Test bank for dimensions of human behavior person and environment 6th edition elizabeth d hutchison

Test Bank for Dimensions of Human Behavior Person and Environment, 6th Edition, Elizabeth D.

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Instructor Resource Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019

Chapter 6: The Spiritual Person Test Bank Multiple choice 1. A person’s search for a sense of meaning and morally fulfilling relationships between oneself, others, and the universe is called ______. a. religion b. faith c. spirituality d. ideology Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-2: Compare and contrast the definitions of spirituality and religion.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Meaning of Spirituality Difficulty Level: Easy 2. The patterning of spiritual beliefs and practice into social institutions, with community support and traditions maintained over time, is called ______. a. religion b. faith c. spirituality d. ideology Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-2: Compare and contrast the definitions of spirituality and religion.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Meaning of Spirituality Difficulty Level: Easy 3. A universal aspect of human existence which is an integral, centering process underlying the formation of beliefs, values, and meanings is called ______. a. religion b. faith c. spirituality d. ideology Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-3: Describe the major contributions of Fowler’s and Wilber’s theories of human spirituality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Fowler’s Stages of Faith Development Difficulty Level: Easy 4. The development of a personal self, including ideas, outlook, and worldview, is called ______.

Instructor Resource Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 a. religion b. faith c. spirituality d. ideology Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-3: Describe the major contributions of Fowler’s and Wilber’s theories of human spirituality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Fowler’s Stages of Faith Development Difficulty Level: Easy 5. What is the most prevalent religious affiliation in the United States? a. Judaism b. Christianity c. Islam d. Buddhism Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-3: Describe the major contributions of Fowler’s and Wilber’s theories of human spirituality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Spirituality in the United States and Globally Difficulty Level: Easy 6. A therapeutic approach based on dynamic theories of human behavior with the prime concern to deal with repression and resolving instinctual conflicts is which of the following? a. first force therapies b. second force therapies c. third force therapies d. fourth force therapies Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-4: Give examples of the impact of spirituality and religion in the lives of oppressed groups and people coping with different problems of living.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Transpersonal Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 7. A therapeutic approach based on transpersonal theories and specifically targeted to the spiritual dimension of a person’s life is which of the following? a. first force therapies b. second force therapies c. third force therapies d. fourth force therapies Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-4: Give examples of the impact of spirituality and religion in the lives of oppressed groups and people coping with different problems of living.

Instructor Resource Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Transpersonal Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 8. A therapeutic approach that evolved from behavioral theories and focuses on learned habits is which of the following? a. first force therapies b. second force therapies c. third force therapies d. fourth force therapies Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-4: Give examples of the impact of spirituality and religion in the lives of oppressed groups and people coping with different problems of living.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Transpersonal Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 9. A therapeutic approach rooted in experiential/humanistic/existential theories and helps the person to deal with existential despair and seeks the actualization of individual potential is which of the following? a. first force therapies b. second force therapies c. third force therapies d. fourth force therapies Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-4: Give examples of the impact of spirituality and religion in the lives of oppressed groups and people coping with different problems of living.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Transpersonal Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Infants who are learning to trust or not to trust their immediate environment, developing a sense of object permanence, and forming first images or a sense of the ultimate are in which of Fowler’s stages of faith development? a. synthetic-conventional faith b. mythic-literal faith c. universalizing faith d. pre-stage: primal faith Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-3: Describe the major contributions of Fowler’s and Wilber’s theories of human spirituality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Fowler’s Stages of Faith Development Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 11. Adolescents who have a capacity for abstract thinking and manipulation of concepts which affects the process of developing both identity and faith are in which of Fowler’s stages of faith development? a. synthetic-conventional faith b. mythic-literal faith c. universalizing faith d. pre-stage: primal faith Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-3: Describe the major contributions of Fowler’s and Wilber’s theories of human spirituality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Fowler’s Stages of Faith Development Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Young adults who have increased responsibility for commitments, lifestyle, beliefs, and attitudes are in which of Fowler’s stages of faith development? a. synthetic-conventional faith b. individuative-reflective faith c. universalizing faith d. intuitive-projective faith Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-3: Describe the major contributions of Fowler’s and Wilber’s theories of human spirituality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Fowler’s Stages of Faith Development Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Most middle-aged people do not reach this stage of faith development, which requires the integration of what has been suppressed or unrecognized in an earlier stage of development. Which of Fowler’s stages of faith development does this represent? a. conjunctive faith b. mythic-literal faith c. universalizing faith d. individuative-reflective faith Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-3: Describe the major contributions of Fowler’s and Wilber’s theories of human spirituality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Fowler’s Stages of Faith Development Difficulty Level: Medium 14. When children have the tools of speech and symbolic representation they are in which of Fowler’s stages of faith development? a. mythic-literal faith b. universalizing faith

Instructor Resource Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 c. intuitive-projective faith d. conjunctive faith Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-3: Describe the major contributions of Fowler’s and Wilber’s theories of human spirituality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Fowler’s Stages of Faith Development Difficulty Level: Medium 15. When children take on stories, beliefs, and practices that symbolize belonging to their community, they are in which stage of Fowler’s stages of faith development? a. synthetic-conventional faith b. mythic-literal faith c. universalizing faith d. prestage-primal faith Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-3: Describe the major contributions of Fowler’s and Wilber’s theories of human spirituality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Fowler’s Stages of Faith Development Difficulty Level: Medium 16. People who are able to live sacrificial lives aimed at transformation of humankind are in what stage of Fowler’s stages of faith development? a. synthetic-conventional faith b. mythic-literal faith c. universalizing faith d. prestage-primal faith Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-3: Describe the major contributions of Fowler’s and Wilber’s theories of human spirituality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Fowler’s Stages of Faith Development Difficulty Level: Medium 17. Various developmental milestones that unfold within the human psyche describe which of the four components of Wilber’s integral theory of consciousness? a. self-system b. lines of consciousness c. states of consciousness d. levels of consciousness Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-3: Describe the major contributions of Fowler’s and Wilber’s theories of human spirituality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Transpersonal Theory

Instructor Resource Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Difficulty Level: Medium 18. Ordinary experiences such as sleeping or dreaming and non-ordinary experiences such as peak experiences or religious experiences describe which of the four components of Wilber’s integral theory of consciousness? a. self-system b. lines of consciousness c. states of consciousness d. levels of consciousness Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-3: Describe the major contributions of Fowler’s and Wilber’s theories of human spirituality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Transpersonal Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 19. Developmental streams such as cognition, morals, and spirituality describe which of the four components of Wilber’s integral theory of consciousness? a. self-system b. lines of consciousness c. states of consciousness d. levels of consciousness Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-3: Describe the major contributions of Fowler’s and Wilber’s theories of human spirituality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Transpersonal Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 20. All levels, lines, and states of consciousness are navigated by which of the following components of Wilber’s integral theory of consciousness? a. self-system b. developmental streams c. phases of transcendence d. multiethnic awareness Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-3: Describe the major contributions of Fowler’s and Wilber’s theories of human spirituality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Transpersonal Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 21. The most recent Gallup Polls reports that what percent of the American population attend religious services on a weekly basis? a. 8% b. 37%

Instructor Resource Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 c. 75% d. 90% Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-6: Apply knowledge of human spirituality to recommend guidelines for social work engagement, assessment, intervention, and evaluation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Spirituality in the United States and Globally Difficulty Level: Medium 22. Ulrich Beck’s understanding of spirituality focuses on ______. a. search for divine transcendence b. folk healing and shamanism c. institutionalized religion d. positive human qualities Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-4: Give examples of the impact of spirituality and religion in the lives of oppressed groups and people coping with different problems of living.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Spirituality in the United States and Globally Difficulty Level: Medium 23. The security and certainty of one’s view of the universe, one’s answer to profound and mundane questions, and one approach to organizing collective life is known as ______. a. sacred canopy b. Christian privilege c. Islamic foundation d. social constructionism Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-4: Give examples of the impact of spirituality and religion in the lives of oppressed groups and people coping with different problems of living.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Spirituality in the United States and Globally Difficulty Level: Medium 24. A major focus of transpersonal theory is ______. a. humanity’s highest potential b. understanding and realization of intuitive spiritual and transcendent state of consciousness c. relevance of a transpersonal orientation to the realm of everyday life d. all of these Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-4: Give examples of the impact of spirituality and religion in the lives of oppressed groups and people coping with different problems of living.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Transpersonal Theory

Instructor Resource Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Difficulty Level: Medium 25. Fowler’s stages of faith development is most associated with which of the major theoretical perspectives? a. psychodynamic b. social constructivist c. developmental d. humanistic Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-3: Describe the major contributions of Fowler’s and Wilber’s theories of human spirituality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Fowler’s Stages of Faith Development Difficulty Level: Medium 26. Gandhi, Mother Teresa, and Martin Luther King, Jr. are thought to have attained which stage of faith that most people never reach? a. conjunctive faith b. universalizing faith c. transcendent faith d. ultimate faith Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-3: Describe the major contributions of Fowler’s and Wilber’s theories of human spirituality.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Fowler’s Stages of Faith Development Difficulty Level: Medium 27. Five broad historical phases trace the development of linkages between spirituality and social work in the U.S. The phase that included competing explanations of human behavior that distinguished between individual moral blame and a focus on social reform and social justice is which of the following phases? a. sectarian origins b. resurgence of spirituality c. transcending boundaries d. indigenous pre-colonial period Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-4: Give examples of the impact of spirituality and religion in the lives of oppressed groups and people coping with different problems of living.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Role of Spirituality in Social Work Difficulty Level: Hard 28. An important nonsectarian Afrocentric tradition of celebrating African American strengths and empowerment is known as ______. a. Zoroastrianism

Instructor Resource Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 b. Shintoism c. Kwanzaa d. Wicca Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-4: Give examples of the impact of spirituality and religion in the lives of oppressed groups and people coping with different problems of living.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Race and Ethnicity Difficulty Level: Easy 29. Many recent investigations concerning spirituality suggest ______. a. positive workings of the mind are trainable skills through meditation b. stressors that affect the brain are harmful to a person’s health and well-being c. links between subjective experiences reported during mediation and alterations in brain function d. all of these Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-4: Give examples of the impact of spirituality and religion in the lives of oppressed groups and people coping with different problems of living.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Individual and Collective Well-Being Difficulty Level: Medium True/False 1. When people pattern their spiritual beliefs and practices into social institutions, this reflects their spirituality.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 6-2: Compare and contrast the definitions of spirituality and religion.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Meaning of Spirituality Difficulty Level: Easy 2. First force therapies are based on dynamic theories of human behavior and are concerned with dealing with repression and resolving instinctual conflicts by developing insight.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6-4: Give examples of the impact of spirituality and religion in the lives of oppressed groups and people coping with different problems of living.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Transpersonal Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Third force therapies evolved from behavioral theories, focus on leaned habits, and seek to remove symptoms through various processes of direct learning.

Instructor Resource Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Ans: F Learning Objective: 6-4: Give examples of the impact of spirituality and religion in the lives of oppressed groups and people coping with different problems of living.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Transpersonal Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Faith is a broad concept that can be expressed even by people who do not believe in God. Ans: T Learning Objective: 6-3: Describe the major contributions of Fowler’s and Wilber’s theories of human spirituality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Fowler’s Stages of Faith Development Difficulty Level: Easy 5. In Fowler’s stages of faith development, he found a positive relationship between age and stage development and suggested that as we age we move to a higher state of spirituality.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6-3: Describe the major contributions of Fowler’s and Wilber’s theories of human spirituality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Fowler’s Stages of Faith Development Difficulty Level: Medium 6. The ultimate environment, which is considered to be the highest level of reality, is an important concept in Fowler’s stages of faith development.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6-3: Describe the major contributions of Fowler’s and Wilber’s theories of human spirituality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Fowler’s Stages of Faith Development Difficulty Level: Medium 7. We should view Fowler’s stages of faith development as achievement goals or steps necessary for salvation.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 6-3: Describe the major contributions of Fowler’s and Wilber’s theories of human spirituality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Fowler’s Stages of Faith Development Difficulty Level: Easy 8. According to Fowler’s stages of faith development, the stage of adolescence and beyond is called synthetic-conventional faith, which refers to the capacity for abstract

Instructor Resource Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 thinking and manipulation of concepts, which affects the process of developing both identity and faith.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6-3: Describe the major contributions of Fowler’s and Wilber’s theories of human spirituality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Fowler’s Stages of Faith Development Difficulty Level: Medium 9. According to Fowler’s stages of faith development, the stage of intuitive-projective faith happens in early childhood between ages 2-7 when they have new tools of speech and symbolic representation.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6-3: Describe the major contributions of Fowler’s and Wilber’s theories of human spirituality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Fowler’s Stages of Faith Development Difficulty Level: Medium Essay 1. Compare and contrast spirituality and religion.

Ans: Spirituality is a process of human life and development focusing on the search for a sense of meaning, purpose, morality, and well-being; in relationship with oneself, other people, other beings, the universe, and ultimate reality, however understood; orienting around centrally significant priorities; and engaging a sense of transcendence (experienced as deeply profound, sacred, or transpersonal). Religion is an institutionalized pattern of values, beliefs, symbols, rites, and behaviors that involves spirituality, a community of adherents, transmission of traditions over time, and community support functions. Spirituality is often seen as very individual while religion carries with it a sense of group belonging and identity.

Learning Objective: 6-2: Compare and contrast the definitions of spirituality and religion.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Meaning of Spirituality Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Describe the rationales for including spirituality in social work education.

Ans: Given the important role of spirituality in understanding both human diversity and human experience, it has become evident that gathering information about a client’s religious or spiritual history and assessing spiritual development and current interests are as important as learning about biopsychosocial factors. Assessment needs to go beyond the surface features of faith affiliation to include deeper facets of a person’s spiritual life. It is also important for social workers to have an understanding of a wide range of spiritual and religious beliefs in order to have an understanding of one’s diverse clientele.

Instructor Resource Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Learning Objective: 6-6: Apply knowledge of human spirituality to recommend guidelines for social work engagement, assessment, intervention, and evaluation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Implications for Social Work Practice Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Briefly discuss what you have learned about spirituality and race/ethnicity in one of the following groups: African Americans, Hispanic and Latino(a) Americans, Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, or Native Americans.

Ans: Students may choose any of these groups. One example follows. In the United States, 27% of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders is Protestant, 17% Catholic, 14% Hindu, 9% Buddhist, and 4% Muslim. Approximately 6% report other religious affiliations, and 23% are unaffiliated. There is much diversity within these various religious traditions as well, making it particularly difficult to discuss common elements of spiritual beliefs or practices. However, several themes can be discerned: the connection among and the divinity of all beings; the need to transcend suffering and the material world; the importance of displaying compassion, selflessness, and cooperation; the honoring of ancestors; a disciplined approach to life and spiritual development; and a holistic understanding of existence Learning Objective: 6-4: Give examples of the impact of spirituality and religion in the lives of oppressed groups and people coping with different problems of living.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Race and Ethnicity Difficulty Level: Medium 4. List the four possible ways that many LGBTQ persons resolve the tension they experience between their faith and their sexuality.

Ans: Condemn homosexuality and homosexual people. Accept the people, but reject the behavior. Affirm and accept LGBTQ people at every level. Reject the faith’s position relative to LGBTQ people and leave the faith.

Learning Objective: 6-4: Give examples of the impact of spirituality and religion in the lives of oppressed groups and people coping with different problems of living.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Identify and describe Canda and Furman’s four alternative ideological responses to LGBTQ persons within Christianity.

Ans: Condemn homosexuality and homosexual people. Accept the people, but reject the behavior. Affirm and accept LGBTQ people at every level. Reject the faith’s position relative to LGBTQ people and leave the faith.

Learning Objective: 6-4: Give examples of the impact of spirituality and religion in the lives of oppressed groups and people coping with different problems of living.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 6. Choose one race/ethnicity group identified in the chapter and describe the most important spirituality themes associated with this group.

Ans: Many Latino(a) people follow beliefs and practices that represent a blending of Christian, African, and Indigenous spiritual traditions. Latino(a) American spirituality has been strongly affected by factors related to colonialism. This history includes military, political, economic, cultural, and religious conquest, forcing many Indigenous peoples to take on the Catholicism of their conquerors. Many traditional places of worship, spiritual texts, beliefs, and practices were destroyed, repressed, or blended with Catholic traditions. Today, Christian Latino(a) faith has several central features: a personal relationship with God that encompasses love and reverence as well as fear and dread; an emphasis on both faith and ritual behavior; belief in the holiness of Jesus Christ as savior, king, and infant God; special reverence shown to Mary as the mother of God; recognition of saints as models of behavior and as benefactors; significance of sacred objects as both symbols of faith and transmitters of luck or magic; and special events and celebrations, such as saints’ feast days, Holy Week, Christmas Eve, feasts of the Virgin, and life passages (e.g., baptisms, first communions, confirmations, coming-ofage ceremonies, weddings, and funerals).

Learning Objective: 6-4: Give examples of the impact of spirituality and religion in the lives of oppressed groups and people coping with different problems of living.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Race and Ethnicity Difficulty Level: medium 7. Identify and describe the phases in the history of spirituality in the development of social work.

Ans: The indigenous precolonial period involved a variety of spiritually based approaches to healing. From the colonial period to the early 20th century were the sectarian origins of social work, when Judeo-Christian worldviews significantly impacted societal development and social policy. From the 1920s to 1970s came professionalization and secularization, when social work became recognized as a legitimate profession and distanced itself from association with a particular faith tradition. In the 1980s came a resurgence of interest in spirituality in social work, which aimed to recognize the salient nature of spirituality in the lives of many clients and professionals while still respecting diverse viewpoints. Finally, from 1995 to the present is a period referred to as transcending boundaries, with increasing presentations and research being done about the links between spirituality and client functioning.

Learning Objective: 6-6: Apply knowledge of human spirituality to recommend guidelines for social work engagement, assessment, intervention, and evaluation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Role of Spirituality in Social Work Difficulty Level: Hard 8. Explain how this chapter on the spiritual person has helped you to be more aware of different religious or spiritual paths. Cite examples of information that has contributed to

Instructor Resource Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 this awareness. From your learning, what do you need to do to be more aware of your own values, beliefs, and biases concerning religion and spirituality?

Ans: This will vary widely depending on the individual student’s own personal experience with spirituality.

Learning Objective: 6-6: Apply knowledge of human spirituality to recommend guidelines for social work engagement, assessment, intervention, and evaluation.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Full Chapter Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Identify the usefulness of transpersonal theories of human development in social work practice. Cite examples of what you learned.

Ans: Ken Wilber’s transpersonal theory, for example, is called the integrated theory of consciousness. He explores varying vantage points of interior vs. exterior and collective vs. individual human development and how this relates to spiritual development. This could be important to social work in thinking about spiritual issues differently with clients who come from a more collectivist culture versus those from an individualistic culture.

Many more examples can be given.

Learning Objective: 6-6: Apply knowledge of human spirituality to recommend guidelines for social work engagement, assessment, intervention, and evaluation.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Transpersonal Theory Difficulty Level: Hard 10. Compare and contrast Fowler’s and Wilber’s theories of spiritual development. How do you think these models are useful to social work practice? Cite examples of why you think they are useful.

Ans: The major difference between the two models in terms of individual development is that Wilber provides more substance and specification than Fowler does about what transpersonal levels of development look like and how they evolve. Wilber also provides more detailed descriptions of the potential pitfalls of spiritual development than Fowler, who provides only a general overview of the possible dangers or deficits of development at each of his faith stages. However, Fowler provides more specifics about the content and process of spiritual development at the pre-personal and personal phases. In terms of their utility for social work practice, we could say that Fowler’s model is more descriptive and Wilber’s is more prescriptive. Both theories have been critiqued in a number of areas. Their use in social work may be dubious since there is little empirical support for either approach.

Learning Objective: 6-3: Describe the major contributions of Fowler’s and Wilber’s theories of human spirituality.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Fowler’s Stages of Faith Development, Wilber’s Integral Theory of Consciousness Difficulty Level: Hard

Instructor Resource Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 11. Explain the role of spirituality in social work practice. Discuss the progress of the profession in reference to having an interest in spirituality as a dimension of a person’s life.

Ans: Spirituality is an important component of identity, motivation, and even conflict for a lot of clients. In the 1980s came a resurgence of interest in spirituality in social work, which aimed to recognize the salient nature of spirituality in the lives of many clients and professionals while still respecting diverse viewpoints. Finally, from 1995 to the present is a period referred to as transcending boundaries, with increasing presentations and research being done about the links between spirituality and client functioning. There is an understanding now of the necessity of assessing a client’s spiritual life and its influence on their emotions, behavior, and health, without pushing spirituality or religion on any client as an intervention technique.

Learning Objective: 6-6: Apply knowledge of human spirituality to recommend guidelines for social work engagement, assessment, intervention, and evaluation.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Role of Spirituality in Social Work Difficulty Level: Hard 12. Discuss the critiques of Fowler’s and Wilber’s theories within the context of conflict perspective.

Ans: The major difference between the two models in terms of individual development is that Wilber provides more substance and specification than Fowler does about what transpersonal levels of development look like and how they evolve. Wilber also provides more detailed descriptions of the potential pitfalls of spiritual development than Fowler, who provides only a general overview of the possible dangers or deficits of development at each of his faith stages. However, Fowler provides more specifics about the content and process of spiritual development at the pre-personal and personal phases. In terms of their utility for social work practice, we could say that Fowler’s model is more descriptive and Wilber’s is more prescriptive. Regarding conflict theory, both theories suffer from dominant-group bias and do not enjoy much empirical support, given the difficulty of ‘proving’ anything so abstract. There is concern that any hierarchy or progression of steps in a developmental framework could be used by a member of a dominant, powerful group to impose one’s beliefs on another.

Learning Objective: 6-3: Describe the major contributions of Fowler’s and Wilber’s theories of human spirituality.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Fowler’s Stages of Faith Development, Wilber’s Integral Theory of Consciousness Difficulty Level: Hard 13. Explain what you have learned about spirituality and human diversity. Specifically, discuss the impact of religion and spirituality in the lives of oppressed groups.

Ans: Again, this will vary widely among students. Spirituality expressed in both religious and nonreligious forms has been pivotal in the lives of many persons of color and other marginalized ethnic groups. The specifics of that depend on the group(s) the student chooses to explore.

Instructor Resource Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Learning Objective: 6-4: Give examples of the impact of spirituality and religion in the lives of oppressed groups and people coping with different problems of living.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Spirituality and Human Diversity Difficulty Level: medium 14. Discuss the evidence that links spirituality and mental health.

Ans: For both mental and physical health problems, religion and spirituality have been noted as major means of coping. In an extensive review of the social and behavioral science literature, spirituality is cited as one of four key factors significantly linked to positive coping, along with knowledge, inner resources, and social support. The specific benefits of spiritually based coping include relieving stress, retaining a sense of control, maintaining hope, and providing a sense of meaning and purpose in life.

Learning Objective: 6-4: Give examples of the impact of spirituality and religion in the lives of oppressed groups and people coping with different problems of living.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Problems in Living Difficulty Level: Hard 15. Why is important to assess clients’ spirituality?

Ans: Spirituality is a key component of both mental and physical health for many clients.

It is important not to impose spirituality upon anyone, but problems, conflicts, strengths, or deficits in one’s spiritual life can have a profound impact on day-to-day functioning.

Learning Objective: 6-5: Demonstrate how to gather information about a client’s religious or spiritual history.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Spiritual Assessment Difficulty Level: Medium 16. Give examples of questions you might ask when assessing a client’s spirituality.

Ans: What nourishes you spiritually—for example, music, nature, intimacy, witnessing heroism, meditation, creative expression, sharing another’s joy? What is the difference between shame and guilt? What are healthy and unhealthy shame and guilt? What do you mean when you say your spirits are low? Is that different from being sad or depressed? What is an incident in your life that precipitated a change in your belief about the meaning of life? What helps you maintain a sense of hope when there is no immediate apparent basis for it?

Learning Objective: 6-5: Demonstrate how to gather information about a client’s religious or spiritual history.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Spiritual Assessment Difficulty Level: Medium 17. Draw a diagram to illustrate Wilber’s quadrants and levels of consciousness Ans: Cannot be done here.

Test Bank for Dimensions of Human Behavior Person and Environment, 6th Edition, Elizabeth D.

Instructor Resource Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Learning Objective: 6-3: Describe the major contributions of Fowler’s and Wilber’s theories of human spirituality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Wilber’s Integral Theory of Consciousness Difficulty Level: Hard 18. What are the three factors significant to understanding religious conflict today?

Ans: Modernism, multiculturalism, and modern technologies of warfare.

Learning Objective: 6-6: Apply knowledge of human spirituality to recommend guidelines for social work engagement, assessment, intervention, and evaluation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Spirituality in the United States and Globally Difficulty Level: Hard

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