Culture and psychology 6th edition matsumoto test bank

Culture and Psychology 6th Edition Matsumoto Test Bank Visit to download the full and correct content document: https://testbankdeal.com/dow nload/culture-and-psychology-6th-edition-matsumoto-test-bank/

Chapter 8 Culture and Cognition 1. The term _____ denotes all the mental processes one uses to transform sensory input into knowledge. a) aspiration b) cognition c) information d) initiation ANS: b A-head: Culture as Cognition REF: 174 Feedback: The term cognition denotes all the mental processes we use to transform sensory input into knowledge. Some of the first cognitive processes to consider are attention, sensation, and perception.

2. _____ refers to the focusing of our limited capacities of consciousness on a particular set of stimuli. a) Initiation b) Aspiration c) Perception d) Attention ANS: d A-head: Culture as Cognition REF: 174 Feedback: Attention refers to the focusing of our limited capacities of consciousness on a particular set of stimuli. Some of the first cognitive processes to consider are attention, sensation, and perception.

3. _____ refers to the process of gathering information about the world through our senses. a) Attention b) Focus c) Perception d) Initiation ANS: c A-head: Culture as Cognition REF: 174 Feedback: Perception refers to the process of gathering information about the world through our senses; one's initial interpretations of sensations. Sensation refers to the feelings that result from excitation of the sensory receptors.

4. Which of the following best defines sensation? a) It refers to the focusing of our limited capacities of consciousness on a particular set of stimuli. b) It refers to the feelings that result from excitation of the sensory receptors such as touch, taste, smell, sight, and hearing.

c) It refers to the ability to understand the meaning or importance of something. d) It refers to the ability of brain to categorize various sensory perceptions that result from chemical stimulation.

ANS: b A-head: Culture as Cognition REF: 174 Feedback: Sensation refers to the feelings that result from excitation of the sensory receptors such as touch, taste, smell, sight, and hearing. Perception refers to our initial interpretations of the sensations.

5. Which of the following statements is true of culture? a) It was created by groups to solve complex problems of living and social life, enabling them to survive more functionally and effectively. b) It is not possible to access the mental models of culture that influence a person's way of thinking, feeling, and behaving. c) It does not have a strong cognitive component like evolution of language. d) It only refers to the individual mental representations of one’s habits.

ANS: a A-head: Culture as Cognition REF: 175 Feedback: Culture is a unique meaning and information system that is shared by a group and transmitted across generations. It allows a group to meet basic needs of survival, pursue happiness, and derive meaning from life. This knowledge system—culture—was created by groups to solve complex problems of living and social life, enabling them to survive more functionally and effectively.

6. In the context of human thinking, _____ is a method used to determine if one stimulus affects another. a) regression testing b) screening c) stimulus testing d) priming ANS: d A-head: Culture as Cognition REF: 175 Feedback: Priming is a method used to determine if one stimulus affects another. Many psychologists also believe that culture is represented in the human mind, that people’s mental models of culture influence their ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving, and that those mental models can be accessed.

7. In a cross-cultural study by Masuda and Nisbett (2001) involving Japanese and American students to find the influence of culture on attention, it was found that: a) there were minor differences in recalling the focal object in the picture. b) there were major differences in recalling the focal object in the picture. c) the Japanese students remembered more of the background objects. d) the American students remembered more of the background objects.

ANS: c A-head: Culture and Attention REF: 176 Feedback: In a cross-cultural study by Masuda and Nisbett (2001) involving Japanese and American students to find the influence of culture on attention, it was found that the Japanese students remembered more of the background objects. There were no differences between the Americans and Japanese in recalling the focal, main objects of the scene.

8. In the context of the study by Masuda and Nisbett on attention involving American and Japanese students, people in Western cultures tend to engage in context-independent and _____ processes by focusing on a salient object (or person) independently from the context in which it is embedded. a) holistic perceptual b) naturalistic perceptual c) analytic perceptual d) scientific perceptual ANS: c A-head: Culture and Attention REF: 178 Feedback: People in Western cultures tend to engage in context-independent and analytic perception processes by focusing on a salient object (or person) independently from the context in which it is embedded. On the other hand, people in East Asian cultures may tend to engage in context-dependent and holistic perceptual processes by attending to the relationship between the object and the context in which the object is located. This line of research has led to the interesting idea that people of different cultures differ on whether they facilitate holistic versus analytic perception.

9. All humans have a blind spot in each eye, a spot with no sensory receptors, but there is no blind spot in our conscious perception. With the help of micro eye movements called _____ our brains fill this spot in so it looks as if we see everything. a) retinal stabilization b) ocular microtremors c) ocular drifts d) microsaccades ANS: d A-head: Culture and Perception REF: 179 Feedback: All humans have a blind spot in each eye but there is no blind spot in our conscious perception. With the help of micro eye movements called microsaccades, our brains fill this spot in so it looks as if we see everything. It is only when something comes at us out of this spot that we get some idea that something is wrong with our vision in this particular location.

10. _____ are perceptions that involve an apparent discrepancy between how an object looks and what it actually is. a) Discrepant perception b) Optical illusions c) Focal point illusions

d) Apparent perception ANS: b A-head: Culture and Perception REF: 179 Feedback: Optical illusions are perceptions that involve an apparent discrepancy between how an object looks and what it actually is. They are often based on inappropriate assumptions about the stimulus characteristics of the object being perceived.

11. Which of the following statements is true of the Mueller-Lyer illusion? a) In this illusion, subjects viewing the two figures typically judge the line with the arrowheads pointing out as longer. b) In this illusion, subjects viewing the two figures typically judge the line with the arrowheads pointing in as longer. c) In this illusion, subjects typically judge the horizontal line as longer. d) In this illusion, subjects typically judge the vertical line as longer.

ANS: b A-head: Culture and Perception REF: 179 Feedback: In the Mueller-Lyer illusion, subjects typically judge the line with the arrowheads pointing in as longer. Mueller-Lyer illusion is one of the best-known optical illusions.

12. In the horizontal-vertical illusion, subjects typically respond that: a) the horizontal line is longer. b) the vertical line is longer. c) the lines are of the same length. d) the lines are crisscrossed.

ANS: b A-head: Culture and Perception REF: 179–180 Feedback: In the horizontal-vertical illusion, subjects usually respond that the vertical line is longer. Optical illusions are perceptions that involve an apparent discrepancy between how an object looks and what it actually is.

13. In which illusion do the subjects typically report that the horizontal line closer to the origin of the diagonals is longer than the one away from the origin? a) Poggendorff illusion b) Muller-Lyer illusion c) Ponzo illusion d) Horizontal-vertical illusion ANS: c A-head: Culture and Perception REF: 180 Feedback: In the Ponzo illusion, the subjects typically report that the horizontal line closer to the origin of the diagonals is longer than the one away from the origin even though they are the same length. Optical illusions are perceptions that involve an apparent discrepancy between how an object looks and what it actually is.

14. Which of the following theories suggests that people in urbanized, industrialized societies are used to seeing things that are rectangular in shape and unconsciously come to expect things to have squared corners? a) Carpentered world theory b) Rectangular perception theory c) Right angle perception theory d) Front-horizontal theory ANS: a A-head: Culture and Perception REF: 180 Feedback: The carpentered world theory suggests that people in urbanized, industrialized societies are used to seeing things that are rectangular in shape and unconsciously come to expect things to have squared corners. If we see a house from an angle and the light reflected off it does not form a right angle on the eye, we still perceive it as a house with square corners.

15. Which theory suggests that we interpret vertical lines as horizontal lines extending into the distance? a) Dimensional space theory b) Front extension theory c) Vertical extension theory d) Front-horizontal foreshortening theory ANS: d A-head: Culture and Perception REF: 180–181 Feedback: The front-horizontal foreshortening theory suggests that we interpret vertical lines as horizontal lines extending into the distance. Several important theories have been developed to explain why optical illusions occur.

16. Which of the following is true of the 1905 study conducted by W. H. R. Rivers on responses to the Mueller-Lyer and horizontal-vertical illusions? a) The English were more fooled by the horizontal-vertical illusion than were the Indians and New Guineans. b) The only factor that led to the differences in response was education. c) The English saw the lines in the Mueller-Lyer illusion as being more different in length than Indians and New Guineans. d) The effects of illusion did not differ by culture.

ANS: c A-head: Culture and Perception REF: 181 Feedback: As per the 1905 study conducted by W.H.R. Rivers that compares the responses to the Mueller-Lyer and horizontal-vertical illusions, the English saw the lines in the Mueller-Lyer illusion as being more different in length than Indians and New Guineans. He also reported that the Indians and New Guineans were more fooled by the horizontal-vertical illusion than were the English.

17. In the context of visual perception, the _____ suggests that people in Western cultures focus more on representations on paper than do people in other cultures, and in particular spend more time learning to interpret pictures. a) vertical-horizontal line theory b) symbolizing three dimensions in two theory c) foreign concept theory d) carpentered world theory ANS: b A-head: Culture and Perception REF: 181 Feedback: The symbolizing three dimensions in two theory suggests that people in Western cultures focus more on representations on paper than do people in other cultures and spend more time learning to interpret pictures. Thus, people in New Guinea and India are less likely to be fooled by the Mueller–Lyer illusion because it is more “foreign” to them. They are more fooled by the horizontal–vertical illusion, however, because it is more representative of their lifestyle.

18. Which of the following is true of the comparative study by Segall and colleagues between the Mueller-Lyer illusion and horizontal-vertical illusions? a) The horizontal-vertical illusion was only limited to the primitive groups. b) The horizontal-vertical illusion was only limited to the industrialized groups. c) The Mueller-Lyer illusion was stronger for the non-industrialized groups. d) The Mueller-Lyer illusion was stronger for the industrialized groups.

ANS: d A-head: Culture and Perception REF: 181–182 Feedback: Segall and colleagues (1963, 1966) compared people from three industrialized groups to people from 14 non-industrialized groups on the Mueller-Lyer and the horizontal-vertical illusions. The Mueller-Lyer illusion was stronger for the industrialized groups. The effect of the vertical-horizontal illusion was stronger for the non-industrialized groups.

19. In the context of the effects of the Mueller-Lyer illusion, Stewart in 1973 reported that the effects of the illusion: a) vary by gender. b) decline with age. c) differ with race. d) diminish with rise in income.

ANS: b A-head: Culture and Perception REF: 182 Feedback: In the context of the effects of the Mueller-Lyer illusion, Stewart in 1973 reported that the effects of the illusion decline with age. She suggested that both learning and physiology played roles in the observed cultural differences.

20. Hudson, in 1960, conducted a study that highlighted cultural differences in perception and found that:

a) even Bantu tribe members who had been educated in European schools saw the pictures as other tribe members. b) differences in depth perception were neither related to education nor to exposure to European cultures. c) Western people do not often use relevant size as a cue to depth in pictures. d) Bantu tribe members did not use relative size as a cue to depth.

ANS: d A-head: Culture and Perception REF: 182 Feedback: Hudson, in 1960, conducted a study that highlighted cultural differences in perception and found that Bantu members did not use relative size as a cue to depth. Hudson concluded that these differences in depth perception were related to both education and exposure to European cultures.

21. _____ refers to the manner in which people group things together. It is one of the basic mental processes. a) Idiocentrism b) Centration c) Infrahumanization d) Categorization ANS: d A-head: Culture and Thinking REF: 184 Feedback: Categorization refers to the manner in which people group things together. It is one of the basic mental processes. This is important because it helps people keep track of what they are perceiving and thinking about.

22. Which of the following statements is true of categorization? a) It is inconsequential in decision making. b) It makes processing of information inefficient. c) It helps people keep track of what they are thinking about. d) It creates confusion while making decisions.

ANS: c A-head: Culture and Thinking REF: 184 Feedback: Categorization helps people keep track of what they are perceiving and thinking about.

It refers to the manner in which people group things together.

23. By creating categories and placing stimuli in those categories, we can process information more efficiently. a) True b) False ANS: a A-head: Culture and Thinking REF: 184

Feedback: By creating categories and placing stimuli in those categories, we can process information more efficiently. Creating mental categories helps us sort out all the complex stimuli that we are exposed to every day.

24. The process of categorization is universal to all humans, and some categories appear to be universal across cultures. a) True b) False ANS: a A-head: Culture and Thinking.

REF: 184 Feedback: The process of categorization is universal to all humans, and some categories appear to be universal across cultures. Categorization refers to the manner in which people group things together. It is one of the most basic mental processes.

25. In an early study conducted by Chiu (1972) on Chinese and American children, the American children grouped objects according to _____, whereas the Chinese children grouped objects according to _____. a) seemingly unrelated features; structural or circumstantial relationships b) shared contextual or functional relationships; shared features c) structural or circumstantial relationships; seemingly unrelated features d) shared features; shared contextual or functional relationships ANS: d A-head: Culture and Thinking REF: 185 Feedback: In an early study by Chiu (1972), Chinese and American children were presented with sets of three objects and were asked to select two of the objects that should go together. The American children grouped objects according to shared features, whereas the Chinese children grouped objects according to shared contextual or functional relationships.

26. Ji, Zhang, and Nisbett (2004) conducted tests with Americans and bilingual Chinese (mainland and Taiwan) participants, having them group sets of three words in either English or Chinese. The test suggested that the cultural differences in categorization styles _____. a) were affected by education b) were not affected by education c) were not affected by language d) were affected by language ANS: c A-head: Culture and Thinking REF: 185 Feedback: Ji, Zhang, and Nisbett (2004) conducted tests with Americans and bilingual Chinese (mainland and Taiwan) participants, having them group sets of three words in either English or Chinese. The test suggested that the cultural differences in categorization styles were not affected by language. The bilingual Chinese categorized objects in more relational ways than did Americans.

27. _____ refers to the process in which individuals adjust their memory for something after they find out the true outcome. a) Outcome bias b) Information bias c) Hindsight bias d) Congruence bias ANS: c A-head: Culture and Thinking REF: 185 Feedback: There may be some constants about memory across cultures that suggest some universal aspects to it. An aspect of memory that studies have found to be universal is in the effect known as hindsight bias, which refers to the process in which individuals adjust their memory for something after they find out the true outcome.

28. Which of the following statements is true in the context of culture and memory? a) Memory abilities remain constant with age. b) Cultural differences in memory as a function of oral tradition may be limited to meaningful material. c) Individuals from nonliterate societies have vastly inferior memory skills compared to Westerners. d) Memory abilities improve with age among Japanese and Koreans.

ANS: b A-head: Culture and Thinking REF: 186 Feedback: Cultural differences in memory as a function of oral tradition may be limited to meaningful material. Some aspects of memory might be universal, while some may differ with culture.

29. Which of the following suggests that we remember things better if they are either the first or last item in a list of things to remember? a) The order effect b) The presentation effect c) The indexing effect d) The serial position effect ANS: d A-head: Culture and Thinking REF: 186 Feedback: One of the best-known aspects of memory is the serial position effect. The serial position effect suggests that we remember things better if they are either the first or last item in a list of things to remember.

30. Cultural differences in memories of the recent past do not affect responses to current day events. a) True b) False ANS: b

A-head: Culture and Thinking REF: 186 Feedback: Cultural differences in memories of the recent past also affect responses to current day events. Despite the fact that the 2011 Japanese earthquake and tsunami generally elicited worldwide empathy, Yang and colleagues (Yang, Liu, Fang, & Hong, 2014) reported that Chinese participants consistently showed less empathy toward that disaster than did Americans.

31. _____ refers to the recollection of specific events that took place at a particular time and place in the past. a) Semantic memory b) Episodic memory c) Implicit memory d) Procedural memory ANS: b A-head: Culture and Thinking REF: 186 Feedback: Episodic memory refers to the recollection of specific events that took place at a particular time and place in the past. Across several studies, European and European American adults and children often exhibited greater episodic memories in the recollection of autobiographic events than Asian and Asian Americans.

32. According to Stigler and Baranes, math skills are logically constructed on the basis of abstract cognitive structures, and not forged out of a combination of previously acquired knowledge and skills, and cultural input. a) True b) False ANS: b A-head: Culture and Thinking REF: 187 Feedback: Math and culture have a very special relationship because, as Stigler and Baranes (1988) put it, math skills are not logically constructed on the basis of abstract cognitive structures, but rather are forged out of a combination of previously acquired (or inherited) knowledge and skills, and new cultural input. Culture is not only a stimulator of math, but is itself represented in math, and how a society teaches and learns it.

33. Gender stratification hypothesis suggests that gender differences are related to cultural variations in opportunity structures for girls and women. a) True b) False ANS: a A-head: Culture and Thinking REF: 188 Feedback: One interesting cross-cultural phenomenon concerns the gender gap in mathematics achievement. This gap exists in some cultures but not others. Else-Quest, Hyde, and Linn (2010) provided evidence for a gender stratification hypothesis that suggests that gender differences are related to cultural variations in opportunity structures for girls and women.

34. Studies of an area known as everyday cognition indicate that, even without formal educational systems, members of all cultures learn math skills. a) True b) False ANS: a A-head: Culture and Thinking REF: 188 Feedback: Studies of an area known as everyday cognition indicate that, even without formal educational systems, members of all cultures learn math skills. Findings from studies on everyday cognition have provided fairly clear evidence that math abilities are universal to all humans.

35. Problem solving refers to the process by which we attempt to discover ways of achieving goals that do not seem readily attainable. a) True b) False ANS: a A-head: Culture and Thinking REF: 188 Feedback: Problem solving refers to the process by which we attempt to discover ways of achieving goals that do not seem readily attainable. Psychologists have tried to isolate the process of problem solving by asking people from different cultures to solve unfamiliar problems in artificial settings.

36. In the context of cognition, which of the following statements is true of creativity? a) Cultures that have histories of greater prevalence of disease-causing pathogens are associated with greater creativity. b) It depends on convergent thinking rather than divergent thinking that is typically assessed in measures of intelligence. c) Creative individuals have been shown to have low capacity for hard work, and a low tolerance for ambiguity and disorder. d) Time spent living abroad, but not time spent traveling abroad, was positively related with creativity.

ANS: d A-head: Culture and Thinking REF: 190 Feedback: An aspect of cognition that has received attention in the literature is creativity.

Intercultural experiences may promote growth and creativity. Maddux and Galinsky (2009) showed that time spent living abroad (but not time spent traveling abroad) was positively related with creativity.

37. Positive logical determinism can be broadly defined as the tendency to accept what seem to be contradictions in thought or beliefs. a) True b) False ANS: b

A-head: Culture and Thinking REF: 191 Feedback: Dialectical thinking can be broadly defined as the tendency to accept what seem to be contradictions in thought or beliefs. This is in contrast to positive logical determinism that is defined as a tendency to see contradictions as mutually exclusive categories, as either-or, yes-no, one-or-the-other types of categories.

38. Which of the following statements is true of positive logical determinism? a) It is a tendency to see contradictions as mutually exclusive categories, as either-or, yes-no, one-or-the-other types of categories. b) It the tendency to accept what seem to be contradictions in thought or beliefs. c) It tries to find the way in which both sides of an apparent contradiction are correct. d) It aims at finding the mutual middle ground to problems.

ANS: a A-head: Culture and Thinking REF: 191 Feedback: Logical deterministic thinking tends to see contradictions as mutually exclusive categories, as either-or, yes-no, one-or-the-other types of categories. Dialectical thinking tries to find the way in which both sides of an apparent contradiction are correct, tolerates the contradiction, and tries to find mutual middle ground.

39. _____ is a constellation of lay beliefs about the nature of the world. It is characterized by the doctrine of the mean, or the belief that the truth is always somewhere in the middle. a) Lay compromise b) Dialectical thinking c) Lay dialectivism d) Naïve dialectivism ANS: d A-head: Culture and Thinking REF: 192 Feedback: Naïve dialectivism is a constellation of lay beliefs about the nature of the world. It is characterized by the doctrine of the mean, or the belief that the truth is always somewhere in the middle. Contrarily, Western lay theories are dominated by the idea that something cannot be both truth and false at the same time, and the belief that all propositions must be either true or false.

40. _____ can be defined as hypothetical beliefs about the past that could have occurred in order to avoid or change a negative outcome a) Counterfactual thinking b) Emotional thinking c) Pragmatic thinking d) Practical thinking ANS: a A-head: Culture and Intelligence REF: 193

Feedback: Counterfactual thinking can be defined as hypothetical beliefs about the past that could have occurred in order to avoid or change a negative outcome. Counterfactual thinking can be broadly classified into two types: actions and inactions.

41. Which of the following is true of social orientation hypothesis? a) It states that cultures differ in the holistic versus analytic social orientation patterns. b) Analytic social orientation emphasizes harmony, relatedness, and connection. c) It states that cultures differ in independent versus interdependent social orientation patterns. d) Interdependence orientation leads to a tendency to focus on a single dimension or aspect when categorizing objects or evaluating arguments.

ANS: c A-head: Culture and Consciousness REF: 193 Feedback: According to social orientation hypothesis, cultures differ in independent versus interdependent social orientation patterns. These social orientations, in turn, influence and affect the ways members of those cultures attend to and think about their worlds.

42. Which of the following statements is true of dreams based on numerous studies on that topic? a) There are no cultural differences in terms of dreams. b) In many cultures, dreams are an important part of the cultural system, involving an organized, conventional set of signs. c) Dreams are not an important vehicle for social understanding. d) Dreams does not help in the assessment of personal and social distress.

ANS: b A-head: Culture and Consciousness REF: 195 Feedback: In many cultures, dreams are an important part of the cultural system, involving an organized, conventional set of signs. There are also differences in the role of dreams in different cultures.

43. Identify a true statement about time in the context of culture. a) Studies have not found any difference in perception of time across different cultures. b) Difference in time orientation is never a source of confusion for people across cultures. c) Cultural differences in time orientation may be related to interesting and important aspects of behavior. d) People across cultures maintain and follow the same order of time.

ANS: c A-head: Culture and Consciousness REF: 196 Feedback: Cultural differences in time orientation may be related to interesting and important aspects of our behaviors. People of different cultures perceive and experience time differently, even though time should be objectively the same for everyone.

44. Culture influences the experiences and perception of pain in terms of the language associated with pain.

a) True b) False ANS: a A-head: Culture and Consciousness REF: 197 Feedback: Culture influences the experiences and perception of pain in terms of the language associated with pain. Today, we know that culture influences the experience and perception of pain in several ways, including the cultural construction of pain sensation.

45. Which of the following is true of the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis in the context of pain? a) It states that cultural differences in pain experiences, such as pain response, may occur quite early in life for English speakers. b) It states that individuals in poor and developing countries develop a higher tolerance to pain compared to those in developed countries. c) It suggests that the structure of language, which is highly dependent on culture, affects our perceptions and cognitions of our pain experiences. d) It suggests that our individual pain threshold, not our culture, is responsible for the way that we perceive pain.

ANS: c A-head: Culture and Consciousness REF: 197 Feedback: The Sapir–Whorf hypothesis suggests that the structure of language, which is highly dependent on culture, affects our perceptions and cognitions of the world around us—including our pain experiences. Because the structure, content, and process of language differ across cultures, so does the experience of pain.

46. Scarr and Weinberg (1976) offered evidence for a(n) _____ basis of intelligence. They showed that black and interracial children adopted by white families scored above the IQ and school achievement means for whites. a) ethnic b) instinctive c) genetic d) environmental ANS: d A-head: Culture and Intelligence REF: 199 Feedback: Scarr and Weinberg (1976) offered evidence for an environmental basis of intelligence.

They showed that black and interracial children adopted by white families scored above the IQ and school achievement means for whites. Such a finding argued against biological predetermination and in favor of cultural and environmental factors.

47. Which of the following represents Steele’s view on stereotype threats? a) He posited that societal stereotypes about a group can influence the performance of individuals from that group. b) He stated that standardized test will not help in testing IQ levels of people belonging to different cultures.

c) He claimed that implementation of standardized test for intellectual ability will decrease the detrimental effects of stereotype threats. d) He posited that stereotype threats are present only among the African American community in the United States.

ANS: a A-head: Culture and Intelligence REF: 199 Feedback: One theory that has received considerable research attention recently concerns the construct known as stereotype threat—the threat that others’ judgments or their own actions will negatively stereotype them in the domain (Steele, 1998). Steele posited that societal stereotypes about a group can influence the performance of individuals from that group.

48. Steele and Aronson (1995) reported that when black students were asked to record their race on a demographic questionnaire before taking a standardized test: a) they performed the same as compared to black students who were not primed to think about their race before taking the test. b) they performed significantly better compared to black students who were not primed to think about their race before taking the test. c) they performed worse than the black students who were not primed to think about their race before taking the test. d) they performed better than the whites who were primed to think about their race before taking the test.

ANS: c A-head: Culture and Intelligence REF: 199 Feedback: Steele and Aronson (1995) reported that when black students were asked to record their race on a demographic questionnaire before taking a standardized test, they performed worse than the black students who were not primed to think about their race before taking the test.

Furthermore, they also found that when the exam was presented as a measure of intellectual ability, black students performed worse than white students.

49. According to Sternberg (1986), componential intelligence refers to the ability to formulate new ideas and combine unrelated facts. a) True b) False ANS: b A-head: Culture and Intelligence REF: 201 Feedback: Sternberg (1986) has proposed a theory of intelligence based on three separate subtheories: contextual, experiential, and componential intelligence. Experiential intelligence refers to the ability to formulate new ideas and combine unrelated facts. Componential intelligence refers to the ability to think abstractly, process information, and determine what needs to be done.

50. Which of the following statements is true of collective intelligence? a) It is strongly correlated with the average intelligence of group members. b) It is strongly correlated with the average social sensitivity of group members.

c) It does not account for the proportion of females in a group. d) It does not account for the equality in distribution of conversational turn-taking in a group.

ANS: b A-head: Culture and Intelligence REF: 201 Feedback: While most views of intelligence focus on individuals, recent work has suggested the existence of collective intelligence of groups of people. Collective intelligence was not strongly correlated with the average or maximum intelligence of the group members, but with the average social sensitivity of group members, the equality in distribution of conversational turn-taking, and the proportion of females in the group.