of ‘natural movement’

for understanding how spatial formations function, interpreted

The realisation that although urban grid is one of the major factors in

and how it is joint within the knowing of society.

effecting patterns of movement, it however, does not deny the probability that space parameters are bounded by the user and attractor.

The important theory that Hillier proposes is to see the -

The theory of ‘movement economy’

foundation of building blocks and cities as ‘configurations’

This is the association between strong connections of movement and

speaking from a spatial angle. It is from this angle the theory of

attractors. This theory creates the ‘multiplier effect’ whereby patterns of

space syntax is to appreciate these formations and treat these

movement are being influenced by positioned attractors and the levels of

connections as ‘relations that take into account other relations’

movement attracted to the urban grain.

(Hillier 2014, p.5). 25

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LITERATURE REVIEW

What sets this principle of space syntax apart from the others is

intelligent when critically applied in assessing the qualities and

the usefulness of being able to apply the methods and techniques,

characteristics of a space. In spite of this, it is possible to generate

from simple hand-made solid-void/figure-ground studies that

an in depth recognition that a ‘spatial configuration’ (Dursun

begin to conceptualise the complexity of the Hui physical form

2012) is able to generate a cradle-to-cradle cycle. Not only does

and thus the interconnections it may have when being associated

society create the spatial systems that it uses but a collective is

with Hui-Han cross-border social interactions. To a certain

vice-versa affected and influenced by the spaces they inhabit.

extent, the previous approaches, such as place-related identity, thick and thin, all ascribe, to a considerable extent the physical characteristics of the varying elements. However, space syntax theories will evolve the study of borders and boundaries to

2.6 Conclusion

appraise morphological studies that show the hierarchy of change within urban lineaments.

The concepts considered in the above literature review,

as a theoretical framework in the application of the study of The main interest in space syntax is much more than just

urban morphology, can help obtain a descriptive, explanative and

analysing the patterns of configuration, it is to understand

qualitative result for translating the spatial complexity of urban

the ‘relation between human beings and their inhibited

borderlands, boundaries and enclaves. The interrelated concepts’

spaces’(Dursun 2007) which distinctively outline the underlying

overall purpose is to contribute to the deduction of urban form;

social meanings that are enunciated.

from a physical structure, but more importantly, forecast a possible outcome for the social interactions that might occur.

One basic viewpoint to approaching space syntax analysis is by considering any city system composed of two parts; spatial objects and open space. Spatial objects are identified as buildings and settlement blocks whereas open space is the network of spaces between spatial objects (Shouyi Lin, Jianhua Xu, Qi Shen 2010). Although this technique applied in investigating and recognising is stagnant and rigid, the application is much more

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

3 AN OVERVIEW OF THE HUI ETHNIC GROUP IN CHINA There are 56 ethnic minorities or minzu (

) in China. Due to

the largest population of Han minzu, the rest of the 55 minzu are therefore referred as ethnic minority groups to distinguish from the Han ( ) majority.

With a population of 10.64 million according to the

Chinese census in 2000, Chinese ethnic minority groups are mainly scattered in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Ningxia, Guangxi, Tibet, Yunnan, Guizhou, Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Liaoning, Jilin, Hunan, Hubei, Hainan, Taiwan and other provinces and autonomous regions.

3.1 Definition of Ethnic Minority Group in the View of Distribution Pattern

A typical minority distribution pattern has been formed

along with the Chinese historical and economic development, and the continuous interaction between Han and minorities. This specific pattern can be commonly interpreted as sparse scattering of population and compact small habiting communities (

)According to their inhabiting location, ethnic

minorities can also be classified as ‘JuJu minority’( and ‘SanZaJu minority’ (

)

). JuJu minority tend

to indicate those minorities, who are concentrated living in autonomous regions. For example, most Tibetan minorities

FIG 3.0 (Top)

are living in Tibet autonomous regions of China. It is the same

A Hui prayer gathering

case of Huis, most commonly inhabiting in NinXia autonomous regions. On the contrast, ethnic minorities widely distributed all over the country, mixing up with both Han and other minorities,

are defined as SanZaJu minority.

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

AN OVERVIEW OF THE HUI ETHNIC GROUP IN CHINA

As (Yang 2014) reported there are around 3.5million minorities

Since Huis are descendants of Muslim ancestors, it is not

distributed all over the country, accounting for nearly one-third

uncommon to find different physical characteristic from Han

of China’s total minority population and around 1.6million are

majority. For example, Huis have light-coloured hair, hazel-green

living within urban cities. As China is economically growing

eyes and high-bridged nose.

and cities continues to develop, more ethnic minorities will be migrating from traditional autonomous regions towards urbanised and opportunity prone cities.

3.2.2 Living Pattern

3.2 A Brief Introduction of Hui Ethnic Minority Group

The Hui minority are present in each province, even each city of China, which reflects the special feature of SanZaJu minority’s sparse distribution of population. Meanwhile, Hui’s

The Hui minzu, as one of the largest ethnic minorities,

typical traditional living pattern, living around mosques or

is most likely to be considered as the best representative of

qinzhensi (

SanZaJu minority. Therefore, the study of Hui minority can be

minority , namely, living in compact small communities. In

an important subject of anthropology, ethnology, sociology and

order to retain religious purity and group identity, the Huis

therefore also its impact on urban morphology.

always isolate themselves socially from other people, in enclaves.

3.2.1 Population

In particular the Huis in the Northwest part of China are more culturally and religiously conservative.

With a sizable population of 9.8 million (the 5th Chinese

From the point view of Huis, the mosque is an architectural

census report, 2000), the Hui minority is one of China’s largest and most widely distributed ethnic minorities. Most Hui Chinese are living in NingXia Hui Autonomous Region in Northwest of

gathering point, playing a religious symbol. Importantly, it is

FIG 3.1 (Top) Hui minority men cooking a delicacy

regarded, as self-awareness when challenging with distinct

China, while there are many concentrated Hui communities in

cultural groups and therefore pivoting around mosques has

other provinces, such as GanSu, XingJiang, QinHai, Yunan, etc.

become an important symbol to maintaining the Hui ethnic

In Chinese, Hui ( Huihui minzu ( and Huizu (

), actually implies another feature of SanZaJu

) can be understood as HuiHui (

enclave’s interests.

)(Huihui people or huihui nationality) )(a contraction of Hui minzu).

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

AN OVERVIEW OF THE HUI ETHNIC GROUP IN CHINA

Minority

3.3 The Study of Urban Hui Ethnic Minority Groups

Han Sparse scattering of population, compact small communities Minorities inhabiting location

Concentrated living in autonomous regions

the most representative of SanZaJu minority, the study of Hui

Hui

minority has become more and more concerned. The focus

Hui Hui

tends to be placed on the traditional social structure of urban

Hui Hui Minority

Hui enclaves and challenges facing urban Hui minority within

Hui Minority Mosque

the rapidly developing Chinese economy. It is believed the study FIG 3.3 (Top)

Qilihe District Hui Mosque gateway

3.2.3 Religion

As one of the largest population Chinese minority, and

of urban Hui minority aims to assist in constructing a proper interaction between Huis and their Han neighbour, importantly contributing to an urban ecology’s expansion.

There is a closed relationship between the formation

of the Hui and the development of Islamic culture in China. In

Therefore, a large number of academic papers or research

other words, the formation of the Hui is not only a representative

reports started to emphasise the study of urban Hui minorities

of an enclave living in a certain area. It tends to express a

from areas such as population historic distribution, economic,

basic cultural identity feature. In fact, Muslim community

cultural and religious developments, to more specific studies

is undoubtedly the Islamic culture carrier, it is the historical

focusing on living patterns, interrelationships, facing challenges

starting point and the logical starting point for the Hui’s formation and development.

in urban reformation and development. For example, Hu (2005)

FIG 3.4 (Top) Qilihe District Hui Mosque gateway

Therefore, although the Huis are often called ‘Chinese Muslims’

claimed that the traditional Hui’s living pattern of situating around the mosque has started to disappear due to Beijing city’s development and reconstruction.

they should be regarded as a national minority rather than a FIG 3.2 (Top)

Qilihe District Hui Mosque gateway

religious community.

In addition, Zhang (2014) summarises the feature of Huis in ZhaoTong, YuNan by illustrating its sparsely distributed population and compact small habiting communities. Furthermore, American researcher, Gillett (2000) spent 18 months in a Hui community in LianHu district of XiAn, to explore the challenges facing the Huis. In hope to report back FIG 3.5 (Top)

Inside Qilihe District Hui Mosque gateway

on their response to traditional and modern, maintenance of

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

AN OVERVIEW OF THE HUI ETHNIC GROUP IN CHINA

ethnic identity after urban reconstruction, and how to deal

living structure can be considered as a setting, a variable factor to

with the effects. In fact, studies of urban Hui minority have

observe and adjust an ethnic minority’s communication (Zhang

been penetrated into even more specific areas and research

2014). Therefore, classification of living structure of Lanzhou

achievements have been applied into improvement life within the

Hui minority can be briefly summarised as the following

enclave.

configurations (Tang, 2004): The traditional Hui living pattern evolve round the location of

3.4 The Hui Minority in Lanzhou

the mosque. This specific type of living are mainly habitations in

As the provincial capital city, Lanzhou is regarded as

bungalows and low-rise housings, which remain little effected by

the most important city in the whole Northwest part of China.

Lanzhou’s modernisation. These Huis are traditionally situated

It is not only the fortress of the ancient Silk Road but also an

close to the mosque, as they live, work and socialise around

important transportation hub to connect the Northwest part

this important point. On the other hand, the transformed

to the rest of China. In addition to its essential geographical

living pattern is identified from clustering of small, dense

position, Lanzhou is a densely Hui populated city in Northwest

communities to mixed or, scattered living structure. Due to

of China.

the city’s reconstruction, most of original Huis had to leave to other areas, while Hans together with other minorities started to

Geographically, Lanzhou is constituted with three counties,

move in due to various economic and social reasons. This kind

which are YuZhong, YongDeng and GaoLan, and five districts

of urban ethnic living structure is becoming a trend of future

including ChengGuan, QiLiHe, AnNing, XiGua and HongGu. The population of Hui minority in Lanzhou is 10.95million, occupying 3.03% of Lanzhou’s total population, and 68.72% of

FIG 3.6 (Upper Top) FIG 3.7 (Top)

Both images show current day Hui Chinese setting up a traditional delicacy food stall.

minority group’s population based on the 6th Chinese census report (2010). According to Ma (2015), the term of residential living structure refers to a spatial permutations and combination for different minorities in a certain area. A further explanation points out that

urbanisations.

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METHODOLOGY

4 METHODOLOGY

4.2 Research Design

There is a great importance to designing a research

The original plan was to use the empirical techniques

methodology in order for the reader to understand your chosen

of observation and grounded theory as the main method to

problem. It is a systematic way to solving a problem (Kothari

conduct research into the importance of borderlands and

2012; Uusitalo 2014) because they are a series of planned,

enclaves. By carefully studying the two poly-ethnic social systems

experimental and theoretical procedures to achieve new

of Han-Hui spatially adjacent neighbourhoods within Lanzhou, I

insights into the identified problem. There are many different

had aimed to use the selected research methods to quantitatively

types of research, however, this dissertation will be focusing on

deconstruct the working relationships between the two differing

fundamental research where the central aim is fixed towards

sides of the border, through defining the actions that occurred

finding information that has a wide-ranging base of applications

across borders. The aim of carrying out this type of research

and thus, adding to the already existing organised body of

was to support the hypothesis that is characterised by personal

scientific knowledge.

experience. However due to unforeseen family circumstances and time constraints, I shifted the research strategy to primarily theoretical and methodological in nature. The methodology implemented

4.1 Context / Scope

is altered to spatially deconstruct and further understand the

The city of Lanzhou in the Gansu Province of China

working of borders and boundaries from a purely architectural

is selected for testing the conceptual research methodology.

point of view, in hope that this will help to forecast the social

There will be three plots of study sites chosen to understanding

interactions of cross bordering activities. This conceptual and

the concepts highlighted in the literature review and will be

fundamental method is justified on the basis of providing a more

located in the districts of Chengguan and Qilihe, where major

rigorous framework for moving from an abstract idea to thinking

quarters of Hui settlements are situated. These three study sites

and designing spaces. This informative tool helps develop

in particular will trace the patterns of the architectural shifts that

knowledge for spatial complexity of urban ecologies and the

originate around the mosque, to highlight the typical traditional

requirements of urban morphology. However, this needs a more

living patterns being adjacent to the urbanised vertical living

grounded research methodology in future to review and further

compounds. I aim to explore these spatial configurations of the

development will make the research into a tool to conceive and

urban form and structure through using a set of parameters that

criticise the space in design education.

collectively aid the analysis of these Hui minority settlement clusters. 37

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

METHODOLOGY

FIG 4.0 (Top)

Research diagram to show the thinking behind the aim and methodology for the research questions

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

METHODOLOGY

4.3 Space Syntax as a Method whole configuration in mind, I will adopt the methods of space syntax, photographic analysis both simultaneously recognising patterns and trends that describe the built environment as a set

‘Space syntax best described as a research program that investigates the relationship between human societies and space from the perspective of a general theory of the structure of inhabited space in all its diverse forms: buildings, settlements, cities, nor even landscapes.’ (Bafna 2003, p.17)

of networks. In this perspective, the methods are inter-related techniques that work hand in hand to understanding enclaves as not a collection of building blocks that may have geometrical regularities, but a network of interconnected spaces that created

these spatial grains (Hillier 1999).

An active group led by Professor Bill Hillier in the early

1970s initiated the original drive for the family of techniques

There are predominantly five steps in using space syntax as a

and theories concerning society’s relationship with space. The

method. These include identifying a study area of significance,

theories coined the logic behind the space into configurations

dividing the space, establishing connectivity lines within the

that symbolised continuous space into a series of connected

infrastructure, calculating and there forth understand the

discrete units. The model of space syntax denies the linear

borderland through graphs, convex polygons and visual zones.

application that ‘space-as-objects’ and ‘society-as-subjects’ (Yang

Traditionally, there are three main space syntax techniques of

& Hillier 2007) division. Instead, it converts the space with

analysis, being axial mapping, Isovist fields and convex spaces.

associated configurations that carry out a specific figurative or

I will be using a combination of axial lines and heat mapping to

unique charge.

focus on the spatial configurations of the study sites that are used to represent the clustering of the Hui minzu in Chenguan and

Space syntax is a method to detect the patterns of social logic,

Qilihe district.

by grounding the relations of society to space, with identified configurations that describe and analyse the basic characteristics

Below will highlight the precise methods of space syntax I have

of the urban layout. With the structural properties of the

interpreted from understanding the traditional rules of space syntax, to conduct a desktop study in breaking down the spaces

FIG 4.1 (Top)

of the study areas.

The diagrams show concepts in order: 1) Axial Lines 2) Isovist Fields 3) Convex Spaces

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

METHODOLOGY

4.3.1 Axial Maps

Under one of the categories of space syntax, there

not only just one point of connectivity; instead, it will take into

is potential to understand the distribution of an urban

account both types of access around and within the enclave.

environment’s existing connectivity seen from a systematic and

This method in highlighting the morphological characters

topological perspective (Dhanani et al. 2012). Axial mapping

of the streets themselves will unfold cities’ underlying spatial

exists to reveal the spatial sense of societies and the logic of

organisation and trace a connection between space and society.

architectural space at varying scales. Since space syntax is

In other words, the process of representing connectivity through

an essential tool to understanding the morphological and

axial lines will show an urban environment’s street network

typological enquiry into an urban ecology’s flow of spatial

through accessibility and visibility.

distribution, axial mapping looks further at identifying the more likely used infrastructure.

Such studies will begin to help me understand the morphological properties of Lanzhou’s ethnic enclaves and future application

By using the chosen study sites in Lanzhou, I conducted

of this system of thinking to any physical and visual urban

an exercise that mapped out all the axial lines of the street

environment, whereby people are stationary or moving.

configurations within the urban fabric adjacent to the mosque, which is considered the central point of the ethnic enclave.

4.3.2 Heat Maps Analysis

This step of analysis I have split into identifying the pedestrian

and vehicle access with axial lines separately. By undertaking

I have after following on from examining the city with

axial lines of pedestrian and vehicle access identified the more

this task, I hope to identify the major routes that construct

prominent roads with a thicker line weight to emphasis its

or separate the ethnic enclave and therefore come to a pre-

multiple connections and intersections. For further analysis,

judgement of whether there are positive levels of permeability

I have overlaid both maps to find the access points that are

along the borderlands.

most dominant within the surrounding area of the mosque. I will finally collate all the information through an abstract and

The actual achieving of an axial map is done by using a map of

illustrative heat map, therefore holistically making a conclusion

the plot site and identifying all the longest straight line possible

about the area that capture the most permeable parts to the study

of unobstructed movement that crosses and interconnects the

site.

area’s built environment. By analysing both the pedestrian and vehicle access routes, I can justify that this mapping exercise has

This method of spatial analysis is a very literal way to concentrate on the basic principles of space syntax, because initial plot

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

METHODOLOGY

4.4 Photo Analysis sizes and building properties all work as a whole to accumulate the relations of the locale. It is from these initial relations that ‘Think of a camera as a machine that records and communicates much as a typewriter does.’ (Becker 2013)

prosper the morphological reasoning behind the socio-spatial denominators that are visible in a space, which is defined by as either thick or thin boundaries.

4.3.3 Limitations & Assumptions

I have after following on from examining the city with

axial lines of pedestrian and vehicle access identified the more prominent roads with a thicker line weight to emphasis its multiple connections and intersections. For further analysis, I have overlaid both maps to find the access points that are

FIG 4.2 (Top)

Ethnicity within Lanzhou is, in its slightest sense, a

feeling of the Hui minzu maintaining one’s self-definition (Hu

Blind men and the elephant I have used blindness is a metaphor to pause and consider the conception of what is the normal or true range of the perceptual. As quoted by Henri Lefebvre, ‘we see things incompletely’ and it is this coexistence with notions of the real, unreal and unseen, which we are battling with constantly.

2012). Through a series of photographs, I intend to trace the architectural configurations of the borderlands that surround the identified ethnic enclave that may serve as forms of identification for the Hui minzu. However, due to a family complication, I was unable to conduct the empirical research personally on site. In light of this inconvenience, I will analyse the conceptual

most dominant within the surrounding area of the mosque. I

reflections attached to the photos taken by Kuan & Jie, whom

will finally collate all the information through an abstract and

have not been informed with the details of the hypothesis.

illustrative heat map, therefore holistically making a conclusion

With this intention, I aim to create a set of instructions that pin

about the area that capture the most permeable parts to the study

point the locations of where the photos will be taken, in hope to

site.

visually understand the information highlighted in the axial and heat maps.

This method of spatial analysis is a very literal way to concentrate on the basic principles of space syntax, because initial plot

This second methodology will take into consideration the

sizes and building properties all work as a whole to accumulate

visual experiences of the Hui enclave and through this process

the relations of the locale. It is from these initial relations that

of photographic analysis of separating spaces; it will generate a

prosper the morphological reasoning behind the socio-spatial

series of inceptions. This will allow me to develop a visual image

denominators that are visible in a space, which is defined by as

of the enclave as an object consisting of an infrastructural web

either thick or thin boundaries.

that influences the organising of the whole network, other than the immediate locality.

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

METHODOLOGY

4.4.1 Limitations & Assumptions The set hypothesis of predicting the variations on social

Although throughout this dissertation there will a running

connections through analysis of spatial patterns is justified by the

theme of concepts, syntactical strategies and photographs to help

use of thoughtfully selected visual images, derived from pervious

support the understanding of spatial configurations in effecting

bodily experiences in the city and literature influenced concepts.

the social interactions between the two ethnically diverse people.

Ethical differences can be a source of considerable conflict since

There is the main limitation of not having first-hand experience

in many instances ethnic groups are un-fixed by a stratified

of the study sites to deduct the line of activities that occur across

system. To use the perspective of Fredrik Barth, I think the socio-

borders.

spatial relations should not be how and why boundaries are

4.5 Expected Outcomes & Contributions

maintained through a social and economic perspective. It should be a perspective more dedicated to the architectural and spatial

capture of an enclave, which is constantly evolving and adapting

physical structure of an idiosyncratic neighbourhood dictated

to its border activities, which make the analysis beyond trying to

by social differences. Development of urban form will be using

understand enclaves as only culturally separate groups but also as

principles from morphological measures to analyse important

spatially different entities.

vantage pointsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; connectivity of streets and block patterns. These

The outcome of this dissertation will be to analyse the

tools and techniques will define spatial characteristics that Although the act of photography may appear to be a naĂŻve way of

specialise in the Hui enclave of Lanzhou. The aim of undertaking

presentation, this is due to the misconception that observers see

this methodological approach is to on the one hand spatially

it as only a caption of what is in front of it at one specific moment

breakdown the different urban grains that define a borderland

in time. A still image. Nevertheless, this research method will

and to appreciate the separation of enclaves from a purely spatial

explore the spatial features of any location, just as the functions

perspective. On the other hand, using the knowledge gained

of a typewriter is able to record and analysis as; descriptive,

from studying types of spatial configurative patterns as an asset

narrative and in all ways informative, of the surrounding

for understanding the coexistence of multiple identities, within

atmosphere.

an urban environment for future design references.

The use of visual methods will be instigated a lot more literally in this dissertation. The study sites will be located with intersections that are able to support the concepts highlighted in the literature review and provide another level of evidence for the spatial information extracted from the use of syntactic strategies. 47

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

RESULTS & FINDINGS

5 RESULTS & FINDINGS FIG 5.0

A map illustrating the major roads that are adjacent to the XiGuan Mosque

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;If we define an urban street as a system of lines linking some set of origins and destinations, and to the extent that movement along the lines making up the network will be substantially determined by extrinsic measures of those lines.â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Hillier 1998

Figure 5.0 is outlining the major and minor roads that run throughout study site one. BaiYin Road separates the study site into two halves.

XiGuan Mosque

BaiYin Road

The representation of street networks is one of the

fundamental premise that space syntax has been built. Therefore, the question of how to represent an enclave and ultimately a city through mapping is of equal importance to the question of how to analyse them. The three study sites in this chapter will highlight the settlement patterns of the specifics of the Hui enclave and show how the interaction of society and space can be

FIG 5.1

XiGuan Mosque

A map to illustrate the buildings most adjacent to the XiGuan Mosque

Architectural grain around urbanised area

Figure 5.1 is simply a diagrammatic plan to identify the positive and negative spaces that are clearly divided as the left and right of the study site.

Architectural grain around a more traditional area

analysed simultaneously. The breakdown of the analysis will to highlight the road networks reflecting dominant vehicle access

and street network identifying the main pedestrian led access routes all within the parameters of the study sites. FIG 5.2

Figure ground map highlighting study area one Figure 5.2 is a figure ground map that highlights the architectural grain and major roads adjacent to the XiGuan Mosque.

Map Scale: 1:10000@A3

XiGuan Mosque

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

RESULTS & FINDINGS

5.1 Study Site - One

Xiguan mosque is located as a piece of architectural

gateway to Baiyin Road and Xijin East Road of Chenguan district. There are distinct differences of urban grain on the left and right hand side of Baiying road, that can be seen as the central divider between the old and new halves of the overall area surrounding the mosque. In this axial map, there are large numbers of longer and thicker lines highlighting the road networks present in the more urbanised area that is adjacent in the Eastern area of the enclave. On the other hand, towards the southwest quadrant of the study site there are clusters of shorter and thicker lines representing FIG 5.3 (Top)

The front entrance of XiGuan Mosque

FIG 5.4 (Bottom)

The back entrance of XiGuan Mosque

the street networks, which are showing the many routes accessed by pedestrians. Due to this descriptive contingency, this representation identifies a clear distinction in the structural properties between the different sides of the urban grid. As the article Decoding the Urban Grid (Figueiredo & Amorim n.d.)states, the hierarchy of axial maps are based on the simple idea that the longer the lines are the more important it is in the

FIG 5.5

FIG 5.6

Figure 5.5 shows this pedestrian only access road being very narrow and view restricted. The derelict buildings on both sides of the access route show little to no activity.

Figure 5.6 is a one way route serving both vehicular and pedestrian access. From this photograph it is also visible that the street remains to be very narrow with economic based activity along the side.

A pedestrian only access route to the left of the Mosque

system. However, I disagree with this opinion and consider that despite the length of the line, its importance is shown via how well each line is in connection with other axial lines. This would show a cluster of lines that exhibit a high degree of connectivity at a small scale. It is evident from figures 5.9 and 5.11 there are more axial lines to represent the different pedestrian crossing than there are compared to road networks for vehicle access. 51

FIG 5.7

A panoramic view of the East and West areas adjacent t Xiguan Mosque

Figure 5.7 shows a very clear street scape of the areas that are either side of the enclave surrounding Xiguan Mosque. It is evident from the photo that there is two distinctive urban grains that divide the enclave. There is a clear difference in height between the traditional settlement compared to the urbanised area.

A one way side street located at the front of the Mosque

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

RESULTS & FINDINGS

FIG 5.8 (Left)

FIG 5.10 (Left)

FIG 5.9 (Down)

FIG 5.11 (Down)

A map showing the axial lines that highlight all the vehicular accesses

A map showing the axial lines that highlight all the pedestrian routes

A map showing the more connected vehicular routes

A map showing the more connected pedestrian routes Compared to axial maps showing the vehicular accesses, figures 5.9 & 5.10 show that on both sides of Baiyin Road, there are more pedestrian marked routes. However, what is surprising is that there seem to be equal numbers of thick axial lines on both sides of the enclave.

Figure 5.9 has picked out the more connected vehicular routes with a thicker axial line to indicate where cross-border activity might occur within the enclave due to the increased vehicular accesses. Figure 5.8 prior to indicating the more connected routes, it is visible that there are more axial lines in the urbanised and more regimented part of the enclave.

Map Scale: 1:10000@A3

Map Scale: 1:5000@A3

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

RESULTS & FINDINGS

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FIG 5.12 (Left)

Heat map of pedestrian and vehicular axial lines

At the first sight, the tighter, denser packed spatial orderings on the left is more connected at a pedestrian level and the more structured and less dense urban grain towards the right of the mosque is much better connected vehicle wise. From the figure ground, however, it is also apparent the connecting infrastructure is much narrower on the left of Baiyin road than compared to

Map Scale: 1:5000@A3

the more planned and regimented connective paths on the right. Such a correlation is discussed in order to understand what is likely to influence the shape and interactions of the enclaves and therefore deduct the enclaveâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s configurational value of urban paths. FIG 5.14 (Top)

Both vehicular and pedestrian access route adjacent to the Xiuan Mosque

FIG 5.15 (Bottom)

A narrow alley that is adjacent to a school that is close to Xiguan Mosque

Figure 5.12 shows there are specific points of mutual connection and captures the significant properties of the urban fabric that discriminates between the individual street segments that are on either side of the main artery. By undertaking this approach to understanding the morphological measures of street connectivity and using photographic analysis, it can provide new information

about the street shape and spatial alignment of the enclave. From a spatial point of view, I can deduct that the intersecting axial lines and the spatial character of this study site implies the reduction of ethnic potential on the right and increases of the smaller interaction between the routines of everyday life because street scape are in a sense forcing the connectivity of people

FIG 5.13

within the enclave.

Heat maps of pedestrian and vehicular axial lines that surround the Xiguan Mosque Figure 5.4 is a heat map that overlaps both the pedestrian and vehicular axial lines and show the more pedestrian axial lines dominate both sides of the enclave settlement.

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

RESULTS & FINDINGS

Map Scale: 1:5000@A3

5.2 Study Site - Two

FIG 5.16

A map illustrating the major roads that are adjacent to Baishu Mosque

of Lanzhou city. It is situated not far from Xiguan mosque and is

XiJin East Road

Figure 5.16 is outlining the major and minor roads that run throughout study site two. Xijin East Road is the major road that outlines the North of the site.

Baishu alley mosque is located within the Qilihe district

located around the centre strip of Xijin Road. The same approach has been used to depict the general characteristics of this enclave.

BaiShu Mosque

From this point of view, both axial maps set the stage for a systematic development and these will be the theoretical basis FIG 5.19 (Top)

The main entrance to Baishu Mosque

FIG 5.20 (Bottom)

An iconic symbol that is at the gateway leading into Baishu Alley

FIG 5.17

A map to illustrate the buildings most adjacent to the Baishu Mosque

theory, the natural movement theory prioritises pedestrian movement and justifies that this theory will be dependent on the

The overlap in the connecting axial lines identified in the heat

BaiShu Mosque

patterns. Just as identified in figure X.X and according to Hillierâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

morphological characteristics of the streets itself.

XiJin East Road

Figure 5.1 is simply a diagrammatic plan to identify the positive and negative spaces of the study site.

Architectural grain around a more traditional area

used to understand the measure of route simplicity in movement

map is the preliminary information that has been collated to understanding the urban fabric that is likely to be the potential

Architectural grain around urbanised area

for activity prone, open ended bordering spaces (Peponis et al. 2007). It indicates that with more overlaps in both road and street networks, a set of systematic development of routes that link different destinations to the borderland has brought about

FIG 5.18

and thus promoted both cross-border activity and routines of

Figure ground map highlighting study area two

everyday life within the Baishu alley enclave.

Figure 5.18 is a figure ground map that highlights the architectural grain and major roads adjacent to the Baishu Mosque.

XiJin East Road

BaiShu Mosque

N 57

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

RESULTS & FINDINGS

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FIG 5.21 (Top)

Map Scale: 1:5000@A3

A map showing the axial lines that highlight all the vehicular accesses in study site two

A map showing the more connected vehicular routes Figure 22 indicates that the major connecting vehicular routes are those that line the perimeter of the enclave. To indicate that Baishu Mosque is connected to other areas of the city via these two vehicular roads.

A map showing the axial lines that highlight all the pedestrian routes

Map Scale: 1:5000@A3

FIG 5.22 (Top)

FIG 5.23 (Top)

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FIG 5.24 (Top)

A map showing the more connected pedestrian axial lines From figure 5.24 it is clear that the tighter settle grain that is within close proximity show more connection to other areas of the enclave via pedestrian access. This could suggest increased levels of interaction via pedestrian routes between differing spaces and people in the enclave.

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

Map Scale: 1:10000@A3

RESULTS & FINDINGS

FIG 5.25 Heat map of vehicular axial lines

FIG 5.26 Heat map of pedestrian axial lines

Map Scale: 1:5000@A3

FIG 5.27 (Top)

Heat maps of overlaid pedestrian and vehicular axial lines that surround the Baishu Mosque Figure 5.27 show the major Xijin East Road, creating the darkest gradient, being both pedestrian and vehicular more connected to the Baishu Mosque.

FIG 5.28 (Opposite Top) FIG 5.29 (Opposite Bottom)

Figure 5.28 is taken towards the Southeast of the Baishu Mosque, there is a completely different urban infrastructure and also building heights are greatly different within a close proximity. However, cross border interactions can be seen suggest that the border is relatively permeable. Figure 5.29 reflect the poor visibility of the roads throughout the enclave. The road is very narrow but from the photograph we can interpret there are cross-culture economic interaction.

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

RESULTS & FINDINGS

5.3 Study Site - Three The heat map has highlighted in the darkest gradients of purple,

The last study site is located in Qilihe district, Gonglin

the overlapping axial lines are the intertwined pedestrian and

Road mosque. The pedestrian route axial map has created a long

vehicle access between the boundaries of the enclave. When

span of connectivity from east to west of the study site. Through

translated into street segments and building block characteristics

the overlapping of both axial maps, the generated heat map

in relation to land use, the apparent divergence between the

indicates that there is a greater degree of interaction movement

different street alignments is strikingly different. Thus, this

towards the areas where there are more urban compounds

can imply that there is a co-presence of potentially different

compared the traditional tight enclave grain.

interactions between people that exist beyond the boundaries and those inside the enclave.

As Gonglin Road is spatially separating the enclave from the wider areas towards the south, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s shown as an important arterial

The photographs combined with the spatial analysis through understanding the figure ground maps, pick out the fine details of small local routes and piece together a bigger image of the global network that potentially reduces the distinction between

road that is strongly linked to the network as a whole and is also interconnected to elements and paths identified as being within

FIG 5.30 Gonglin Road leading up to the Mosque

the differing sides of the enclaves.

the enclave. The result again clearly shows that the increase of density of routes around the road and within the enclave, create a more integrated network.

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

RESULTS & FINDINGS

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Map Scale: 1:10000@A3

FIG 5.34 (Left)

A map showing the axial lines that highlight all the vehicular accesses around the study site

FIG 5.31

Gonglin Mosque

A map illustrating the major roads that are located nearby GongLin Mosque Figure 5.31 is outlining the major and minor roads that run throughout study site three. Gonglin Road is the main artery that connects the Mosque to the rest of Lanzhou.

Gonglin Road

Map Scale: 1:5000@A3

Architectural grain around urbanised area

FIG 5.32

A map to illustrate the buildings most adjacent to the Gonglin Road Mosque Figure 5.32 is simply a diagrammatic plan to identify the positive and negative spaces of the study site.

Gonglin Mosque Architectural grain around a more traditional area

FIG 5.35 (Top)

A map showing the more connected vehicular routes

FIG 5.33

Gonglin Mosque

Figure ground map highlighting study area three Figure 5.33 is a figure ground map that highlights the architectural grain and major roads adjacent to the Gonglin Road Mosque.

Gonglin Road

It is evident from figure 5.35 that many of the more connected axial lines align the perimeter of the enclave. There are less vehicular axial to the East of Gonglin Mosque, where there is an architectural shift in the urban grain. Compared to the East of Gonglin Mosque, the West, there are more axials that surround the better planned settlement, indicating this part of the enclave is better connected via vehicle access. This can lead one to deduce that the more traditional urban grain is not easily directly accessible via other part of the city.

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

Map Scale: 1:10000@A3

FIG 5.36 (Left)

RESULTS & FINDINGS

Map Scale: 1:10000@A3

A map showing the axial lines that highlight all the pedestrian routes around the study site

FIG 5.38 (Top)

Heat map of pedestrian axial lines

Map Scale: 1:5000@A3

FIG 5.37 (Top)

FIG 5.40 (Top)

A map showing the more connected pedestrian routes in thick axial lines

Heat map of vehicular and pedestrian access

From the perspective of figure 5.37, there is a strong pedestrian link splitting the northern section of the study site. Besides this strong link, to the East of Gonglin Mosque is also very strongly pedestrianised, with many axial lines running through the many streets and alleys of the more traditional settlement areas.

From the overall heat map shows a general trend of most connectivity being the main Gonglin Road. The other secondary roads are also show high levels of connectivity. However, it is evident that the to East of Gonglin Road, there is hardly any dominating vehicular access.

FIG 5.39 (Top)

Heat map of vehicular axial lines

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

RESULTS & FINDINGS

The holistic representation of this network of axials that have been summarised in figure XX and photographs show the spaces that people will move through as much as the cars will. This might indicate that there is no single hierarchy amongst the roads that surround these enclaves. They are made from of a string of junctions of major roads that all highlight the importance of the local area; this makes sense spatially, as each major intersection, axial lines can be access points for the wider network of social interactions. From the analysis, the results show that the underlying structure of the urban grid is in fact not a perfect grid, but FIG 5.43 (top)

An image of the congested residential compounds units that are amongst the traditional low-rise settlements

a series of hierarchical systems. Therefore, the morphology does differentiate between the main spaces that connect all the extensions and controls the movement between them. This kind of geometric order of system, creates a well-defined underlying structure (Hillier 1996) in which journeys converge to meet important points of interest. Hence, the emergence of cities as

FIG 5.41 (Opposite Top)

An old derelict shop frontage

FIG 5.42 (Opposite Down)

Difference in residential configurations Figure 5.40 captures the image of a convenience store that is located in the heart of the enclave. In the back drop are midi-rise residential compounds that serve the Hui minority. This settlement is also highlighted in figure 5.41 where the is a dramatic difference between high-rise residential compound and 2-3 storey houses. From these two images, it could suggest that place related identity is very much polarised by these very different styles of living.

hierarchy systems thus promote social and practical processes to develop.

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

CONCLUSION

6 CONCLUSION groups and therefore different ethnic urban layouts and spaces differ quite dramatically. The limitations of this dissertation suggest further ways research can be undertaken. Nevertheless,

the limitations do not undermine the results and findings within this study; however, an additional layer of fieldwork is able to quantitatively measure the urban morphology and social relations that exists. Whilst we can create and analysis cities with

syntactical strategies and photographic evidence, it however does

The aim of this dissertation as stated at the very

not seek to be a replicate of reality but instead serve as a unique

beginning is to develop and understand a theoretical framework

angle to understanding the different structures of an urban space.

and methodology to describe and analyse the urban morphology of an urban enclave. The objective was to identify the spatial qualities and the main elements that had influenced the spatial configuration of the spaces. Throughout this dissertation, there have been key concepts highlighting the critical thinking behind borders and boundaries. Simultaneously, morphological analysis evaluated three plots within Lanzhou city, which all shared a commonality of being a centre for Hui settlement locations. Therefore, the question that continues to be intriguing is how the spatial configurations of an urban environment effect those that live and interact across the borders of an enclave. This question is important to understanding how and why cities function, and significant to understanding the fundamentals that change the social interaction that occur between people. This dissertation contributed to understanding how the spatial structure could affect natural interaction, since different ethnic 71

URBAN MORPHOLOGY

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