Noblet energy in poultry&pigs feeds jefo2016

Quebec City, 30/08/2016

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Interests and limits of metabolizable energy and net energy for evaluating poultry and pig feeds

Jean NOBLET INRA, Rennes – St Gilles, France jean.noblet@inra.fr

Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

30/08/2016

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Introduction

Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA ‐ France

30/08/2016

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Quebec City, 30/08/2016

Energy evaluation is technically and economically important …..

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 Feed # 60% of cost of (pig, poultry, etc.) meat production  Energy is the main feed cost  More and more ingredients (by-products, etc.) are available; competition "feed-food-fuel"; new technologies (additives, etc.)  Nutritional values of feeds: precise hierarchy within a species, between species, etc.  What about DE vs ME vs NE for estimation of energy value in pigs and poultry?

Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

30/08/2016

Energy utilization

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Gross Energy (GE) dE

Fecal energy

Digestible Energy (DE) ME/DE

Urinary and gas energy

Metabolizable Energy (ME) k

Heat increment

Net Energy (NE) Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA ‐ France

30/08/2016

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Quebec City, 30/08/2016

DE & ME values in pigs

5 (INRA proposals)

• Affected by – BW and/or stage of production (and FL?) – Mill technologies (pelleting, etc.)

– Supplements: enzymes, etc.

• ME is standardized for N retention (50% of digested N) and CH4 losses • Feeding tables, EvaPig, prediction equations, etc. ==> More details tomorrow

Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

30/08/2016

ME values in poultry

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 ME in poultry: • AME vs AMEn vs TMEn vs etc.? Confusing!

• Broiler vs cockerel/rooster?

• Broiler vs laying hen vs duck vs turkey vs …?

• Technology, enzymes, etc.  What about AMEs? (at a standardized N retention percentage)

Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA ‐ France

30/08/2016

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Quebec City, 30/08/2016

Effect of pelleting on energy utilization in pigs and poultry Mash

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Pellet

DE/GE in pigs, %1 Wheat-SBM diets Corn-SBM diets

(n=2)

(n=3)

88.6

*

89.2

88.4

**

90.3

70.0

**

72.5

AMEn/GE in broilers, %2 Wheat-SBM-Fat diets 1INRA

(n=4)

data; 60 kg pigs

2Pirgozliev

et al. 2016; 20-24 d broilers

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30/08/2016

Stage/species effects on AMEn/GE in poultry

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(n=10 diets) 1

Rooster

Broiler (3-w)

Laying hen

Turkey (10-w)

65

77

87

349

AME, % GE

69.7

68.0

68.5

67.7

AMEn, % GE

69.0

65.3

66.4

64.3

AMEs2, % GE

72.6

68.9

69.9

67.9

DM intake, g/d

1Diets

based on wheat, corn, SBM and wheat DDGS; effect of stage/species: P<0.001 2AME standardised for retained N equal to 40% of N intake Cozannet et al., 2010 Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA ‐ France

30/08/2016

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Quebec City, 30/08/2016

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Methods for measurement of net energy

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30/08/2016

Respiration chambers: indirect calorimetry (open-circuit) O2

CO2

O2,CO ,N2 2

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CO2,N2

O2,

Heat production = f(O2, CO2, ….)

Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA ‐ France

30/08/2016

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Quebec City, 30/08/2016

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Dynamics and components of heat production

Activity HP Short term TEF Long term TEF FHP

9 8

Activity

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TEF Heat increment

Heat production (kJ/mn)

(group of broilers)

6 5

Feed 1 Feed 2

4 3

RHP;zero activity FHP (zero activity)

2 1 0 8:25

10:05

11:45 13:25

15:05

16:45

18:25

20:05

21:45 23:25

1:05

2:45

4:26

6:06

7:46

Time

FHP= Asymptotic HP after 24 hrs of fast Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

30/08/2016

NE measurement

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(in growing animals)

Net energy = ME - Heat increment

Net energy = ME - (HP - FHP)

Net energy = ME - HP + FHP

k = NE/ME

Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA ‐ France

Net energy = RE + FHP

30/08/2016

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Quebec City, 30/08/2016

FHP in broilers

1000

FHP = 444 BW0.70

800

FHP, kJ/d

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(# ad lib)

600 400 200

Metabolic BW, kg0.70

0 0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

FHP: Asymptotic HP after 24 hrs fast; zero activity Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

2.00

2.50

Noblet et al., 2015

30/08/2016

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FHP and metabolic BW? b

a

Growing pig (20-110 kg)

0.60

750

Broiler (0.5-3.0 kg)

0.70

450

Growing turkey (1-20 kg)

0.70

430

Veal calf (60-265 kg)

0.85

310

FHP, kJ = a x BWb

Asymptote after a 24 hrs fast; zero activity Previous FL # 85-100% ad libitum Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA ‐ France

INRA data

30/08/2016

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Quebec City, 30/08/2016

NE values of pig or poultry feeds

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 "Standardized" measured NE values (on diets) are combined (regression) for calculating NE prediction equations ==> NE prediction equations are dependent on concepts and measurements conditions  NE values of feeds are calculated from equations ==> NE values of ingredients in a database are directly dependent on the equation/system  NE values of ingredients in different NE systems cannot be combined Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

30/08/2016

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Net energy value in pigs

Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA ‐ France

30/08/2016

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Quebec City, 30/08/2016

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INRA Net Energy studies (pig)

• Animal model: 45 kg boars • n=61 diets meeting the requirements and chemically variable

• • • • •

(+ 40 diets for validation in growing pigs)

ME intake # 2.3 MJ ME/kg BW0.60 Indirect calorimetry; FHP = 750 kJ/kg BW0.60 Equations NE = f(…)

Evaluated in heavier and adult pigs Validated: calorimetry and growth trials

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30/08/2016

Efficiencies of utilization of ME of nutrients in pigs (kg, %) Crude protein

58

Crude fat

90

Starch

82

Dietary fibre

58

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INRA data Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA ‐ France

30/08/2016

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Quebec City, 30/08/2016

Estimation of NE content

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(pig; MJ/kg DM)

NE4 = 0.703 DE + 0.0066 EE + 0.0020 Starch - 0.0041 CP - 0.0041 CF

(RSD = 0.18)

NE7 = 0.730 ME + 0.0055 EE + 0.0015 Starch - 0.0026 CP - 0.0041 CF

(RSD = 0.17)

NEx = etc.

INRA data Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

30/08/2016

Comparison of energy systems (pig)* ME

DE

NE

NE/ME

Ingredients Fat

243

+

252

++

300

90

Corn

103

=

105

+

112

80

Pea

101

=

100

-

98

73

68

=

67

-

63

71

107

-

102

--

82

60

Wheat bran Soybean meal

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* As % of the energy value of a compound feed (wheat: 67%, soybean meal: 16%, fat: 2.5%, wheat bran: 5%, peas: 5%, …)

Consequences on results of least-cost formulation (/ fat and CP)

INRA & AFZ feeding tables

Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA ‐ France

30/08/2016

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Quebec City, 30/08/2016

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Performance of growing pigs according to energy evaluation system Growing Normal Low + ++

CP, % Amino acids Energy, MJ/BW gain DE 31.1 * 30.2 ME 29.9 * 29.2 NE 22.2 22.0

Finishing Normal Low + ++ 44.3 * 43.3 42.7 * 42.0 32.1 32.1 INRA data

Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

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Net energy value in poultry

Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA ‐ France

30/08/2016

11

Quebec City, 30/08/2016

Net energy in poultry

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Fraps, Schiemann, Farrell, Etc. …………………..

Carré et al., Coon/Cerrate, Choct et al., Etc. Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

30/08/2016

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Efficiencies of utilization of ME of nutrients in poultry (kg, %) (literature survey)

Diets

73-76

Crude protein

60-68

Crude fat

84-90

CHO

75-78

Fraps; Schiemann et al; de Groote; Carré Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA ‐ France

30/08/2016

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Quebec City, 30/08/2016

Comparative utilization of ME in pigs and broilers (1) NE/ME, % Oil/fat Corn Barley Soybean meal Source

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Broiler 87(1) 75 (2) 69(3) 59(4)

G-F pig 90(1) 80(2) 77(3) 61(4)

Cerrate-Fernandez et al., 2012 (Coon group)

Sauvant et al., 2004 (INRA Tables)

30/08/2016

Diet composition and efficiency of ME in broilers diets Trial

Diet

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Efficiency, %

1

18.0% CP 22.7% CP

75.1 74.8

2

2.8% Fat 9.7% Fat

74.3 75.5

No statistical difference between diets (within trial; tendency for fat) INRA data Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA ‐ France

30/08/2016

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Quebec City, 30/08/2016

Comparative utilization of ME in pigs and broilers (2) Diet Pigs BW, kg NE/ME, % Broilers BW, kg NE/ME, %

Normal CP

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Low CP (+AA)

57.6 73.9

NS **

57.2 75.9

1.47 74.8

NS NS

1.46 75.0

INRA data Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

30/08/2016

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Utilization of ME for NE in poultry  Similar ranking but smaller range of variation of k values between nutrients (vs. pigs) => Methodological limitations?  Not yet "universal" NE prediction equation  Applicability to other stages, species, genotypes????  Applicability of diets equations to ingredients? ==> Conflicting conclusions!!! ==> Moving further is necessary Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA ‐ France

30/08/2016

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Quebec City, 30/08/2016

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Conclusions:  In pigs: High interest and no (?) limit ==> NE is widely used  In poultry: further/updated studies are needed for confirming the interest of a NE system; + impact of species, stages, etc. And, first, ME should be "standardized"  The hierarchy between feeds for their energy value depends on the energy system: Least cost formulation results (composition, cost, etc.) depend on energy system  The importance of a "reliable" energy (and protein) system is emphasized when non conventional ingredients (co-products, high-fat, high CP, etc.) and numerous ingredients are available

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Thanks:

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- Bernard CARRE - Kees DE LANGE - Serge DUBOIS - Hervé FORTUNE - Etienne LABUSSIERE - Laurent LE BELLEGO - Gwénola LE GOFF - David RENAUDEAU - Sam SHI - Jaap VAN MILGEN - Marson WARPECHOWSKI - Etc.

jean.noblet@inra.fr

Jefo Poultry & Swine Tour Quebec City

Jean NOBLET ‐ INRA ‐ France

30/08/2016

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