Noblet nutrition of pigs jefo2016

Quebec City, 31/08/2016

Nutrition of pigs: achievements and perspectives

Jean NOBLET INRA, Rennes – St Gilles, France jean.noblet@inra.fr

Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

31/08/2016

Nutrition of pigs: introduction

2

• Feed: 55-70% of production costs of meat • Raw materials: numerous, variable, +/- costful, +/available, +/- accepted, etc.  They must be characterized and ranked (/relevant criteria) • Feed: main tool for controlling/managing the performance (growth, reproduction, quality, etc.) and consequences of animal production on environment  Quantify the pig requirements and the relationship feed  performance • Feed: support of new technologies for nutrients and their availability (enzymes, etc.), animal health, products quality, etc.

Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA

31/08/2016

1

Quebec City, 31/08/2016

Nutrition of pigs: introduction • Environnement • Welfare and behaviour • Animal health • Climate • Genetic level • Products quality • Technical & economical efficiencies • Legislation Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

3

Nutritional values of feeds

Nutritional concepts Tools-methods Nutritional requirements of pigs

31/08/2016

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Evaluation of pig feeds

Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA

31/08/2016

2

Quebec City, 31/08/2016

Evaluation of pig feeds: concepts

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• Amino acids: Total AA ==> Ileal digestible AA: apparent ==> standardised = international consensus

Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

31/08/2016

Evaluation of amino-acids (AA)

( Ileal digestion)

Non digestible losses Basal endogenous losses

Total

Apparent

Standardised

AID = (Intake – Total ileal losses)/Intake SID = (Intake – Non digestible ileal losses)/Intake Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA

31/08/2016

3

Quebec City, 31/08/2016

Lysine content in pig feeds Diet

Total 100

SID 100

Ingredients Maize Wheat Wheat bran Soybean meal AA mixture**

29 36 68 340 4580

26 33 53 353 5180

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* As % of the lysine content of a diet including wheat (6e%), soybean meal (16%), oil (2.5%), wheat bran (5%), peas (5%), HCl-lysine (0.10%), methionine (0.05%), threonine (0.05%), ..

** 50% HCl-lysine, 25% threonine, 25% methionine

Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

INRA & AFZ Tables

31/08/2016

Evaluation of pig feeds: concepts

8

• Amino acids: Total AA ==> Ileal digestible AA: apparent ==> standardised = international consensus • Energy: DE or ME ==> NE (equations); DE variable with physiological stage (at least 2), technology, supplements, etc.

Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA

31/08/2016

4

Quebec City, 31/08/2016

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Energy utilization Gross Energy (GE) dE

Fecal energy

Digestible Energy (DE) ME/DE

Urinary (and gas) energy

Metabolizable Energy (ME) k

Heat increment

Net Energy (NE) Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

31/08/2016

Energy digestibility in adult pigs and growing pigs (n=77)

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==>At least 2 energy values in pigs ==> Available "residual" Adult pig energy

dE, %

100

80

Growing pig

- 0.64 - 0.90

60 10

15

20

25 NDF, %

30

35

40

Le Goff and Noblet, 2001 Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA

31/08/2016

5

Quebec City, 31/08/2016

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Effect of technology on dE in growing pigs Technology

Mash

Wheat-SBM diets (n=2)

88.6

*

89.2

Corn-SBM diets (n=3)

88.4

**

90.3

Corn (n=5)

87

**

90

Full-fat rapeseed

35

**

83

Linseed

51

**

84

(extrusion)

Pellet

INRA data Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

31/08/2016

Effect of enzymes supplementation on fecal digestibility in growing pigs Control

+NSP enzymes

Pigs BW, kg

58.4

-

59.1

E digestibility, %

82.7

*

83.2

N digestibility

82.4

**

83.9

DE, MJ/kg DM

15.01

*

15.10

846

*

891

ADG, g

12

6 diets (x2); 5 pigs per diet; 10 days collection INRA data Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA

31/08/2016

6

Quebec City, 31/08/2016

Efficiencies of utilization of ME of nutrients in pigs (kg, %)

Protein

58

Fat

90

Starch

82

Dietary fiber

58

13

61 diets; 45 kg boars; 2.3 MJ ME/kg BW0.60; FHP=750 kJ/kg BW0.60 Noblet et al., 1993; 1994 Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

31/08/2016

Comparison of energy systems for pigs ME

DE

NEinra

Ingredients Oil

243

+

251

++

298

Wheat

101

=

102

+

105

Peas

101

=

100

-

97

68

=

67

-

63

107

-

102

--

81

Wheat bran Soybean meal

14

* As % of energy content of a compound feed (wheat: 31.5%, maize: 31.5%, oil: 2.8%, soybean meal: 16%, wheat bran: 5%, peas: 5%, rapeseed meal: 5%, …)

INRA & AFZ Tables Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA

31/08/2016

7

Quebec City, 31/08/2016

Evaluation of pig feeds: concepts

15

• Amino acids: Total AA ==> Ileal digestible AA: apparent ==> standardised = international consensus • Energy: DE or ME ==> NE (equations); DE variable with physiological stage (at least 2), technology, supplements, etc.

• Phosphorus: Total P ==> Digestible P (fecal); effects of phytase

Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

31/08/2016

Evaluation of pig feeds: concepts

16

• Amino acids: Total AA ==> Ileal digestible AA: apparent ==> standardised = international consensus • Energy: DE or ME ==> NE (equations); DE variable with physiological stage (at least 2), technology, supplements, etc.

• Phosphorus: Total P ==> Digestible P (fecal); effects of phytase • • • • • •

Dietary fibre  welfare, transit, microbiota, health, etc.

Enzymes (NSPases, phytases, etc.): "bonus" or ???

Electrolytes balance Fatty acids composition C balance, LCA Etc.

Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA

31/08/2016

8

Quebec City, 31/08/2016

Nutritional value(s) of feeds: measurement methods

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• In vivo measurements ==> "luxurious" and "illegal" ==> Alternative methods • Wet chemistry + equations/softwares for prediction (EvaPig; etc.)

• Feeding tables (INRA & AFZ 2002; etc.)

Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

31/08/2016

18

INRA & AFZ tables

Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA

31/08/2016

9

Quebec City, 31/08/2016

Feeding Tables?

Tables give mean values for “typical” ingredients.

Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

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Soybean meal 48

31/08/2016

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Freely available at: www.evapig.com; 15 languages Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA

31/08/2016

10

Quebec City, 31/08/2016

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Nutritional value of feeds: measurement methods • In vivo measurements ==> "luxurious" and "illegal" ==> Alternative methods • Wet chemistry + equations/softwares for prediction (EvaPig; etc.)

• Feeding tables (INRA & AFZ 2002; etc.)

• In vitro methods • NIRS methods

Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

31/08/2016

22

Nutritional value of feeds: measurement methods • Feeding tables (INRA & AFZ 2002; etc.)

• In vivo measurements ==> "luxurious" and "illegal" ==> Alternative methods • Wet chemistry + equations/softwares for prediction (EvaPig; etc.)

• In vitro methods • NIRS methods • Difficulties/limits: • Precision, repeatability, cost, delay, ….

• Effects of technology ("feed mill", additives/supplements) • Effects of animal: BW & stage, genotype, health, etc.

Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA

31/08/2016

11

Quebec City, 31/08/2016

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Nutritional requirements of pigs Performance prediction models Precision nutrition

Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

31/08/2016

Nutritional requirements of pigs: situation in 1980-1990 • • •

• • •

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"Average" nutritional recommendations A few stages of production (one sow feed!)

No/not much consideration of the variability of production conditions (climate, behaviour, health, etc.) and animal variability Almost no constraint for environment protection (N, P, Cu, etc.), health (antibiotics), quality Ideal protein (AA in % of lysine; Fuller; Baker) First models (Whittemore; Black; etc.)

Huge changes in potential and levels of performance of G-F pigs and sows over the last 3 decades

Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA

31/08/2016

12

Quebec City, 31/08/2016

Nutritional requirements of pigs: factorial method

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• Protein requirements: • "Improved" ideal protein (interactions between AA) • Dynamics of deposition (growth, gestation) or secretion (milk) of proteins (lysine) • Maintenance (low); efficiencies of AA utilization • Minerals requirements (P): maintenance (low) + deposition/secretion ( deposition/secretion of protein)

Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

31/08/2016

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Composition of ideal protein in pigs Amino acid Lysine (Lys) Methionine (Met) Met+Cystine (Cys) Threonine (Thr) Tryptophan (Trp) Valine (Val) Isoleucine (Ile) Leucine (Leu) Phenylalanine (Phe) Phe+Tyrosine (Tyr) Histidine (His) Arginine (Arg)

Growing pig 100 30 60 65 18 70 55 100 50 95 32 42

Pregnant sow 100 28 65 72 20 75 65 100 60 100 30 -

Lactating sow 100 30 60 66 19 85 60 115 60 115 42 Source: InraPorc

Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA

31/08/2016

13

Quebec City, 31/08/2016

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Effect of CP level on performance of piglets (12 - 27 kg BW) CP, %

20.4

18.4

16.9

Feed intake, g/d

1039

1061

1048

ADG, g

661

690

663

Feed:gain

1.58

1.54

1.58

N excretion, g/d

16.4a

12.8b

10.9b

8 pigs/treatment; 1.0 g DLys/MJ NE Le Bellego and Noblet, 2002 Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

31/08/2016

Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA

Performance Animal (BW) Environment

• Protein requirements: • "Improved" ideal protein (interactions between AA) • Dynamics of deposition (growth, gestation) or secretion (milk) of proteins (lysine) • Maintenance (low); efficiencies of AA utilization • Minerals requirements (P): maintenance (low) + deposition/secretion ( deposition/secretion of protein) • Energy requirements • Maintenance  metabolic BW • Production: adipose, lean, foetus, milk • Thermoregulation, physical activity

Performance

Nutritional requirements of pigs: factorial method

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31/08/2016

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Quebec City, 31/08/2016

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http://www.rennes.inra.fr/inraporc/ Growing pig Reproductive sow

Prediction of requirements Prediction of responses

Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

31/08/2016

Digestible Lys, g/MJ NE

Lysine requirement of growing pigs: effect of BW and sex Male

1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3

Female Barrow

BW, kg 25

Two-phases

45

65

85

==> ……… ==> Multiphase

Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA

30

105 Quiniou et al., 2010

31/08/2016

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Quebec City, 31/08/2016

Lysine requirement of pregnant sows

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InraPorc Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

31/08/2016

Lysine requirement of lactating sows

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InraPorc Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA

31/08/2016

16

Quebec City, 31/08/2016

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Individual variability

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.033

31/08/2016

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BW gain, kg/d

Appetite and performance in growing pigs: highly variable!

1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7

Intake (kg/d)

0.6 1.5

2.0

2.5

31-113 kg BW Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA

3.0

3.5

Brossard et al., 2009 31/08/2016

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Quebec City, 31/08/2016

Differences in growth and appetite affect the lysine requirement of G-F pigs

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30%

Frequency

25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% <6.0 6.5

7.0

7.5

8.0

8.5

9.0

9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 >11.0

Lysine requirement (SID; g/kg) Brossard et al., 2009 Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

31/08/2016

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Multiphase feeding vs. three-phase feeding of G-F pigs (40-130 kg BW; group and individual bases) Three-phase

Multiphase

Group

Group

Individual

ADFI, kg/d

3.05

3.07

3.05

ADG, kg/d

1.11

1.11

1.10

Protein intake, g/d

480a

433b

405b

SID lysine intake, g/d

23.8a

19.7b

17.4c

Excreted N, kg/pig

4.04a

3.54b

3.17b

Feed cost, $/100 kg gain

92.4a

89.8ab

85.3b Andretta et al., 2014

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Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA

31/08/2016

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Quebec City, 31/08/2016

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Conclusions & perspectives

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31/08/2016

Nutritional value of pig feeds: perspectives

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• Which new raw materials (for protein and/or energy)? Insects ?

Algae? PAP ? By-products? ==> Less competition with poultry, humans, industries, biofuels, etc.

• Better quantification of the effects of technologies on changes in digestion/availability of nutrients: lysine and heat treatment, grinding/pelleting/extrusion/etc. and digestion of nutrients (energy, EE, CP, etc.)

• Improvement of the degradation/digestion of dietary fiber (enzymes); effects of dietary fibre on pig physiology?

• "On line" estimation of nutritional value of feeds: NIRS methods • Other values of feeds: welfare, environment, health, etc.

• New methods: microbiota, nutrigenomic, etc. (weaning, fermentations, etc.)

Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA

31/08/2016

19

Quebec City, 31/08/2016

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Nutritional requirements of pigs: perspectives - Precision nutrition (stochastic models, technologies, …)

- To analyse strategies/methods for improving the efficiency of nutrients utilization (AA, Fibre, …)

- Better quantification of the relationship feedperformance (reproduction, health, behaviour, …)

- To include the effects of climatic environment, health status, stress, etc.

- To "clarify" the (non additive) effects of the numerous substances included in a feed - To associate the conventional quantitative methods with more mechanistic approaches (nutrigenomic, …)

Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

31/08/2016

Nutrition of pigs: introduction • Environnement • Welfare and behaviour • Animal health • Climate • Genetic level • Products quality • Technical & economical efficiencies • Legislation Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA

40

Nutritional values of feeds

Nutritional concepts Tools-methods Nutritional requirements of pigs

31/08/2016

20

Quebec City, 31/08/2016

41

Thanks

Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA

31/08/2016

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