BLD 61904
IOI
BOULEVARD
PROJECT 1: BUILDING SERVICES IN MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS INVOLVING PUBLIC SPACE Tutor: Mr. Adib
FELICE YIEN TAN 0334465 | CALVIN LOW 0334097 | JEMIMAH SIEW SAN LE 0334092| CHRISTY LO YANN LING 0334073 | TAN SZE LONG 0334357
BUILDING SERVICES
G R O U P 1 0
TA B L E O F CO NT E NT
01. Abstract
01
02. Acknowledgment
02
03. Introduction to Building
03
04. Literature Review
4.0 Introduction
04
4.1 Mechanical
Ve n t i l a ti o n
05-13
System 4.2 Air Conditioning
14-28
System 4.3 Fire Protection
29-33
System 4.4 Mechanical Tra n s p o r tat io n
34-42
System
05. Mechanical Ventilation System
5.1 Introduction
43
5 . 2 S u p p ly Ve n t ila tio n System
44-49
5 . 3 E x h a u st Ve n t ila tio n System
50-57
TA B L E O F CO NT E NT
06. Air Conditioning System
6.1 Introduction
58
6.2 Chilled Water Air Conditioning System
59-63
6.3 Split Air Conditioning System 6.4 Conclusion
07. Fire Protection System
7.1 Introduction
64-67 68-69
70
7.2 Active Fire Protection System
71-87
7.3 Passive Fire Protection System
08. Mechanical Tra n sp o r tat i o n S yste m
88-101
7.4 Conclusion
102
8.1 Introduction
103
8.2 Elevator
104-120
8.3 Escalator
121-128
8.4 Conclusion
129
09. Conclusion
130
10. References
131
0 1 : Abstract
1
Outline
The following report documents our journey of getting know the processes and equipment of various building services systems applied within a multistorey building involving public use. The system that has been analysed include fire protection system, air-conditioning system, mechanical ventilation system and mechanical transportation system. Through the studies, we managed to identify & relate the function and operation of the service components which we will be integrated in the future design projects to ensure it is practical and efficient. All the information is documented and translated via detailed analysis with explanation on how the components of each building services function. Each of the systems would then compared with Uniform Building By Law 1994 in order to obtain better understanding to the regulations applied to different services towards practicality and public safety.
0 2 : Acknowledgement
Hello ,
Before we begin, we would like to express our outmost gratitude to a worker at IOI Boulevard for guiding us to all the restricted rooms in the basement and patiently giving us explanation to each and every one of them. We would also like to thank all the staffs and security guards in IOI Boulevard who have been so kind and unhostile to every of our requests and questions. We would also like to thank Mr. Adib for meeting us for tutorials and giving us suggestions and guiding us throughout this assignment. The process became much easier and smoother under his guidance and professional opinion towards our case study’s building services.
In a nutshell, we were able to know more and research deeper regarding the service systems required in a medium to large scale building and the importance of following the guideline set by the By Laws of UBBL.
2
0 3 : Introduction to Building
3
IOI Boulevard Puchong
IOI Boulevard is located at Bandar Puchong Jaya, and was completed in the year of 2010. It was developed by IOI Properties Berhad Group as a commercial development that comprises of entertainment, retails and offices. The building consists of six blocks with 36 retail outlets and eight storeys office outlets. The building is equipped with complete services of Mechanical Ventilation System, Air Conditioning System, Fire Protection System and Mechanical Transportation System. Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning system is used to ensure a cooling and comfortable environment, Fire Protection System used to ensure the safety of the occupants and Mechanical Transportation System to allow an ease of access throughout the building.
0 4 : Literature Review
4
4.0 INTRODUCTION Literature review is required for us to have an ore in dept understanding for the building services. Hence, we would be able to analyze and observe the respective building services used in IOI Boulevard. The table below shows the categories of building services that we are focusing on.
4.1 Mechanical Ventilation
4.1.1 Introduction
4.1.2 Types of Mechanical Ventilation System
2.2 Supply Ventilation System
4.2 Air Conditioning System
4.2.1 Introduction 4.2.2 Major Cycles in Air Conditioning System 4.2.3 Types of Air Conditioning System
4.2.4 Conclusion
4.3 Fire Protection System
4.3.1 Introduction 4.3.2 Active Fire Protection System 4.3.3 Passive Fire Protection System 4.3.4 Conclusion
4.4 Mechanical Transportation System
4.4.1 Introduction 4.4.2 Elevator 4.4.3 Escalator 4.4.4 Conclusion
reviewVentilation : Mechanical Ventilation System 4 Literature . 1 : Mechanical System Literature Review
5
4.1.1 INTRODUCTION Ventilation Ventilation is the process by which ‘clean’ air (normally outdoor air) is intentionally provided to a space and stale air is removed. This may be accomplished by either natural or mechanical means. Primary aim: To preserve the qualities of air Other aim: May also be used to lower temperature and humidity
Controlled Natural Ventilation Natural
Infiltration Ventilation
Forced Ventilation Mechanical
Exfiltration
Controlled Nature Ventilation All intentional displacement of air through specified openings such as windows, doors, and ventilators by using natural forces. Usually controlled to some extent by the occupant.
Infiltration Infiltration is the uncontrolled random flow of air through unintentional openings driven by wind, temperature-difference pressures and/or appliance-induced pressure across the building envelope.
Forced Ventilation By means of mechanical devices such as fans, or ductwork. It may be arrange to provide either supply, extract or balanced ventilation for an occupied space.
Exfiltration Leakage of indoor air out of a building through openings. This happens when the indoor space is at a higher pressure than outdoor.
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Mechanical Ventilation System Mechanical ventilation systems are used to provide and prevent moisture, odours, airborne chemicals and other pollutants to build up within a building. The system supply and/ or remove air by means of mechanical devices such as fans, rather than relying on airflow through small holes or cracks in a building’s walls, roof or window.
Diagram above showing an example of mechanical ventilation
Function of M echanical Ventilation - Maintain air purity
- Preservation of oxygen content - Removal of carbon-dioxide - Maintain humidity - Dilution and disposal of contaminants such as smoke, dust and gases
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Advantages and disadvantages of Natural Ventilation
Mechanical and
Mechanical Ventilation
Natural Ventilation
Suitable for all climates and weather with air-conditioning as climate dictates
Suitable for warm and temperate climates – moderately useful with natural ventilation possible 50% of the time
More controlled environment
and
comfortable
Advantages Smaller range of control of environment by occupants
Expensive to install and maintain
Lower capital, operational and maintenance costs for simple natural ventilation
Easily affected by outdoor climate and/ or occupant’s behaviour Easily affected by outdoor climate and/ or occupant’s behaviour More difficult to predict, analyse and design
Disadvantages
Reported failure rate in delivering the required outdoor ventilation rate
Reduces comfort level of occupants when hot, humid, or cold
Potential for noise from equipment Inability to establish negative pressure in isolation areas, but may be provided by proper design depends on situation potential for noise intrusion
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Comparison of
Mechanical and Natural Ventilation
Mechanical Ventilation
Natural Ventilation
Use of mechanical devices
Rely on building envelope
Maintenance Needed
Maintenance no needed
Operates on electricity and human supervision
Happens naturally and uncertain
Ventilation can be done all the time
Ventilation is done periodically based on weather and nature restriction
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4 . 1 . 2 T Y P E S O F M E C H A N I C A L V E N T I L AT I O N S Y S T E M Mechanical ventilation is used for application where natural ventilation is not appropriate. Mechanical ventilation circulates fresh air by using motorized dan, resulting in different air pressure state, and thus allowing the air to circulate around the building in a mechanical way.
The three types of machinal ventilation system are:
Supply Ventilation System
Mechanical Ventilation System
Exhaust Ventilation System
Balance or Combined Ventilation System
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Supply Ventilation System Supply ventilation systems work by pressurizing the building. They use a fan to force outside air into the building while air leaks out of the building through holes in the shell, bath- and range-fan ducts, and intentional vents.
1
2
2
1
Supply fan forces outside fresh air into the building
2
Air leaks out of the building through holes
Figure: Schematic Diagram showing how supply ventilation works. Source: (“Whole-House Ventilation | Department of Energy”, 2016)
Installation and components of Supply Ventilation System: A typical system has a fan and duct system that introduces fresh air into usually one—but preferably several—rooms that users occupy most . The inlet is normally installed on the roof top to encourage air from upper layer to be drawn in, also the incoming air could be filtered before being directed to the interior.
Supply Fan
Duct
Ideal conditions for Supply Ventilation System: This system is commonly used in living spaces, public malls and interior rooms of building. It is most applicable in hot or mixed climates countries as in cold climate, pressurization can draw moist air into the warmer internal rooms which may cause moisture damage.
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Exhaust Ventilation System Exhaust ventilation systems work by depressurizing the building. By reducing the inside air pressure below the outdoor air pressure, they extract indoor air from a building while make-up air infiltrates through leaks in the building shell and through intentional, passive vents.
1
2
2
1
Exhaust fan extract indoor air from building
2
Air infiltrate through leaks
Figure: Schematic Diagram showing how supply ventilation works. Source: (“Whole-House Ventilation | Department of Energy”, 2016)
Installation and components of Exhaust Ventilation System: Typically, an exhaust ventilation system consists of exhaust fan, surface mounted fan, remote mounted in line fan, ducts and vents.
Exhaust Fan
Surface Mounted Fan
Remote Mounted In Line Fan
Duct
Vents
Ideal conditions for Exhaust Ventilation System: This system is commonly used in kitchens, toilets and basements as this system provides negative pressure in building that could prevents moisture and condensation that leads to the growth of mold. This system is most applicable in cold climates as in warm as in humid summers, depressurization can draw moist air into building which may cause moisture damage.
Balanced or Com bined Ventilation System It is a type of ventilation system at which the inlet and outlet are both operating mechanically, which means that the air is supplied in and extracted with the help of mechanical devices. Hence, causing the pressure level in the internal space to remain at neutral.
1
3
1
Exhaust fan extract indoor air from building mechanically
2
Supply fan forces outside fresh air into the building mechanically
3
Neutral pressure level
2
Figure: Schematic Diagram showing how supply ventilation works. Source: (“Whole-House Ventilation | Department of Energy”, 2016)
Installation and components of Balance or Combined Ventilation System: This system usually has two different sets of fan system which are supply fan and exhaust fan system. It facilitates the extract fan used is usually slightly smaller than the inlet fan to create a slight pressurization of the air inside the building to prevent dusts, draughts and noises. Good distribution of fresh air can be obtained by placing supply and exhaust vents in appropriate places.
Exhaust/ Supply Fan
Duct
Ideal conditions for Balance or Combined Ventilation System: This system is commonly used in areas that are hardly accessible where natural ventilation is not easily promoted and applied, such as the basement, theatres and crawl spaces. Balanced ventilation systems are appropriate for all climates as it is not affected by the outdoor weather.
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13
Com parison of Supply Ventilation System, Exhaust Ventilation System and Balanced or Controlled Ventilation System
Supply Ventilation System
Exhaust Ventilation System
Balanced or Combined Ventilation System
Control of air supply
Advantages
Allows outdoor air to be filtered
Low costs of installation and maintenance
Low installation cost
Reduced contaminants Control of air supply
Reduced contaminants
Disadvantages
moisture problems result from humidity drawn in from outside
Can draw contaminants and moisture into the room from the outside
Moisture problems result from humidity drawn in from outside
4 . 2 : Air Conditioning System Literature Review
4.2.1 INTRODUCTION Since the invention of the air conditioning system, humans has been able to achieve body comfort much easier during hot temperature or in hot climates by using air conditioning systems to set the surrounding area to a desired temperature. The main function of an air conditioning system is to: -
-
-
Cooling of a specific area, whether it is a small room or an open space. Especially for people that are living in a tropical climate. The temperature can get up to 35 degree Celsius and may cause human body discomfort or even a heatstroke. Dehumidifying of the air. Air conditioning systems can remove the moisture out of the air, so the space is not surrounded by cold and damp air. Moisture in the air may even lead to bacteria infection, mold and pests. Which is why having an air conditioning system for people living in humid weathers are essential. Filtering of air. Besides providing thermal comfort, air conditioning system also filters the air in an enclosed space to prevent stale air. Air conditioning system can even filter out dust mites, pollens, and pet dander which may trigger allergy, sneezing and congestion.
There are 4 types of air conditioning system that are most commonly used for various spaces and activities. 1. 2. 3. 4.
Window Air Conditioning System Split Air Conditioning System Centralized Air Conditioning System Packaged Air Conditioning System
Each type of air conditioning system provides different functions for different situations. For example, Split Air Conditioning System is most widely used for households and shop lots while as Centralized Air Conditioning System is commonly used for spaces that are large in area such as shopping malls, museums and hospitals.
From our analysis and understanding of our case study, we’ve learnt that Split Air Conditioning System is used because of its flexibility and individuality of having the control of the temperature of each separate space. Meanwhile, Centralized Air Conditioning System is beneficial for its cost efficiency and is the easiest method to ensure all the people achieve thermal comfort in a medium to large area of space.
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4 . 2 . 2 C YC L ES I N AI R CO NDI TI ONING SYSTE M 4.2.2.1 Air Cycle The Air Cycle is a process that distributes treated, chilled air into a specific room that needs to be conditioned. The latent heat inside the room is removed when the return air is absorbed by the evaporator.
Air cycle can be done by using 2 methods: 1. -
Air (ducts) Stale air inside a room is transferred and removed through ductwork
2. -
Water (pipes) Chilled water pipes are used to remove the latent heat inside the room and at the same time provide thermal comfort.
Figure: Diagram above shows the process of the Air Cycle
The 4 main components required in this cycle are: -
Air handling unit (AHU) Air filter Blower fan Ductwork
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4.2.2.2 Refrigerant Cycle The refrigerant cycle mainly consists of 4 main components: compressor, condenser, expansion valve and evaporator. Other than that, a chemical compound (refrigerant) is also found in this cycle which could easily changes it state from liquid to vapor and vice versa. The refrigerant cycle is a cycle that lowers the temperature of air through the liquidation of air from the compressor which the air was compressed and pressurized, which then leads to the condenser which turns the vapor into liquid to absorb the heat from it. After that, the refrigerant goes to the expansion valve where it expands, causing it to lose heat and pressure. The liquid state of the refrigerant then enters the evaporator where the heat exchange takes place, and as the gas cools down the load, it turns back into gas by absorbing the heat. In the end, the gas is then pushed back into the compressor to go through the cycle once again.
Figure: Diagram above shows the process of the Refrigerant Cycle
Components in a Refrigerant Cycle
Name of Component
Picture
Description To control the flow of refrigerant by acting as a motor or a pump. Pressurize the refrigerant and reduces its volume.
1. Compressor
Figure: Photo above shows a compressor.
There are five types of compressors used in both commercial and domestic refrigerators. They include reciprocating, rotary, screw, centrifugal and scroll. Of the five, the reciprocating compressor is the most used in home and commercial kitchen refrigerators
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Name of Component
Picture
Description Condenses the refrigerant. Turning it from vapor into a liquid state.
2. Condenser
3 main types of condensers: Air-cooled (coil condenser) Water-cooled Evaporative (combination of watercooled and air-cooled condensers) Figure: Picture above shows a coil condenser.
Acts to reduce the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant, thus causing a cooling effect. It also regulates the amount of refrigerant used in meeting the load equipment..
3. Expansion Valve
Types of expansion valves: Capillary Tube Figure: Picture above shows an expansion Constant Pressure/ Automatic valve. Throttling Valve Thermostatic Expansion Valve Float Valve
Figure:
Schematic Diagram above shows the components in an expansion valve.
Absorbs heat and acts as a medium of exchange for heat from the air to the refrigerant.
4. Evaporator
As the refrigerant absorbs heat and getting hotter, it turns to vapor once again and pushed back to the compressor to start the cycle once again
Figure: Photo above shows an evaporator.
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4.2.3 TYPES OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM Window Air Conditioning System
Figure: Photo above shows a window air conditioning unit installed into the window.
Window Air Conditioning System is most popular for single room usage. As all the components in this system (compressor, condenser, expansion valve, evaporator) are enclosed in a single box, it is easy to install and saves a lot of space. This unit is commonly installed into a slot made into the wall of the room or a windowsill.
The Window Air Conditioning System consists of 3 parts: Refrigerant components, Air circulation and ventilation components and Control system components.
Figure: Schematic Diagram above shows the component of a window air conditioning unit.
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Split Air Conditioning System
Figure: Photo above shows the indoor unit and the outdoor unit of a split air conditioning system.
The split air conditioning system comprises of two parts: the outdoor unit and the indoor unit. The outdoor unit, fitted outside the room, houses components like the compressor, condenser and expansion valve. The indoor unit comprises the evaporator or cooling coil and the cooling fan. For this unit you don’t have to make any slot in the wall of the room. Further, present day split units have aesthetic appeal and do not take up as much space as a window unit. A split air conditioner can be used to cool one or two rooms.
Figure: Schematic Diagram above shows the components in a split air conditioning system.
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Split and Multi Split Air Conditioning System
Figure: Diagram above shows a split air conditioning system.
Split
Figure: Diagram above shows a multi split air conditioning system.
Multi-Split
Connects one indoor unit to an outdoor unit.
Connects up to five indoor units to a single outdoor unit.
Installs simply and unobtrusively to buildings with no need for ductwork.
Installs a complete air conditioning system to multiple zone interior spaces with no need for ductwork.
Delivers a sophisticated air conditioning solution to single zone interior spaces at an affordable price.
Provides individual control of room temperature settings.
Provides a simple solution for one-room additions.
Enables indoor units of different styles and capacities in one system for customized solutions unique to each residential setting.
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Components in Split Air Conditioning System Outdoor Unit
Figure: Schematic Diagram above shows the function of the outdoor unit.
Figure: Picture above shows the outdoor unit in a split air conditioning system.
The outdoor unit consists of the compressor, condenser and expansion valve which is usually mounted on the outside wall to reduce the noise produced and diffuse the heat from the refrigerant. Outdoor units are usually installed with propeller fans to cool down the unit while functioning.
Indoor Unit
Figure: Schematic Diagram above shows the function of the indoor unit.
Figure: Picture above shows the indoor unit in a split air conditioning system.
The indoor unit is connected to the outside unit through a copper tubing and is usually installed on a wall or on the ceiling. The fans inside the indoor unit draws out the stale air inside the room and replace it with cooling air from the refrigerant thus creating a cooling effect to the room.
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Centralized Air Conditioning System
Figure: Schematic Diagram above shows the layout of a centralized air conditioning system.
Centralized air conditioning system is used for cooling big buildings, houses, offices, entire hotels, gyms, movie theaters, factories etc. If the whole building is to be air conditioned, HVAC engineers find that putting individual units in each of the rooms is very expensive making this a better option. A central air conditioning system is comprised of a huge compressor that has the capacity to produce hundreds of tons of air conditioning. Cooling big halls, malls, huge spaces, galleries etc. is usually only feasible with central conditioning units. There are two types of central air conditioning systems: Direct Expansion (DX) type of central air condition plants and Chilled Water type of the central air conditioning plants. In the DX system the air used for cooling the room or space is directly passed over the cooling coil of the refrigeration plant. In case of the chilled water system the refrigeration system is used to first chill the water, which is then used to chill the air used for cooling the rooms or spaces.
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Direct Expansion (DX) type of Centralized Air Condition System In the direct expansion or DX types of air central conditioning system the air used for cooling space is directly chilled by the refrigerant in the cooling coil of the air handling unit. Since the air is cooled directly by the refrigerant the cooling efficiency of the DX plants is higher. However, it is not always feasible to carry the refrigerant piping to the large distances hence, direct expansion or the DX type of central air conditioning system is usually used for cooling the small buildings or the rooms on the single floor.
Figure: Photo above shows the unit for Direct Expansion (DX) type of Centralized Air Conditioning System
Figure: Diagram above shows the process of a Direct Expansion (DX) type of Centralized Air Conditioning System.
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Chilled Water type of the Centralized Air Conditioning System
Figure: Schematic Diagram above shows the layout of a Chilled Water type of Centralized Air Conditioning System.
Chilled water systems provide cooling to a building by using chilled water to absorb heat from the building’s spaces. At the heart of the water chilled system, a chiller removes heat from water by means of a refrigeration cycle. A chilled water system’s refrigeration cycle works by removing heat from chilled water in the evaporator of the chiller. The compressor is what drives the entire process. It also uses the most energy in a chilled water system. In the condenser of the chiller, the heat is transferred to the condenser water, or directly to the outside air.
Figure: Diagram above shows the process of a Chilled Water type of Centralized Air Conditioning System.
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Components in a Chilled Water Central Air Conditioning System Name of Component
Picture
Description Heat rejection devices to transfer process waste heat to the atmosphere. Cooling Towers may either use the evaporation of water to reject process heat and cool the working fluid to near the wet-bulb air temperature/ rely solely on air to cool the working fluid to near dry-bulb air temperature.
Cooling Tower
Figure: Picture above shows a cooling tower.
AHU Room
Figure: Picture above shows a AHU unit.
An Air Handling Unit (AHU) is used to recondition and circulate air as part of a heating, ventilating and air conditioning system. The basic function of the AHU is to take in outside air, re-condition it and supply it as fresh air to a building. All exhaust air is removed, which creates an acceptable indoor air quality. Depending on the required temperature of the reconditioned air, the fresh air is either heated by a recovery unit or heating coil or cooled by a cooling coil. Set of device to move the condenser water by using mechanical forces
Condensed Water Pump
Figure: Picture above shows condensed water pump.
A device that removes heat from a liquid via a vapor-compression or absorption refrigeration cycle. This cooled liquid flows through pipes in a building and passes through coils in air handlers, fan-coil units or other systems. It is used for cooling and dehumidifying the air in a large space.
Chiller
Figure: Picture above shows a watercooled chiller.
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Packaged Air Conditioning System Packaged Air Conditioning System is most used if there is a requirement to cool more than two rooms or a larger space at your home or office. There are two possible arrangements with the package unit. In the first one, all the components, namely the compressor, condenser (which can be air cooled or water cooled), expansion valve and evaporator are housed in a single box. The cooled air is thrown by the high-capacity blower, and it flows through the ducts laid through various rooms. In the second arrangement, the compressor and condenser are housed in one casing. The compressed gas passes through individual units, comprised of the expansion valve and cooling coil, located in various rooms. There are 2 types of packaged air conditioning systems: Package air conditioners with water cooled condensers Package air conditioners with air cooled condensers
Package Air Conditioners with Water Cooled Condensers
Figure: Photo above shows a package air conditioners with water cooled condensers.
Figure: Schematic Diagram above shows the components in a package air conditioners with water cooled condensers.
In these packaged air conditioners, the condenser is cooled by the water. The condenser is of shell and tube type, with refrigerant flowing along the tube side and the cooling water flowing along the shell side. The water must be supplied continuously in these systems to maintain functioning of the air conditioning system. The shell and tube type of condenser is compact in shape, and it is enclosed in a single casing along with the compressor, expansion valve, and the air handling unit including the cooling coil or the evaporator. This whole packaged air conditioning unit externally looks like a box with the control panel located externally.
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Package Air Conditioners with Air Cooled Condensers
Figure: Photo above shows a package air conditioners with air cooled condensers.
Figure: Schematic Diagram above shows the components in a package air conditioners with air cooled condensers.
In this packaged air conditioners, the condenser of the refrigeration system is cooled by the atmospheric air. There is an outdoor unit that comprises of the important components like the compressor, condenser and in some cases the expansion valve The outdoor unit can be kept on the terrace or any other open place where the free flow of the atmospheric air is available. The fan located inside this unit sucks the outside air and blows it over the condenser coil cooling it in the process. The condenser coil is made up of several turns of the copper tubing and it is finned externally. The packaged ACs with the air-cooled condensers are used more commonly than the ones with water cooled condensers since air is freely available it is difficult maintain continuous flow of the water.
Figure: Schematic Diagram above shows the process of a package air conditioner with air cooled condensers.
The cooling unit comprising of the expansion valve, evaporator, the air handling blower and the filter are located on the floor or hanged to the ceiling. The ducts coming from the cooling unit are connected to the various rooms that are to be cooled.
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4.2.4 CONCLUSION Every type of air conditioning system has its own strengths and can only be used to its full potential under the right circumstances and situation. The table below shows the strengths and weaknesses of each air conditioning system.
In conclusion, the invention of air conditioning has greatly improved our human body thermal comfort, especially for those in hot and humid climates. With the aid of air conditioning system, humans have been able to be more productive and more efficient in getting their works done and help in raising our quality of living.
Air Conditioning System
Advantages
Window Air Conditioning System
-
Split Air Conditioning System
-
-
-
Disadvantages
Generally inexpensive and easy to install Flexible in installation location
-
High efficiency in keeping a room cool Doesn’t require any ductwork Ability to control each room temperature individually
-
-
-
Not energy efficient in larger rooms/ areas Noises are quite loud when functioning
High initial cost Requires professional installation otherwise might lead to costly re-dos Water buildup from condensation on indoor cassettes
Centralized Air Conditioning System
-
Ease of installation Energy-efficient Quiet operation Cost is lower compared to cooling each room individually
-
Excessive consumption of power Higher maintenance costs
Packaged Air Conditioning System
-
Saves indoor space Low noise decibel level when functioning
-
As most of the unit is outside, more opportunities for damage from sunlight and rainwater Difficult installation process
-
4 . 3 : Fire Protection System Literature Review
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4.3.1 INTRODUCTION Fire requires three elements to both ignite and continue burning. First is heat, common heat sources from a burning cigarette to a spark from a worn electrical wire. Second, fuel. Almost everything nearby a fire can be fuel for fire. Fuel is the catalyst of a blaze to conflagration. Third, oxygen which is always readily available fuels a fire. Therefore, it is almost impossible to have a fire free building as accidents happens.
Fire protection systems is essential in keeping building occupants, assets, and the building safe. Without a fire protection system, the lives of those who are inside the building are placed at a high risk in the event of an emergency. Having fire protection system installed can be costly, but it will worth the price in the long run. There are two types of fire protection systems : active fire protection system and passive fire protection system . Active fire protection is a group of systems that require some amount of action or motion in order to work efficiently in the event of a fire. Actions may be manually operated, like a fire extinguisher or automatic, like a sprinkler, but either way they require some amount of action. On the other hand, passive fire protection is a group of systems that compartmentalize a building through the use of fireresistance rated walls or walls. Each system approaches the threat differently but is critical to the integrity of the building and the safety of those inside.
4.3.2 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM Active fire protection system can be categorized into four parts. First is alarm and detection system which usually is the first to react in a case of fire outbreak. Next is water-based system, which requires water to put out the fire, followed by non-water-based system, that utilizes fluid besides water to distinguish fire. Fourth is smoke control that controls the movement of smoke and air in a building through fans or exhaust system.
Components in an Alarm and Detection System
Name of Components
Pictures
Function
1. Smoke Detector
Automatically senses the presence of smoke, as a key indication of fire
2. Fire Alarm Bell
Used to produce public mode signals are designed to notify everyone in a given area
3. Manual Pull System
The user activates the alarm by pulling the handle down, which completes a circuit and locks the handle in the activated position, sending an alarm to the fire alarm control panel.
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Name of Components
Pictures
Function
4. Fire Control Panel
Receives information from devices designed to detect and report fires, monitors their operational integrity and provides for automatic control of equipment, and transmission of information necessary to prepare the facility for fire based on a predetermined sequence.
5. Voice Communication System
Assist the orderly evacuation of disabled or mobility impaired people and enhance firefighter’s communication during emergencies
Above list does not cover all alarm and detection system, above listed are the common ones.
Components in a Water Based System
Name of Components
Pictures
Function
1. Automatic Sprinkler System
When one or more of the automatic sprinkler heads is triggered, it opens allowing the air in the piping to vent from that sprinkler
2. External Fire Hydrant
A connection point by which firefighters can tap into a water supply.
3. Wet Riser System
A supply system intended to distribute water to multiple levels or compartments of a building, as a component of its fire fighting systems.
4. Dry Riser System
A system of pipe work and valves that runs up through a building. The system allows fire fighters to easily access water from each individual floor of the building.
5. Horse Reel System
Reels consist of a length of nonkinking tubing. They are permanently connected to a water supply to combat fire. Above list does not cover all water based system, above listed are the common ones.
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Components in a Non-Water Based System
Name of Components
Pictures
Function
1. Fire Suppression System
Extinguish, contain, or in some cases, entirely prevent fires from spreading or occurring.
2. Fire Extinguisher
Portable or movable apparatus used to put out a small fire by directing onto it a substance that cools the burning material, deprives the flame of oxygen, or interferes with the chemical reactions occurring in the flame. Above list does not cover all non water based system, above listed are the common ones.
Components in a Smoke Control System
Name of Components 1. Smoke Extraction System
Pictures
Function Mechanical systems that control the movement of smoke during a fire.
Above list does not cover all smoke control system, above listed are the common ones.
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4 . 3 . 3 PA S S I V E F I R E P R O T E C T I O N S Y S T E M Passive Fire Protection is built into the structure to provide stability and into walls and floors to separate the building into areas of manageable risk – compartments. These areas are designed to restrict the growth and spread of fire allowing occupants to escape and offering protection for firefighters. Such protection is either provided by the materials from which the building is constructed or is added to the building to enhance its fire resistance.
Components in Means of Escape
Name of Components
Pictures
Function
1. Evacuation plan
Let occupants know exactly where to go during evacuation to a safe place.
2. Exits
Helps occupants easily identify the exit from a contained space to an open safe place.
3. Fire staircase
Usually mounted to the outside of a building or occasionally inside but separate from the main areas of the building. It provides a method of escape in the event of a fire or other emergency that makes the stairwells inside a building inaccessible.
4. Fire door
Designed to stop the spread of fire and smoke for a specified amount of time.
5. Assembly point
A location designated as the place for a group to meet or for people to gather in an emergency.
Above list does not cover all component of means of escape, above listed are the common ones.
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Components in Fire Containment
Name of Components
Pictures
Function
1. Fire Shutters
Operable steel barriers that save lives and property by moving to close gaps between zones, thus effecting fire compartmentalized for up to 4 hours.
2. Compartmentation
The act of subdividing a building into smaller compartments using fire resistant materials in order to control or slow the spread of fire and create more manageable areas of risk.
3. Fire Resisting Walls
A formation of products and materials designed to separate and compartment certain areas of a building, structure (such as transformers) or large facility, to prevent the spread of fire.
4. Fire Coating
Used in buildings as a passive fire resistance measure. They can be applied to structural members as an aesthetically pleasing fireproofing product.
Above list does not cover all fire containment measures , above listed are the common ones.
4.3.4 CONCLUSION In conclusion , active fire protection system alerts occupants to evacuate the building and helps occupants to identify the fire source. On the other hand, passive fire protection system which does not depend on any action to operate, protects occupants, buildings and fire rescue team. Either way, both systems must work together to provide a complete protection for occupants and building.
4 . 4 : Mechanical Transportation System Literature Review
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4.4.1 INTRODUCTION Mechanical transportation system can be defined as a system that allows various means of travelling between different floors within a building. It eases the accessibility of different users by allowing movement vertically or horizontally. The application of mechanical transportation system needs to be considered at the earliest stage of building design. The common types of mechanical transportation systems integrated in buildings more than 3 storeys include elevator, escalator and travellator (moving walkway).
Elevator
Escalator
Travellator
Types of mechanical transportation system 4.4.2 Elevator
4.4.2.a Traction elevator
4.4.2.b Hydraulic elevator 4.4.2.c Climbing elevator 4.4.2.d Pneumatic Elevator
4.4.3 Escalator
4.4.3.a Single continuous (one-way traffic) 4.4.3.b Single non-continuous (one-way traffic)
4.4.3.c Double non-continuous (two-way traffic) 4.4.3.d Criss-cross continuous (two-way traffic)
4.4.4 Travellator
4.4.4.a Pallet type travellator
4.4.4.b Moving belt type travellator
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4 . 4 . 2 E L E V AT O R An elevator, or also known as lift, is a vertical transportation with a platform housed within a shaft that moves people or goods vertically upwards or downwards between floors of a building. According to the ByLaw 124 of UBBL 1984, for all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at least one lift shall be provided. For buildings less than 4 storeys but requiring elderly and disabled accessibility, it is mandatory to have lift(s), connected to a lobby. There are various types of elevators to cater different building typologies where it can be rope dependent or rope-free. The 4 main types of elevators that uses hoist mechanism are traction elevator, hydraulic elevator, climbing elevator and pneumatic elevator.
4 . 4 . 2a Tra c tio n e le vator A traction elevator is the most common elevator used in buildings. Traction elevators are pulled up by means of rolling steel ropes over a pulley and the weight of the car is balanced by a counterweight. Traction elevators can be divided into machine room (MR) traction elevator and machine room-less (MRL) traction elevator.
Traction elevator
Machine room (MR) traction elevator
Gearless traction elevator
Machine room-less (MRL) traction elevator
Geared traction elevator Figure: Diagram above shows the types of traction elevators.
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Machine room (MR) traction elevator Gearless traction elevator Gearless traction elevators are powered either by DC or AC motors. The traction shaft is attached to the driving sheave, and the speed is directly transmitted to the traction sheave. Gearless traction elevators can reach speeds of up to 10m/s (2,00ft/min). It is more energy efficient, more quiet in operation, longer life span & less maintenance compared to geared traction elevators.
Geared traction elevator Geared traction elevators have worm gears interposed between the driving motor and the hoisting sheave, as the worm gears control the mechanical movement of elevator cars by “rolling” steel hoist ropes over a drive sheave. Geared traction elevators are the best option for basement or overhead traction use for speeds up to 3m/s (500ft/min).
Machine room-less (MRL) traction elevator Machine room-less elevator does not have a dedicated machine room above the elevator shaft. It employs a smaller sheave compared to gearless and geared elevators. The redesigned machine sits in the override space and is accessed from the top of the elevator cab when maintenance is required. It has become the most popular choice for mid-rise building as it creates more usable space.
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4.4.2b Hydraulic Elevator Hydraulic elevators are categorised into holed hydraulic elevator, hole-less hydraulic elevators and roped hydraulic elevators. These elevators are commonly found in low to mid-rise buildings which are up to 8 storeys high with a maximum travel speed of 60m/s. A hydraulic elevator is supported by a piston mounted at the bottom of the elevator that pushes the elevator up as an electric motor forces oil or another hydraulic fluid into the piston. The elevator descends as a valve releases the fluid from the piston. Its machine room is situated at the lowest level, adjacent to the elevator shaft.
Hydraulic elevator
Holed hydraulic elevator
Holeless hydraulic elevator
Roped hydraulic elevator
Holed Hydraulic Elevator
Holeless Hydraulic Elevator
Roped Hydraulic Elevator
The elevator car of a holed hydraulic elevator is mounted on a piston that travels inside a cylinder. The cylinder extends into the ground to a depth equal to the height the elevator will rise. As hydraulic fluid is pumped into the cylinder through a valve, the car rises. As the fluid returns to the reservoir, the car descends. This system is often called inground hydraulic.
Holeless hydraulic elevator consists of pistons mounted inside the hoist way to raise and lower the car. This is especially a solution for buildings built in bedrock, a high water table or unstable soil conditions locations that can make digging the hole required for a conventional hydraulic elevator impractical. Holeless hydraulic systems use a direct acting piston to raise the car.
Roped hydraulic elevator extends the rise of the holeless elevator to 18 meters, without the need for a belowground cylinder. Roped hydraulic elevator systems have the piston attached to a sheave which has a rope passing through it. One end is attached to the car while the other is secured at the bottom of thee hoist way. Also, roped hydraulic systems require a governor because the rope is holding the car up.
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4.4.2c Climbing Elevator A climbing elevator is a self ascending elevator with its own propulsion. The propulsion can be done by an electric or a combustion engine. Climbing elevators are usually seen at construction sites, used in guyed masts or towers, to allow easy access to parts of these constructions such as flight safety lamps for maintenance.
4.4.2d Pneumatic Elevator A pneumatic elevator utilises a vacuum on top of the cab and a valve above the “shaft” to move the cab upwards and closes the valve in order to keep the cab at the same level. A diaphragm or a piston is used as a brake when facing a sudden increase in pressure above the cab. The valve is opened to pressurise air above the shaft, allowing the cab to travel downwards depending on its own weight. In case of a power failure, the cab will automatically return to the ground level. A pneumatic elevator dan only cater 1-3 passengers up to 238kg per ride.
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Figure: Schematic Diagram shows the components in an elevator.
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4 . 4 . 3 E S C A L AT O R An escalator is a type of vertical transportation in the form of a moving staircase – a conveyor transport device for carrying people between floors of a building. The device consists of a motor-driven chain of individually linked steps that move up or down on tracks, allowing the step treads to remain horizontal. Besides, escalator provide an immediate means of transportation as it is able to continuously conveys a large number of people at one time. Unlike elevator, no waiting time is required during peak hours. When it is powered down, an escalator functions as a normal staircase. The speed of an escalator varies between 0.45m/s to 0.7m/s and the width of the thread varies between 600mm to 1200mm.
4.4.3a Single continuous (one -way traffic) This arrangement usually connects subsequent levels in one-way traffic, used mainly in small department stores. It requires more space than the interrupted arrangement.
4.4.3b Single non -continuous (one -way traffic)
This arrangement is more inconvenient for the users, as it travels slower through subsequent floors. It is mainly used in commercial centres.
4.4.3c Double non -continuous (two -way traffic) This arrangement is mostly used heavy human traffic volume such public transport buildings. Since lateral claddings are required, it economical.
in as no is
4.4.3d Criss-cross continuous (two -way traffic)
This arrangement is used mostly in higher buildings, such as office buildings which requires the high efficiency of travelling between floors.
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Figure: Schematic Diagram shows the components in an escalator.
4 . 4 . 4 T R A V E L L AT O R A travellator, also known as moving walkway, is a slow moving conveyor mechanism that transports people across a horizontal or inclined plane over a short to medium distance. Moving walkways can be used by standing or walking. Travellators are often installed in pairs, one for each direction. The moving surface is normally covered with reinforced rubber belt or series of linked steel plate running on the roller.
4.4.4a Pallet type travellator
4.4.4b Moving belt type travellator
A continuous series of flat metal plates join together to form a walkway – and are effectively identical to escalator in their construction. Most have a metal surface, though some models have a rubber surface for extra traction.
Normally built with mesh metal belts or rubber walking surfaces over metal rollers. The walking surface may have a solid feel or a “bouncy” feel.
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Figure: Schematic Diagram shows the components in a travellator.
Figure: Schematic Diagram shows how a travellator works.
0 5 : Mechanical Ventilation System Case Study 5.1 INTRODUCTION IOI Boulevard is a commercial building of 7 floors which consists of individual shop units that serves retailing, private office, F&B purposes. The building’s spatial planning consist of separated shop units and a central mall, each of them has their own ventilation system installed. As the shop units are all attached to one another, natural ventilation is not appropriate, therefore mechanical ventilation is utilized to circulate fresh air by using motorized dan, resulting in different air pressure state, and thus allowing the air to circulate around the building in a mechanical way. Also, the central mall is an open space, hence ventilation system is needed to keep the whole area ventilated.
Types of mechanical ventilation system used in IOI Boulevard:
5.2 Supply Ventilation System
5.2.1 Supply Air Grill/Fan 5.2.2 Pressurized Stairwell System
2.2 Supply Ventilation System
5.3 Exhaust Ventilation System
5.3.1 Exhaust Air Grill/ Fan
5.4 Conclusion Overall Conclusion
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5 . 2 S U P P LY V E N T I L AT I O N S Y S T E M 5 . 2 . 1 S U P P LY A I R G R I L L E / F A N In IOI Boulevard, this system is mostly applied in the central mall where the central fans and circular air grille are installed on the roof and the beams surrounding the central mall respectively. The central fan will bring in the external air and then supply the fresh air through the circular air grille into the internal space.
Ground Floor Plan of IOI Boulevard
Central Mall
Figure: Ground floor plan of IOI Boulevard that highlights the central mall. Source: IOI Boulevard
The central mall functions as an event and resting area that accommodates a large number of users, hence supply ventilation system is installed to maintain a comfortable and cooling environment.
Figure: Central mall of IOI Boulevard
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There are 120 circular supply air grille that are grouped in 4, installed on the surrounding beams of the central hall. They are linked to a ductwork that’s connected to a central fan supply.
Figure: Circular supply air grille installed on the surrounding beams of central mall
Its function is to filter and expel out fresh air that is supplied from the central fan supply through ducting.
Figure: Closer view of Circular supply air grille installed on the ceiling
Observation & Analysis To maintain good air quality of a space in an open concept central mall/courtyard, supply air grille/ fan could be utilized. As fresh air could be generated by a central fan by drawing in external air and expelling it through air grilles into the space that requires to be ventilated. However, in IOI Boulevard, this supply ventilation system is only turned on when events are held in the central mall , on the rest of the days it relies on cross ventilation to cool the space.
Uniform Building By-Laws According to UBBL Clause 39
Every room designed, adapted or used for residential, business or other purposes except hospitals and schools shall be provided with natural lighting and natural ventilation by means of one or more windows having a total area of not less than 10% of the clear floor area of such room and shall have openings capable of allowing a free uninterrupted passage of air of not less than 5% of such floor area.
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Com ponents For Supply A ir G rille/Fan In the supply air grille/fan system of IOI Boulevard, the components include diffuser.
Type of Component
Diffuser
Name of Component
Pictures
Circular jet outlet Figure: Circular supply air grille installed on the surrounding beams of central mall
Discription
Circular jet outlet is part of the supply ventilation system. It is a mechanical component used to diffuse air supply coming from internal ducting connected to a supply fan.
Conclusion It was observed that in IOI Boulevard, the supply ventilation system is not turned on all the time, this resulted in the central mall being very hot and humid, which does not attract occupants to linger around that space. Therefore, supply ventilation system is especially important in open spaces where air conditioning is not applicable, as it may drastically affect the amount of users that is going to occupy the space.
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5 . 2 . 2 P R E S S U R I Z E D S TA I R W E L L S Y S T E M In IOI Boulevard, this system is mostly applied in the unit stairwell beside every shop unit, the function of it is to prevent the smoke from entering the stairwell as it is the proposed route for escape when fire happens. Therefore, this mechanical ventilation is important to ensure the safety of user of IOI Boulevard when emergency fire occurs.
Unit Stairwell
Figure: Ground floor plan of IOI Boulevard that highlights the unit stairwells.
For unit stairwells in commercial buildings such as IOI Boulevard, the pressurized stairwell system is applied in the stairwell to creates a barrier to help control smoke movement in case of an emergency. This stairwell uses a supply fan to blow outside air into a stairwell to create a positive pressure differential across the enclosure boundary to avoid smoke entering the escape route. Whereas pressure relief damper is installed at each level to reduce the pressure when over pressurization occurs, enough to make the fire door opening easy.
Figure: Schematic diagram of a section of a common pressurized system stairwell.
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The role of the pressure damper relief damper is to allow external & internal air pressure to be the same to prevent the interior pressure to be too high for the fire rated door to be opened. It is placed in every floor of the unit stairwell near the fire rated door.
Figure: A pressure relief damper installed on the upper wall of a unit stairwell
Figure: Closer view of pressure relief damper
With the doors closed, the pressure in the protected space is set to the required pressure difference. In case a door opens, the supply fan will create an airflow over the door opening preventing smoke from entering the protected space.
Figure: The fire rated doors at every habitable room off the stairwell.
Analysis and Observation The pressure relief dampers are maintained regularly, and the supply fan is on throughout the day, to remain in good operational condition in case of a fire occurrence.
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Uniform Building By-Laws According to UBBL Clause 202 All staircases serving buildings of more than 45.75 meters in height where there is no adequate ventilation as required shall be provided with a basic system of pressurization.
According to UBBL Clause 198 All staircase enclosures shall be ventilated at each floor or landing level by either permanent openings or openable windows to the open air having a free area of not less than 1 square meter per floor. According to UBBL Clause 201 All staircase enclosures below ground level shall be provided with suitable means of preventing the ingress of smoke.
Components For Pressurized Stairwell System In the Pressurized stairwell system of IOI Boulevard, the components include damper.
Type of Component
Name of Component
Damper
Pressure relief damper
Pictures
Discriptions
Pressure relief dampers are backdraft air dampers with an adjustable start-open pressure to reduce the pressure when over pressurization occurs. Figure: Pressure relief damper on the upper wall next to unit staircase
Conclusion The pressurized stairwell system is important as it keeps exit routes smoke free in the event of a fire, lending precious minutes to building occupants during an evacuation. And An effective pressurization system will have supply air fans with sufficient capacity to provide pressurization to prevent smoke entry when doors are open.
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5 . 3 . 1 E X H A U S T A I R G R I L L / FA N IOI Boulevard is a commercial building that host more than 100 of shop units. The shop units are all attached to one another and it does not allow openings and fenestration to be made at many sides. Therefore, exhaust ventilation system is applied in each of the shop unit to ensure the quality of internal air I each unit. Some of the restaurants use a more complex and advanced exhaust system in order to remove the stale air from the kitchen and public toilets.
Unit Stairwell
The diagram above shows the location of all the ductworks used by the shop units on ground floor plan.
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The pictures above show the back alley of IOI Boulevard. A series of ductwork can be spotted connecting out of the shop unit.
Due to its function as commercial building, the exhaust system applied is not centralized but depending on the shop’s usage.
Figure ：A close up view of the ducting.
Uniform Building By Law According to UBBL Clause 99 cooking facilities in residential building 2. Where a common vertical kitchen exhaust riser is provided, the riser shall be continued up to a mechanical floor or roof for discharge to the open, and shall be constructed with fire resisting material of at least 2 hours rating with BS476: Part 3.
Analysis and Observation Most of the ventilation system in IOI Boulevard function mechanically, they rely highly on exhaust grille and fan system in order to expel the stale air from internal spaces as natural ventilation is not encouraged in such a packed area.
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LEGEND 1. Garbage Disposal 2. Management Office 3. Fire Control Room 4. Telecom Room 5. Gen Set Room 6. Tenaga National Room 7. Syabas Room 8. Plant Room 9. Smoke Extraction Room The diagram above showing placement of cylindrical ductwork that function as exhaust ventilation system
Figures ：A cylindrical ducting connecting from Gen Set Room .
Figure ： Cylindrical ducting that is direct to the exist/entrance.
The picture show the end of the cylindrical ducting.
Generator sets need to breathe. They require copious amounts of air to both cool and create combustion in the cylinders. It’s been estimated that up to 10% of the heat content of the fuel consumed by the average internal combustion engine is dissipated to the surrounding area as heat. This heat must be removed to maintain proper and safe genset operation.
Observation and Analysis As the air condition underground is usually hot, humid and stuffy, the exhaust ventilation system helps to remove air out. The ductwork connects from the genset room and direct outwards to the entrance of the basement to expel the air.
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LEGEND 1. Garbage Disposal 2. Management Office 3. Fire Control Room 4. Telecom Room 5. Gen Set Room 6. Tenaga National Room 7. Syabas Room 8. Plant Room 9. Smoke Extraction Room The diagram above shows the rooms with the application of exhaust ventilation system
Figures ： A cylindrical ducting connecting from a room In the basement
Figure： A cylindrical ducting in the garage room
Figure：A close up view of the ducting.
ventilation helps the rooms rid itself of moisture, smoke, odours, and indoor pollutants. Structural ventilation controls heat levels in the attic, moderates dampness in the crawlspace and basement, and keeps moisture out of uninsulated walls. It is also good to have an airflow that is uninterrupted, as anything blocking the air flow in basement can cause damage to the building .
Observation and Analysis As the air conditioning underground is usually hot,humid, and stuffy. The exhaust ventilation system helps to remove the air out of the rooms.
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Figure : internal of smoke extraction room.
The highlighted area on diagram above shows the room with extraction fan.
LEGEND 1. Garbage Disposal 2. Management Office 3. Fire Control Room 4. Telecom Room 5. Gen Set Room
6. Tenaga National Room 7. Syabas Room 8. Plant Room 9. Smoke Extraction Room
The picture above show the ductwork that connecting extraction room to ground level.
The picture above show the louver on ground level.
Analysis and Observation There is only two sets of exhaust ductworks been used to remove the stale air from the underground basement which is not sufficient enough for such a large building. The condition at the basement carpark is not comfortable due to the heat air accommodate down there.
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Com ponents of Exhaust Ventilation system In the supply air grille/fan system of IOI Boulevard, the components used are fan and diffuser.
Type of Component
Fan
Name of Component
Pictures
Discriptions This propeller fan is found at the fire protection room, it function as an exhaust fan for the room where it helps to remove the water vapour escape from the water pump and reduce the humidity in the room to prevent condensation and the growth of mould/ fungi in the room
Propeller Fan
Figure: exhaust fan installed to the wall
Fan
Propeller fan found in the storage room. It plays the role of removing the hot air from the room.
Propeller Fan
Figure: exhaust fan installed to the wall
Fan
Propeller fan is installed to the roof top at the central mall, it is part of the exhaust ventilation system where it helps to disperse the stale air accumulate at the public space
Propeller Fan
Figure: exhaust fan installed to the wall
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Com ponents of Exhaust Ventilation system
Type of Component
Fan
Name of Component
Pictures
Discriptions
The axial fan removes the heated air away in the basement and draw cooler air over. It is used at the basement carpark in the ioi boulevard as the air movement underground is slower and not well circulated.
Àxial Fan
Figure: Axial fan located at basement carpark
Fan
When the extraction fan Is on, the smoke in the basement will be extracted into the room thru the louver, then is expelled to the ground level via the ducting. The extraction fan is also used to expel the daily pollutants from the basement
Extraction Fan
Figure: Extraction fan located at basement carpark
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Com ponents of Exhaust Ventilation system Type of Component
Fan
Name of Component
Pictures
Cylindrical Alluminium Ducting Figure: Cylindrical ductwork found near to the entrance of the basement carpark
Ductwork
Rectangle Galvanized Ducting Figure: A series of ductwork at the back alley
Discriptions
It function to remove hot air out from the underground space and disperse them to the ground level. Its cylindrical shape works more efficiently as less frictional force is created within the circular shape
Rectangular ducting made from galvanized material can be seen installed at the back alley of the building. They serve the purpose of channelling air out from the internal space.
0 6 : Air Conditioning System Case Study 6.1 INTRODUCTION IOI Boulevard uses two types of air conditioning system for their building, which is the chilled water air conditioning system and split unit air conditioning system. The reason why IOI Boulevard uses chilled water air conditioning system is because this system is more energy efficient compared to air cooled chillers and it has a longer lifespan compared to air cooled chillers. Therefore, a lot of shopping malls and medium sized buildings uses this system for their comfortability. Chilled water air conditioning system is used for the open space in the center of IOI Boulevard. As a lot of people will venture through this area or access to the upper floor retails, this area is often crowded thus causes it to be hotter and more humid than any other areas of IOI Boulevard. On top of that, the open space in IOI Boulevard does not receive sufficient natural ventilation to ventilate the stale air inside. Therefore, chilled water air conditioning system is introduced to the building to solve this problem. IOI Boulevard uses split unit air conditioning system for their offices, shop lots and carpark maintenance rooms. Indoor units can be seen almost in every enclosed space in IOI Boulevard (except for vacant retails) and the outdoor unit can be seen grouped together and spread across the back alley of IOI Boulevard to hide them from the users as they are unesthetic and produces hot exhaust air which will increase the surrounding temperature. The reason why they chose to use this air conditioning system is not only because of its low cost but more importantly it gives each room to control their room temperature individually without affect the other rooms. Besides that, the flexibility of installation of the indoor air conditioner allows each shop lot to design their spaces according to their preferences accordingly without needing to sacrifice the comfort of air conditioning.
6.2 Chilled Water Air Conditioning System
2.2 Supply Ventilation System
6.2.1 Refrigerant Cycle 6.2.2 Components in a Chilled Water Air Conditioning System 6.2.3 Floor Plans 6.2.4 UBBL
6.2.5 Analysis and Observation
6.2.1 Components in a Chilled Water Air Conditioning System
6.3 Split Air Conditioning System
2.2 Supply Ventilation System
6.2.2 Floor Plans
6.2.3 UBBL 6.2.4 Analysis and Observation
6.4 Conclusion Overall Conclusion
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6 . 2 C H I L L E D W AT E R A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G S Y S T E M Chilled water air conditioning system is commonly used in buildings that requires large cooling capacities such as shopping mall and industrial buildings and IOI Boulevard is no exception. Chilled water air conditioning system uses water instead of toxic gas refrigerant therefore it is not harmful to humans who touch it, and it does not cause air pollution, making it environmentally friendly. The other reason why IOI Boulevard uses this building is because of its energy efficiency. Since water is known to be better than absorbing heat than air, the cost and time for the air to be cooled will be significantly lesser and this system also more user friendly as it does not produce a lot of noise and does not uses any toxic chemicals as a refrigerant.
Figure: Diagram above shows the process of a chilled water air conditioning system.
6.2.1 Refrigerant Cycle The chilled water air conditioning system uses a refrigerant cycle, which basically cools the air temperature through the evaporation and liquidation of liquid to release heat to the outer atmosphere.
Figure: Diagram above shows the process of the Refrigerant Cycle.
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6.2.2 Components The following table is the list of components in a chilled water air conditioning system that are present in IOI Boulevard.
Type of components
Used in IOI Boulevard
(i) Cooling Tower Figure: Picture above shows a cooling tower on top of the roof of IOI Boulevard.
Description
The cooling tower of IOI Boulevard is located at the rooftop and uses the evaporation of water to reject the process of heat and the water is cooled and pumped back into the refrigeration machine.
The AHU room is located at the plant room on the basement of IOI Boulevard. It consists of the water-cooled chiller and water pumps which are both used to lower the water temperature.
(ii) AHU Room
Figure: Picture above shows the AHU Room at the basement of IOI Boulevard.
Ceiling mounted diffusers are seen at the open space in the center of IOI Boulevard to regulate the surrounding temperature by releasing chilled air into the area.
(iii) Ceiling Mounted Diffusers Figure: Picture above shows the ceiling mounted diffusers
Water pumps are seen connected to the water-cooled chiller in the AHU Room to transport chilled water back to the evaporator.
(iv) Water Pumps
Figure: Picture above shows the water pumps for the AHU Unit.
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Type of components
Used in IOI Boulevard
(i) Ducts
Figure: Picture above shows the ductwork in the basement parking.
(ii) Water Cooled Chiller Figure: Picture above shows the watercooled chiller in the plant room.
Description
Ductworks mostly seen at the basement parking of IOI Boulevard. It is mainly used to deliver return air to being recycled from a zone back to the AHU and provide air to the delivery devices within the zones through diffusers.
Water cooled chiller is located at the plant room on the basement of IOI Boulevard and is the main component in a chilled water air conditioning system as it releases pressure of the pressurized liquid to lower its temperature thus causing a cooling effect.
The control panel for the chilled water air conditioning system is seen at the Syabas Room on the basement of IOI Boulevard which controls the operation of the AHU Unit.
(iii) Control Panel
Figure: Picture above shows the control panel.
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6.2.3 Floor Plans
Control Panel
Water-Cooled Chiller
LEGEND 1. Garbage Disposal 2. Management Office 3. Fire Control Room 4. Telecom Room 5. Gen Set Room 6. Tenaga National Room 7. Syabas Room 8. Plant Room 9. Smoke Extraction Room
Figure: Basement Plan above shows the control panel and water-cooled chiller for IOI Boulevard.
Figure: Floor Plan above shows the wall mounted diffusers on the ground floor of IOI Boulevard.
Figure: Floor Plan above shows the wall mounted diffusers on the first floor of IOI Boulevard.
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6.2.4 Uniform Building By -Laws According to UBBL Third schedule, section 41(2) Mechanical Ventilation and air-conditioning. The air inlet should be at high level with extraction points at low level. Recirculation arrangements should not be provided. The incoming air should be filtered and air conditioned (the temperature being capable of adjustment with mechanical requirement within the range 20-24 degree Celsius). Control over humidity of the air in the rooms should be provided to ensure that it will be within the range of 55% to 65%.
6.2.5 Analysis and Observation: The decision to use a water chilled centralized air conditioning system in IOI Boulevard is a right choice as the large space at the center of IOI Boulevard gets quite hot in the afternoon and there is almost no natural ventilation passing through it. Therefore, the installation of this system ensures that even in a space with a big area, users’ thermal comfort are still being able to be achieved with more energy efficiency.
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6.3 SPLIT AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM Retails of IOI Boulevard from ground floor all the way up to the 7th floor uses split air conditioning system as their air conditioning system which consists an outdoor unit at the back of the building and their respective indoor unit in each space. The indoor units and outdoor units are connected by only drilling a hole in the wall between them and connect them with suction lines, refrigerant lines and power cables thus making the accessibility and maintenance much easier as each retail shops uses different brands of air conditioner, and the retail shop often changes business therefore the removal and installation of the components in a split air conditioning system are easier and safer.
Figure: Picture above shows the indoor unit at the garbage disposal room.
Figure: Picture above shows the indoor unit at the Tenaga Nasional Room.
Figure: Picture above shows the indoor unit in the retail.
As you can see from the pictures above most of the indoor unit of the split air conditioning system is mounted to the wall as it is easier to install and remove when necessary.
Figure: Picture above shows the outdoor unit at the back alley next to the duct diffuser.
Figure: Picture above shows the outdoor unit stacked in a grid form behind the retails.
Figure: Picture above shows the outdoor unit which are sort of covered by rails on the 1st floor.
Most of the outdoor units are grouped together due to the large number of spaces required for an indoor unit to minimize the space required at the back alley of the retails and for the ease of installation.
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6.2.1 Components in a Split Air Conditioning System The following table is the list of components in a split air conditioning system that are present in IOI Boulevard.
Type of components
Used in IOI Boulevard
Description
The ceiling mounted air conditioners are mostly seen at the escalator lobby on the level 1 and level 2 basement which only opens occasionally.
(i) Indoor unit (Ceiling Mounted) Figure: Picture above shows the ceiling mounted indoor unit.
(ii) Indoor unit (Wall Mounted) Figure: Picture above shows the wall mounted indoor unit.
Wall mounted indoor units are the most common type of air conditioners seen in IOI Boulevard, which can be seen in the basement management office, garbage disposal room and most of the retail shops on ground floor and above.
The copper tubing connecting the indoor and outdoor unit can be seen exposed and dangling from the outdoor unit, which increases the risk of it being damaged.
(iii) Copper Tubing
Figure: Picture above shows the outdoor unit with the copper tubing.
The outdoor units at the basement are mounted high from the wall to avoid any damage from water and to better release the hot exhaust air without rising the temperature of the car park.
(iv) Outdoor Unit (Carpark) Figure: Picture above shows the outdoor unit.
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Type of components
Used in IOI Boulevard
Description
The outdoor unit on the ground floor of IOI Boulevard are stacked vertically to minimize the space needed for each respective indoor unit. The outdoor units are exposed to the outer atmosphere without any coverings.
(iv) Outdoor Unit (Ground Floor)
Figure: Picture above shows the outdoor unit on ground floor.
(v) Outdoor Unit (1st floor and above) Figure: Picture above shows the outdoor unit on 1st floor and above.
The outdoor unit on the 1st floor and above of IOI Boulevard are also stacked in a grid form to save space and accommodate every indoor units which are installed in every retail. Same as the ground floor, the outdoor units on 1st floor and above are also uncovered and increasing the risk of it being damaged.
Floor Plans
Wall Mounted Indoor Unit Wall Mounted Outdoor Unit
LEGEND 1. Garbage Disposal 2. Management Office 3. Fire Control Room 4. Telecom Room 5. Gen Set Room 6. Tenaga National Room 7. Syabas Room 8. Plant Room 9. Smoke Extraction Room
Figure: Basement Plan above shows the wall mounted indoor and outdoor unit in a split air conditioning system.
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6.2.2 Floor Plans
Figure: Floor Plan above shows the indoor and outdoor unit on the ground floor of IOI Boulevard.
Figure: Floor Plan above shows the indoor and outdoor unit on the first floor of IOI Boulevard.
Indoor Unit in Split Air Conditioning System Outdoor Unit in Split Air Conditioning System
6.2.3 Uniform Building By-Laws According to UBBL section 41(2) Mechanical Ventilation and air-conditioning. Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating the airconditioned enclosure, such that within half an hour of the air-conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when the air-conditioning system is not functioning.
6.2.4 Analysis and Observation Some indoor units in each retail and the office are quite old which might affect their efficiency in cooling the temperature in the respective spaces. Despite that, every retail and small spaces in IOI Boulevard is equipped with their own air conditioning system which is crucial in maintaining human body comfort of the users. For the outdoor unit, most of them are stacked together according to their floor levels at the back alley which may cause overheating of that specific area. Other than that, the outdoor units are not protected by louvers or grills from sunlight and rainwater, making their lifespan expectancy shorter.
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6.4 CONCLUSION We think that the air conditioning system used in IOI Boulevard are well thought out as each system serves their function to the fullest with their specific requirements and abilities.
To sum up the air conditioning system for our case study, IOI Boulevard. The following is the advantages and disadvantages of both of the air conditioning systems used, Chilled Water Air Conditioning System and Split Air Conditioning System.
The following are the advantages of a Chilled Water Air Conditioning System. -
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Longer Lifespan. Water-cooled chillers usually don’t need replacement as often as air-cooled chillers do. They aren’t exposed to outdoor elements such as rain, snow, ice, and heat, which makes them less vulnerable. Quiet Operation. While air-cooled chillers have ducts and vents that create noise, water-cooled chillers operate quietly. The flow of water through the system doesn’t result in the same noisy expansion and contraction that’s heard in air-cooled chillers. Quiet operation is particularly important in environments such as hospitals and schools, where noise can cause disturbance to occupants. Energy Efficiency. The film coefficient is 10 to 100 times better in water-cooled chillers versus aircooled chillers. This means that water-cooled chillers transfer heat more efficiently. The result to businesses is a savings on energy costs. No Open Space Needed. Air-cooled chillers need to stay outdoors in an open space with plenty of fresh air to operate. Water-cooled chillers stay inside buildings, which makes them ideal for companies that don’t have access to enough outdoor space. Safety. Water-cooled chillers use water as a refrigerant instead of toxic chemicals. This makes them safer for people who have contact with them.
Despite all the strengths from this systems, there are some drawbacks from it too. -
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More Maintenance. Since water-cooled chillers have more parts, they require more maintenance. Companies should prepare to pay for periodic inspections, water treatments to remove impurities, and regular cleaning of the chiller’s machinery. More maintenance also means more downtime for the chiller. The more parts a machine has, the more things there are that can go wrong with the machine, which means water-cooled chillers are more likely to require repairs than air-cooled chillers. Complicated Installation. The extra parts in water-cooled chillers also make installation more of a hassle. This can mean higher labor costs for installation of water-cooled chillers as opposed to aircooled chillers. Not Ideal For Drought-Stricken Areas. Since they use a good amount of water, water-cooled chillers aren’t great in regions that have water shortages. Companies that pay water costs can expect these bills to rise with the use of a water-cooled chiller. Some drought-stricken areas also have restrictions on water-cooled chiller use.
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On the other hand, Split Air Conditioning System that are used for retails and offices were used because of its many strengths as shown as below. -
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Versatile. Unlike a window air conditioner, you can install a split system almost anywhere, and split system installation does not require large holes in the wall or expensive ducts. Plus, the outdoor compressor unit can be located quite a long way from the unit itself and is easy to maintain and keep clean. Attractive. Modern split system air conditioners are sleek and attractive and are usually located high on a wall, blending in nicely with another contemporary décor. Quiet. People switching from a window air conditioner will notice that a split system is a lot quieter. That’s because the exterior condenser for a split system air conditioner is located separately to the air-blowing unit that is actually inside your house. Energy efficient. Central or window air conditioners are prone to cool or hot air ‘leaking’ out of a room because of opened doors or drafts, while the heating and cooling of a split system is renowned for its efficiency and evenness of hot and cool air when using the thermostat properly. The long-term running costs of a split system are also lower than traditional air conditioning.
Just like any air conditioning system, the split air conditioning system also has its weakness too. -
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Installation. Because installation will normally need to be done by a professional, for instance to satisfy warranty conditions, you could face a wait for a licensed installer to be available. Location. Split systems may not be appropriate for multi-storey apartments because of the twopart system and the fact that the tubing connecting them can only be a certain length.
In conclusion, the air conditioning system in IOI Boulevard are all well installed and complied fully to all the By Laws in the UBBL section 41 which are the requirements for the mechanical ventilation and air conditioning system in a building set by the government. With both of the air conditioning systems functioning properly in IOI Boulevard, the thermal comfort of the environment for the users are ensured.
0 7 : Fire Protection System Case Study
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7.1 INTRODUCTION
Ground Floor Plan Area shown in above image
Unshaded alley
IOI Boulevard houses different types of unit functions, from retail stores, offices, restaurants to banks. Most of the dining units are located at the outer “ shell “ of the building. As you notice, design of IOI Boulevard is quite open. Unshaded alley surrounding the inner block of buildings , helps occupants to escape quickly to an open area in case of fire outbreak. Although the design itself is good for fire protection, IOI Boulevard still apply fire protection system to its building.
Types of Fire Protection System used in IOI Boulevard:
7.2 Active Protection System
2.2 Supply Ventilation System
7.3 Passive Fire Protection System
7.2.1 Alarm and Detection System 7.2.2 Water Based System
7.2.3 Non-Water Based System
7.3.1 Means Of Escape 7.3.2 Means Of Escape (Indicator) 7.3.3 Passive Containment 7.3.4 Smoke and Heat Ventilation
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7.2 ACTIVE PROTECTION SYSTEM IOI Boulevard has utilized these active fire protection systems in the building.
7.2.1 Alarm and Detection System Alarm and detection systems discover fires early in their development when time is still available for the safe evacuation of occupants. Early detection also plays a significant role in protecting the safety of emergency response personnel. Property loss can be reduced and downtime for the operation minimized through early detection because control efforts are started while the fire is still small. IOI Boulevard has a central command centre, smoke detector, emergency break glass , intercom system , alarm bell, fireman’s switch and LED flasher.
Command and control centre (security room )
Smoke Detectors Emergency Break Glass & Fire Alarm Bell LED Flasher
Fireman’s Switch Emergency Break Glass & Fire Alarm Bell Intercom System
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Components
Observation & Analysis
UBBL
1. Central Command Centre (Also known as fire control panel)
It can be found in security room. It is well kept and maintained. Usually there will be 3 to 4 security guards in the security room. Therefore, there are enough staff to notice if there is any detection.
According to UBBL Clause 238. Command and control centre.
The panel receives information from devices designed to detect and report fires in IOI Boulevard, monitors their operational integrity and provides for automatic control of equipment, and transmission of information necessary to prepare the facility for fire based on a predetermined sequence.
Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5metres in height shall be provided with a command and control centre located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the public address, fire brigade communication, sprinkler, waterflow detectors, fire detection and alarm systems and with a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by-passing the switchboard. According to UBBL Clause 153. Smoke detectors for lift lobbies.
2. Smoke Detector
(1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.
The fire alarm control panel will be automatically triggered when detectors has sensed smoke in that room and area. There are 2 types of smoke detector, ionization detector and Photoelectric Detector. For our case study, which is IOI Boulevard, ionization detector is used for whole building.
Some smoke detectors are seen to be covered by a red plastic cap. This is to prevent dust caused by temporary works to prevent detectors from accidental activation. It should be removed immediately once the temporary works are completed. However, I have noticed some covers are left on.
(2) Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by light beam or photodetectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which after thirty seconds of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a preset time.
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Components 2. Emergency Break Glass ( Trigger)
Observation & Analysis
UBBL
Emergency break glass are mainly located in each unit , next to the emergency exit , below the alarm bell. It can be found in places nearby the fire exit door in carpark and emergency staircase. This is to ease the occupant from exiting the dangerous space after activating the trigger.
The alarm is raised manually when someone forcibly breaks the white glass or plastic. These alarms are activated by a pressure switch, which is why glass is incorporated into the trigger. When the glass fails or breaks, the switch will be triggered, the signal will be sent to the alarm panel, and the sound will go off.
3. Voice Communication System
The Fireman Intercom System provides a reliable communication between the Master Console (Fire Command Centre) and the remote Handset Stations. The system consists of a remote handset station and Master control panel which is normally installed at the Fire Control Room. At the Master control panel, a call alert lamp shall flash with audible signal when there is incoming call. Upon lifting the handset, the audible signal will be silenced. The master control panel is also equipped with a fault indicator unit to indicate the type of fault.
The Intercom handset stations are found to be located in every facility rooms : pump control room, telekom room, gen set room and low voltage room in basement. A few intercom systems are found at lift lobbies.
According to UBBL Clause 239. Voice Communication System There shall be two separate approved continuously electrically supervised voice communication system, one a fire brigade communication system and the other a public address system between the central control station and the following areas : (a) lifts, lift lobbies, corridors and staircases; (b) In every office area exceeding 929 square metres in area; (c) In each dwelling unit and hotel guest room where the fire brigade system may be combined with the public address system.
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Components 4. Fire Alarm Bell
Observation & Analysis Fire alarm bells can be found with emergency glass break in IOI Boulevard.
UBBL According to UBBL Clause 237. Fire Alarm. (1)
(2)
A fire alarm is an electronic sounder or a bell. The alarm makes a loud, high pitched sound to notify people that there is a fire in the building.
They can be found in every units and carparks, near the exit doors.
(3)
Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws. All premises and building with gross floor area excluding car park and storage area exceeding 9290 square metres or exceeding 30.5 metres in heights shall be provided with a two-stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert ( intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section. Provision shall be made for general evacuation of the premises by action of a master control.
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Components 5. Fireman’s Switch
Observation & Analysis Can be seen located above door of low voltage room.
Provide a visual warning of fire or any emergency.
According to UBBL Clause 240. Electrical isolating switch. (1) Every floor or zone of any floor with a net area exceeding 929 square metres shall be provided with an electrical isolation switch located within a staircase enclosure to permit the disconnection of electrical power supply to the relevant floor or zone served. (2) The switch shall be of a type similar to the fireman’s switch specifies in the Institution of Electrical Engineers Regulations then in force
A fireman's switch is a specialized switch that allows firefighters to quickly disconnect power from high voltage devices that may pose a danger in the event of an emergency. According to the Institution of Electrical Engineers, any electrical device operating at over 1,000 Volts AC or 1,500 volts DC, must be equipped with the switch.
6. LED Flasher
UBBL
It is located at the central mall of IOI Boulevard, high above the wall. Although alarm bells are installed in all the units, LED flasher is an additional device to help occupants take note of what is happening within the building, especially for people who might have hearing impaired.
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7 . 2 . 2 WAT E R B A S E D S Y S T E M The primary role of water in putting out a fire is cooling it down so there is no longer enough heat to sustain the fire. When water is in touch with fire, the heat of the fire causes the water to heat up and turn into steam. Getting an adequate flow of water on the fire quickly will prevent the fire from spreading beyond the compartment of fire origin. IOI Boulevard relies on both wet rising and dry rising , sprinkler system to put out fire.
Fire Hydrant
Recessed Pendent Sprinkler
Hose Reel & Wet Rising * Sprinklers plotted might not be exactly the same with actual, illustration is just for representation purpose
Pump Control Room
Upright Sprinkler
Recessed Pendent Sprinkler * Sprinklers plotted might not be exactly the same with actual, illustration is just for representation purpose
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Components 1.
Pump Control Room
2. Main Switch ( Pump Controller)
Observation & Analysis
UBBL
Located at basement carpark, beside management office. It houses pumps for sprinklers, sprinkler tanks, hose reel tank and hose reel pumps.
The controllers are located in the pump control room and typically in visual contact with the fire pumps to see them operate. They are kept well and located just beside the door of pump control room, in any case of emergency, the staff are able to access to the controller as soon as possible.
The fire pump controllers monitor the operation status and in the case of fire, the controller will receive a signal from the pressure switch and start the fire pump. If a duplex system (two fire-pumps) is activated, the duty pump will first be activated since the pressure switch has a higher set point compared to the standby pump.
3. Sprinkle Tank
Sprinkler tank supplies water for sprinklers in case of fire.
There are two sprinkler tanks located in pump control room, at the top part of the room.
According to UBBL Clause 247. Water Storage (1) Water storage capacity and water flow rate for fire fighting systems and installations shall be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.
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Components 4. Duty Pump
Observation & Analysis Located in the pump control room.
Generate pressure to ensure a continuous water pumping process. During a fire hazard, the fire pump is triggered when the pressure in the fire sprinkler system drops below a certain set-point. If one or more fire sprinklers are exposed to heat above their design temperature, and opens, the sprinklers system pressure drops, and the pressure switches give off a signal and the duty pump will be triggered.
5. Standby Pump
Located in the pump control room.
As this pump can start regardless of the water level in the suction sump, can stand by at full speed when flooding and can continuously operate until no danger of flooding. The standby pump is only required in the event of a duty pump failure. The standby pump then runs for as long as needed to repair or replace the duty pump, at which point it is taken offline and returns to standby mode. The second approach is an alternating or intermittent arrangement, where at pre-arranged times pumps alternate between duty and standby modes, sharing demand time and evening out the running time between them.
6. Jockey Pump
Also known as a pressure-maintenance pump, is a small apparatus that works together with a fire pump as part of a fire-protection sprinkler system. It is designed to keep the pressure in the system elevated to a specific level when the system is not in use, so that the fire pump doesn’t have to run all the time and the system doesn’t go off randomly. It can also help prevent the system from damage when a fire happens and water rushes into the pipes.
Located in the pump control room.
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Components 7. Sprinkle Control Valve
Sprinkler Alarm The control valve is what tells the pipes in your sprinkler system to open and close, ensuring the right part of your landscaping receives water when you set it to. It regulates the pressure, turns the water on and off, and controls the zones that receive water.
Observation & Analysis Located outside pump control room.
UBBL According to UBBL Clause 228. Sprinkle Valves. (1) Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall be readily accessible to the Fire Authority. (2) All sprinkler systems shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to provide immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated.
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Components 8. Sprinkle System Sprinkler Operation The operation mechanism is a frangible glass bulb which contains a heat responsive liquid (Glycerin Solution). During a fire, the ambient temperature rises causing the liquid in the bulb to expand. When the ambient temperature reaches the rated temperature of the sprinkler, the bulb shatters. As a result, the waterway is cleared of all sealing parts and water is discharged towards the deflector. The deflector is designed to distribute the water in a pattern that is most effective in controlling the fire. There are two types of sprinkles system:
Upright Sprinkler
Recessed Pendent Sprinkler
Upright fire sprinklers spray water upward to a concave deflector, producing a dome-shaped spray pattern. They install deflector-up to cover specific areas and to prevent ice and debris from collecting in the head. Upright sprinklers are installed where obstructions interfere with coverage and in dry-pipe systems facing freezing temperatures. A pendent fire sprinkler hangs from above-ceiling pipes and distributes water in a domed or conical pattern using a convex deflector.
Observation & Analysis
UBBL
Upright Sprinklers can be found in carparks whereas recessed pendant sprinklers are found within building ground floor and floors above.
According to UBBL Clause 226. Automatic system for hazardous occupancy. Where hazardous processes, storage or occupancy are of such character as to require automatic sprinklers or other automatic extinguishing system, it shall be of a type and standard appropriate to extinguish fires in the hazardous materials stored or handles or for the safety of the occupants.
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Components 9. Hose Reel Tank Hose reel tank stores water for hose reel and water is provided by the government, SYABAS.
10. Hose Peel Pump The pump will automatically kick in on the loss of water pressure, ensuring constant water flow and pressure for a jet of water typically 10 M from the nozzle.
11. Hose Reel The hose reel system generally serves as an initial fire fighting aid. When the hose reel is brought into use the pressure in the pipe immediately downstream of the pump check valves will drops below the field adjusted pressure setting of the pressure switch thereby triggering the pump to comes into operation automatically to feed a steady supply of water to discharge through the hose. Fire fighting hose reel is the part which can be easily accessible. The fire hose reel outlets should be properly housed in glass fronted cabinet secured under lock and key.
Observation & Analysis Located in pump control room. The water level indicate the level of water in the tank to ensure there is enough capacity of water inside.
UBBL According to UBBL Clause 247. Water Storage. (1) Water storage capacity and water flow rate for fire fighting systems and installations shall be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.
Located in pump control room, connected to the hose reel tank.
Located near fire staircase.
According to UBBL Clause 244. Standards required.
All fire fighting installations and appliances shall conform to the current edition of the following standards. (b) Hydraulic Hose Reels BS 5306 Part 1 : 1976
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Components 12. Wet Rising System
Observation & Analysis It is incorporated Boulevard.
in
IOI
Fire fighters don’t need to create their own pumping system or use long hose systems as there is adequate water flow immediately available at each valve
According to UBBL Clause 231. Installation and testing of wet rising system
Wet rising systems shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more than 30.5 metres above fire appliance access level.
A supply system intended to distribute water to multiple levels or compartments of a building, as a component of its fire fighting systems.
13. Wet Riser Outlet (Landing Valves)
UBBL
It can be found in basement carparks, inside the lift lobbies and near fire staircase.
According to UBBL Clause 231. Installation and testing of wet rising system (2) A hose connection shall be provided in each fire fighting access lobby. (3)Wet risers shall be of minimum 152.4 millimetres diameter and shall be hydrostatically tested at a pressure 50% above the working pressure required and not less than 14 bars for at least 24 hours. (4) Each wet riser outlet shall comprise standard 63.5 millimeters instantaneous coupling fitted with a hose of not less than 38.1 millimeters diameter equipped with an approved typed cradle and a variable fog nozzle. (5) A wet riser shall be provided in every staircase which extends from the ground floor level to the roof and shall be equipped with a three-way 63.6 millimeters outlet above the roof line.
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Components
Observation & Analysis
According to UBBL Clause 230. Installation and testing of dry rising system
14. Dry Rising System
(1) Dry rising system shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more than 18.3 metres but less than 30.5 metres above fire appliance access level. A dry rising main is a system of pipe work and valves, often found in high-rise buildings, which allows fire fighting water to be easily delivered to all floors.
15. Wet Riser Outlet (Landing Valves)
UBBL
Found outdoor, near the outdoor carpark.
According to UBBL Clause 230. Installation and testing of dry rising system (2) A hose connection shall be provided in each fire fighting access lobby.
Empty pipe that can be externally connected by firefighters to a pressurized water source.
(3) Dry risers shall be of minimum “Class C” pipes with fittings and connections of sufficient strength to withstand 21 bars water pressure. (4) Dry risers shall be tested hydrostatically to withstand not less than 14 bars of pressure for two hours in the presence of the Fire Authority before acceptance. (5) All horizontal runs of the dry rising systems shall be pitched at the rate of 6.35 millimeters in 3.05 metres.
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Components 16. Fire Hydrant
Fire hydrant installation consists of pipework connected directly to the water supply mains to provide water to each and every hydrant outlet and is intended to provide water for the fireman to fight a fire. The water is discharge into the fire engine from which it is then pumped and sprayed over a fire. Where the water supply is not reliable or inadequate, hydrant pumps should be provided to pressurize the fire mains.
Observation & Analysis
UBBL
There are 6 fire hydrants located around IOI Boulevard. All of the fire hydrants are located at the corner junction of the building. Most of them are located next to horse reel.
According to UBBL Clause 225. Detecting and extinguishing fire 2) Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5 metres from the nearest point of fire brigade access. 3) Depending on the size and location of the building and the provision of access for fire appliances, additional fire hydrant shall be provided as may be required the Fire Authority.
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7 . 2 . 3 N O N - WAT E R B A S E D S Y S T E M There are many cases where water cannot protect property in the event of a fire. For example, electrical fires, certain chemicals, metals or flammable materials less dense than water requires other method to extinguish the fire. In IOI Boulevard, the non-water-based system includes carbon dioxide suppression system and portable fire extinguishers.
Fire Extinguisher
Carbon dioxide suppression system
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Components 1. Carbon Dioxide Suppression System
Located in LV ( lowvoltage ) room
Observation & Analysis
UBBL
The carbon dioxide suppression system is found in facilities room such as mechanical room and electrical room as these systems cannot be in touch with water.
Genset room
Fire suppression systems are designed to suppress or extinguish a fire in sensitive environments where water from a fire sprinkler is not a desired extinguishing agent. Common areas where you will find fire suppression systems include server rooms, engine rooms, flammable storage areas, museums, and data centers.
2. Portable Fire Extinguisher
There are four types of fire extinguishers. Below is the list of which extinguishers being suitable for which type of fire.
They are found in emergency exit and every unit.
According to UBBL Clause 227. Portable extinguisher Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and shall be sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation.
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FLOWCHART BELOW SHOWS THE SEQUENCE OF HOW ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM WORKS IN IOI B O U L E VA R D
Fire Outbreak
Smoke Detector
Emergency Break Glass or
Central Command Center
Alarm Bell
Fireman Phone Set
Active Fire Mechanical System
Pump Room
Wet Riser and Dry Riser
Portable Fire Extinguisher
CO2 suppression system
Sprinkler
Some devices or system might be initiated in different sequence according to situation. Above is the general process.
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7 . 3 PA S S I V E F I R E P R O T E C T I O N S Y S T E M 7.3.1 MEANS OF ESCAPE In IOI Boulevard, passive fire protection are integrated into the structure of the building. And one of the most crucial aspects of this system is the means of escape. Just in case of a fire occurrence, occupants in the building would be able to escape with the fire evacuation route with the help of the emergency floor plans and exit signages which will bring them through the fire staircase that leads to the back alley of the building.
Ground Floor Plan of IOI Boulevard
Fire Evacuation Route Fire Staircase Emergency Floor Plan Emergency Exit Signage
Figure: Ground floor plan of IOI Boulevard that highlights the fire evacuation route, fire staircase & emergency exit signage Source: IOI Boulevard
Figure: Location of the fire evacuation route of individual shop lot units, location of emergency floor plan and emergency exit signage.
The back of the shop lots are open the back alleys, which is connected to the main road. Hence, the fire staircase is located at the back of the building, providing the fastest and safest exit for occupants. Also, this layout is convenient for the fire engines and fire personnel to access the building through the back alley. Figure: Back alley of the building
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Components 1. Fire Evacuation Route
Figure: Fire escape route for individual shop lot units on First Floor and above
Observation & Analysis
UBBL
For the fire evacuation route , IOI Boulevard conforms to the UBBL clause in which the design of having 8 blocks, where 6 of it is on the outer ring and 2 of it is in the middle, this enables a ring of back escape route in case of hazards and fire, and all the exits are directed to the back alley or outdoor corridors which are both open spaces. This result in a fast and safe escape route for the occupants.
According to UBBL Clause 178: Exits for institutional and places of assembly.
The fire evacuation route for the individual shop lot units is through the designed double exits, the first exit is located at the front, and the other at the back. Also, the route are protected with fire wall and door and equipped with emergency lights and vents to allow safe travel to the outside of the building.
2. Emergency Floor Plans
Figure: Emergency floor plan mounted on the wall of the fire stairwell and lift lobbies
Emergency floor plans are found in lift lobbies. The floor plan indicates the location of the escape room that is highlighted in red, fire staircase that is highlighted in yellow, fire extinguisher and break glass alarm system.
IOI Boulevard provides the required emergency floor plan at every levels in the lift lobbies, and they are well maintained.
Exits for institutional and places of assembly. In buildings classified as institutional or places of assembly, exits to a street or large open space, together with staircases, corridors and passages leading to such exits shall be located, separated or protected as to avoid any undue danger to the occupants of the place of assembly from fire originating in the other occupancy or smoke therefrom.
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Components 3. Emergency Exit Signage
Figure: Emergency exit signage mounted on the wall above the fire door, found in units and the fire stairwell which exits to the back alley
The emergency exit signage is found above every fire rated door that will direct occupants to the back alley to escape from the building in case of an occurrence of hazards or fire. For basement carpark, exit signage are mounted above the doors of lift lobbies to help occupants evacuate from the enclosed space.
Observation & Analysis
UBBL
Some of the exit signages are not lit to save electricity, which might become a threat to occupants in the case of emergencies in the future.
According to UBBL Clause 172: Emergency exit signs. Story exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be obscured by any decorations, furnishings or other equipment. A sign reading "KELUAR" with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every location where the direction of travel to reach the nearest exit is not immediately apparent.
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Components 4. Fire Staircase
Observation & Analysis
UBBL
As for the fire staircases in IOI Boulevard, they are very well maintained , and are structured to fulfill the requirements of UBBL clause in terms of the length of the width and landing.
According to UBBL Clause 168: Staircase. (1)
(2)
Figure: Fire stairwell that is connected to back alleys and the back of shop lots
There are 2 fire staircases for a single unit of shop lot in IOI Boulevard. The fire staircases are vertical escape components of evacuation route. The width of the staircase is around 1.5m while the landing is 1.6m, and they are not obstructed or damaged.
(3)
Except as provided for in by-law 194 every upper floor shall have means of egress via at least two separate staircases. Staircases shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not being available for escape purposes the remaining staircases shall accommodate the highest occupancy load of any one floor discharging into it calculated in accordance with provisions in the Seventh schedule to these Bylaws. The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including at landings.
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7 . 3 . 2 M E A N S O F E S C A P E ( I N D I C AT O R ) In IOI Boulevard, aside from the Means of Escape, another crucial aspects is the indicator for the means of escape, which is installed throughout the whole building. It has two main functions to it, the first one being a warning to the occupants in the building in the case of hazards or fire for them to evacuate to safety, and the second one to signal/direct the nearest fire department to the building for help. Therefore, when there is an occurrence of hazards or fire, occupants in the building would be notified and quickly evacuate, with the assistance of the fire department.
Ground Floor Plan of IOI Boulevard
Figure: Ground floor plan of IOI Boulevard that highlights the fire evacuation route, fire staircase & emergency exit signage Source: IOI Boulevard
Command and Control Centre Fire Rescue Access
Basement Plan of IOI Boulevard
Figure: Ground floor plan of IOI Boulevard that highlights the fire evacuation route, fire staircase & emergency exit signage Source: IOI Boulevard
Emergency Light Emergency Speakers
In the case of a hazard or fire, the Command and Control Centre would be responsible of the security alarms, emergency indicators and safety features operation controls of the building.
Figure: Back alley of the building
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Components 1. Command and Control Centre
Figure: Command and Control center.
The Command and Control center in IOI Boulevard has access to the surveillance footage, security alarms, speakers and mechanical transport controls of the building. In the case of blackout, the room would still be supplied with backup electricity therefore it can monitor the condition of the building and ensure the safety of the occupants in the building.
Observation & Analysis
UBBL
The control room is operated throughout the whole day with minimum of 4 personals on board. However, the surveillance footage/CCTV was not on all the time which may be a threat to the safety of the building.
According to UBBL Clause 238: Command and control center. Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be provided with a command and control center located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the public address, fire brigade communication, sprinkler, water-flow detectors, fire detection and alarm systems and with a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by-passing the switchboard.
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Components 2. Emergency Light
Observation & Analysis
UBBL
The emergency lights seldom goes through maintenance as the management does not have the time and budget to do full checking on the building often.
According to UBBL Clause 178: Exits for institutional and places of assembly.
Exits for institutional and places of assembly. In buildings classified as institutional or places of assembly, exits to a street or large open space, together with staircases, corridors and passages leading to such exits shall be located, separated or protected as to avoid any undue danger to the occupants of the place of assembly from fire originating in the other occupancy or smoke therefrom
Figure: Emergency light.
The emergency lights in IOI Boulevard could be found in lift lobbies, emergency exits and are usually installed beside a normal light. The distance between each emergency light is roughly 12 meters, which is sufficient for directing passageways during blackouts for evacuation purposes. They function automatically during power failure, also in the occurrence of fire.
3. Emergency Speakers
Figure: Emergency speakers in the basement parking.
In IOI Boulevard, the emergency speakers are installed in the basement carparks and is controlled by the Command Center.
It is installed in the basement carpark because when occupants are driving or inside their cars, it is difficult for them to notice and hear what is happening outside, so speakers will be loud enough to inform them.
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Components 4. Fire Rescue Access
Figure: Fire rescue access route indicated on ground floor plan of IOI Boulevard.
IOI Boulevard’s fire rescue access route is approved by the authorities, which allow it to be free from obstruction for the use of fire trucks. The route is along the back alleys of IOI Boulevard and the main entrances into the building, one situated at the front and the other at the back. The nearest fire station from the building is 1.2km away in case of the occurrence of hazards or fire.
Observation & Analysis The securities always ensure no one parks their vehicles at the back alley to allow it to be always accessible for fire trucks in cases of fire.
UBBL
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7 . 3 . 3 PA S S I V E C O N TA I N M E N T Passive containment are some measure used to block fire from entering a space, keeping an area safe for occupants for some time for escaping from the building or waiting for rescue. Fire rated door, fire shutters and separating high risk facilities are means of IOI Boulevard in limiting the spread of fire and smoke by containing it in a single compartment.
shoplots
Fire Rated Door
shoplots
Figure : Portion of plans showing the shoplots and fire exits
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Components 1. Fire Rated Door
Located at lift lobby
Located at carpark
A fire door is a door with a fireresistance rating (sometimes referred to as a fire protection rating for closures) used as part of a passive fire protection system to reduce the spread of fire and smoke between separate compartments of a structure and to enable safe egress from a building or structure or ship.
Observation & Analysis
UBBL
The fire rated doors are kept closed. They have obeyed the regulations by keeping them closed at all times to block fire from entering the safe area in case of fire outbreak. They are found in lift lobbies, doors connecting to lift lobbies from shop units and door exit to fire staircase.
According to UBBL Clause 162. Fire doors in compartment walls and separating walls.
(1) Fire doors of the appropriate FRP shall be provided. (2) Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire door having a FRP in accordance with the requirements for that wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws. (3) Openings in protecting structures shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of not less than half the requirement for the surrounding wall specified in the the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws but in no case less than half hour. (4) Openings in partitions enclosing a protected corridor or lobby shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of half-hour. (5) Fire doors including frames shall be constructed to a specification which can be shown to meet the requirements from the relevant FRP when tested in accordance with section 4 of BS 476:1951.
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Components
Fire shutters are found to be located at carpark.
2. Fire Shutter
Located at lift lobby
Observation & Analysis
Located at carpark
Fire shutters are operable steel barriers that save lives and property by moving to close gaps between zones, thus effecting fire compartmentalization for up to 4 hours. This allows you to open up your building design without compromising safety. Whether vertical, horizontal, lateral or even special doors for tight spaces, we have the best tested solutions for you.
3. Separation of Fire Risk Area
High risk facilities area
Separation of high risk facilities area in IOI Boulevard such as gen set room, telekom room and tenaga nasional room helps in protecting the areas and occupants of the building.
These high risk facilities area are equipped with carbon dioxide suppression system and compartmented with fire walls. They are highly protected and located at basement, near to the management office , away from the higher flow of occupant's area.
UBBL
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7 . 3 . 4 S M O K E A N D H E AT V E N T I L AT I O N Besides compartmentation and containment, ventilation for heat and smoke is very important in making sure the occupants do not suffocate in a case of fire outbreak. A lot of louvres can be seen in IOI Boulevard to help smoke and heat escape the building . Furthermore, stairwell pressurization that has been discussed earlier in mechanical ventilation system gives occupants more time to escape from building.
Louvres
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Components 1. Smoke and Heat Ventilation
Observation & Analysis They are mostly located in staircase, lift lobbies. They are located higher on walls, because smoke travels up and exit through the louvres .
A lot of ventilation louvres can be seen in IOI Boulevard to help in channeling the smoke out from the building in case of a fire outbreak.
2. Extraction Fan
When the extraction fan is on, the smoke in the basement will be extracted into the room thru the louver, then is expelled to the ground level via the ducting. The extraction fan is also used to expel the daily pollutants from the basement
.
Figure: Extraction fan located at basement carpark
UBBL
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Components 3. Pressure Relief Damper
Figure: Pressure relief damper on the upper wall next to unit staircase
Observation & Analysis
UBBL
Pressure relief dampers are backdraft air dampers with an adjustable start-open pressure to reduce the pressure when over pressurization occurs.
According to UBBL Clause 202 All staircases serving buildings of more than 45.75 meters in height where there is no adequate ventilation as required shall be provided with a basic system of pressurization.
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7.3.5 CONCLUSION We have done 2 visits to IOI Boulevard, we have understood better each time from our visits. I have realized that there are overlapped in function for all the systems, along the process, we get to know each other’s part. This has proved that the systems cannot work individually. For fire protection, IOI Boulevard has incorporated all the required and necessary system into the building. Looking at the overall building design of IOI Boulevard, it is excellent in fire evacuation. As it is quite opened, the central mall has a high volume and not enclosed, allowing natural ventilation and sunlight to flow through, as well as occupants. The placement of units are not complex, for the inner blocks of shop lots, occupants are able to escape from the units to the central mall and escape from the building quickly. Besides that, 2 shop units are sharing 2 fire staircase which leads to the back alley, this has reduced the happen of congestion during evacuation. Beside the openness of the building, the alley which is located between the inner block and outer block allows occupants to evacuate from the shop units in two ways. For inner block, they are able to evacuate to the back alley using fire staircase of common staircase to the central mall. For outer block, they can either evacuate to the outdoor parking area or the back alley. Therefore, design wise, IOI Boulevard has done a great work in fire protection. Even so, they have not taken the active and passive systems lightly. All shop units are equipped with fire extinguisher, smoke detector, fire break glass and alarm bell and maintained in good condition. As for fire escape , the stairwell is well equipped with emergency light , aid occupants to evacuate safely. Whereas for ventilation of smoke and heat, they have placed enough louvres near common use staircase and fire staircase, to prevent occupants from suffocation. Admittedly, there are undesired situation which might delay or hinder the fire rescue. For example, congestion of the surrounding road might slow down the arrival of fire rescue team. Some external fire hydrants are blocked by cars. All the fire protection measures applied in IOI Boulevard has been analyzed carefully in the case study. They have abided by UBBL law ( Part VII – Fire Requirements ) in designing IOI Boulevard. Throughout the years since completed, there has no reported case on fire outbreak.
0 8 : Mechanical Transportation System Case Study 8.1 INTRODUCTION After completing the literature review which discussed about the general understanding of mechanical transportation, this chapter will be elaborating about the mechanical transportation system applied in IOI Boulevard, which consists of elevators and escalators. The case study of the usage of each component and operation system will be is further discussed with supporting information such as UBBL requirement and diagrams.
8.2 Elevator
8.2.1 Introduction 8.2.2 Lift Motor Room
8.2.3 Elevator Cabin 8.2.4 Elevator Emergency Features
8.3 Escalator
8.3.1 Introduction 8.3.2 Components of Escalator 8.3.3 Handrail and Headroom Clearance 8.3.4 Tracks 8.3.5 Drive System
8.4 Conclusion
Overall Conclusion
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8 . 2 E L E V AT O R 8.2.1 Introduction Geared traction elevators are used in IOI Boulevard where the machine room is sited above the lift shaft. The details of the elevator used are as below:
Type of elevator Brand Rated capacity Rated speed Passenger capacity Operating hour
: : : : : :
Geared traction elevator (with machine room) Toshiba 750 - 885kg 1.0 – 1.75 m/sec 11-13 persons 08:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m.
Legend Passenger lift Bomba lift
Figure: Location of lift at Ground Floor
IOI Boulevard has 6 blocks in total, each 7 storey high. A total of 60 geared tractions elevators are installed in IOI Boulevard; 50 of them are passenger lifts and bomba lifts. There is 1 bomba lift in every block. All of the lifts work from Basement 2 until the Level 7. The amount of elevators installed depends on the size of the block.
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8.2.2 Lift Motor Room In IOI Boulevard, every lift motor room is located at the highest floor of each block of the building. Typically, the lift motor room houses the traction sheave, motor, control system and other components.
Legend Lift motor room Figure: Location of lift motor room in IOI Boulevard
Figure: View of machine room
Components In Lift Motor Room Type of Components
Pictures
Traction Sheave
Figure: Traction sheave
Overspeed Governor Figure: Overspeed governor at lift motor room
Description A traction sheave is defined as a metal sheave body fixed to a motor housing which has a novel cable groove liner. The liner consist of solid elastomeric materials and has a band of pressure release material that allows deformation of the liner so as to increase lateral pressure on the cable to preserve the round shape which increase the gripping of the cable by liner. At the traction sheave, traction ropes are attached to the elevator car, and looped around the sheave. The sheave functions as a pulley with grooves around the circumference providing a grip to the ropes. When the sheave rotates, the ropes will move along with it. The overspeed governor is a safety device that comes into operation when the lift car exceeds its permitted speed. If the lift car exceeds its rated speed upon descent, the overspeed governor will trip and triggers the safety gear on the lift car via the governor rope. The lift car is then brought to a standstill and clamps onto the guide rails.
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Type of components
Pictures
Gear box
Figure: Gear box in lift motor room
Lift control panel
Figure: Lift control panel in lift motor room
Description The drive sheave is connected to an electric motor attached to a gear box. When the motor turns one way, the sheave raises the elevator, when the motor turns the opposite way, the sheave lowers the elevator. In geared elevators, the motor turns a gear train that rotates the sheave.
The control panel in the cabinet receives the signal from the operating panels, send buttons and controls the electric motor. IOI Boulevard uses solid-state controllers to operate the elevator. It includes both discreet transistors circuits and integrated circuit boards, which gives improved reliability, lower power consumption and easy fault diagnosis than electromagnetic relay technology.
The emergency power control panel will be switch on when there is a cut-off in electricity or the main control system panel is not functioning. The genset will generate backup power supply, and the car will be landed at the ground floor with doors opened, allowing user to leave the car lift.
Emergency power control panel Figure: Emergency power control panel in lift motor room
Geared traction machine utilizes a mechanical speed reduction gear set to reduce the rpm of the drive motor (input speed) to suit the required speed of the rive sheave and elevator (output speed)
Geared machine
Figure: Geared machine in lift motor room
A hoist motor is a device used for lifting or lowering a load with the help of a drum or liftwheel around which rope or chain wraps. It can be manually operated, electrically or pneumatically driven and may use chain, fibre or wire rope as its lifting medium.
Hoisting motor
Figure: Hoisting motor in lift motor room
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Type of Components
Pictures
Description
Deflector sheave(s) is located between the traction sheave and the elevator car over which the belt is routed to guide the belt to the elevator car. The one or more deflector sheaves include an outer sheave surface having a distance from a sheave axis that varies along a width of the traction sheave
Deflector sheave
Figure: Deflector sheave in lift motor room
Adequate openings through the floor of the lift motor room’s floor for allowing the insertion of suspension ropes to be connected to the elevator’s car.
Passageway for suspension system
Figure: Passageway for suspension system in lift motor room
A pulley is aligned with the drive sheave, which provides a path for the cables to drop straight to the counterweight.
Drive sheave
Figure: Drive sheave in lift motor room
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Other components in lift motor room Type of components
Pictures
Description All the wires that are connected to the traction machines are fully covered by to prevent any damage and provide safety for the technicians
Safety cover and sign
Figure: Safety cover and sign in lift motor room
Exhaust fan is installed in the motor room to help radiate the heat to outside when the traction machine overheats
Exhaust fan
Figure: Exhaust fan in lift motor room
The openings allow the free flow of air in and out the lift motor air.
Ventilation openings Figure: Ventilation openings in lift motor room
The lifting beam is installed on the top of the traction machine to hoist the machine for future repair. The Safe Working Load (SWL) of the lifting beam depends on the weight of the machine.
Lifting beam
Figure: Lifting beam in lift motor room
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Elevator Shaft The elevator shaft is vertical passage in a building which allows the movement of an elevator from floor to floor. It consists of several components namely guide rails, safe break, suspension ropes and counterweight. It mus be constructed with reinforced concrete to accommodate the loading and fire resistance. The size of the elevator shaft space is determined by the number of users.
Figure: Annotated diagram of elevator shaft
Guide Rails Guide rails are part of the inner workings of the elevators and lift shafts, functioning as the vertical, internal track, keeping the elevator car into a balanced position and directing it in a single direction. These rails operate both as stabilization within the shaft during routine use and as a safety system in case of emergency stops. Guide rails
Figure: Indication of guide rails on the elevator’s pit
S a fet y B ra ke Elevators have two or three types of brakes. If there’s an error in the safety chain, a clamp closes on the pulley above the car, preventing the elevator from moving or falling down immense speed. If any loss of power due to a system error or an electrical grid failure, the motor brake will set off. At least one safety gear shall be located within or below the lower member of the car frame.
Figure: Progressive type safety gear
Figure: Indication of safety brakes
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Counterweight A counterweight is a weight that by exerting an opposite force, it provides balance and stability of the mechanical transport system. These counterweights are made up out of steel plates stacked on top of each other in a frame attached to the opposite ends of the cables to which the car is locked. It travels up and down to the shaft, guided by the guide rails that are bolted in the back wall of the shaft. It also functions as a grip to the lift’s car, reducing the power of the generator and reduce the brake to stop the car lifts.
Guide rails
Counterweight
Figure: Elevators shaft along with the placements of guide rails with the counterweights of the elevator
Buffer The buffers which are inside the elevator pit use a combination of oil and springs to cushion a descending car or counterweight. The oil buffer apparatus in IOI Boulevard is located at the bottom of elevator designed to protect people. Buffers can stop a descending car by accumulating or dissipating the kinetic energy of the car. It has a quick lead times, small footprints, lightweight and a wide variety of speed, load capacities and sizes.
Figure: Elevator oil buffer
Landing Door The door that is seen from each floor of a building is referred to as the outer or hoist way door. The hoist way door is dependent, as they are operated to open and close by the electric motors, or manually during emergency situations. The elevator car doors travel along with the hoist way with the elevator car, but hoist doors are fixed doors in each landing floors.
Electric motors
Steel hoist way
Figure: Annotated diagram of landing door
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Elevator Pit A lift pit is the rea that is at the bottom of the hoist way underneath the car. Some of the item that must be included are the buffer springs to catch the car if it falls or over travels. Traction elevators will have a set of springs under the counterweights as well. For the case of IOI Boulevard, an elevator oil buffer sits at the middle of the elevator pit.
Figure: Elevator pit
Uniform Building By-Laws Part VII: Fire Requirements Clause 151 Where openings to lift shafts are not connected to protected lobbies, such lift shafts shall be provided with vents of not less than 0.09 square metre per lift located at the top of the shaft. Where the vent does not discharge directly to the open air the lift shafts shall be vented to the exterior through a duct of the required FRP as for the lift shafts.
Clause 152 (i) Every opening in a lift shaft or lift entrance shall open into a protected lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening to the satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These requirements shall not apply to open type industrial and other special buildings as may be approved by the D.G.F.S. (ii) Landing doors shall have a FRP of not less than half the FRP of the hoistway structure with a minimum FRP of half hour. (iii) No glass shall be used for in landing doors except for vision in which case any vision panel shall or be glazed with wired safety glass, and shall not be more than 0.0161 square metre and the total area of one of more vision panels in any landing door shall be not more than 0.0156 square metre. (iv) Each clear panel operating shall reject a sphere 150 mm in diameter. (v) Provision shall be made for the opening of all landing doors by means of an emergency key irrespective of the position of the lift car.
Conclusion IOI Boulevard abides the requirement of UBBL 1984 in whereby the landing doors are installed on every floor levels. These steel door implementations cater the requirement where no glass shall be used for landing doors as elevator car doors.
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Elevator Car Elevator car is an essential platform that is either pulled or pushed up by mechanical means. A modern elevator consists of a cab mounted on a platform within an enclosed space called a shaft or hoistway.
Figure: Annotated diagram of exterior elevator car
Elevator Car Frame The frame is used to support the elevator cars’ cabin located at 3 different positions – upper sides and the bottom.
Figure: Elevator car frame
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Elevator Car Sling Car sling is the framework which encloses the cab. It also caters the necessity into connecting the ropes guides, and platform attach to the sling (also called a car frame). The width of the sling depends on the platform width. The height of the sling depends on the cab height.
Figure: Annotated diagrams of an elevator car sling
Travelling Ca b le The travelling cable is a flexible cable that provides electrical connection from the control panel of the machine room towards the elevator car control panel.
Figure: Travelling cables dangling down the elevator shaft
Control System There are 3 ain types of elevator operating system namely single automatic operation, selective collective operation and group automatic operation. In IOI Boulevard, the elevators utilise the group automatic operation system where many elevators are controlled with programmable microprocessors to respond. Figure: Diagram elevator control system
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8.2.3 Elevator Cabin Uniform Building By Law Part VI: Constructional Requirements Clause 124 For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at least one lift shall be provided.
Conclusion IOI Boulevard meets the UBBL requirements by providing 60 elevators with a total building height of 7 storeys and 2 levels of basement parking.
Components of Elevator Cabin Type of components
Pictures
Figure: Lift at basement level
Lift entrance
Figure: Lift at lobby level
Description
Both passenger lift and bomba lift are grouped together at one entrance. Each passenger lift links to different office units at every floor. However, due to privacy reasons, both lifts are separated at the lobby level, one can only access to a certain office unit using the linked lift.
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Components of Elevator Cabin Type of components
Pictures
Description The sensor reverses the door operation if a person or object is hit by the closing doors. In IOI Boulevard, an infrared sensor is used to detect objects in their path and prevents doors from closing.
Safety door edge
Figure: Sensor in safety door edge
Figure: Diagram of how safety door edge works
The intercom system installed at the lift lobby allows the technician to communicate with the passenger when he or she is being trapped inside the lift.
Intercom system
Figure: Intercom system at lift lobby
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Components of Elevator Cabin Type of components
Pictures
Description
Hall call panels are control panels which calls for the elevator car to the level occupants are. Except for the top floor and basement b2, each lobby has two hall buttons – one for up, another for down. The controller interacts with these buttons by receiving press and release signals indicating the requested direction and floor number. It also sends light on/off signals to indicate the status of the buttons.
Hall call panels
Figure: Hall call panels at lift lobby
The car floor is covered by porcelain tiles finishing. It acts as a platform to sustain the live load capacity to the elevator. Therefore, it requires an adequate mechanical strength to sustain forces during operation.
Car floor
Figure: Car floor of lift
The car walls of the elevators in IOI Boulevard is made of stainless steel and approximately 1.5 or 2.0 m thick depending on the car dimensions.
Car wall
Figure: Car wall of lift
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Components of Elevator Cabin Type of components
Pictrues
Description The ventilated holes allow air flow through into car lift from the shaft, so passengers will not feel suffocated when inside the enclosed lift car or when the lift is powered down.
Ventilated holes
Figure: Ventilated holes on the ceiling of the lift
Uniform Building By-Law Part VII Ventilation to lift shaft Clause 151 Where openings to lift shafts are not connected to protected lobbies, such lift shaft shall be provided with vents of not less than 0.09 square meter per lift located at the top of the shaft. Where the vent does not discharge directly to the open air, the lift shafts shall be vented to the exterior through a duct of the required FRP as for the lift shafts.
The buttons on the operating panels emit red illuminating light when it is selected. Each button is equipped with Braille which also allows the visually impaired to access the lift to other floors.
Operating panel
Figure: Operating panels on the right side of the lift cabin
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Components of Elevator Cabin Type of components
Used in IOI Boulevard
Description
The floor indicator uses a digital display panel with red dot matric indicator, which displays the floor level and direction and the floor level to the passengers.
Floor indicator
Figure: Floor indicator above the operating panel of the lift
When the elevator is malfunctioning, the passenger(s) being trapped inside the lift can press these two buttons for help. The button will send a signal to the notify the control room. There is an audio system incorporated above the buttons so that the passengers can communicate with the technician.
Emergency alarm and intercom button
Figure: Audio system connected to control room, Intercom button and Emergency alarm
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Components Of Elevator Cabin Type of components
Used in IOI Boulevard
CCTV Figure: CCTV on the corner of the ceiling of the lift
Description
A CCTV is installed in every lift shaft and operating 24/7. They are connected to the command and control centre for security purposes
Figure: TV screens showing every lift in command control centre
The command and control centre in IOI Boulevard is located at the ground floor level. The emergency signal panel is installed in the control room. When an emergency happens, the LED bulb will light bulb.
Emergency signal panel
Figure: Emergency signal panel in command and control centre
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8.2.4 Elevator Emergency Features Air Vent The air vent is installed to provide ventilation to the lift lobbies
Figure: Air vent in lift lobby
Smoke Detector If a fire occurs, the fire indicator will illuminate which triggers a buzzy ring sound. The elevator will stop operating and return to the ground floor, where the main entrance of the building to allow passengers to escape.
Figure: Smoke detector in lift lobby
Uniform Building by Law Part VII: Fire Requirements Clause 153 (i) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors. (ii) Lift not opening into smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices by light beam or photodetectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which after thirty seconds of any interruption of the beam cause the door to close within a preset time. Clause 154 (i) On failure of main powers all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any cat or landing calls and park with doors open. (ii) After all lifts are parked the lifts on emergency power shall resume normal operation: provided that where sufficient emergency power is available for operation of all lifts, this mode of operation need not apply. Clause 155 (i) The fire lifts are then to be available for use by the fire brigade on operation of the fireman’s switch. (ii) Under this mode of operation, the fire lifts shall only be operated in response to car calls but not to landing class in a mode of operation in accordance with by-law 154.
Conclusion IOI Boulevard complies with the requirement of UBBL 1984 in providing smoke detectors installed on the ceiling of every lift lobbies. Furthermore, all lifts abide the law stating under clause 154 indicating prohibit further utilization of the lift during an emergency and the clause 155 states that whereby the lifts are to be given access to fire brigades during an event of an emergency breakout.
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8 . 3 E S C A L AT O R 8.3.1 Introduction A total of 8 escalators can be found in IOI Boulevard, which locates at both ends of the ground floor level and connects to the basement B1 and basement B2. escalators are only being applied in the public areas. The escalators are able to withstand of 4800 person per hour at the speed of 0.5 minute per second with a travel height range until 6 meters.
Legend Escalator
Figure: Location of escalator in Ground Floor
Figure: Escalator found in Ground Floor connected to Basement 1
Figure: Escalator found in Basement 1 connected to Ground Floor
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Arrangement of Escalators The escalators are arranged in a parallel arrangement. This arrangement reduces space wastage and fulfil two way continuous flow of large passengers.
Figure: Diagram showing the parallel arrangement of escalator
8.3.2 Components Of Escalator Type of components
Used in IOI Boulevard
Description
The first two steps at the either end of the escalator are flat, like a moving walkway. This gives passenger extra time to orient themselves when boarding and more level time to maintain balance when exiting.
Flat steps
Figure: Flat steps on upper end of escalator
Step demarcation lines
The front and sides of the steps are coloured with bright yellow as a warning for the users Figure: Step demarcation lines found on the sides of the steps
Solid, one-piece, diecast aluminium pieces, linked by a continuous metal chain that forms a closed loop. Yellow demarcation lines are added to clearly indicate the edges
Steps
Figure: Steps of escalator
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Type of components
Landing platforms
Used in IOI Boulevard
Description
The escalator consists of a top and bottom platform connected by a metal truss. These two platforms house the curved sections of the tracks, as well as the gears and motors that drive the stairs. While for the landing platform consists of two elements which is the floor plate and comb palate.
Comb plate Floor plate Figure: Landing platforms at ground floor
The floor plate provides a place for the passengers to stand before they step onto the moving stairs. The plate is flushed with the finished floor and its either hinged or removable to allow easer maintenance
Floor plate
Figure: Floor plate at ground floor
Teeth mesh with matching cleats
Comb plate Figure: Comb plate
The comb plate is the piece between the stationary floor plate and the moving step. The teeth mesh with matching cleats on the edge of the stairs is necessary to minimize the gap between the stair and the landing which helps prevent objects from getting caught into the gap. The ends of the truss are attached to the top and bottom landing platforms by using steel supports. It supports the whole load of the escalator equipment
Truss
Figure: Elevator truss at basement 1
Figure: Components inside truss
Figure: Truss diagram
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Type of components
Used in IOI Boulevard
Description The balustrade is an exterior component of an escalator which extends above the steps and supports the handrail.
Balustrade
Figure: Balustrade at basement 1
Figure: Section cut of balustrade
The button is located at each end of the escalator, which can be pressed to stop the escalator if there is any emergency cases.
Emergency stop button
Figure: Emergency stop button at the bottom side of the elevator
The caution signs can be found on the floor plate and the balustrades at either end, which can be easily seen by the passengers.
Caution signs
Figure: Caution signs on the floor plate
A fluroscent LED light in greenish yellow colour is located beside the escalator before the boarding point, which improves the passenger’s awareness of the step divisions.
Step demarcation lights
Figure: Step demarcation lights in between two escalators
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Type of components
Used in IOI Boulevard
Description A handhold that moves along the top of the balustrade in synchronization with the steps
Moving handrail
Figure: Moving handrails on the sides of the escalators
Figure: Diagram of the components in a moving handrail
Long continuous brush made of stiff bristles runs up the sides of the escalator just above the step level
Skirt brushes
Figure: Skirt brushes
Escalator start moving when a user approaches the floor plate, energy saving
Sensor
Figure: Sensors on the side of the escalator
8.3.3 Handrail And Headroom Clearance
3000mm
The headroom measured vertically from the cladding of the lobby and landing plate of Basement 1 is approximately 3000mm, which fulfilled the minimum requirement.
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8 . 3 . 4 Tra c ks The track system is built into the truss to guide the step chain, which continuously pulls the steps from the bottom platform and back to the top in an endless loop.
There are two tracks in the track system: - Front wheels of the steps (the step wheel track) - Back wheels of the steps (the trailer-wheel track) The relative positions of these tracks cause the steps to form a staircase as they move out from under the comb plate. Along the straight section of the truss, the tracks are at their maximum distance apart. This configuration forces the back of one step to be at a 90-degree angle to the step behind it. The right angle bends the steps into a shape and resembling a staircase.
Figure: Diagram of track system
At the top and bottom of the escalator, the two tracks converge so that the front and back wheels of the steps are almost in a straight line. It causes the stairs to lay in a flat sheet-like arrangement, one after another, so they can easily travel around the bend In the curved section of track. The tracks carry the steps down along the underside of the truss until they reach the bottom landing, where they pass through another curved section of track before exiting the bottom landing. At this point, the tracks separate and the steps once again assume a staircase configuration. The cycle is repeated continually as the steps are pulled from bottom to top and back to the bottom again.
Figure: Tracks assembly major components
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The track assembly is bolted but not welded on the truss for easy removal. Sometimes they are mounted on boilerplate or curve plates at the upper and lower easy removal. Sometimes they are mounted on boilerplate or curve plates at the upper and lower landing sections. The tracks are used to guide step wheels and step chains in their travel around the escalator truss. They are curved at the upper and lower end of the incline to allow smooth transition of steps from the form of stairs to a horizontal movement, or vice versa. The lower and top end tracks are formed semi-circles to contain the chains and the step rollers going around them.
Figure: Components in circle tracks
1. Circle tracks/ crab tracks: Located at the top and bottom pits. Most of the outer circle tracks have access windows for easy step removal. Some are mounted on a removable or replaceable curve plate. Circle tracks provide smooth step travel at the end of the tracks. 2. Beveled track: Allows smooth transition of chain wheels to and from the carriage sprockets. Beveled track eliminates the bumping effect of the chain wheels to the tracks, thus minimizing premature wear and damage to the wheels. 3. Chain wheel, upper upthrust (hold down) track: Used to hold down and guide chain wheels to and from the transition. 4. Chain Wheel, Upper Line Track: Used to support the chain wheels to or from the bull gear sprockets’ top end through the incline area down to the carriage sprockets’ top, or vice versa. 5. Step Wheel, Lower Upthrust Track: A few of track used to hold down and guide step wheels to and form the transition area. 6. Step Wheel, Lower Line Track: Works in conjunction with the lower upthrust step wheel track. Flat track supports the step wheels in either ascending or descending through the incline. 7. Chain Wheel, Return track: Support the chain wheels from the bull gear lower end to the carriage lower end, or vice versa 8. Step Wheel, Return track: Slightly above the chain wheel return track at the incline section of the non-passenger side. Step wheel return track is used to position the step treads to run in parallel with the chain wheel return track.
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8.3.5 Drive System An escalator drive system includes: Drive machine and gear reducer The step drive system The handrail drive system
Figure: Section diagram of drive systems
The variation on how these two systems are combined is dependent upon the type of escalator. The drive machine used to drive the pinion gear or the main drive chain may directly or indirectly drive the Handrail Drive System.
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8.4 CONCLUSION To sum up, the mechanical transportation system applied in IOI Boulevard is well designed to cater the accessibility of the users. However, some features are not being implicated into the escalator cabin such as handrails, which is less user-friendly to the less privileged. Disabled lift and service lift is also not provided thus causing congestion happening at the passenger lift at all times. As for the escalator used, technical issues often occurs as the sensors stop functioning frequently, thus the escalator is not functioning properly at all times. Therefore, the mechanical transportation needs regular maintenance and improvement in order to enhance the user’s experience in the building.
Conclusion 0 9 : Conclusion
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T h a n k Yo u To conclude, we learnt more than just the basic understanding about the functions of each system applied after completing this assignment. From what we have analysed about the services system applications in IOI Boulevard, we noticed that the mechanical ventilation still has space to be improved as the original supply and exhaust system is not efficient enough keep a large space well ventilated. Moreover, the application of balanced ventilation system can be introduced at the underground basement to improve the air quality and the comfort level of users. With that being said, the fire protection system was well-planned and effectively working. IOI Boulevard has incorporated all the basic fire protection systems within the building in order to prevent the occur of a fire outbreak. The components of this system are all maintained and functioning properly and it is a bonus to minimize the damage in case of a fire outbreak.
Whereas for the air conditioning system applied in IOI Boulevard, the centralised air conditioning system at the central courtyard is less needed as each office units serves different functions. The application of split unit systems is more preferred as each office unit can have better control over the internal temperature based on their own needs. However, we also noticed that some of the air conditioner in the basement have stopped working due to low maintenance and to save cost on the electrical supply charges, thus creating an unpleasant experience for the users at the basement. The mechanical transportation system in IOI Boulevard consists both elevators and escalators which are well positioned as they eased the accessibility of the users. However, the size of the lift insufficient to cater many users at one time especially during peak hours. Disabled lift is also not provided thus the underprivileged is hard to access to the higher floors of the building. Service lift should also be added in order to accommodate for the purpose of loading and unloading. In a nutshell, through our case study, we learnt a lot about each system and understood their functions through exploration. Every system is very significant in any construction, and it has to be done properly and treated seriously as they compliment each other. All in all, as an individual, we have to be responsible towards our environment and always be alert to our surroundings, thus we can optimize the functions of each system when an accident occurs and better protection can be carried out.
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