UCD Landscape Architecture Design Booklet

POOLBEG PENINSULA UCD LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE 2021 JENNIFER MAGEE THESIS BOOKLET

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This thesis explores the challenge to come up with a concept that will capitalise on the unique character of the Poolbeg Peninsula in Dublin Bay. The design objective is to protect and enhance the existing open space assets, provide a substantial new open connecting space to take advantage of the extraordinary amenity and heritage potential of Poolbeg Peninsula. The concept is to build substantive connectivity and flow between the open spaces and natural features to ensure that the ‘totality’ is holistically greater than the sum of its individual components, thereby creating a new focal point for the Peninsula of major significance.

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CONTENT Thesis Statement................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 2. Character.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6 3. History.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7 4. Site Context......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 5. Constraints......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13 6. Critical Analysis of Proposed Schemes.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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7. Design Vision..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21 8. Potential Iconic Heritage Location............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 27 9. Protection and Enhancement of Existing Ecology.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 33 10. Connection to the Coastline...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 39 11. Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 45 12. References......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 49

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O’Doherty, 2019

Nora, 2014

Magee, 2021

THESIS STATEMENT The Poolbeg Peninsula can become an iconic location for nature, heritage and conservation and provide a unique public amenity space on the eastern coastal edge of the city for the people of Dublin and its visitors. A more holistic design solution can remedy the deficiencies with currrent plans for the Peninsula and create a scheme that can develope with the changing future environment of the Peninsula.

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1. Introduction Our Coastal Landscape is a powerful delineation and definition of our island identity. It is a physical and visual expression of our unique island culture and heritage. Dublin Bay, a ‘C’ shaped inlet of the Irish Sea, is a dynamic coastline at the edge of the city, defining the city and its values and contributing to the well-being of its people, environment and economy. UNESCO has designated Dublin Bay a Biosphere Reserve in recognition of its unique ecological habitat and biodiversity.

Is the future development of the Poolbeg Peninsula, as reflected in the recent Poolbeg West Planning Scheme, a properly balanced solution in this unique environment?

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2. Character The Poolbeg Peninsula is located in the eastern part of Dublin City, on the southern side of the River Liffey Estuary. The Peninsula is virtually surrounded by Dublin Bay and its environment is closely linked to that of Dublin Bay. Yet, it benefits from its location close to the city centre and on the cusp of the city boundary as defined by Dublin City Council. The adjacent residential layouts of Ringsend and Irishtown terminate on the boundary of Sean Moore Road and do not extend to the peninsula site.

Nora, 2019

The Poolbeg Peninsula is clearly a unique site in the context of Dublin, given its physical and ecological character, cultural and historical context and its relationship to the city. Uniqueness relies equally on the opportunity as well as the constraints. The potential of Poolbeg Peninsula, given its location, is exciting.

In the context of Dublin City, the Poolbeg Peninsula is the only large undeveloped area which remains open to a development of a waterfront concept design for a large-scale citywide amenity, as it is by the sea and also close to the city centre.

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3. History The history of Dublin Port is interwoven with the growth and development of the city. The physical evidence of this historical relationship between the port and the city are still present – the Ballast Office on O’Connell Bridge, the Customs House on the Quays, the Quay walls up to the Point Depot, the B&I Steampacket Building, the Diving Bell, the North Bull Wall, Bull Island and the Great South Wall. The Poolbeg Peninsula itself has a rich maritime, military, environmental and industrial heritage.

The Great South Wall, extending from the Poolbeg Peninsula, was built to preserve the channel into Dublin Port and is now a hugely valued amenity and a unique vantage point for looking back at the city. The Great South Wall is built of cut stone, mainly massive granite blocks, brought from quarries at Dalkey and it commenced construction in 1748 and completed in 1795. It is a work of great engineering and craftsmanship reaching out into the Bay for 5.6km from Ringsend. It was the world’s longest sea wall at the time and remains one of the longest in Europe and has the iconic red painted Poolbeg Lighthouse at its seaward end, standing in its current form since 1820.

The proximity of this unique heritage site development to the Poolbeg West SDZ reinforces the unique opportunity at this time and to transform the potential for the Poolbeg Peninsula in a coordinated and integrative manner.

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Medival Dublin

1170-1540

1728

1756

1821

1876

1925

1948

2007

- PORT DEVELOPMENT

SITE CONTEXT

In the Peninsula, there is substantial semi-state land/site ownership, by Nama, ESB, Dublin Port Authority, Dublin County Council and Irish Water which does present an opportunity for a civic and public ‘good’ consideration, although all have statutory accountabilities.

Sandymount Strand

Dublin Bay

Dublin City Council

Dublin Port Company

ESB 9

Magee, 2021

The Potential of Peninsula Any available brownfield land in close proximity to the city centre is a focus of attention for development. However, any development within the docklands area raises the question of the role of this eastern city edge as a potential waterfront location that could be developed as a civic gateway or open space amenity. In the broader city-wide context, the role of the Poolbeg Peninsula and its potential contribution to Dublin’s open space network can have exciting possibilities. It indicates the potential for the Peninsula to form part of a contiguous eastern open space structure with green links along the Liffey to Phoenix Park.

The uniqueness of the Poolbeg Peninsula site lies in its relative isolation, though largely perceptual, is never-the-less reinforced by the ‘cul-de-sac’ structure of the Peninsula, i.e. not a through location. Characteristics of this type of location is a limited infrastructure capacity, poorly connected to access networks, road congestion already high and a purely local amenity base, coupled with a strong and ongoing public utility and port presence.

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POOLBEG PENINSULA

CURRENT CONTEXT

FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

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Horgan, 2021

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Horgan, 2021

5. Constraits The challenge is to come up with a concept that will capitalise on the unique character of the Poolbeg Peninsula in Dublin Bay. The challenge is to create an opportunity for the development of a substantial coastal landscape amenity in this unique environment of Dublin Bay and gives priority to the biodiversity of the area. The challenge is to explore the opportunities afforded by this location to enhance the city.

This project will seek to explore these challenges, constraints and opportunities in this unique Poolbeg Peninsula with the following objectives: · To provide a new Poolbeg Park coastal amenity in a large scale public open space reserve; · To create new areas of ecological character and value in this unique marine environment; · To develop a master plan that integrates the existing network of social amenity and green infrastructure.

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8. CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED SCHEMES There is a need to research and critically analyse existing development plans for the Port and Poolbeg Peninsula from a landscape, environmental and green perspective.

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O’Halloran, 2019

5.4 The Poolbeg West SDZ Planning Scheme The Government designated Poolbeg West as a Strategic Development Zone (SDZ) in May, 2016. Seen in the image above. Poolbeg West SDZ comprises some 34 ha. on the Poolbeg Peninsula. It consists of the former Irish Glass Bottle (IGB) Site of 10.1 ha. (site 3 on the plan below), and Fabrizia Lands (brownfield site) of 4.6 ha. (site 2) and the Dublin Port Lands (site 4), which has an area of 10.7 ha. The Dublin Port lands (site 4) is located to the south east of the proposed SDZ land zone, adjacent to Irishtown Nature Park (5). A second Dublin Port Lands (site 1), which has an area of 7.5 ha., and comprises the northern portion of the zone area, to the north of the Irish Glass Bottle Site and Fabrizia Lands.

This Planning Scheme has proposed that the lands of the South Bank Road (Irish Glass Bottle and Fabriza Lands) could be developed at a ratio of 80-85% Residential and 15-20% Commercial. The estimated housing provision equates to a residential population of approximately 8,000. The residential blocks will rise to between 16 and 20 storeys in height.

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5.5 Critical Analysis This new planning scheme sets out three vision themes: ‘Connect’ with the city fabric, ‘Create’ a new sustainable urban quarter and ‘Protect’ Dublin Bay, the amenities of existing and future residents and the intrinsic functions of the Port.

DCC, 2019

However, the visions for the Poolbeg Peninsula, past and present, have been highly ambitious to create a new high quality ‘place’ that is unique and is protective of the surrounding Dublin Bay environment and ongoing functions of the Port. All have emphasised the need for integration with the city and its people and for the development and protection of its environmental and amenity potential. Yet, the actual zoning approvals and boundary definitions in the Scheme have not delivered on these aspirations and values as set out in the original foundational masterplans from the Dublin Docks Authority, outlined earlier in this report.

The documentation and presentation of the Planning Scheme is impressive in its stated ambition. However, a closer examination of the maps and actual development approvals in the Zone, reflect no new major amenity or open space green infrastructure provision other than a minimalist standard expected with any standard major residential development. A proposed coastal greenway is the only welcome feature. The Scheme clearly overstates the promise in the level of provision “of a generous series of new public spaces and amenities”.

(Dublin City Council, 2016, p. 64)

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In the Planning Scheme, the document, sets out objectives as follows: “To provide for three new Public parks: 1. Coastal Park 2. Village Green and 3. Port Park”.

Seen in the below plan. (Dublin City Council, 2016, p.56)

DCC, 2019

However, on close examination of these ‘new public parks’ proposals, the actual delivery does not meet the stated objective of 3 new public parks, reviewed as follows:

The “Port Park” is but a temporary interim ‘buffer strip’ as the area is affected by the proposed new transport corridor reservation (eastern bypass). In fact, elsewhere in the Scheme Document, it is referred to as Buffer Park or “Open Space/Park area pending the delivery of by-pass & associated infrastructure. This Port Park area, will be available for a short- term period, and in any case, it is only a temporary buffer screen between the residential development complex and the industrial site to the east of the site.” (Dublin City Council, 2016, p. 57) The “Village Green” is a relatively enclosed green space in the centre of the High Rise Residential / Commercial complex, positioned as the centrepiece of the Scheme for the residents. It is a minimal and basic provision of open space catering for a population of 8000 residents, at the centre of their high-rise, up to 20 storey apartment development.

The “Coastal Park” concept here is a positive new development. It is a worthwhile green corridor for cyclists and pedestrians. It will be located along the linear strip between the strand and the development areas of the Planning Scheme. However, it is a Greenway/Walkway along the shoreline and it not a “park”.

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View of Coastal Park

by O’Mahony Pike Architects

Poolbeg West is part of the Dublin Bay area recently awarded a UNESCO Biosphere designation. Given the unique nature of this site in Dublin Bay, and the existence of the adjacent Irishtown Nature Reserve, the Scheme falls far short of the early ambition and rhetoric for this project. The challenge is to balance the competing priorities for new housing and commercial build, which dominate the scheme development, the competing priorities for industrial use for the port with the natural environment and green infrastructure amenity development. The latter has lost out to two other priorities and the Scheme is weighed heavily in favour of Residential and Commercia Real Estate and Industrial use. The south bank coastal waterfront, facing directly on to shoreline of Dublin Bay, is not a suitable location for zoning for future industrial use.

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7. DESIGN VISION

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DESIGN VISION

Present Day Layout of Poolbeg Peninsula

An Alternative Concept is outlined here, which seeks to create a united waterfront along Poolbeg’s Coast, connecting Dublin Bay’s important nature conservation sites. This design will connect the Great South Wall and Lighthouse, the iconic Poolbeg chimney stacks, the former Pigeon House Power Station and old Pigeon House Hotel, the Irishtown Nature Park extended down to Sean More Park with easy connections to Sandymount Strand, highlighting the proximity of wildlife and industry.

The design objective is to protect and enhance the existing open space assets, provide a substantial new open connecting space to take advantage of the extraordinary amenity and heritage potential of Poolbeg Peninsula. The concept is to build substantive connectivity and flow between the open spaces and natural features to ensure that the ‘totality’ is holistically greater than the sum of its individual components, thereby creating a new focal point for the peninsula of major significance.

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MASTERPLAN

Objectives: Communicate the significance and exciting potiential of the Peninsula Develop a holistic design approach to its renewal, conservation and development.

Improve access and connectivity between the various amenity spaces Expand on existing habitat through ecological regeneration and resilience.

Create a strategy which incoroprates and moves forward with the ever changing peninusla.

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STRATEGY PLAN Focal Point and area of design focus.

Reducing vehicle access to south half of peninsula and creating a strong connection between the various amenity spaces.

Transportation routes: Proposed extension of the luas line (from the point station) with 4 addtional stops

Pedestrian and cyclist routes, connecting to the proposed new dublin dockland cycle route.

This urban design strategy creates new routes through the peninsula to connect the city of Dublin to its coast, pacing significant sites alonf the way. This is of strategic importance for movement to and from this area. The positioning of the site in relation to the current city boundary definition is important. Given the previous extension of the boundary east to the Grand Canal Dock, the Peninsula can be viewed as a further extension of this core city area. This has implications for connection into the existing public transport network and in spatial design terms suggests a redefinition of the city’s relationship to Dublin Bay.

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POOLBEG WEST SDZ Existing Poolbeg West SDZ, showing the proposed amenity space and dense housing scheme.

Proposed reconfiguration of the SDZ and open amenity space.

These changes aim to better intergrate the landscpae into the scheme and creating a softer edge to the coastline.

Housing density is reduced by reducing commercial activity and extending the scheme further along the proposed luas line.

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8. POTENTIAL ICONIC HERITAGE AND CULTURAL LOCATION

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HERITAGE OF THE POOLBEG PENINSULA The potential regeneration of historic assets of the Poolbeg Peninsula and their incorporation back into the fabric of Dublin City life is an exceptional heritage and conservation opportunity that will truly transform the Poolbeg Peninsula. Adjacent to the Poolbeg West SDZ, reviewed earlier, the Peninsula heritage assets include the Great South Wall, the remains of the Pigeon House Fort, the Pigeon House Hotel (built in the 1790s) and the former Pigeon House Power Station (which has been derelict for a number of decades). The proximity of this unique heritage site development to the Poolbeg West SDZ reinforces the unique opportunity at this time and to transform the potential for the Poolbeg Peninsula in a coordinated and integrative manner.

Pigeon House Generating Station

The design objective is to protect and enhance the existing open space, provide a substantial new open connecting space to take advantage of the extraordinary amenity and heritage potential of Poolbeg Peninsula. The concept is to build substantive connectivity and flow between the open spaces and natural features to ensure that the ‘totality’ is holistically greater than the sum of its individual components, thereby creating a focal point for the peninsula of major significance.

The former Dublin Electricity Generating Station, known as the Pigeon House power station, in its current state, the Pigeon House power station is a vast industrial ruin, and one of the largest protected structures in Ireland.

The Pigeon House Hotel, is a classical heritage building, facing the Liffey and its own harbour. It survives today some 226 years after it was completed in 1795 28

Magee, 2021

This project offers the rare opportunity of creating a multi-purpose hub within the former Pigeon House Generating Station to enhance its historic, industrial, riverine setting, while saving the structures from further decay and dereliction.

The Landscape Park, Duisburg-Nord, in the Ruhr region in Germany, designed by Peter Latz, is an inspiring example of transforming abandoned Iron Works without resorting to established examples.

Incorporating similar design materials into the design creating a simplistic appearance.

Polished Concrete

Pea Gravel

Design Precedent: Landscape Park, Duisburg Nord, Peter Latz 29

PIGEON HOUSE PORT This design aims to showcase and protect the unique existing architecture and atmosphere seen at the Pigeon House Port. Using a minimalistic design approach with the industrial buildings as a scupture center piece.

Open accessibility and refurbish closed off area of the Great South Wall and continue granite paving into the back entrance of the Pigeon House Generating Station Clear visibility of shoreline from the Pigeon House Port and create an avenue of wild cherry trees to direct movement from Great South Wall to the Irishtown Nature Reserve, forming a clear connection between amenity spaces

Proposed Luas stop entrance to site

This design prioitises opening up any available space to allow for maximum visibilty of the Generating Station as you enter the site and peninsula along the old Pigeon House Fort wall. Highlighting the significance of the industrial heritage at the core of the Peninsula.

Magee, 2021

Section of Pigeon House Generating Station with avenue of Cherry Trees:

Waste Water Treatment

Nature Reserve 30

Industrial Works

Heritage

Open access to Pigeon House Generating Staion and Pigeon House Hotel. Re-open the Pigeon House Hotel as a restaurant and restore Pigeon House Generating Station as a venue to hold weekend markets, showcase local art and display information on the history of the Poolbeg Peninsula.

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9. PROTECTION AND ENHANCEMENT OF EXISTING ECOLOGY

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IRISHTOWN NATURE RESERVE

Magee, 2021

Irishtown Nature Park is a well-used amenity, frequented by walkers and bird watchers. It developed on the site of a landfill and has evolved into an ecologically diverse landscape with a good range of flora.

It forms the only high point on the South Bank (apart from the embankments) and along with the ‘two chimneys’ is an important element in the overall landscape of the peninsula.

The concept aims to provide a major contribution to wildlife and nature conservation and increase biodiversity; to provide the city with a unique amenity space and major visitor attraction and to elevate Dublin’s international standing on environmental issues.

Brent Goose (Light-bellied) Status Winter migrant from high-Arctic Canada. Most occur in Ireland between October and April.

This population winters almost entirely in Ireland, with small numbers in parts of Britain and France.

Identification Small dark goose, with a black head, neck and breast, and dark-brown upperparts and underpa Almost whitish flanks, and small white crescent on the upperparts of the pale underparts. neck visible at close range.

Voice Gutteral 'rhut, rhut' Diet During the winter, it feeds mostly on eel-grass, which grows on muddy estuaries, and a lso on grasslands, usually when coastal supplies have been depleted at estuarine sites.

Breeding Nests in small, loose colonies by coastal tundra, with pools and small inlets.

Introducing habitat and species corten steel information plaques to improve the awareness and engagement of the existing wildlife.

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Wintering Mostly found on coastal estuaries during the autumn and early winter, and also on grasslands from mid-winter, until departure for the breeding grounds begins in late April.

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EXISTING PLANT SPECIES Alnus glutinosa Populus alba Sorbus intermedia Fraxinus excelsior Quercus ilex Pinus nigra maritima Picea sitchensis Acacia dealbata Arbutus unedo Olea europaea 36

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10. CONNECTION TO THE COAST

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POOLBEG COASTLINE AND INTERTIDAL SPACE The Foreshore as the point of interaction with Dublin Bay and as a link from Beach Road to the Great South Wall, fulfils an important function. Parts of the foreshore are in need of cleaning up within the broader Dublin Bay project.

The challenge is to come up with a concept that will capitalise on the unique character of the Poolbeg Peninsula in Dublin Bay. The challenge is to create an opportunity for the development of a substantial coastal landscape amenity in this unique environment of Dublin Bay and gives priority to the biodiversity of the area.

Design Materials Corten Steel

Pressure Treated Wood Decking

Ammophila arenaria Polished Concrete

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Nora, 2019

Nora, 2019

Plan view of Poolbeg Beach Promanade Design

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POOLBEG BEACH PROMANADE DESIGN Design proposal along poolbeg beach to enhance and better the sites connection with the coastline. Redirecting vehicle access away from the coastline and pioritising the pedestrian experience.

This scheme uses design materials such as Ammophila arenaria to build upon the existing dunescape and regenerate and protect the existing habitats.

The design provides watersport huts in order to provide facilities for people to enjoy and engage with the coastline while the tide is in.

Concept sketch

Section view of Beach Hut

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Hutton, 2014

Perspective View of Poolbeg Beach Promanade Design

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11. CONCLUSION

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7. Conclusion The Poolbeg Peninsula presents a unique opportunity to devlope a holistic design concept which connects the economic, environmental, heritage and amenity potential of this extraordinary waterfront location, close to the city centre.

My primary goal was to communicate a vision of the potential and significance of this extroadinary Peninsula and make a case for a more transformational and holistic approach to its conservation, renewal and balanced development through an alternative concept plan. The potential of the heritage assets on the Poolbeg Peninsula are truly significant and do merit further work on design solutions.

My interests would be to explore further the possible future design vision for the Poolbeg Peninusla and develop through a time series of masterplans how the the peninsula should evolve over future years, with a suitable area for residents and amenity space and the further isolation and containment of port industrial infrastructure and activities. One aspect I would have liked to explore and address in more detail is the residential scheme’s relationship with the sea. and coastline. Ringsend was once know for being a fishing village (known locally as Raytown after the ray fish) and with more time I would have liked to examine the opportunity to incorporate and reestablish this connection with the new residential development.

Our National Landscape Strategy sets out an important and challenging vision: “Our landscape reflects and embodies our cultural values and our shared natural heritage and contributes to the wellbeing of our society, environment and economy. We have an obligation to ourselves and to future generations to promote its sustainable protection, management and planning”.

This project researched and analysed the recent Development Planning Scheme for the Poolbeg Peninsula and identified serious deficiencies in the provision of open space. The project puts forward an alternative concept plan which, though modest, transforms the environmental and amenity potential of this unique landscape.

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12. REFERENCES

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Report: 1.

"Dublin Port Masterplan". 2018. Integrating The Port With Dublin City And Its People. Dublin: Dublin Port Company.

2.

Dublin Docklands Development Authority (2008) Dublin Docklands Area Master Plan 2008, Dublin: Dublin Docklands Development Authority.

3.

"Dublin City Council Development Plan". 2016. Dublin: Dublin City Council.

4.

"Poolbeg Planning Scheme EIS ". 2009. Dublin: Dublin City Council.

5.

Dublin City Council (2019) Planning Scheme Poolbeg West SDZ , Dublin: Dublin Docklands.

6.

Dublin City Council (2016) Major Development Opportunity , Dublin: Dublin City Council Meetings.

7.

Redscape (2019) Dublin Port Park Greenway Tender Package, Dublin: Dublin City Council.

8.

Department of Art, Heritage and the Gaeltacht (2015) National Landscape Strategy for Ireland 2015-2025, Dublin: The Stationary Office.

Website: 9. "Dublin Port Post 2040 Dialogue | Looking To The Future". 2021. Dublin Port Post 2040 Dialogue. https://www.dublinportpost2040dialogue.ie.

10. Dublin Port Company Appoints Grafton Architects To Create New Cycle And Pedestrian Route To Join The River Liffey To The Tolka Estuary - Dublin Port". 2020. Dublin Port. https://www.dublinport.ie/dublin-port-company-appoints-grafton-architects-create-new-cycle-pedestrian-route-join-river-liffey-tolka-estuary/.

11. Mc Cabe, Patrick. 2012. "Return Of The Sea: Designing Dublin’s New Coastal Defences". Irishenvironment.Com. http://www.irishenvironment.com/commentary/patrickmc-cabe-return-of-the-sea-designing-dublins-new-coastal-defences/.

12. "Story Of CMP". 2020. CMP Copenhagen Malmö Port. https://www.cmport.com.

13. Nora (2019) Poolbeg Peninsula, Dublin, Available at: https://theartofexploring.com/2019/07/26/poolbeg-peninsula-dublin/ (Accessed: 1st January 2021).

Article: 14. Elizabeth Shotton (2019) Would Dublin be Dublin without Dublin Port, Dublin: RTE Brainstorm.

15. “Problems Of Expanding Dublin Port”. 2001. Irishtimes.Com. https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/homes-and-property/problems-of-expanding-dublin-port-1.334039?mode=amp.

16. McWilliams, David. 2018. “Move The Port, De-Clutter The Streets And Restrict Number Plates: Nine Ideas For Dublin”. Irishtimes.Com. https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/art-and-design/move-the-port-de-clutter-the-streets-and-restrict-number-plates-nine-ideas-for-dublin-1.3683270?mode=amp.

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Book: 17. Peter Latz (2017) Rust Red: Landscape Park Duisburg-Nord, Munich: Hirmir Publisher Images: Enda Cavanagh, Commercial and Fine Art Photography. 2008. The Magnificent Giant: The South Wall Pier Dublin.. Image. https://www.endacavanagh.com/product/southwall-pier-dublin-poolbeg-photos/.

Poolbeg Chimneys. 2019. Image. https://theartofexploring.com/2019/07/26/poolbeg-peninsula-dublin/.

The Lighthouse. 2019. Image. https://theartofexploring.com/2019/07/26/poolbeg-peninsula-dublin/.

The Poolbeg Peninsula. 2019. Image. https://theartofexploring.com/2019/07/26/poolbeg-peninsula-dublin/.

Dublin Port Company. 2018. Annotated Layout Of Lands At Dublin Port. Image. https://www.dublinport.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/DPC_Masterplan_2040_Reviewed_2018.pdf.

Dublin Docklands Development Authority. 2021. Figure 6.6 Indicative Connections 2008. Image. http://www.dublindocklands.ie/sites/default/files/Planning/Historical%20 Schemes/Masterplan%202008/Masterplan/8.%20Section%204%20-%20Land%20Use.pdf.

Dublin City Council. 2019. Figure 1.2 Local Context. Image. http://www.dublindocklands.ie/sites/default/files/Planning/poolbeg%20sdz/2019/Poolbeg_West_SDZ_Planning%20Scheme.pdf.

Dublin City Council. 2019. Figure 9.1 Land Uses. Image. http://www.dublindocklands.ie/sites/default/files/Planning/poolbeg%20sdz/2019/Poolbeg_West_SDZ_Planning%20Scheme.pdf.

Dublin City Council. 2019. Figure 4.2 Community Uses. Image. http://www.dublindocklands.ie/sites/default/files/Planning/poolbeg%20sdz/2019/Poolbeg_West_SDZ_Planning%20Scheme.pdf.

Dublin City Council. 2016. Site Outline. Image. https://councilmeetings.dublincity.ie/documents/s17544/Pigeon%20House%20Precinct%20Brief.pdf.

Bradshaw, Nick. 2017. Some 900 Of The 3,500 Apartments Planned For The New Urban Quarter On Dublin’s Poolbeg Peninsula Will Be Used For Social And Affordable Housing.. Image. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/social-affairs/over-25-of-poolbeg-lands-to-be-used-for-social-housing-1.3088462.

Dear, David. 2019. Poolbeg Power Station. The ESB Is Seeking Planning Permission To Build A New 75 Megawatt Plant At The Ringsend Site.. Image. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/environment/plans-for-new-esb-power-station-at-poolbeg-in-doubt-1.4045555.

Andrews, Jonathan. 2019. Dublin Docklands. Image. https://cities-today.com/dublins-docklands-becomes-a-centre-for-innovation/.

O'Doherty, Peter. 2019. Pigeon House Power Station, Dublin. Image. https://suileir.ie/shop/photographers/peter-odoherty/pigeon-house-power-station-2019/.

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