The 34th Issu of JEAN

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

中英雙語 - 電子季刊 Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly

1912年孫中山像中華民國開國紀念銀質樣幣壹角 NGC MS66, 張南琛藏品

CHINA-REPUBLIC 1912 Birth of Republic of China Memento Silver Sample 10 Cents, NGC MS66, NC Collection

『 本期專題 | FEATURES 』

中國錢幣博物館 / China Numismatic Museum

1910年新疆餉銀五錢，中間有斑，NGC MS66 耿愛德/張南琛藏品

CHINA-SINKIANG 1910 Ration Silver 5 Mace, Dot in Center NGC MS66, Ex. Kann/NC Collection

讓世界更多地瞭解中國錢幣——中國錢幣博物館館長周衛榮訪談錄 Let the World Know more About Chinese Coins: An Interview with China Numismatic Museum Director Zhou Weirong

揭秘寅字黃金條塊

The Untold Story about the Gold Ingots Trademarked with寅(Yin)

名家薈萃——冠軍 - HICC 4月活動回顧

Celebrities Gather Together - Champion - HICC April Event Review

冠軍2024年12月澳門拍賣不設買家傭金/冠軍 - HICC聯合拍賣圓滿落幕

Champion December 2024 Macau Auction without Buyer's Commission - Champion - HICC Joint Auction Successfully Concluded

霍華德·包克與耿愛德的通信（1950年7月- 12月）

Howard F. Bowker - Eduard Kann Correspondence (7-12/1950)

《楚留香傳奇》紀念幣系列Ⅲ-李紅袖 'THE LEGEND OF CHU LIU XIANG' COIN SERIES III-LI HONGXIU

Consignment Deadline: 10/25

28/11—— Macau Numismatic Society Annual Show Opening Ceremony and Macau Show Panda Medal Launch (Sofitel Macau at Ponte 16, 6/F Promenade)

Macau Numismatic Society Receptional Dinner & Top Chinese Coins - 4th Edition (Silver Coins) Announcement (Restaurante Ka Nin Wa)

29/11——Champion Auction Preview & Macau Numismatic Society Annual Show (Sofitel Macau at Ponte 16, 6/F Promenade)

30/11——Champion Auction Preview & Macau Numismatic Society Annual Show (Sofitel Macau at Ponte 16, 6/F Promenade)

01/12——JEAN 30th Anniversary Auction (1994-2024) & Champion Auction Preview (Sofitel Macau at Ponte 16)

02/12—— Pickup (Sofitel Macau at Ponte 16, 6/F Promenade)

1862 Taiwan Pi Bao

Bowker Collection, NGC AU DETAILS Starting Price: USD 30,000

1890

1897 Heaton Shanxi 50 Cent Silver Chinese Family Collection, NGC SP63

1884 Kirin 5 Mace Silver NGC AU

1898 Kiangnan Circular Scale Dragon Dollar Silver, Hsi/NC Collection NGC MS62

Dollar Silver Cake

1900 Peking Dollar Silver, Restrike NGC MS64

Taiwan 5 Cent Silver, Bowker Collection, NGC AU55

Coming Shows/Auctions Champion 2024

Tokyo International Coin Convention（TICC） Table N7

(Royal Park Hotel)

Mxiqi World Coin Show Table C19

Hong Kong International Numismatic Fair (HKINF) Table E6b-E7

ANA's Worlds Fair of Money

(David L. Lawrence Convention Center)

JEAN 30th Anniversary Forum and Receptional Dinner

(David L. Lawrence Convention Center)

Hongkong International Coin Convention（HICC） Table 106

(Holiday Inn Golden Mile）

Macau International Coins & Precious Metals Expo

China (International) Coin Expo (Beijing)

Macau Numismatic Society Annual Show

(6F, Sofitel Macau at Ponte 16)

11/29

JEAN 30th Anniversary Coin Exhibition

(6F, Sofitel Macau at Ponte 16)

05.19 06.21

Consignment Deadline: 05.01 Shanghai WeChat Auction

Hong Kong WeChat Auction

Consignment Deadline: 06.01

07.21

Shanghai WeChat Auction

Consignment Deadline: 07.01

08.29

Hong Kong WeChat Auction

Consignment Deadline: 08.15

11.10

Auction

Auction

Shanghai WeChat Auction

Consignment Deadline: 10.15 Macao Auction

12.01 Consignment Deadline: 11.01

Shanghai Office

For more details, please contact us

Add：Room 1808, Bao Hua Building No. 1211, Changde Rd. Putuo District, Shanghai

Tel：86-21-62130771

Email：jeanzg1994@163.com

Champion Shanghai Store： Rm. East-09, 5/F, Yunzhou Antique City, No. 88 Damuqiao Road, Xuhui District Opening Hours：Saturday 13:30-17:00 Tel: +86-19514623548

Taipei Store

Add：First Floor Room 50,163 NanKing West Road, Taipei Tel： 886-903937339

Email：championghka@gmail.com

12.11

Hong Kong WeChat Auction

Consignment Deadline: 11.30

JEAN Website: https://jeandigital.asia/

Hong Kong Store

Add：Rm. 219, 2/F Ho Mongkok Shopping Centre, No.169-173 Portland St. Mongkok Kowloon, Hong Kong Tel：852-61650618

Email：championghka@gmail.com

委託截止時間：10/25

地址：澳門內港巴素打爾古街索菲特酒店六樓會議室

無買家傭金（No Buyers Commission Auction） 《東亞泉志》30周年拍賣會（1994-2024）

11/28——

< < < < < <

活動行程表

澳門錢幣學會年會开幕式暨澳門錢幣學會熊貓紀念章首發儀式 (索菲特酒店六樓會議室)

澳門錢幣學會年會晚宴暨《中國機制幣精品鑒賞》（銀幣版）第四版活動發佈會 （嘉年華大酒店）

11/29——冠軍拍賣會預展、澳門錢幣學會年會展 (索菲特酒店六樓會議室)

11/30——冠軍拍賣會預展、澳門錢幣學會年會展 (索菲特酒店六樓會議室)

12/01—— 冠軍澳門《東亞泉志》30周年拍賣會、冠軍拍賣會預展 (索菲特酒店六樓會議室)

12/02—— 取貨 (索菲特酒店六樓會議室)

澳門拍賣亮點 < < < < < <

喜敦版1897年陝西省造庫平三錢六分銀 質樣幣，華人家族收藏，NGC SP63

起拍價：200,000美元

1884年（光緒十年）吉林廠平五錢銀幣 NGC AU DETAILS

起拍價：60,000美元

1898年江南省造庫平七錢二分銀幣，珍珠 龍，席徳柄/張南琛收藏，NGC MS62

起拍價：200,000美元

1862年臺灣“庫”字筆寶軍餉，包克收藏， NGC AU DETAILS

起拍價：30,000美元

1900年（庚子）京局製造光緒元寶庫平七 錢二分銀幣，重鑄版，NGC MS64 起拍價：200,000美元

1890年臺灣製造光緒元寶庫平三分六厘銀 幣，包克收藏，NGC AU55

起拍價：10,000美元

歡迎感興趣的朋友前來諮詢： 電 話：+862 61650618/86-13701793363 / 01-6462709988 郵 箱： jeanzg1994@163.com

04/26-28

06/14-16

06/21-23

08/05-10

08/08

08/30-31

09/06-08

11/01-03

11/29-12/01

11/29

上海辦公室

東京國際錢幣展銷會(TICC) 展位：N7

地點：東京皇家公園酒店

麥稀奇世界錢幣展 展位：C 19

香港國際錢幣展銷會(HKINF) 展位：E6b-E7 美國匹次堡 ANA 國際錢幣展銷會

地點：美國 賓州大衛·勞倫斯會議中心

《東亞泉志》30周年論壇及招待晚宴

地點：美國 賓州大衛·勞倫斯會議中心

香港國際錢幣展銷會暨古董錶交易會(HICC) 展位：106

地點：金域假日酒店

澳門國際錢幣展銷會

北京國際錢幣博覽會

澳門錢幣學會年會展

地點：澳門 十六浦索菲特大酒店

《東亞泉志》創刊30周年特別錢幣展

地點：澳門 十六浦索菲特大酒店

（如有委託，請聯繫我們）

更多詳情 請聯繫我們

地址：上海市常德路1211號寶華大廈1808室 電話：86-21-62130771

郵箱：jeanzg1994@163.com

營業時間：每週六13:30-17:00 手機：+86-19514623548

《東亞泉志》官方網站 : https://jeandigital.asia/

臺北店鋪

地址：臺北市大同區南京西路163號1樓50室 手機：886-903937339

郵箱：championghka@gmail.com

香港店鋪

地址：九龍旺角砵蘭街169-173號好旺角商場219室 電話：852-61650618

郵箱：championghka@gmail.com

《東亞泉志》

2024免費訂閱 JEAN

中英雙語 - 電子季刊

Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly

《東亞泉志》為冠軍拍賣公司總裁周邁可先生和著名錢幣學 專家史博祿先生于1994年創辦，是一本學術性錢幣研究專業 雜誌。旨在讓廣大錢幣收藏家、研究學者更深入地瞭解錢幣 知識，讓世界各地的讀者更好地瞭解中國深厚的錢幣文化。

《東亞泉志》于1994年7月份問世，1999年停刊，發行了18 期。2015年5月，周邁可先生決定于2016年1月復刊《東亞 泉志》，聘請著名錢幣研究學者袁水清先生擔任主編。

以披露最新錢幣收藏研究成果、推介泉界成 功人士的事蹟為主。主要欄目有學術研究、 人物專訪、鑒賞爭鳴、拍賣回顧、重要信息等。

TurpinHsi,QiaoJinliang,WeiXianzhang-ThreeDirectorsoftheCentral

『本期专题|FEATURES 纽埃《楚留香传奇》发行55周年纪念币及其北京、香港首发纪实 ofTheCommemorativeCoinCelebratingthe55thAnniversaryoftheIssue TheLegendofChuLiuXiangandItsLaunchinBeijingandHongKongTheHistoryofMintinginChina(PartI) 中国造币史（上篇）April2024HongKongCoinAuctionReturnstotheHolidayInnGoldenMile中德和约之中的抵偿债券香港钱币拍卖会将于2024年4月回归金域假日酒店 ofOffsettingBondsintheAgreementRegardingtheRestorationoftheState PeacebetweenGermanyandChina

『本期專題|FEATURES』

TheDriverofGoldandSilverMonetization-Steelyard GoldOil,Gold,andtheDollar-SaudiArabia'sThree-in-oneCurrencySystemwith CoinsastheNationalCurrency 石油、黃金、美元——解讀沙特阿拉伯國家通貨金幣三合一貨幣體制

上海烚赤金條在臺灣 ShanghaiXiaChiGoldBarinTaiwan

中英雙語-電子季刊 Bilingual(English-Chinese)DigitalQuarterly

曾經珍藏“千斯倉鈔版”的“錢幣館”博物館 Themuseumthathousedthe 《中國貨幣史》1954年第一版及1958年第二版書影 AThecopiesofthefirsteditionin1954andthesecondeditionin1958of MonetaryHistoryofChina

1985年精製版壹圓熊貓紀念銅幣探源 CopperAnExplorationofthe1985One-YuanProofPandaCommemorative Coin 27HowardF.Bowker–EduardKannCorrespondence(1950.1-4) YearsinAsianNumismatics 亞洲錢幣界的27年霍华德·包克與耿愛德的通信（1950年1月-4月）

INeverDreameditWouldComeTrue 做夢都想不到的竟然成真 救國公債與新馬經驗 TheExperienceofNationalSalvationBondsfromSingaporeandMalaysia

中國造幣史（下） TheHistoryofMintinginChina HowardF.Bowker–EduardKannCorrespondence(1950.5-6) 霍華德·包克與耿愛德的通信（1950年5月-6月）

PaperTheAppearanceandDestinationoftheQiansicangStoryPicture MoneyBackPlate（Ⅰ） 千斯倉故事圖背鈔版的出現與流向（上）

2024年柏林·世界錢幣展覽會熊貓紀念章 2024WorldMoneyFairBerlinPandaMedal

纪念卡/CGCCGC10李志清签名香港首发 10LeeChiChing signedHongKonglaunchcard

中英雙語-電子季刊 Bilingual(English-Chinese)DigitalQuarterly

金章，NGC袁世凱像第二屆共和紀念會銅鍍 古德曼/BWSUNCDETAILS 藏品

40thAnn.CommemorativeMedal

往期電子雜誌 1994-2024

Reader are welcome to contribute articles

歡迎投稿!

Chinese /中文/ jeanzg1994@163.com

English /英文/ championghka@gmail.com

Advisors

顧問

Che-lu Tseng

曾澤祿

Technical Advisor

Hans-Henning Goehrum

漢斯 -亨寧 · 格魯姆

技術顧問 Marketing Advisor 市場顧問

Gu Jun 顧軍

Senior Editor

高級編輯

Bruce W. Smith

史博祿

Steve Feller

史蒂夫·費勒

Advertising & Circulation Manager

廣告與發行經理

Esther Zhao

趙婷婷

Mark Sutton 馬克·修頓

Chinese Editor 中文主編

Yuan Shuiqing 袁水清

Publisher & Editor in-Chief 出版人&總編輯

Michael H. Chou

周邁可

US Correspondent 美國通訊員

J. Matthew Brotherton 馬修 · 布拉澤頓

Design Director

美術設計

Tan Wanmei

譚婉梅

European Correspondent 歐洲通訊員

Oliver Strahl 奧利弗·斯特拉爾

Li Tingting

李婷婷

New Media Coordinator

新媒體协调员

Constance Hao

郝嘉薇

「 中英雙語 · 電子季刊 | Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly」

Wang Xuejie

王雪潔

上海辦事處Shanghai Office

上海市普陀區常德路1211號寶華大廈1808室

電話 ：+86-21-62130771

手機 ：13701793363

郵箱 ：jeanzg1994@163.com

臺北辦事處Taipei Store

臺北市南京西路163號1樓50室

電話 ：+886-2-25551761

手機 ：+886-903937339

郵箱 ：championghka@gmail.com

香港店鋪 Hong Kong Store

九龍旺角砵蘭街169-173號好旺角商場219室 手機 ：852-61650618

郵箱 ：championghka@gmail.com

FOREWORD

Welcome to the 34th issue of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics

At the beginning of the foreword, I would like to thank Mr.Yuan Shuiqing for serving as Chinese Editor since we started the digital bilingual edition in 2016. I would like to appreciate his e orts in editing our books as well. Mr.Yuan will serve as Honorary Senior Editor starting with Issue 35.

We will have a special Issue 35 which will celebrate the 30th anniversary of the JEAN and this issue be released at the 2024 ANAWorld's Fair of Money in Chicago in August.

On April 6, the first coin of the Legend of Chu Liu Xiang Commemorative Coin Series III – Li Hong Xiu and the Medal Commemorating the 40th Anniversary of the First Hong Kong Show Panda were released, and the fourth edition of Top Chinese Coins was announced, the Forum of the 30th Anniversary of the Journal of EastAsian Numismatics and an invitational dinner were held. On April 7, Champion held a joint auction with the Hong Kong International Coin Convention and Antique Watch Fair at Holiday Inn, Golden Mile. We made reviews on these events in this issue. In addition, Champion will hold a special auction with no buyer's commission to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the JEAN. For consignment or more details, please contact 886-903937339 (Taiwan)/852-61650618 (Hong Kong)/86-13701793363 (Mainland, China)/01-6462709988 (US); mhlchou@yahoo.com.

Chinese editor Yuan Shuiqing visited Zhou Weirong, the director of the China Numismatic Museum, at the beginning of this year, and he did an interview which was published in this issue.

One of the featured articles in this issue is The Untold Story about the Gold Ingots Trademarked with 寅(Yin) written by our friend Stephen Tai. This interesting article introduces the background and the circulation of this special gold ingot.

This issue continues with The Appearance and Destination of Qiansicang Story Painting Paper Money Plate by Alex NC Fung.

This part focuses on the destination of the plate.

Edoardo Chiossone:The Father of the Japanese Banknotes by Fabrizio Raponi introduces the engraver who had a profound in uence on Japanese banknotes.

The correspondence between Bowker and Kann from July to December 1950 is published in this issue. The correspondence in this half year focuses on the discussion about the contents of the advance copy of Kalgin Shih's Modern Coins of China

In this issue, we republish the rst part of The Coins of Shanghai: An Unwritten Chapter in the History of the "Capital of the Far East" by Woodward. This part illustrates the native issues and foreign issues in Shanghai.

Zhou Bian saw a printed copy of 'Quan Zhi' by Hong Zun reproduced in Kyoto in 1697, so he wrote an article about the book to introduce its signi cance. Besides this, Mr. Zhou's book reviews on the third volume of Study onAncient Coins along the Silk Road and The Family Documents of the FuTai Heng Gold Shop are covered in this issue.

Recently, the numismatic market has been active, and coin shows are bustling. Our friend Jeff Garrett reviews the 2024 World Money Fair, Berlin, while our European correspondent Oliver Strahl reports on the NUMISMATA Munich. We also share about the situation of the Hong Kong International Coin Convention and Antique Watch Fair in April.

A Review of the St.James's Sinkiang Coin SpecializedAuction by Chen Hongyu analyzes the market of the popular Sinkiang coins.

I will attend the Tokyo International Coin Convention at the Royal Park Hotel from April 26 to 28 (Table N7). We are looking forward to seeing you at the show. We hope that every reader will nd an article of interest in this issue.

Michael Chou Publisher & Editor-in-Chief

One Hundred Years of Financial Storms in Shanghai Shown through 150 Family DocumentsThe Family Documents of the Fu Tai Heng Gold Shop

New Perspectives and Achievements in the Study of Ancient Coins along the Silk Road - The Third Volume of Study on Ancient Coins along the Silk Road

A Primer on Early Japanese Numismatics: A Printed copy of QuanZhi by Hong Zun reproduced in Kyoto in 1697

Review of the Hong Kong International Coin Convention & Antique Watch Fair

Edoardo Chiossone: The Father of the Japanese Banknotes

The Appearance and Destination ofQiansicang Story Painting Paper Money Plate (II)

of

an

前 言 qian yan

歡迎大家閱讀《東亞泉志》第34期。

首先，我們想對中文編輯袁水清先生依據冠軍拍賣總裁周邁可先生 的決策，自2016年推出中英雙語電子季刊以來的工作表示感謝，同 時也感謝他對《東亞泉志》出版的多部錢幣著作的付出。自35期開 始，袁水清先生將擔任本刊的名譽資深編輯。

此外，下一期雜誌，即第35期，將作為《東亞泉志》創刊30周年特 刊，於8月在美國 ANA 芝加哥國際錢幣展銷會上發行。

冠軍拍賣在4月6日舉辦了包括《楚留香傳奇》紀念幣第三套之李 紅袖款及香港展會熊貓40周年紀念章香港首發、《中國近代機制幣 精品鑒賞》第四版啟動、《東亞泉志》創刊30周年論壇及招待晚宴 在內的諸多活動。還在4月7日與香港國際錢幣展銷會暨古董表交 易會在香港金域假日酒店聯合舉辦了拍賣會。我們特在本期進行了 回顧。另外，冠軍拍賣將於12月1日在澳門十六浦索菲特大酒店舉 辦《東亞泉志》創刊30周年特別拍賣，本場拍賣將為買家無傭金拍 賣。如欲委託拍品或瞭解詳情，可聯繫電話：886-903937339 （臺 灣） /852-61650618 （香港） /86-13701793363 （大陸）/ 016462709988 （美國）；郵箱 mhlchou@yahoo.com。

袁水清先生在年初拜訪了中國錢幣博物館館長周衛榮先生，並進行 了採訪，特在本期與各位讀者進行分享。

本期專題文章之一是我們的好友戴學文先生撰寫的《揭秘寅字黃金 條塊》，文章介紹了這一獨特金條的背景和流傳狀況，趣味盎然。

我們接續上期刊載了馮乃川先生的《千斯倉故事圖背鈔版的出現與 流向》下篇。下篇的內容聚焦於千斯倉鈔版的流向問題。

法布裏齊奧

拉波尼先生撰寫的《日本紙幣之父⸺愛多魯 伽森》，

介紹了這位對日本紙幣界影響非常深遠的雕刻師。

這期繼續刊載了霍華德 包克和耿愛德在1950年的通信，時間段為 7月至12月。在這幾個月的通信中，倆人主要就施嘉幹《中國近代 鑄幣匯考》先行本中的問題進行了探討。

本期的舊刊新載欄目與讀者分享了伍德華《上海銀幣：“遠東之都” 歷史上的未譜篇章》的第一部分。該部分主要介紹了上海本地發行 的銀餅及外國造幣廠為上海鑄造的銀幣。

周邊先生在冠軍拍賣上海辦公室見到了1697年京都翻刻的洪遵《泉 志序目》印本，特為該書撰文，介紹其重要的歷史意義。此外，他 還為《福泰亨金號家族文書》和《絲綢之路古錢幣研究》第三輯撰 寫了書評。

近期錢幣市場活躍，各地的錢幣展會熱鬧非凡。我們的好友傑夫 · 加 勒特先生撰寫了2024年柏林世界錢幣展覽會回顧，本刊的歐洲通訊 員奧利弗 斯特拉爾則就慕尼克展會發回了報導。另外，冠軍拍賣 參展了香港國際展銷會暨古董表交易會，我們也在本期進行了分享。

本期刊發了陳虹宇先生的投稿《聖詹姆斯新疆錢幣專場拍賣見聞》， 向讀者介紹了近期頗為火熱的新疆錢幣。

《東亞泉志》發行人兼總編輯周邁可先生也將參加4月26日至28日 在日本東京皇家公園酒店舉辦的東京國際錢幣展銷會（展位 N7）。 我們期待與您在展會上相見。我們也希望每位讀者都能在本期雜誌 中找到感興趣的文章。

《東亞泉志》總編輯兼出版人 周邁可

目 錄 lu mu

150 件家族文書展示上海百年金融風雲——《福泰亨金號家族文書》 絲路古國錢幣研究的新視角與新成果——《絲綢之路古錢幣研究》第三輯 日本早期錢幣學的啟蒙書：1697年京都翻刻的洪遵《泉志序目》印本 盛況空前的香港國際錢幣展銷會暨古董錶交易會 日本紙幣之父——愛多魯 · 伽森

千斯倉故事圖背鈔版的出現與流向（下） 上海銀幣：“遠東之都”歷史上的未譜篇章

專 欄 專 題

周 邊〔上海〕 周 邊〔上海〕 周延齡〔上海〕

冠軍研究室〔上海〕

法布裏齊奧·拉波尼〔日本〕

冯乃川〔香港〕 伍德華〔法國〕

讓世界更多地瞭解中國錢幣——中國錢幣博物館館長周衛榮訪談錄 揭秘寅字黃金條塊 名家薈萃——冠軍- HICC 4 月活動回顧 冠軍 2024 年 12 月澳門拍賣不設買家傭金/冠軍 - HICC 聯合拍賣圓滿落幕

霍華德·包克與耿愛德的通信（1950年7月- 12月）

袁水清〔西安〕

戴學文〔臺北〕

冠軍研究室〔上海〕

冠軍研究室〔上海〕 史博祿〔美國〕

聖詹姆斯新疆錢幣專場拍賣見聞 第54屆2024年慕尼克 NUMISMATA 錢幣展回顧 2024年柏林世界錢幣展覽會

陳虹宇〔成都〕

奧利弗·斯特拉爾〔德國〕

傑夫·加勒特〔美國〕

One Hundred Years of Financial Storms in Shanghai Shown through 150 Family Documents

TheFamilyDocumentsoftheFuTaiHeng GoldShop

◎ Zhou Yanling〔Shanghai〕

In the 1930s, there were over 300 financial institutions in Shanghai. Most were concentrated in the area around the Bund in Puxi, and Shanghai gradually became the largest financial center in the Far East. Fu Weiqun ( 傅衛群 ) is a researcher at the Shanghai Museum of History and standing director of the Shanghai Numismatic Society. He has been very productive in the study of finance and currency in modern Shanghai. He has published books 'History of Notes Issued by Old Money Changers in Shanghai' (《九府裕民 - 上海錢莊票圖史》), 'Old Shanghai Pawnshops And Pawn Tickets' (《 老上海當鋪與當 票 》), 'Records of Modern Civil Finance' (《 近代民間金融圖 志》) and 'Old Shanghai Gold Records' (《老上海黃金圖志》). These books provide extremely rich and valuable information for understanding the financial history of Shanghai in the Republic Period and researching Shanghai's financial institutions and objects. 'The Family Documents of the Fu Tai Heng Gold Shop' reflects the business and commercial operation of the gold market in modern Shanghai from another side through the family documents such as contracts, accounting records, letters, and transaction manuals of a gold company's owner.

The book is divided into six chapters. I. Founding of the Fu Tai Heng Gold Shop; II. Regulations, Meetings, and Notices of the Gold Exchange and the Gold Association; III. Entrusting Agents to Buy and Sell Standard Gold Bar; IV. Lists of Accounts and Dividends; V. Other Financial Businesses and Industrial Activities; and VI. Social Welfare and Daily Family Life. With rich pictures of documents and objects, as well as explanations and introductions by the author, the book covers the ink stamp molds for the founding contract of the gold shop, the notices of election and regulations of the enterprise association, letters in response to changes in the international price of gold and bidding for standard gold bar, and even children's report cards and invoices for telephones, etc. It makes a clear and detailed account of all aspects of the founding process, business dealings, and daily family life of the Fu Tai Heng Gold Shop. At the beginning of the book, there are two articles, namely, 'The Gold Market and the Gold Bar in Modern Shanghai' and 'The Formation of the Far East Financial Center in Modern Shanghai', which systematically describe the formation and growth of finance in Republican Shanghai and the trading and varieties of gold bars in the gold market. The last chapter, the Appendix, introduces the underground gold exchanger of the Communist Party of China, that is, Ding Yuan Money Exchanger, with precious historical photos shown in the book.

Most of the research on coins has paid attention to the coin for a long time and paid little attention to the letters, accounts, and bills. The research and display of so many documents from the Fu Tai Heng Gold Shop opens up a new perspective and direction for financial and monetary research.

The first edition of 'The Family Documents of the Fu Tai Heng Gold Shop' ( 福泰亨金號家族文書 ) by Fu Weiqun ( 傅衛群 ) was published by Shanghai Century Publishing (Group) Co., Ltd and Shanghai Scientific & Technical Publishers in June 2023. The book is 889 mm in width and 1194 mm in length. ISBN 978-7-5478-6172-1/G.1164. Priced at RMB 198.

New Perspectives and Achievements in the Study of Ancient Coins along the Silk Road

The Third Volume of StudyonAncientCoinsalongtheSilkRoad

◎ Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕

The third volume of 'Study on Ancient Coins along the Silk Road' (《絲綢之路古錢幣研究》) edited by Yuan Wei ( 袁煒 ) and Yang Fuxue ( 楊富學 ), was published by Gansu Literature and Art Publishing House in September 2023. The diversity and complementarity of the economies and cultures of the East and the West have made the Silk Road a long-lasting large artery. The diverse politics, economics, and culture of countries along the Silk Road brought about different currency cultures. Through the exchange, mutual influence, and development of the Silk Road, new shapes, patterns, and materials were applied to coins. This makes the current study of ancient coins used along the Silk Road fascinating.

This volume has two parts, namely, general topics and specialized topics. There are 9 general papers and 17 specialized papers, totaling 26 papers. From different perspectives and directions, a full range of ancient coins along the Silk Road are researched and discussed. The article 'Record of Silk Road Gold Coins in the Northwest Minzu University Museum Collection' details the 47 Silk Road gold coins in the collection. 'A Multicultural Exploration of Dunhuang Culture and Silk Road Coins' examines the intrinsic relationship that exists between these numismatic cultures through cultural phenomena such as the patterns and texts on the coins of the ancient countries along the Silk Road.

'The Overview of the Development of Ancient Coins Unearthed in Azerbaijan' reflects the political and economic situation through the ancient coins unearthed in Azerbaijan in different periods. The article 'Buddhism And Monetary Economy –Explore the Buddhist Money and Currency Use In Monasteries from Unearthed Coins and Data' believes that religion and monetary economy are closely related, and the spread of religion is inseparable from currency. 'The Study of Cowrie Shells - The Earliest Currency along the Silk Road', analyzes the cowrie shells found in archaeological excavations in the Gansu and Shaanxi provinces over the years and examines their origins and functions.

'Coins and Their Circulation Around the Red Sea Trade During the Roman Empire Period' analyzes the scale and currency value of ancient Rome's trade through the currency in the trade, so as to understand the economic situation of the Roman Empire.

'Boot Button: The New Evidence to Prove the Founder of the Kushan Dynasty Came from Central Asia' shows that the founder of the Kushan dynasty came from Central Asia, through the comparison of the pattern on the boot button of the people in Central Asia and the costume of the figure on the Kushan coins. 'Polytheistic Idolatry of Iranian Religious Beliefs in the Kushan Empire from Coins and Other Perspectives' examines

the influence of polytheistic idolatry of the Iranian religious beliefs in the Kushan Empire through the appearance of religious deities on the coins of Kushan. 'The IndoGreek Coins Imitating SinoKharosthi Coins by Scythians from Beglam' describes the discovery of coins imitated by Scythians from the beginning of the Common Era which were handed down to the Kushan Empire and circulated to the Kingdom of Khotan. 'The Silk Road and the Exchanges between the East and the West in Ancient Times - Centered on the Sino-Kharosthi Coins' explains that the Sino-Kharosthi coin is a product of a diversified cultural environment, embodying the exchanges and fusions between Eastern and Western cultures. 'The Correcting of the Name of the Sino-Kharosthi Coins' argues that the Sino-Kharosthi Wu Zhu Coins are not related to the Kharosthi script and that the symbols on the coins are tribal and clan emblems. 'Research on Cash Coins Imitating Chinese Kai Yuan Tong Bao Coins by Sogdiana' holds that this kind of imitation is the expression of the vassal relationship between the Tang dynasty and Sogdian, and it also reflects a relatively independent political status of the Sogdiana under the vassal relationship. 'A Study on the Money Minted in the Zhetysu of Central Asia by Qarluks' holds that the Qarluks who ruled the Zhetysu did not issue unified circulating coins in this area but allowed local lords under the jurisdiction to cast their coins.

The third volume of 'Study on Ancient Coins along the Silk Road' focuses on the recent results and shows new perspectives on the study of ancient coins along the Silk Road, making it a book required in coin studies, especially for enthusiasts of Silk Road coins.

The third volume of 'Study on Ancient Coins along the Silk Road,' 1st edition, September 2023. ISBN 978-7-5490-2633-3. Size: 787mmx1092mm. Priced at RMB 96.

Contact: Tel: 0931-2131306, Jia Li, Wang Jun

Address: No. 1, Caojia Lane, Chengguan District, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, postcode, 730030

Website: http://www. gswenhua.cn. E-mail: http://www.gswenhuapress@163.com

150件家族文書展示上海百年金融風雲 《福泰亨金號家族文書》

◎ 周延齡〔上海〕

20世紀30年代開始，在滬的金融機構有300家之多。大都集 中在浦西外灘附近地區，上海漸漸成為遠東最大的金融中 心。傅為群先生是上海市歷史博物館研究員、上海市錢幣學 會常務理事。在研究近代上海金融與貨幣上成果斐然。相繼 出版了《九府裕民-上海錢莊票圖史》《老上海當鋪與當票》 《近代民間金融圖志》和《老上海黃金圖志》等專著。為了 解民國上海金融史，研究上海金融機構與實物，提供了極為 豐富珍貴的資料。《福泰亨金號家族文書》的出版，使我們 從另一個側面，通過瞭解一個金號業主的合同、帳本、信函 與交易手冊等家族文書，折射出近代上海黃金市場的業態與 商業運作。

傅為群先生編著的《福泰亨金號家族文書》一書，由上海 世紀出版（集團）有限公司 上海科學技術出版社出版發行， 2023年6月第1版。開本889mmX1194mm、1/16 印張11.75。 國際標準書號：ISBN978-7-5478-6172-1/G.1164。定價人民 幣198元。

《福泰亨金號家族文書》全書按內容分為六章：一、創立 福泰亨貞記金號，二、金業交易所、金業公會規章、會議 和通知，三、委託代理標金買賣，四、帳本清單及分紅貼， 五、其他金融業和實業，六、社會公益和家庭日常。以文 書及實物圖片和著者釋讀與介紹，從創建金號合同議墨圖 章模具，企業公會選舉通知與規章，到國際金價變化應對 及標金交易信函，甚至小孩成績單與電話移機發票等文書 圖片，並附有許多歷史照片，清晰詳盡地反映福泰亨金號 創立過程、業務往來與家庭日常的各個方面。在書的前部， 刊有《近代上海的金市與金條》《近代上海遠東金融中心的 形成》兩篇專論，系統述論了民國上海金融成長的過程和 金市金條的交易與品種。第七章附錄中則介紹了中共地下 金庫-鼎元錢莊，並附有珍貴的歷史照片。

長期以來金融錢幣研究大都注重於錢幣實物，對書信帳本 票據等不太重視。這批福泰亨金號文書的研究與展示，內 容極為豐富，也為金融貨幣研究開闢了一個新視角與方向。

絲路古國錢幣研究的新視角與新成果

《絲綢之路古錢幣研究》第三輯

◎ 周 邊〔上海〕

楊富學、袁煒主編的《絲綢之路古錢幣研究》第三輯， 2023年9月由甘肅文藝出版社出版（如圖）。東西方經濟與 文化的多樣性與互補性，使絲綢之路這條大動脈長久不衰。

絲路沿線古國的不同的政治經濟文化，產生了不同的貨幣文 化。通過絲路得以交流，相互影響與發展，使貨幣在形制、 圖案與材質上獲得與形成了新的內容。也由此使今天的絲綢 之路古錢幣研究充滿了誘人的魅力。

《絲綢之路古錢幣研究》第三輯全書分總論與專題兩個部 分。其中總論9篇，專題17篇，共計26篇論文。從不同的 視角與方向，全方位的對絲綢之路古錢幣進行研究與探討。

《西北民族大學博物館藏絲綢之路金幣敘錄》一文，詳細介 紹了館藏的47枚絲路金幣。《敦煌文脈與絲路錢幣多元文化 探旅》通過絲路古國的錢幣上的圖案文字等文化現象，來研 究這些錢幣文化存在的內在關係。《阿塞拜疆出土古錢幣發 展歷程綜述》則通過阿塞拜疆不同時期出土的古錢幣來反映 當時的政治經濟社會狀況。《佛教與貨幣經濟-從出土錢幣 及資料看寺院的供養錢與貨幣使用》認為，宗教與貨幣經濟 密切相關，宗教傳播離不開貨幣。《絲路最早的貨幣-貨貝 研究》通過分析歷年甘陝出土考古發現的貨貝，從中研究其 的來源與功能。《羅馬帝國紅海貿易的錢幣與錢幣流通》通 過貿易中的貨幣，來分析古羅馬的貿易規模和貨幣價值，從 而瞭解羅馬帝國經濟運作情況。《靴扣：貴霜王朝建立者源 自大月氏新證》通過大月氏靴扣上的圖案，與貴霜錢幣圖 案上人物服飾等比較的相關性，來說明貴霜王朝統治者來 自大月氏。《從錢幣等看貴霜伊朗系宗教信仰的多神偶像崇 拜》以貴霜錢幣上出現宗教神像，來研究伊朗系宗教多神偶 像崇拜對貴霜影響。《漢佉二體錢裏的貝格拉姆斯基泰人仿 製印度-希臘硬幣》介紹了發現的公元初斯基泰人仿製的錢

幣，流傳至貴霜時期 並流通到於闐的考證。

《絲綢之路與古代東 西方貨幣交流-以漢 佉二體錢為中心》闡 述了新疆漢佉二體錢 是多元化文化環境下 的產物，體現了東西 方文化的交流與融 合。《“漢龜二體五銖 錢”正名》認為“漢 龜二體五銖錢”與龜 茲文無關聯，錢上的 符號是部落與部族徽記。《粟特仿中國“開元通寶”錢幣研 究》通過研究認為粟特仿中國“開元通寶”錢幣是唐與粟特 藩屬關係的表現，也反映藩屬關係下諸國獨立於唐的政治狀 態。《8-9世紀中亞七河地區葛邏祿鑄錢考》通過考證，認為 統治七河地區的葛邏祿沒有發行統一的可流通七河全境的 貨幣，但允許下轄的地方領主自鑄貨幣。《絲綢之路古錢幣 研究》第三輯集中展示了近期絲綢之路古錢幣的新成果，顯 示了絲綢之路古錢幣研究的新視角，是一本錢幣研究特別是 絲路錢幣愛好者需要的書。

《絲綢之路古錢幣研究》第三輯，書號：ISBN978-7-54902633-3, 開本：787mmx1092mm 1/16, 行銷中心電話：09312131306，賈莉、王俊，地址：甘肅省蘭州市城關區曹家巷1號， 郵編：730030網址：http://www.gswenhua.cn。郵箱：http:// www.gswenhuapress@163.com 2023年9月第1版，定價：人民 幣96元。

A Printed copy of QuanZhi by Hong Zun reproduced in Kyoto in 1697 A Primer on Early Japanese Numismatics

◎ Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕

Recently, I saw a thread-bound ancient book 'Quan Zhi' [《 泉 志 》 , Records of Coins] from the famous American coin collector Howard Franklin Bowker at the editorial department of the 'Journal of East Asian Numismatics'. It had been reprinted in Kyoto in the first lunar month of 1698. I took the book home to

study, and I would like to share my opinions of the book.

'Quan Zhi', written by Hong Zun ( 洪遵 , 1120-1174) of the Southern Song dynasty, is a fifteen-volume work of ancient Chinese coins. The book was written in 1149 during Emperor

Gaozong's reign of the Southern Song dynasty. It covers more than 300 kinds of coins used at home and abroad before the Five Dynasties. The book divides the coins into nine categories, including coins that have been officially circulated and used, counterfeit coins, coins whose dates are unknown, high-quality coins, knife coins, foreign coins, special coins, extremely rare coins, and charms. It has preserved important information on ancient Chinese coins. The reprinted versions made in the Song and Yuan dynasties have been lost. According to 'The Catalog of Existing Chinese Ancient Rare Books' (《中國古籍善本總目》), the earliest edition existing was reprinted in the Ming dynasty. In 1806 during the Jiaqing Emperor's reign in the Qing dynasty.

Qu Mu-Fu ( 瞿木夫 ) wrote 'Continuation of Quan Zhi' [《 泉 志補政 》] and 'Renewal of Quan Zhi' [《 泉志續編 》], with 20 volumes in each. Song Zhenyu ( 宋振譽 ) also wrote eight volumes of 'Renewal of Quan Zhi', and his son Song Qingning ( 宋慶凝 ) wrote another volume of 'Renewal of Quan Zhi', which recorded more than 600 additional kinds of coins which included coins up until the Ming dynasty.

This Japanese reproduction of the 'Quan Zhi', with a black cover, measured 220 mm in by 160 mm. In the upper left corner is written the four characters ' 泉志序目 ' (Preface of Quan Zhi). Although the cover is torn and the pages have termite holes, there are no defects and the text and images are relatively complete. Each page has nine lines, with eighteen characters per line. The pictures of the coins are clear. This book, written in Chinese, is in a simple and elegant style. At the beginning of the book there are two forewords and a contents table, followed by 15 chapters of illustrations. Given there is an annotation by Xu Xiangmei ( 徐象梅 ) of Qian Tang County at the end of the book, it can be traced to a reprint of the original edition in Japan in 1697, based on the Chinese edition in the Ming dynasty. It is the earliest book on coins in Japan and is quite invaluable.

Genroku was a Japanese era after Jokyo and before Hoei. The Genroku period spanned the years from September 1688 to March 1704. The reigning emperor was Emperor Higashiyama and Tokugawa was the shogun. The era was a period of relative stability and prosperity for Japan, and the economy flourished. The famous Genroku culture was created at this time. The Genroku culture was given birth against the rise of

large cities such as Edo, Osaka, and Kyoto, as well as a series of small industrial and commercial cities, and the rise of the merchant class. The book of the Ming dynasty was reprinted and published in response to the demand for coin collecting, which enabled Japanese numismatists of the time to have a systematic understanding of ancient Chinese coins. This printed copy is a reflection of this history from the Japanese side.

The collecting and study of Chinese coins by Japanese collectors may have become fashionable in the Genroku era. Later, during the Qianlong and Jiaqing reigns of the Qing dynasty, the collecting and study of ancient Chinese coins became even more popular. Japanese numismatists classified and organized Tang and Song coins and mainly focused on Song coin plates. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Japanese numismatists systematically collected and studied ancient coins from China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and Southeast Asia. Finally, they produced three very far-reaching numismatic works, known as the three major Japanese numismatic catalogs, namely the 'Kosen Daizen', 'Showa Senpu', and 'Toa Senshi'. The book 'Quan Zhi', which was first reproduced and printed in 1697, enlightened the study of Japanese coins and laid the foundation for the creation of these catalogs, as the source and milestone of many Japanese catalogs.

QuanZhi

日本早期錢幣學的啟蒙書

1697年京都翻刻的洪遵《泉志序目》印本

◎ 周 邊〔上海〕

圖1 包克舊藏《泉志序目》 圖2 刻泉志序 圖3《泉志》卷之三

近日在冠軍旗下《東亞泉志》編輯部，見到一本線裝古籍 《泉志序目》（圖1）。該書為日本元祿十年丁丑正月於京都 翻刻，是著名美國錢幣收藏家霍華德·佛蘭克林·包克的舊 藏，遂取回研讀。現將讀後心得敘述如下。

《泉志》為南宋洪遵（1120年-1174年）所著，是研究中 國歷代錢幣的著作，共十五卷。書成於南宋高宗紹興十九年 （1149年）。收錄五代以前中外歷代各種錢幣三百餘種，分 為正用品、偽品、不知年代品、天品、刀布品、外國品、奇 品、神品、厭勝品等九類。保存了中國古代錢幣的重要資料。

早年宋、元兩代刻本已佚。據《中國古籍善本總目》記載， 現存最早的《泉志》為明代刻本。清朝嘉慶十一年（1806年） 瞿木夫著有《泉志補政》，以後又作《泉志續編》，各二十卷。

宋振譽著有《續泉志》八卷，其子宋慶凝著有《續泉志續補》 一卷，所錄錢幣至明朝為止，共增達600多種。

這本日本翻刻的《泉志序目》，為220mmx160mm開本， 黑色書面，左上墨書“泉志序目”四字，封皮有破損，書頁 有蛀孔，但無缺損，文字與刻圖較完整。每頁九行，行十八 字，錢圖清晰，墨色楚楚，全書漢字，古樸典雅。首先為“刻 泉志序”（圖2）與“泉志序”“泉志總目”，後為十五卷圖文 （圖3）。最後為“泉志跋”。“泉志跋”中有“錢塘徐象梅識” 字樣，依此此書可考為日本天祿十年（1697年）按我國明 代刻本翻刻。是日本最早的錢幣書籍，彌足珍貴。

元祿是日本的年號之一。在貞享之後、寶永之前。年代在 1688年至1704年期間。其時的天皇是東山天皇。江戶幕府 的將軍是德川綱吉。元祿年間是日本相對穩定與鼎盛的時 期，經濟極為繁榮。日本史上著名的“元祿文化”就產生在 此時。江戶、大阪、京都等大型城市和一系列小的工商業城 市均發展起來，市民階級（町人階級）興起，成為“元祿文 化”出現的土壤。將明代《泉志》翻刻出書，以順應民間錢 幣收藏的需求，使當時的日本泉家對中國古錢有了系統的認 識。這本元祿年間京都翻刻的《泉志》印本，就是從一個側 面反映了這段歷史。

日本藏家對於中國古錢的收藏與研究，也許在元祿年間已成 為時尚。其後在清代乾隆嘉慶年間，中國古錢的收藏和研究 更為盛行。日本泉家開始對唐宋錢進行分類與整理，並注重 宋錢版別的研究。在19世紀末至20世紀初這一段時間，日 本錢幣學家對中國、日本、朝鮮、越南以及東南亞地區的古 錢幣進行了系統的收集和研究。最終產生了三部影響十分深 遠的錢幣學著作，史稱日本三大泉譜：《古泉大全》《昭和 泉譜》和《東亞泉志》。最早在1697年翻刻印行的《泉志》， 對日本錢幣研究的啟蒙，為這些錢譜的產生打下了基礎，是 日本諸多錢譜的源頭和里程碑。

Review of the Hong Kong International Coin Convention & Antique Watch Fair

◎ Champion〔Shanghai〕

After four months, Hong Kong once again hosted a numismatic event. The Hong Kong International Coin Convention & Antique Watch Fair was held from April 9 to 11 at B3, Holiday Inn Golden Mile Hong Kong. The show was crowded with exhibitors and visitors from home and abroad. Many coin collectors lined up at the entrance early, waiting for admission.

Mr. Yu Min, former Senior Designer of Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd. and winner of the Lifetime Achievement Award for Design of the COTY, also participated in the show and communicated with the visitors at Champion Auction table B106. Mr. Yu Min also received an exclusive interview with the newspaper Wen Wei Po and exchanged views with Ms. Fang Xiao, editor-in-chief of China Collections.

The pickup of the Champion-HICC Auction also took place at this show. Collectors who came to pick up their coins met each other and had in-depth exchanges.

Mr. Yu Min and Mr. Mercury Fung, Founding President of the Greater China Hong Kong Collectors Association, admired the L. Giorgi's manuscripts of 1911 Empire Dollars and the manuscript of the Dragon and Phoenix Silver Dollar with L. Giorgi's signature

From left: HICC organizer Simon Wong, HICC organizer Sam Hung, China Collections editor-in-chief Fang Xiao, Yu Min, former Senior Designer of Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd., NGC senior advisor King Chan

and enjoyed

Two Singaporean collectors at the Champion Auction table

Mr. Yu Min's interview with Wen Wei Po

Collectors shared

photos of coins in their collections

Hong Kong International Coin Convention & Antique Watch Fair

展銷會現場

盛況空前的香港國際錢幣展銷會暨古董錶交易會

◎ 冠軍研究室〔上海〕

自2023年12月香港國際錢幣展銷會成功舉辦之後，時隔四個月，香港再次舉辦 錢幣盛會。

此次香港國際錢幣展銷會暨古董錶交易會於4月9日至11日在香港金域假日酒店 B3舉辦。現場人頭攢動，海內外展商和觀眾齊聚。不少錢幣愛好者早早便在門 口排隊，等待入場。

原上海造幣有限公司高級工藝美術師、世界硬幣大獎賽終身成就獎得主余敏先生 也參加了本次展會，並在冠軍拍賣B106展會與前來的錢幣愛好者進行交流。期 間，余敏先生還接受了《文彙報》記者的專訪，並與《中國收藏》雜誌主編方曉 女士進行了交流。

冠軍-HICC提貨也在本場展會進行。眾多前來提貨的藏家也在此相互結識，並 且進行了深入的交流。

余敏先生與香港大中華錢幣學會創會會 長馮炳壽先生一起欣賞 L. Giorgi 宣三銀 幣設計手稿及 L. Giorgi 簽字龍鳳銀幣 手稿

左起：HICC 主辦方黃健輝、HICC 主辦方 孔慶森、《中國收藏》雜誌主編方曉、原 上海造幣有限公司高級工藝美術師余敏、 NGC 資深顧問陳景林

余敏先生接受《文彙報》記者專訪

藏家相互分享並欣賞各自藏品的照片

兩位新加坡藏家在冠軍拍賣展位進行交流

Edoardo

Chiossone:

The Father of the Japanese Banknotes

◎ Fabrizio Raponi〔Japan〕

It was January 14, 1875, two days after his arrival at the port of Yokohama, after a journey by sea of more than a month, when Edoardo Chiossone, a middleaged Italian with his French interpreter Naruse Tsunekazu, entered the office of the Director of the Paper Money Bureau of the Japanese Ministry of Finance, TOKUNO Ryotsuke.

Tokuno Ryosuke was a samurai of the Satsuma domain, which along with the Choshu domain took the lead in overthrowing the Tokugawa feudal government in 1867. He had served in high positions in three ministries.

Tokuno, born in Kagoshima, was deeply devoted to the national interest, highly respected and esteemed for his great historical and literary knowledge. In 1874 he was assigned the direction of the Paper Money Bureau, and his first act, only two months into his job, was to terminate the Government's dependence on private firms for banknote and stamp printing. Rather, he hired three European specialists: Chiossone as engraver, Karl Anton Bruck as a printer, and Bruno Liebers as a typographer.

Usually, it was the norm, when employing an oyatoi gaikokujin (foreign expert) that the details of the employment contract were established with precision, but

Chiossone, in the interview with director Tokuno, said that he would leave the details to the director's decision and he would do his best to train the Bureau's engravers.

This behavior attracted the admiration of Tokuno and the various officials of the Bureau. In fact, from the Japanese perspective, creating a relationship of trust goes beyond a written contract and the attitude of Chiossone created from the very first moment sympathy and trust.

Tokuno was particularly in favor of the introduction of new machinery and modern techniques. For this reason Chiossone, although a foreigner could not obtain such an official title, at the age of just 43 became the head of the Paper Money Bureau, managing the modernization policies of production, and setting the path for the creation of the

current National Printing Bureau.

Many of Chiossone's students became famous both in government departments and in private companies. His students were among the founders of one of today's largest global printing companies with 169 branches around the world: Toppan Printing Co., a firm that today ranges from the health care and science industries, to education and cultural exchanges, urban space and mobility, energy, and food resources. Chiossone himself had a hand in supporting Toppan.

Chiossone instructed the Japanese on the most modern printing techniques of the time, still unknown in Japan. He designed bonds, paper money, and stamps; he taught the art of western printing; how to make paper with watermarks; and importantly, how to make multiple plates from a master plate.

It was customary in the second half of the 19th century to exchange photos as business cards. This recent discovery shows a photo of a young Chiossone with his original signature and a dedication to Giacomo Grillo, governor of the National Bank in the Kingdom of Italy and the first Director General of the Bank of Italy.

He effectively created an engraver's school inside the Bureau, and for sixteen years all the banknotes issued in Japan were produced under his direction. Even today, at the Japan National Printing Bureau, admiration for this Italian gentleman among Japanese workers in the sector remains high, and he is considered the father of Japanese paper money.

But let's start from the beginning. Edoardo Chiossone was born in Arenzano in Liguria, Italy in 1833.

He made his first studies in Genoa at the school of Don Pessini, a well-known institute at that time, where his cousin David Chiossone was also a pupil.

Following in the footsteps of another cousin, Domenico Chiossone, a famous copper engraver in Florence, Edoardo enrolled at the Accademia Ligustica of Fine Arts in Genoa, where he learned the basics of drawing and engraving from Raffaele Granara. The Academy, founded in 1751, was a prestigious institute where painting, sculpture, and engraving were taught. The talent shown by Chiossone in the engraving field was already visible while attending school, and he often earned awards for his excellent results.

At the age of 22 he finished his studies and entered the workshop of Granara, making progress in the reproduction of works by intaglio printing. In a collection of works of the best students of the Academy entitled Prints of the Accademia Ligustica of Fine Arts, we can find three works by Chiossone: "Giotto and Cimabue," "The violin player," and "Bread and tears." At the age of 29 he was

made an honorary member of the Brera Academy of Milan. In addition to being an expert engraver, he also specialized in drawing, making very realistic portraits and combining it all with his technique and skill as an engraver. In 1867 he won a silver medal at the International Exposition in Paris.

He was hired as an engraver for the new National Bank in the Kingdom of Italy, established after the unification of Italy, and was posted to Dondorf & Naumann in Frankfurt, Germany to specialize in the latest techniques for carving and engraving plates. The desire of Chiossone was to become the engraver of the figures to be placed on the Italian banknotes once the new Printing Bureau would have been created.

Between 1870 and 1872, the Japanese government commissioned the production of nine different denominations of government notes at Dondorf & Naumann; it was the largest order received in the company's history.

The design and creation of these notes was assigned to Chiossone. His are the

10 Sen banknote (Pick 1) issued by Dondorf & Nauman on behalf of the Japanese government, designed by Chiossone

drawings and engravings of dragons and phoenixes on Japanese bank notes of 1872, issued on behalf of the Japanese Ministry of Finance with the values of 10 and 20 Sen, 1/2 yen, 1, 2, 5, 10, 50, and 100 Yen. Known in Japan as German shihei (German banknotes), the notes are in a vertical format and differ in color but with common motifs, showing a dragon and a phoenix reflected symbolizing the Emperor's absolute authority, established by the Meiji Restoration, replacing the Tokugawa Shogunate Government. Therefore, the initial stage of Japanese paper money was designed with dragons. Since the long journey by sea was very risky, the banknotes were printed in Germany and completed in Japan where, on the back, the bank's seal and the serial number were affixed.

With the end of the order in 1874, the plates were sent to Tokyo together with Japanese technicians trained in Germany and the production of these notes continued in Japan. To date, no method has yet been identified to differentiate banknotes produced in Germany from those produced in Japan.

In 1876, the Printing Bureau Workshop was constructed in Tokyo's Otemachi district, near the Emperor's Palace, in a then-modern, secure brickwork building. A large stone phoenix (called h ōō in Japanese), about two meters high, was placed on the roof of the building. Unfortunately, the structure was destroyed by the Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923, leading to the relocation of the plant to Tokyo's Oji District. However, the restored stone figure still stands inside the factory, and today, a stylized phoenix

Another recent discovery are these original proof of banknote designs for the Bank in the Kingdom of Italy executed at Dondorf & Nauman with figures of Italy, Andrea Doria, Machiavelli, Raphael, Bellini, Michelangelo, Leonardo, Gaetano Filangieri, and Vittorio Alfieri. Certainly the work of Chiossone who wished to see his designs on the emerging Italian banknotes.

serves as the official symbol of the Japan Printing Bureau.

After the experience of the 1872 issue for the Japanese government, Chiossone prepared various drawings thinking that they could be used by the National Bank in the Kingdom of Italy. He recorded the figures of Columbus, Leonardo, and "Italia," as well as a design for a 1,000 lire banknote. A recent find of prototypes of intaglio notes produced at Dondorf & Naumann confirms his activities intended for use on Italian banknotes.

Unfortunately, the relationship between the National Bank in the Kingdom of Italy and Dondorf became complicated, creating a disappointment for Chiossone, who decided to leave Dondorf to go to De La Rue in London. In London he was contacted by the Japanese government with an offer of an expert's position for the Meiji Government.

This was an important historical moment

for Japan, and the Japanese government spared no expense to quickly develop knowledge of new technologies.

Chiossone was offered a trip to Japan in first class, a house, and a monthly salary of 450 yen. Considering that the average annual salary of an employee was 160 yen, we can understand how attractive the offer was.

The Meiji restoration, effectively the Meiji revolution, grew out of a series of political, social and economic changes that caused the downfall of the Tokugawa shogunate and the creation of a unitary state of a modern type, through the return of governmental powers from the shogun to the emperor. The young emperor Mutsuhito, who took the reign title "Meiji," became the first emperor in several centuries with political powers.

encompassed all but the earliest weeks of the 44 year reign of Emperor Mutsuhito, who began to change the political, social, and economic structure of Japan based on western models. It is in this area of politics and social developments that Chiossone was involved in working for the Paper Money Bureau of the Japanese Ministry of Finance, which built the finance of the country from its foundations.

The Meiji Period ("the period of the enlightened realm"), which went from January 1, 1868 to July 30, 1912,

The government immediately realized that the various securities, not just the banknotes, should be under the direct control of the Paper Money Bureau, which had absorbed the Printed Document Bureau in 1875. The addition of bonds, revenue stamps, postage stamps, and other certificates to the Bureau's responsibilities created a huge commitment of work. Chiossone was very busy and at times, as delivery deadlines approached, he gave up his holidays and worked on Sundays, while on weekdays he maintained a phenomenal work schedule, starting at 6:00 in the morning and finishing at 10:00 in the evening. Between 1875 and 1878, he could not even return to Italy for the death of his mother, since that was the most intense period of work. The Minister of Finance and director Tokuno were so impressed by Chiossone's dedication to work that in 1881 his salary was increased to 700 yen per month, plus an annual premium of 300 to 500 yen. In any case, Chiossone's work had already been noticed the year before, when he had received from the Meiji government the Fourth Order of Merit and the small cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun.

In 1871 the unification of Germany and the establishment of the German Empire were accompanied by a new German common currency, the mark. Production of banknotes transferred to the Reichsdruckerei, a public institution for the production of stamps, banknotes, and legal papers officially founded on July 6, 1879 in Berlin. The large orders received by Dondorf & Naumann were canceled and the firm had to sell 17 presses and accept the transfer of three specialists to Japan. Dondorf und Naumann must have predicted that they would lose their banknote printing business from German local State banks. During the discussion for the Japanese banknote printing order, a promise was made that should Japan decide to print its own paper money, they would provide engineers and printing presses. The transfer of technology and experience, under Chiossone's guidance, formed the basis for the expansion of banknote printing in Japan.

With the arrival of foreign experts, Japanese artists who had produced banknotes with the technique of etching were laid off. Chiossone was left as the

only person truly able to produce steelengraved vignettes for banknotes and certificates. The Japanese engravers had no experience in three-dimensional drawing of figures, and acquiring this specialization in a short time was practically impossible. Chiossone had specialized in this field during long years of apprenticeship. In just two years, the Paper Money Bureau became the first in the East. On November 17, 1877, Tokuno and Chiossone escorted Emperor Meiji for a visit to the Bureau. The Emperor was so positively impressed that eleven days later his wife, Empress Haruko, and her mother, Empress Asako, also went for a visit.

The first banknote produced entirely in Japan was created in 1877. It is a very important event that marks the ability of Japan to produce its own banknotes autonomously, without resorting to the help of other foreign powers. The note is the one-yen denomination of the second series of National Bank notes, known as the "sailor's note" for the vignette of the two sailors at the helm looking to the horizon and symbolizing one of the

Proof of 5 Yen banknote (Pick 21). The vignette depicting three blacksmiths at work represents one of the policies of the Japanese government: encouragement of industry. In the background the addition of Printing Bureau building suggested by Tokuno Ryosuke with the phoenix and a smoking chimney

government's policies: a strong military.

A five-yen banknote followed in 1878, featuring a vignette depicting two blacksmiths at work with a third observing, set against the backdrop of the Printing Bureau. Another government policy aimed to encourage industry. On 10 December 1878, the Paper Money Bureau was renamed the Printing Bureau. Particularly for this banknote, we know that Tokuno suggested to his superior the importance of a complicated intaglio design to combat counterfeiters. His suggestion included incorporating into the design the Printing Bureau, which is visible in the background with the phoenix and a smoking chimney.

In 1881, Chiossone produced the first Japanese banknote with a full-face portrait. The one-yen note carries an effigy of the legendary Empress Jingu, heroine of an alleged invasion of Korea in the third century. Working from ukiyo-e prints (Japanese artistic wood-block prints), various paintings, and sketches of many beautiful girls who worked at the Bureau, he managed to trace a

A document dated February 19th, 1877, from Tokuno Ryosuke, Director of the Paper Money Bureau, to Okuma Shigenobu, Minister of Finance, suggesting the importance of incorporating design engraving in the banknote to prevent counterfeiting, along with the suggestion to include the Paper Money Printing Bureau building on the 5 yen banknote (Pick 21)

The legendary Empress Jingu on the 10 Yen banknote (Pick 19). Third portrait in the series and the first Japanese banknote with a human portrait

noble figure. The five- and ten-yen notes followed in July 1882 and September 1883. In these three notes, there are three slightly different portraits of the Empress Jingu. The portrait in the tenyen has more realistic Japanese features than the first banknotes, where the shape of the eyes and the long nose make her look more like a foreign woman. This series of three notes was officially called kaizo shihei (improved banknotes). They were noted for their durability and other merits, such as the portrait that made counterfeiting more difficult, and the paper being produced from a special plant called "mitsumata" (oriental paper bush), which was utilized by traditional private paper mills in Japan for making security paper. This mitsumata paper was very strong, with a smooth surface good for printing, especially suitable for security paper like banknotes. It was also excellent for watermarking, contributing to its effectiveness against counterfeiting, and would be used for producing banknotes for many years to come.

Over a century passed before the Japanese would see another woman on a Japanese banknote. The 2,000 Yen Okinawa commemorative issued in the year 2000

The 10 Yen banknote (Pick 24) featuring the image of Daikokuten, the god of commerce

depicted Murasaki Shikibu, a courtesan and novelist who lived more than 1,000 years earlier.

In 1885 the new Bank of Japan was born, and it was necessary to create notes of that institution (the previous notes had all been treasury notes). The Daikoku banknotes, as they are familiarly known because they show the figure of Daikokuten, god of wealth, were issued in denominations of one, five, ten, and one hundred yen. The fiveyen note shows the figure of Daikokuten on the back. All of the Daikoku vignettes include rats or mice in the scene, signifying household wealth (plentiful food). The Bank of Japan took additional precautions to discourage counterfeiters, using a light blue ink difficult to photograph and using flour extracted from the konnyaku (devil's tongue) plant to strengthen the paper. Unfortunately, there were some real problems with this strategy. The lead in the blue ink reacted with the hydrogen sulphide present in onsen (hot springs), popular spas in Japan, and became black. The flour of konnyaku turned out to be very much appreciated by insects and mice.

A new government directive, in 1887, specified that only the figures of seven people indicated by the government could be shown on bank notes: Takeuchi no Sukune, Sugawara Michizane, Wake no Kiyomaro, Fujiwara Kamatari, Shotoku Taishi, Yamato Takeru no Mikoto, and Sakanoe no Tamuramaro (who never appeared on a note). These were all historical figures who had shown loyalty and support for the various imperial courts. These portraits were all executed by Chiossone, and they continued to be used long after his death.

Several of his contemporaries served (presumably unknowingly) as models. A Shinto priest of the Kanda Myojin temple (not far from the Bureau) would be the model for the portrait of Takenouchi no Sukune on the one-yen. Various portraits were available of Sugawara Michizane, protector of culture, for the five-yen. Minister Kido Takayoshi became Wake no Kiyomaro for the ten-yen note. Finally, the then-Finance Minister Matsukata Masayoshi provided the inspiration for the portrait of Fujiwara Kamatari on the one hundred-yen note. This banknote would be the last one produced by Chiossone who, in 1891, five days after

Detail of the 5 Yen banknote (Pick 27) with the portrait of Sugawara no Michizane

Bust of Chiossone preserved at the Stamp and Banknote Museum of Tokyo

completing the plates, retired after having worked for 16 years at the Printing Bureau.

Chiossone was also a great art collector. At his death he left about 15,000 objects to his alma mater, the Ligustica Academy of Fine Arts of Genoa. Its collection is today the Museum of Oriental Art of Genoa. Many Japanese art objects in collections of European museums are said to have belonged to his collection. Moreover, in 1879 Chiossone, was part of the group invited by the Bureau Director Tokuno to make a reconnaissance trip of the cultural assets of Japan that lasted about five months. Over 500 photographs were taken and Chiossone produced 200 drawings, then collected in a series of eight books entitled Kokka Yoho (The Lasting Fragrance of National Glory) with drawings reproduced in color lithographs and published by the Workshop between 1880 and 1883. Three other volumes entitled Ise Naiku Shinpobu (Treasures of the Inner Temple of Ise) and Shosoin Gyobutsu (The Imperial Properties

Detail of the portrait of Emperor Meiji executed by Chiossone without ever seeing the emperor in person. Chiossone hid among the bushes of the garden to observe and sketch the Emperor. Later, Chiossone would borrow the emperor's military uniform to wear it and make a portrait of himself in uniform. The result was highly appreciated by the Imperial Court

of Shosoin) contain large doublepage illustrations printed in chromolithography and photo-lithography. Many prints were also exhibited in Boston in 1883 in the Foreign Exhibition of Products, Arts, and Manufactures. The diary of this trip by Tokuno, published ten years later by his son, shows that the two, in addition to the themes linked to the intrinsic aims of the journey, had long and pleasant conversations.

The fame of Chiossone in Japan was not limited to banknotes, but also extended to portraits. In fact, it can be said that Chiossone became, de facto, the portrait painter of the Imperial Court. The official portrait of the Meiji Emperor is due to him. This is why Chiossone was popular in the court and that just before retiring he was awarded the Third Order of Merit and the third degree of the Order of the Sacred Treasure. At his death on April 11, 1898, the imperial court donated the sum of 500 yen for his funeral and many politicians and famous personalities of the time participated.

The transport of one of the Emperor's portraits designed by Chiossone, at the Yokosuka elementary school in July 1890, remained forever a historical event. In order to obtain a copy of the portrait, the district head, the mayor, the school principal, and some members of the city council presented themselves at the headquarters of the province. The Goshin-ei, as the portrait is called by the Japanese people, was placed inside a wooden box, specially prepared and put on top of a small altar used to present offerings. The journey from Yokohama to Yokosuka took place on a ferry; on the arrival pier people crowded to welcome the portrait and to accompany it in procession along the way to the school. A group of students had a banner reading "Welcome to His most respectable image!" The chronicles of the time report that the emotion was palpable and that the elderly wept with joy at the passage of the imperial portrait. In the following days, many students from other schools presented themselves for a visit to the Go-shin-ei, because we must bear in mind that for the Japanese of the time, the emperor's portrait was the emperor himself.

Chiossone's contribution to the development of Japanese art, after the nation's opening to Western civilization, was monumental. Not only can we can call him the "father of the banknote," but the "father of Western printing techniques in Japan."

Chiossone is buried at Aoyama's foreigners' cemetery in Tokyo. On his plaque is an epigraph in Italian: "to the sacred memory of Professor Edoardo

Chiossone, born in Arenzano (Italy) in 1833, died in Tokyo on 11 April 1898."

An obituary of 14 April 1898 in the Asahi Shinbun in Tokyo states: "On the 11th, Mister Chiossone, awarded the Third Order of Merit, residing in Japan, died from illness. Born in Arenzano in the province of Genoa, in Italy, an instructor who had taught in Italian public academies such as Milan, he was hired at the Printing Bureau of the Ministry of Finance in 1875, and in May 1880 he was awarded the Fourth Order of Merit, in July 1891 he obtained the Order of Third Merit. In the same month, after finishing his contract, he left the Printing Workshop and later became a consultant for the Fine Arts Association. He was 65 years old. His works include numerous engravings including the Emperor's portrait, the new banknotes, the exchange notes, the Bank of Japan convertible notes, privileged treasury bonds, convertible treasury bonds, the bonds of Nakasendo railways, the titles of the Ministry of Finance, bills of exchange, stamps, tobacco tax seals, etc. In addition to these, Chiossone has recorded many others. He was very generous in philanthropic works and on his deathbed he made a will to donate 3,000 yen for the poor in the Kojimachi neighborhood, where he had lived for a long time and donations to his servants. Yesterday the imperial court contributed 500 yen for the funeral."

There were more than 500 plates engraved by Chiossone, many of which have been lost, but his spiritual heritage has not been lost. Even today, the Italians residing in Tokyo, every year, during cherry blossom season, group themselves by his grave

Poster of the 2017 exhibition on the 150th anniversary of the National Printing Bureau featuring images of Edoardo Chiossone and Tokuno Ryosuke. In the small Japanese caption below Chiossone's image, it reads: "Father of modern Japanese banknotes". Visible also is the then-modern brickwork building of the National Printing Bureau

for a toast among compatriots and to remember this unforgettable artist who greatly contributed to the modernization of Japan.

（ Originally published on IBNS Journal）

Official documents regarding the acceptance of machinery from Dondorf und Naumann, as reported by Kyonari Yoshida, Bureau Director of Finance and deputy Minister of Finance, on May 15th, 1874, to Sanetomi Sanjo, Prime Minister. The 10page report discusses original plates for each denomination, original Erhöht letterpress plates, cliché plates, numbering plates, and proofs for each denomination.

日本紙幣之父 愛多魯 · 伽森

◎ 法布裏齊奧·拉波尼 〔日本〕

意大利中年男子愛多魯·伽森 （Edoardo Chiossone）和他的法語 翻譯成瀨先生（Naruse Tsunekazu） 在經過一個多月的海上旅行抵達橫濱 港。兩天後的1875年 1月14日，他們 走進了日本大藏省紙幣局局長得能良 介的辦公室。

得能良介是薩摩町的武士，曾在三省擔 任要職。 1867年，薩摩町與長州藩一 起率先推翻了德川封建政府。

得能良介生於鹿兒島，深深致力於維 護國家利益，因其淵博的歷史和文學 知識備受尊敬。1874 年，他受命領導 紙幣局，上任僅兩個月，他做的第一 件事就是解決政府對私營公司印製紙 幣和郵票的依賴。他聘請了三位歐洲 專家，即雕刻師愛多魯·伽森、印刷 工卡爾·安東·布魯克（Karl Anton Bruck）和排版工布魯諾·利伯斯 （Bruno Liebers）。

通常情況下，在聘用外國專家時，會 在雇傭合同裏準確地確定細節。但伽 森在與得能良介的會談中表示，他將 把細節留給局長決定，並將盡全力培 訓紙幣局的雕刻師。

他的行為得到了得能良介和紙幣局官 員的欽佩。事實上，日本人建立信任 關係的條件並不局限於書面合同，所 以伽森的態度從一開始就贏得了人們 的贊同和信任。

得能良介特別支持引進新機械和現代

技術。因此，雖然外國人無法獲得這 樣的官職，但伽森在年僅43歲時就成 為了紙幣局領導，他制定了管理生產 的現代化政策，並為建立現在的國家 印刷局鋪平了道路。

伽森的許多學生在政府部門和私營企 業中聲名鵲起。他的學生是當今全球 最大的印刷公司之一——日本凸版印 刷株式會社的創始人之一，該公司在 世界各地擁有169家分支機構。

如今，該公司的業務範圍已從醫療保 健和科學產業擴展到教育和文化交流、 城市空間和交通、能源和食品資源。 伽森本人也支持了這家日本凸版印刷 株式會社的發展。

伽森向日本人傳授了當時最先進的印 刷技術，而這些技術在當時的日本尚 不為人所知。他設計了債券、紙幣和 郵票，傳授了西方印刷術，教授如何 製作帶浮水印的紙張。更重要的是， 他還傳授了用一個母版製作多個印版 的方法。

他在局內創辦了一所雕刻學校。日本 隨後十六年中發行的所有紙幣都是在 他的指導下製作的。時至今日，日本 國立印刷局的日本工人對這位意大利 紳士依然非常欽佩，並將他視為日本 紙幣之父。

讓我們從頭開始瞭解愛多魯·伽森。愛 多魯·伽森於1833年出生在意大利利 古裏亞的阿倫紮諾。

他最初在熱那亞的Don Pessini學 校學習。這所學校在當時很有名 氣，他的堂兄大衛·伽森（David Chiossone）也是這所學校的學生。

愛多魯追隨另一位表兄——佛羅倫 斯著名銅幣雕刻師多梅尼科·伽森 （Domenico Chiossone）的腳步， 進入意大利熱那亞美術學院學習。他 在那裏從拉斐爾·格拉納拉身上學到 了繪畫和雕刻的基礎知識。意大利熱

19 世紀下半葉，人們習 慣將照片作為名片交換。 最近發現的這張照片是 伽森年輕時的照片，上 面有他的原始簽名和致意 大利王國國家銀行行長 兼意大利銀行首任行長賈 科莫 格裏洛（Giacomo Grillo）的獻詞。

那亞美術學院成立於1751年，是一所 教授繪畫、雕塑和雕刻的著名學府。

伽森在雕刻方面的天賦在上學時就已 經顯露出來，經常因為出色的成績而 獲獎。

伽森22歲時完成學業，進入格拉納 拉工作室，在凹版印刷作品方面進行 發展。我們可以在一本名為《意大 利熱那亞美術學院版畫》（Academy entitled Prints of the Accademia Ligustica of Fine Arts）的學院優秀 學生作品集中，找到伽森的三幅作品， 包括《西馬布埃和喬托》《小提琴手》 和《麵包與淚水》。他在29 歲時被授予 米蘭佈雷拉學院榮譽會員稱號。他除 了是雕刻專家外，還擅長繪畫，可以 創作出非常逼真的肖像畫，並將這一 切與他作為雕刻家的技術和技巧相結 合。1867年，他在巴黎世界博覽會上 獲得銀獎。

意大利統一後，伽森受聘擔任意大利 王國新成立的國家銀行的雕刻師，並 被派往德國法蘭克福專門從事紙幣印 刷的唐多夫和瑙曼公司（Dondorf & Naumann），專門學習雕刻和雕版的 最新技術。伽森希望一旦新的印刷局 成立，他就能成為雕刻意大利紙鈔人 物的雕刻師。

唐多夫和瑙曼公司（Dondorf & Nauman） 代表日本政府發行的十錢紙幣。該紙幣由 愛多魯 伽森設計（Pick 目錄編號1）

這些最新發現的由唐多夫和瑙曼公司為意大利王國銀行設計的紙幣原樣，上面印有意 大利人物，包括安德魯 多利亞（Andrea Doria）、馬基雅弗利（Machiavelli）、拉斐爾 （Raphael）、貝裏尼（Bellini）、米開朗基羅（Michelangelo）、利奧納多（Leonardo）、 蓋塔諾 · 菲蘭傑裏（Gaetano Filangieri）和維托裏奧 · 阿爾菲裏（Vittorio Alfieri）。

這些當然是伽森的作品，他希望自己的設計能出現在新的意大利紙幣上。

日本政府在1870年至1872年間委託唐 多夫和瑙曼公司生產了九種不同面值 的政府紙幣，這是該公司歷史上收到 的最大訂單。

這些紙幣的設計和創作工作由伽森負 責。他繪製並雕刻了1872年代日本大 藏省發行的日本紙幣上的龍鳳圖案， 這種紙幣的面值為十錢和二十錢、1/2 日元、1日元、2日元、5日元、10日元、 50日元和100日元。這些紙幣在日本被 稱為“德國紙幣”（German shihei）， 為豎版紙幣，顏色各異，但圖案都是 龍鳳呈祥，象徵着明治維新取代德川 幕府政府建立的天皇政權的絕對權威。 因此，日本紙幣的初期設計是以龍為 主題的。由於長途海運風險很大，因 此鈔票在德國印製，在日本加蓋銀行 印章和序列號於紙鈔背面後完成。

隨着1874年的這筆訂單的結束，印版 與在德國接受培訓的日本技術人員一 起被送往東京，這些紙幣繼續在日本 生產。迄今為止，還沒有找到一種方 法來區分德國生產的紙幣和日本生產 的紙幣。

1876年，印刷局工廠在東京大手町， 靠近天皇宮殿。 當時那是一座很現代、 很安全的磚砌建築。建築的屋頂上有 一只高約兩米的大石鳳凰（日語稱為 hōō）。不幸的是，這座建築在 1923 年的關東大地震中被毀，於是工廠搬 遷到東京王子町。不過，修復後的石 鳳凰仍矗立在工廠內。如今，這只造 型優美的鳳凰已成為日本印刷局的官 方標誌。

伽森有了1872年為日本政府發行紙幣 進行的經驗，準備了各種手稿，希望 意大利王國的國家銀行也能使用。他 描繪了哥倫布、萊昂納多和“佈雷西 亞”的形象，並為1 000里拉紙幣進行 設計。最近在唐多夫和瑙曼公司發現 的凹版紙幣原型證實了他是為了在意 大利紙幣上使用而進行的設計。

遺憾的是，意大利王國國家銀行與唐 多夫和瑙曼公司之間的關係變得複雜 起來。這讓伽森感到失望。他決定離

開這家公司，前往倫敦的德納羅公司 （De La Rue）。伽森在倫敦時，日本 政府邀請他擔任明治政府的專家。

這對日本來說是一個重要的歷史時期， 日本政府不遺餘力地迅速發展新的技 術知識。

伽森坐頭等艙前往日本，並獲得了一 套房子，月薪450日元。鑒於當時員工 的平均年薪是160日元，我們就能理解 這份工作的吸引力有多大了。

明治維新（實際上是明治革命）源於 一系列政治、社會和經濟變革，這些 變革導致德川幕府垮臺，並將政府權 力從幕府交還給天皇，建立了一個現 代統一國家。以“明治”為年號的年 輕天皇睦仁成為幾個世紀以來第一位 擁有政治權力的天皇。

明治時期（“開明盛世”）從1868年1月 1日持續到1912年7月30日，除了睦仁 天皇統治的最初幾周外，這個時期囊 括了他在位的44年時間。睦仁天皇開 始根據西方模式改變日本的政治、社 會和經濟結構。正是在這一政治和社 會發展領域，伽森在大藏省紙幣局工 作，而大藏省從根本上建立了日本的 財政體系。

政府立即意識到，不僅是紙幣，各種 有價證券也應由紙幣局直接控制。該

局已於1875年合併了文件印刷局。紙 幣局的職責範圍增加了債券、印花稅 票、郵票和其他憑證，從而產生了巨 大的工作量。伽森非常忙碌，有時臨 近交付期限，他就放棄節假日，在周 日工作。而他在工作日總保持着驚人 的工作時長，從早上6點開始，到晚上 10點結束。1875年至1878 年期間，他 甚至無法因母親去世而返回意大利， 因為那是他工作最緊張的時期。伽森 的敬業精神給大藏省省長兼局長的得 能良介留下了深刻印象。1881年，伽 森的工資增加到每月700日元，外加 每年300至500日元的保險費。而伽森 的作品在此之前的一年就已受到關注， 當時他獲得了明治政府頒發的四等功 勳章和旭日勳章。

1871 年，伴隨着德國的統一和德意 志帝國的建立，一種新的德國通用貨 幣——馬克誕生了。1879年7月6日在 柏林正式成立的帝國印刷局是一家生 產郵票和紙幣的公共機構。唐多夫和 瑙曼公司被取消了大量的訂單，不得 不出售17臺印刷機，並將三名專家調 往日本。唐多夫和瑙曼公司肯定預料 到，他們將失去德國地方國有銀行的 印鈔業務。因此在討論日本印鈔訂單 時，公司承諾，如果日本決定有其印 製紙幣，他們將提供工程師和印刷機。 在伽森的指導下，唐多夫和瑙曼公司 的技術和經驗轉讓為日本印鈔業的發 展奠定了基礎。

隨着外國專家的到來，使用蝕刻技術 製作紙幣的日本藝術家紛紛下崗。伽 森成為唯一真正有能力製作紙鈔和憑 證鋼板圖案的人。日本雕刻師沒有立 體人物畫的經驗，要在短時間內掌握 這一專業技能幾乎是不可能的，而伽 森在多年的學徒生涯中專門從事這一 領域的工作。在短短兩年時間裏，紙 幣局就成為了東方國家的第一大紙幣 局。

1877年11 月17日，得能良介和伽 森陪同明治天皇訪問了該紙幣局。天 皇深受感動。11天後，明治天皇的妻 子日本昭憲皇后美子及其母親英照皇 太后也前去拜訪。

第一張完全由日本製造的紙幣誕生於 1877年2月19日。這是一個非常重要 的事件，標誌着日本有能力在不借助 其他外國力量的幫助下自主生產自己 的紙幣。這張紙幣就是國民銀行第二 版紙幣中的一日元面額紙幣，因其圖 案是兩名水手掌舵眺望地平線而被稱為 “水手紙幣”，這也象徵着政府的強軍 政策。

5日元紙幣（Pick 目 錄編號 21）上面的 圖案描繪了三位鐵 匠工作的場景，體 現了日本政府鼓勵 工業發展的政策。 背景是由得能良介 提議增建的印刷局 大樓，上面有鳳凰 和冒煙的煙囪

隨後，又在1878 年發行了一張 5 日元 紙幣，圖案以印刷局為背景，場景描 繪了兩名鐵匠正在工作，另一名鐵匠 正在看着他們工作。這象徵着政府的 另一項政策——鼓勵工業發展。1878 年12月10日，紙幣局更名為印刷局。 我們從這張紙幣上可以知道得能良介 向他的上司建議採用複雜的凹版設計 來打擊假幣的重要性。他的建議包括 在設計中加入印刷局，這個背景中可 以看到鳳凰和冒煙的煙囪。

1881

年，伽森製作了第一張帶有正面 人物肖像的日本紙幣。這張一日元紙 幣上印有傳說中神功皇后的肖像，據 稱她是三征朝鮮的女英雄。他根據浮 世繪版畫（日本藝術木刻版畫）、各種 繪畫以及在該局工作的許多漂亮女孩

1877年2月19日，紙幣局 局長得能良介向大藏省 省長大隈重信提交了一 份文件，建議在紙幣中 加入圖案雕刻以防紙幣 被偽造這一事件的重要 性，並建議在5日元紙 幣（Pick 目錄編號 21） 上加入紙幣印刷局大樓 的圖案

傳說中的神功皇后出現在10日元紙幣上 （Pick 目錄編號19）。這是該紙幣上的第 三個肖像，這款紙幣也是日本第一張帶有 人物肖像的紙幣。

日本人一個多世紀後才在日本紙幣上 看到另一位女性的形象。2000年發行 的2 000日元沖繩紀念鈔上描繪了1000 多年前的歌妓和小說家紫式部。

新的日本銀行在1885 年誕生。日本銀 行有必要發行自己的紙幣（以前的紙 幣都是國庫券）。大黑鈔因印有大黑天 財神的形象而被人們所熟知，面額有 1日元、5日元、10日元以及100日元。

有大黑鈔的圖案中都有老鼠，寓意家 財萬貫（食物豐富）。為了打擊造假者， 日本央行採取了額外的預防措施，那 就是使用了一種難以拍照的淺藍色墨 水，並使用了從海芋植物中提取的粉 來強化紙張。遺憾的是，這一方法確 實存在一些問題。藍色墨水中的鉛會 與日本流行的溫泉中的硫化氫發生反 應變成黑色，而海芋粉則很容易吸引 昆蟲和老鼠。

1887年，日本政府頒佈了一項新指 令，規定紙幣上只能有政府指定的七 位人物的肖像。這七位人物是武內宿 禰、菅原道真、和氣清麻呂、藤原鐮 足、聖德太子、日本武尊、阪上田村 麻呂（但這位從未在紙幣上出現過）。 這些人都是對朝廷忠心耿耿的歷史人 物。這些人物的肖像畫都是伽森創作

10 日元紙幣（Pick 目錄編號 24）上有財神大黑天 的形象 的肖像為基礎，成功地描繪出了一個 高貴的形象。隨後，又在1882 年7月和 1883年9月相繼發行了5日元和10日元 紙幣。這三張紙幣上，有三幅略有不同 的神功皇后肖像。與第一版紙幣相比， 10 日元紙幣上的肖像具有日本特徵， 因為第一版眼睛的形狀和長鼻子使她 看起來更像一個外國女人。這三個系 列的紙幣被正式稱為改良紙幣。這些 紙幣的紙張因其耐用性和其他優點而 備受關注。比如紙張上的肖像使偽造 變得更加困難，而且紙張是由一種名為 “三椏皮”的特殊植物製成的，這種 植物被日本傳統的私人造紙廠用於製 造防偽紙張。這種三椏皮紙非常結實， 表面光滑，適合印刷，尤其適用於紙 幣等防偽紙張。此外，它還非常適合 打浮水印，從而提高了防偽效果，在 未來許多年裏都被用於製作紙幣。

5日元紙幣的背面是大黑天的圖案。所

的，在他去世後很長一段時間內仍在 使用。

與伽森同時代的幾個人（大概是在不 知不覺中）成為了紙幣上人物的原形。 神田神社寺廟（離神社不遠）的神道 教僧侶是1日元紙幣上武內宿禰肖像的 原型。5日元紙幣上菅原道真的形象綜 合了多位文化保護者的形象。10日元 紙幣上的和氣清麻呂則是明治政府重 臣木戶孝允與的形象。最後，當時的 財務大臣松方正義為100日元紙幣上的 藤原鐮足肖像提供了靈感。這張100日 元是伽森製作的最後一張鈔票。1891 年，伽森在完成這張紙鈔印版五天後， 從工作了16年之久的印刷局退休。

伽森還是一位偉大的藝術收藏家。他 去世時，為母校熱那亞美術學院留

印有菅原道真肖像的5日元紙幣 （Pick 目錄編號 27）細節

保存在東京郵 票和紙幣博 物館的伽森 半身像

上圖為明治天皇肖像的細節。伽森在沒有 見到天皇本人的情況下完成了這幅肖像。 他躲在花園的灌木叢中觀察了日本天皇 並對其進行寫生。後來，伽森借來天皇 的軍裝穿上，為自己畫了一幅穿軍裝的肖 像。他的作品得到了日本皇室的高度讚賞

可以稱他為“日本西方印刷技術之父”。

伽森安葬在東京青山外國人公墓。在 他的紀念匾上有一段意大利文的題詞： “永遠懷念愛多魯·伽森教授。1833 年生於意大利阿倫紮諾，1898年4月11 日卒於東京。”

下了約15 000件藝術品。如今，他的 藏品被收藏在熱那亞東方藝術博物 館。據說歐洲博物館收藏的許多日本 藝術品原來都是他的收藏。此外，伽 森於1879年應得能良介的邀請，參加 了對日本文化資產的考察，考察持續 了約五個月。伽森拍攝了500多張照 片，並繪製了200幅素描，這些素描被 收錄在一套名為《國家榮耀的持久芬 芳》（Kokka Yoho）的系列叢書中。 該套叢書共八冊，其中的素描被翻版 成為彩色的石版畫，於1880年至1883 年間由日本印刷局出版。另外三卷名 為《伊勢內殿的珍寶》（Ise Naiku Shinpobu）和《正倉院的皇室財產》 （Shosoin Gyobutsu）的書中包含用 彩色石版印刷和照片石版印刷的大幅 雙頁插圖。1883年，伽森的很多版畫 在波士頓舉行的“外國產品、藝術和 製成品展覽”上展出。十年後，得能 的兒子出版了得能關於這次旅行的日 記。從日記中可以看出，除了與旅行 目的相關的主題外，倆人還進行了長 時間的愉快交談。

伽森在日本的名聲不僅限於紙幣，他 在肖像畫領域也非常有名。事實上， 伽森可以說是皇室的肖像畫師。明治 天皇的官方肖像就是出自他手。因此，

伽森在皇室中很受歡迎，並在退休前 被授予三等功勳章和三等功聖寶勳章。

伽森於1898年4月11日去世，日本朝廷 為他的葬禮資助了500日元，當時的許 多政治家和名人都參加了他的葬禮。

1890年7月，伽森繪製的一幅天皇肖 像被運到橫須賀小學。這永遠是一個 歷史性的事件。為了獲得這幅畫像的 複製品，區長、市長、校長和市議會 的一些成員來到了省首府。日本人稱 這幅畫像為“禦真影”（Go-shin-ei）， 它被放在一個特製的木盒中，然後放 置在一個用來供奉祭品的小祭壇上。 從橫濱到橫須賀需要乘坐渡輪。當畫 像在抵達碼頭時，人們簇擁着畫像， 歡迎畫像的到來，並一路護送畫像前 往學校。一群學生拉起了橫幅，上面 寫着“歡迎參觀他那最尊貴的畫像！” 據當時的編年史記載，當時的氣氛十 分熱烈，老人在看到皇室畫像時喜極 而泣。在接下來的日子裏，許多其他 學校的學生都來參觀禦真影。我們需 要知道的是，對於當時的日本人來說， 天皇的畫像就是天皇本人。

在日本對西方文明開放之後，伽森對 日本藝術的發展做出了不朽的貢獻。 我們不僅可以稱他為“紙幣之父”，還

1898 年4 月14日，東京《朝日新聞》 發佈訃告寫，“11日，居住在日本的伽 森先生因病去世，他被授予三等功勳 章。伽森出生於意大利熱那亞省的阿 倫紮諾，曾在米蘭等意大利公立學院 任教。1875 年受聘於大藏省印刷局； 1880 年 5 月被授予四等功勳章；1891 年7月獲得三等功勳章；同月，他在合 同期滿後離開了印刷局，後來成為美 術協會的顧問。伽森享年 65 歲。他的 作品包括天皇肖像、新紙幣、兌換券、 日本銀行可兌換券、特種國庫券、可 兌換國庫券、中山道鐵路債券、匯票、 郵票、煙草稅印章等大量印刷版。除 此以外，伽森還有許多其他作品。他 在慈善事業上非常慷慨，臨終前立下

2017年國家印刷局150周年紀念展海報。 海報上有愛多魯 伽森和得能良介的照 片。伽森照片下方的日文小標題中寫道： “現代日本紙鈔之父”。此外，還可以看到 當時國立印刷局的磚砌現代建築

1874年5月15日，日本大藏省部長兼大藏省副大臣吉田清成向首相三條實美報告了有 關接受唐多夫和瑙曼公司機器的官方文件。這份10頁的報告討論了每種面額的原始印 刷版、原始凸版、印刷版、編號版和每種面額的校樣的問題

遺囑，要為他長期居住的麹町附近的 窮人捐贈3 000日元，並為他的僕人們 捐款。昨天，皇室為他的葬禮贊助了 500日元。”

伽森雕刻了500多幅印刷版，其中許多 已經遺失，但他的精神遺產並沒有遺 失。時至今日，居住在東京的意大利 人每年在櫻花盛開的季節都會聚集在 他的墓前，與同胞們舉杯共祝，緬懷 這位為日本現代化做出巨大貢獻的令 人難忘的藝術家。

（原刊載於 IBNS 雜誌）

The Appearance and Destination of Qiansicang Story Painting Paper Money Plate (II)

◎ Alex NC Fung〔Hong Kong〕

Chapter III The Destination of the Qiansicang Story Painting Paper Money Plate

IX Key Figures and Organizations Related to the Qiansicang Story Painting Paper Money Plate

1. Huang Jun (黃濬)

2. Huang Jun's Tsun Ku Chai Antique Shop (尊古齋)

3. Tanaka Keibun (田中啟文)

4. Tanaka Keibun's Sempeikan Museum (田中清岳堂)

5. Currency Museum Bank of Japan

An Account of Tsun Ku Chai at the Glass Factory in Rong Geng's Dairy in Peking (《容 庚北平日記》) on February 21, 193149

48 Rong Geng, Rong Geng's Dairy in Peking, Chung Hwa Book Co., 2019, p. 300.

49 59 Rong Geng, Rong Geng's Dairy in Peking from January 1921 to February 1946.

1. Huang Jun

Huang Jun (1880-1952), also known as Huang Baichuan ( 黃 百川 ), was a native of Yunmeng, Hupeh. He was the owner of Tsun Ku Chai Antique Shop at the Glass Factory in Beijing. He was also a cultural relics connoisseur, known as "Millionaire Huang".48 He set up the Tsun Ku Chai Antique Shop at the Glass Factory in Beijing, excelled in identifying antiques, and had many collectibles. He wrote 'The Collection of Tsun Ku Chai' (《尊古齋古鉥集林》) and 'The Collection of Pottery Buddha in Tsun Ku Chai' (《 尊古齋陶佛留真 》).

2. Huang Jun's Tsun Ku Chai Antique Shop

The owner of Tsun Ku Chai Antique Shop in the Glass Factory was Huang Jun. Other antique stores at the Glass Factory, Beijing in business during the same period included Shi Ku Chai, Po Ku Chai, Te Ku Chai, Chian Ku Chai, Te Pao Chai, Ta Kuan Chai, Yan Ku Chai, Ku Kuang Ke, and Lai Tsun Ke.50 The period from 1920 to 1940 was a golden time for the bronzeware, painting, and calligraphy business at the Glass Factory51. Many antique collectors and researchers visited there frequently. Rong Geng,52 then a professor at Yenching University in Beijing, was one of these frequent visitors. His diary records:

51 Ma Heng (馬衡), Fu Ssu-nien (傅斯年), Shang Chengzuo (商承祚), Yu Xingwu (于思泊), Gu Jiegang (顧頡剛), Yang Zhensheng (楊振聲). Rong Geng recorded in his diary that he often visited the antique shops at the Glass Factory with Yu Xingwu and Shang Chengzuo.

52 Rong Geng (September 5, 1894 - March 6, 1983), original name Zhao Geng, also named Xi Bai, Song Zhai, native of Dongguan, Guangdong Province, was a Chinese paleographer who studied ancient writings under Luo Chen-yu (羅振玉). His works include 'A Compilation of Inscriptions on Bronze' (《金文編》) (edited in 1925), 'Continuation of A Compilation of Inscriptions on Bronze' (《金文續編》), 'Research on Sacrificial Vessels in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties' (《商周彝器通考》, published in 1941).

Saturday, February 21, 1931, sunny. I went into the town with Chung Shu ( 中舒 ) in the morning. We visited Fu Meng-chen ( 傅孟真 ) and Hu Shih ( 胡適 ) first. Then, we had lunch at Chung Shu's house. After lunch, we went to the Glass Factory. We saw a ding [ 鼎 , an ancient cooking vessel with two loop handles and three or four legs] of Yuyang ( 棫陽 , a place name) made by Yong ( 雝 , the name of a noble) at the Shi Ku Chai with nice inscriptions. The shop owner offered 200 silver dollars, but I could not afford it. I purchased a xi [ 洗 , a Chinese brush washer] for 30 dollars. It is similar to the an [ �� ] of Jin Gong [ 晉公 , the Duke of Jin] with star and snake patterns in the Tsun Ku Chai Antique Shop. I also bought a book of rubbings made by Chu Chian Tsing ( 朱建卿 ) and collected by Pan Po Yin ( 潘伯寅 ) for 6 silver dollars. I bought an incomplete rubbing book at the same price one year ago. In addition, I purchased a 'Renewed Compilation of Jurong County – Bronzewares' ( 《續 纂句容縣誌 · 金石》 ) and Lee's 'History Map' ( 《歷代沿革 圖》 ). Although there were many book stalls, there were not so many visitors. My fourth uncle asked me to purchase a bronze calendar. I happened to received one as a present from the Palace Museum, so there was no need to purchase it. I just bought silk rope for threading for 3 dollars. 53

'Rong Geng's Dairy in Peking records' once said "Rong Geng's Dairy in Peking".54 It was the first time for Rong Geng to visit an antique store on April 28, 1928. He began with Tsun Ku Chai at the Glass Factory.55 The diary has several references to the transaction and communication with Huang Jun in the Tsun Ku Chai. The last related record mentions that "on Tuesday, September 19, 1939, I inscribed six rubbings of swords for Huang Jun."56 This shows that Huang Jun was still active in Beijing and the Glass Factory in 1939. (According to Masahiro Okudaira's ( 奧平昌洪 ) 'Toa Senshi' (《東亞錢志》) in 1938, the plate had already been housed in Tanaka Keibun's Sempeikan Museum.)

The Western-style Sempeikan Museum owned by Tanaka Keibun located at Shirokane, Tokyo57

3. Tanaka Keibun

Tanaka Keibun (1884 – Dec. 1, 1954), born in Shirokane, Tokyo, originally named Tanaka Ken ( 田中謙 ), and his house is known as Sempeikan.

In 1902, he joined the Japan Currency Research Society.

In 1906, he joined the Koizumi Association in Tokyo and began collecting and studying coins. In 1918, the Tokyo Coin Association was renamed the Tokyo Numismatic Association. In 1920, he became the president of the Tokyo Numismatic

53 Rong Geng, Rong Geng's Dairy in Peking, Chung Hwa Book Co., 2019, p. 228. 54 Rong Geng, Rong Geng's Dairy in Peking, Chung Hwa Book Co., 2019, p. 151-152. the time Ronggeng first went into store was Saturday, April 28, 1928, The record about Rong Geng's first visit to antique shops. "I had never visited antique shops. Short of money, I could not afford these antiques though I am keen on them. Visiting antique shops could only make me think of them in vain. Today the accounting director Bliss M. Wiant and I went to the antique store to buy ancient coins. We went to the Fang Ku Chai at the Glass Factory first. to visit the Ku Chai. I purchased 2 mirrors of the Han dynasty and more than 10 ancient knife coins for 20 dollars. Wiant left for something else. Then, I went to Tsun Ku Chai with James Mellon Menzies. I purchased a yangerding [a ding of the State of Yang] at 50 dollars, and a mirror with three goat patterns and a small seal for 8 dollars. I also bought a calligraphy from the Wu Dacheng (吳大澂) collection. Since it was damaged in the middle, so I would have purchased it for a discounted price of 280 dollars. However, the price was a mistake, as the shop purchased it for over 300 dollars. I would not like to ask the store to sell reluctantly. The dingrecorded in the 'List of Bronzewares Collected in the Empire Palace of the Qing Dynasty' (《西清古鑒》) is the first antique I purchased, and it was luck for me to gain it at a bargain. I found a suitable lid for the ding later (the lid was not recorded in the List). The mirror I purchased is fine in inscription, pattern, and color."

56 Rong Geng, Rong Geng's Dairy in Peking, Chung Hwa Book Co., 2019, p. 588.

57 Image in Permanent Exhibition Display Catalogue 2022 published by the Currency Museum Bank of Japan.

Huang Jun's Tsun Ku Chai Antique Shop was located at the Glass Factory, Beijing

Association, and in 1923, he set up the Western-style Sempeikan Museum at Shirokane, Tokyo.58

From December 1944 to January 1945, he donated more than 100,000 items from his collection to the Bank of Japan.59 In July 1950, he founded the monthly numismatic journal 'Sempeikan', which ran for 44 issues (after the death of Tanaka Keibun, his descendants took over until the 56th issue when the journal was discontinued). He passed away on December 1, 1954, at the age of seventy.60

4. Sempeikan Museum

a. Establishment

In 1923, Tanaka Keibun established the Sempeikan Museum at his Western-style residence in Shirokane, Tokyo, to display his collection of coins and related items. He had good relations with Toyotaro Yuki ( 結城豐太郎 , 1877-1951) and Shibusawa Keizo ( 澀澤敬三 , 1896-1963). Tanaka Keibun chose the Bank of Japan to donate because of his good relationship with Toyotaro Yuki, the fifteenth president of the Bank of Japan (July 1937-March 1944), who had discussed the future of the Numismatic Museum's collection with him. In 1942, Shibusawa Keizo, who emphasized and loved culture and history, visited the Sempeikan Museum.62 Tanaka Keibun donated the Sempeikan Museum to the Bank of Japan when Shibusawa Keizo assumed the sixteenth president of the Bank of Japan (Mar. 18, 1944-Oct. 9, 1945).63

b. Donation to the Bank of Japan

From December 1944 to January 1945, Tanaka Keibun donated more than 100,000 coins and related items from the Sempeikan Museum to the Bank of Japan through Shibusawa Keizo to

The interior of the Sempeikan, which used to house the plate 61

The special and permanent exhibitions commemorating the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Sempeikan Museum

prevent the collection from being affected by the war. 64 This donated collection became the centerpiece of the collection of the Currency Museum Bank of Japan. 65 Tanaka Keibun's "Catalog of Sempeikan Museum Collection" was published in September 1944.66 This is the fate and origin of the collection of the Sempeikan Museum and the Bank of Japan.

58 Website of Japan Tokyo Numismatic Association.

59 60 Tanaka Keibun, Sempeikan, October 1950, No. 4, pp. 138-150 (Tanaka Keibun has a small portrait in the journal.)

61 Image in Permanent Exhibition Display Catalogue 2022 published by the Currency Museum Bank of Japan.

62 63 Image in Permanent Exhibition Display Catalogue 2022 published by the Currency Museum Bank of Japan.

64 Tanaka Keibun, Sempeikan, October 1950, No. 4, 138-150.

65 66 Image in Permanent Exhibition Display Catalogue 2022 published by the Currency Museum Bank of Japan.

5. Special and Permanent Exhibitions at the Currency Museum Bank of Japan

a. The Special Exhibition commemorating the 100th Anniversary of the Founding of the Sempeikan Museum Set up by the Bank of Japan

To commemorate the 100th anniversary of the establishment of the Sempeikan Museum by Tanaka Keibun in 1923, the Currency Museum Bank of Japan, organized a special exhibition from July 11, 2023 to September 10, 2023, in memory of Tanaka Keibun, who was a pioneering collector of coins and an important donator to the museum.67

The location of the Museum is Nihonbashi Honzoku-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo. This is a special exhibition to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the establishment of the Sempeikan Museum by Tanaka Keibun. The exhibition space is not very large, with only a small portion of the old collection of the Sempeikan Museum donated by Mr. Tanaka Keibun, all of which were Japanese coins, with no paper money. The exhibit included items such as ancient Japanese coins and old wallets that were used in Japan.68

b. The Permanent Exhibition at the Currency Museum Bank of Japan

At the same time, the permanent exhibition is on display at the same venue. In the Chinese currency section, in addition to the topographic reproductions of the 1-kuan dai ming tong xing bao chao [ 大明通行寶鈔 , 1,000-cash Empire Note of the Ming dynasty] and the 2-kuan zhi yuan tong xing bao chao [ 至 元通行寶鈔 , 2,000-cash Empire Note of the Yuan dynasty]. There is also a reproduction of the plate print with Japanese and English annotations, which is labeled as a reprint of the plate. Japanese labeling: " 紙幣原版から作成したもの "; English

label: "Reprinted from Original Plate of Paper Money".69 On the occasion of the 1,000th anniversary of the issuance of banknotes, it is a pity that we have not seen the original plate on display at the Currency Museum Bank of Japan.

X The Destination and Collection of the Qiansicang Story Painting Paper Money Plate

The Destination and Collection of the Qiansicang Story Picture Paper Money Back Plate

1. Before 1924, the plate was in the collection of Huang Jun, the owner of the Tsun Ku Chai Antique Shop at the Glass Factory, Beijing.70

2. Prior to 1938, the plate was in the collection of the Tanaka Keibun's Sempeikan Museum in Tokyo, Japan.71

3. From December 1944 to January 1945, the plate went to the Currency Museum Bank of Japan's collection. (From December 1944 to January 1945, Tanaka Keibun donated to the Bank of Japan more than 100,000 items from the Sempeikan Museum, including ancient currencies as well as important documents, paintings, and folklore materials for the study of Japan's monetary and economic history.)72

67 Official information published by the Currency Museum Bank of Japan.

68 69 Site of the exhibition hall of the Currency Museum Bank of Japan.

70 2021 Guardian Beijing Autumn Auction, Catalogue of the Jiashutang Rubbing Collection.

71 Masahiro Okudaira, Toa Senshi 1938.

72 Permanent Exhibition Display Catalogue 2022 published by the Currency Museum Bank of Japan.

The Currency Museum Bank of Japan

On August 22, 2023, I received an official reply from the Currency Museum Bank of Japan, confirming that the original banknote plate is one of the items in its collection."73

A special thanks to the Currency Museum Bank of Japan for its response!

On the occasion of the 1,000th anniversary of the issuance of banknotes, it is undoubtedly an exciting piece of good news that the plate is still kept well.

XI Figures and Writings

1. Tanaka Keibun (1884 - December 1, 1954)

Tanaka Keibun founded the monthly numismatic journal 'Sempeikan' (July 1950-January 1956, Issue 1 to Issue 56).

2. Masahiro Okudaira (1865 - deceased unknown)

'Toa Senshi', in eighteen volumes, by Masahiro Okudaira, was issued on June 20, 1938, by Iwanami Shoten, Tokyo.

Chapter IV Postscript and Conclusion

XII Postscript original design of the plate in Masahiro Okudaira's 'Toa Senshi', I commissioned Mr. Isamu Morimoto77, a Japanese collector of Chinese banknotes, to purchase the entire set of 'Toa Senshi' from Japan in 2003. At that time, I saw for the first time the obverse and reverse of the plate and its dimensions.78 Mr. Otoku Wado assisted me in translating the Japanese description of the plate in the book to Chinese.

It has been my goal for many years to explore the flow and characteristics of the qiansicang paper money plate. In 2004, I founded the Chinese Ancient Banknote Society76 in Hong Kong together with fellow ancient banknote enthusiasts, to study ancient banknotes. In order to see the complete description and

73 I received official confirmation from the Currency Museum Bank of Japan on August 22, 2023: "The original paper money plate is one of the items in the collection of the Currency Museum Bank of Japan." I was also provided with an image of the plate for use when preparing to write this paper and in future catalogs. Special thanks to the Currency Museum Bank of Japan for responding and providing images.

74 Image in Permanent Exhibition Display Catalogue 2022 published by the Currency Museum Bank of Japan.

75 The image is from a Japanese website.

76 In February 2004, on the occasion of the 980th anniversary of the issuance of official banknotes in China, the Chinese Ancient Banknote Society was registered in Hong Kong in accordance with the Societies Ordinance for the purpose of studying ancient Chinese banknotes.

77 Mr. Isamu Morimoto (1946 - ), formerly known as Li Shengyu, was born in Osaka, Japan. Mr. Isamu Morimoto collected Chinese banknotes from 1980 - 2010 which was spectacular.

78 Masahiro Okudaira, Toa Senshi, 1938.

Tanaka Keibun74

'Toa Senshi' 'Sempeikan' monthly journal Masahiro Okudaira75

Fortunately, I found an important clue that the owner of the Sempeikan Museum is Tanaka Keibun on a Japanese website. Following the clue, I found the Currency Museum Bank of Japan. Finally, by contacting the Museum,79 I received a reply, confirming that the plate was in its collection. The Museum also provided an image of a printed copy of the plate for me80, and thus my writing was completed.

A few years ago, I gained a volume of Yi Lin Ten-Day Journal (《 藝林旬刊 》) published in 1928,81 which is the first time the image of the plate was published anywhere. At the end of November 2021, a rubbing of the plate with the annotation and the information about the origin of the collection dated 1928 appeared in the 2021 Jiashutang Rubbing Collection Auction in Beijing, which gave me extremely important information that the plate was collected by Huang Jun of the Tsun Ku Chai Antique Shop at the Glass Factory, Beijing.

XIII Conclusion

The year 2024 is an important year for the establishment of the Jiao Zi Bureau ( 交子務 ) and the 1000th anniversary82 of the official release of jiao zi [ 交子 ]. One thousand years ago, the Song government made an epoch-making and important decision in Yizhou, Sichuan Province (present-day Chengdu, Sichuan Province) to establish the Jiao Zi Bureau and issue the jiao zi 83 We would like to commemorate this event of far-reaching significance.

The qiansicang story painting paper money plate is the earliest paper money plate ever seen in existence, which is of great significance. I look forward to discovering other plates in the future to corroborate the history of paper money issuance. This paper takes this opportunity to report on and examine 84 to commemorate and appreciate the contributions made by the sages in the invention and utilization of paper money as well as the far-reaching impact of banknotes on the convenience of the people and the socio-economic development.

XIV Appreciation

[1] Currency Museum Bank of Japan

[2] Mr. Zhou Weirong ( 周衛榮 ), Director of the China Numismatic Museum and Secretary General of the China Numismatic Society

[3] Mr. Gao Congming ( 高聰明 ), Deputy Director of China Numismatics Museum, Chief Editor of "China Numismatics" magazine

[4] Mr. Chen Qi ( 陳祺 ) from the editorial department of China Numismatics magazine

[5] Mr. Isamu Morimoto ( 森本勇 )

[6] Mr. Otoku Wado

79 The Currency Museum Bank of Japan is a museum established by the Bank of Japan for academic purposes, such as the study of the history of ancient and modern coins.

80 The Currency Museum Bank of Japan provided me with a printed image of the qiansicang plate, a rubbing of the Yuan dynasty's 2-kuan zhi yuan tong xing bao chao, and a colorful image of 2-kuan zhi yuan tong xing bao chao, a total of three images that would be used in writing articles and publishing catalogs.

81 Chinese Painting Research Society, Yi Lin Ten-Day Journal, 10th issue, 3rd edition, 1928, a bound volume, from the 19th to the 19th issues.

82 (1024 A.D. - 2024 A.D.).

83 Fei Zhu, The Catalog of Paper Notes.

84 Article: TheAppearanceandDestinationofQiansicangStoryPaintingPaperMoneyPlate.

千斯倉故事圖背鈔版的出現與流向（下）

◎ 馮乃川〔香港〕

第三章 千斯倉鈔版的流向

九【“千斯倉鈔版”相關重要人物和機構】

1. 黄濬

1.黃濬

2.黃濬的尊古齋

3.田中啟文

4.田中啟文的“錢幣館”

5.日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館

《容庚北平日記》1931年2月21日對琉璃廠尊古齋的記錄49

注釋：

48 容庚《容庚北平日記》中華書局出版 2019年 第300頁。

49 59 容庚《容庚北平日記》1921年1月-1946年2月。

黃濬 ( 1880年-1952年)，字百川，湖北雲夢人，居北京宛平。 琉璃廠尊古齋主人，文物鑒藏家，被業界譽稱“黃百萬”48。

黃濬字百川，當時業界稱呼黃濬時，多以黃百川稱之。清末 民國年間著名文物鑒藏家、知名古董商人。在北京琉璃廠經 營尊古齋古玩鋪，識鑒精確，收羅宏富。著有《尊古齋古鉥 集林》《尊古齋陶佛留真》等等多種古器物著作。

2.黃濬的尊古齋

珫璃廠的尊古齋，主人是黃濬。同時期在北京琉璃廠經營古 董業務的，還有式古齋、博古齋、德古齋、鑒古齋、德寶齋、 大觀齋、延古齋、古光閣、來薰閣等50。在1920-1940年, 正 是北京琉璃廠青銅器、書畫、碑帖經營的其中一個黃金時期， 是古玩愛好者、學者常常涉足的地方51。時任北京燕京大學 教授的容庚52，便是其中之一。《容庚北平日記》中記錄： 11931年2月21日 星期六 晴。早與中舒同進城,到靜心齋史 語所傅孟真、胡適之家。在中舒家午飯。飯後到珫璃廠，在 式古齋見雝棫陽鼎，文字甚佳，索二百元,價昂不能得。在 尊古齋購一洗，價百三十元, 形類晉公 ��，星虺花紋。購 光和量拓本。拓本價六元,乃朱建卿手拓、潘伯寅收藏者。 前年得一不全本，價亦六元也。得《續纂句容縣誌·金石》 一 冊、李氏《歷代沿革圖》。書攤雖多，無足觀者。四舅托 購金石日曆, 適故宮博物院以一見贈，可不必購，為購穿 上接《東亞泉志》第33期

51 如馬衡、傅斯年、商承祚、於思泊、顧頡剛、楊振聲、商錫永，容庚在日記中記錄，他常與于思泊、商錫永相約同逛琉璃廠的古玩鋪。

52 容庚（1894年9月5日—1983年3月6日），本名肇庚，字希白，號頌齋，廣東東莞人，中國古文字學家，師從羅振玉研究古文字。著作有《金文編》（1925年）、《金文續編》《商周彝器通考》 （1941年）等。

玉用絲繩，三元。53

《容庚北平日記》中記錄，說“向不入古玩鋪之門”54 ， 1928年4月28日是容庚人生第一次逛古玩店，在琉璃廠遇上 尊古齋開始，

55日記中有多處提及與尊古齋黃濬的買賣和交 往記錄。最後一次記錄，是在“1939年9月19日星期二，為 黃濬題劍拓六幅。”56說明尊古齋的黃濬於1939年仍在北京 和琉璃廠活動。（1938年，奧平昌洪《東亞錢志》記錄“千 斯倉鈔版”的新主人已是田中清岳堂。）

3.田中啟文

田中啟文（Tanaka Keibun, 1884年 - 1954年12月1日 ）， 原名田中謙，號“邦泉”，齋名“清岳堂”，出生於日本東京 白金港區。

1902年加入日本貨幣研究會。1906年，加入東京小泉協會， 開始收集和研究錢幣。 1918年東京小泉協會改名為東洋錢 幣會。 1920年，成為東洋貨幣協會會長。 1923年，在他位 於東京白金港區的一座西式建築的府邸，設立名為“錢幣 館”的博物館。58

1944年12月至1945年1月，將他的“錢幣館”收藏的10萬多 件藏品捐贈給日本銀行59。 1950年7月，創辦《錢幣館》月 刊錢幣雜誌，發行了44期（田中啟文去世後，後人接辦至 第56期停刊結束）。 1954年12月1日去世，享年七十歲。60

4. 田中啟文的“錢幣館”

a.創立“錢幣館”博物館

1923年，田中啟文在他位於東京白金港區的一座西式建築 的府邸，創立“錢幣館”博物館，用以陳列他所收藏的錢 幣及相關藏品。他與結城豐太郎(Toyotaro Yuki, 1877 年1951年) 及澀澤敬三 (Shibusawa Keizo,1896年–1963 年)

黃濬的尊古齋古玩鋪舊址所在地北京琉璃廠

田中啟文位於東京白金港區的西式建築“錢幣館” 博物館的外景57

“錢幣館”博物館的內景，這曾經是珍藏“千斯 倉鈔版”的地方61

53 容庚《容庚北平日記》中華書局出版 2019年 第228頁。

54 55 容庚《容庚北平日記》中華書局出版 2019年 第151-152頁。容庚人生第一次逛古玩店“1928年4月28日星期六, 餘向不入古玩鋪之門，以囊中羞澀，愛而不能得，徒系人思也。

今辰會計主任範天祥約往古玩鋪買古錢，先到琉璃廠訪古齋，為購二漢鏡及古刀布十數枚，價二十元, 因事他去，餘與明義士到尊古齋,購得一昜兒鼎，價五十元。又一三羊鏡、一得 志小璽，價八元。又一宗婦毀，腹已穿，乃吴大澂舊藏，減至二百八十元,欲購之,後其徒雲有誤，彼購進之價為三百數十元，餘遂不強買。昜兒鼎，《西清古鑒》著錄,餘第一次購古器， 乃廉價得此,殊自幸也。鼎蓋後配,尚合式,《古鑒》無之。三羊鏡銘：“三羊作竟大毋傷兮”。文字、花紋、色澤均佳。”

56 容庚《容庚北平日記》中華書局出版 2019年 第588頁。

57 圖片引自日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館《常設展覽展示圖錄》2022年

58 日本東洋貨幣協會網站訊息。

59 60 田中啟文《錢幣館》1950年10月第4期138-150頁（田中啟文有小像世存。）

61 圖片引自日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館《常設展覽展示圖錄》2022年。

的關係良好。田中啟文選擇日本銀行作為捐贈對象，是因為 他與日本銀行第十五任總裁(1937年7月-1944年3月) 結城

豐太郎的良好關係，他們曾經討論“錢幣館”藏品的未來。 及1942年，注重和熱愛文化歷史的澀澤敬三曾經到訪參觀過 “錢幣館”62。這成為日後田中啟文於澀澤敬三擔任第十六 任日本銀行總裁期間(1944.3.18–1945.10.9) ，把“錢幣館” 的藏品捐贈給日本銀行 (Bank of Japan) 所締造的契機。63 b.“錢幣館”的藏品捐贈給日本銀行 (Bank of Japan)

田中啟文擔心“錢幣館”的藏品受到戰爭波及所累64，1944 年12月至1945年1月，將“錢幣館”收藏的10萬多件錢幣及 相關物品，經由澀澤敬三捐贈給日本銀行。這批捐贈的收藏 品，成為日後日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館藏品的重要核 心65。田中啟文有昭和十九年九月（1944年9月）的《錢幣 館收藏品目錄》留世66，這便是“錢幣館”藏品與日本銀行 之間的緣份和源流。

5. 日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館的特別展覽和常設展覽

a. 日本銀行為紀念田中啟文創立的“錢幣館”100周年的特 別展覽

日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館為紀念田中啟文在1923 年 創立的“錢幣館”100 周年，已於2023 年7 月11 日至2023 年9 月10 日舉辦特別展覽，以紀念這位錢幣收藏先驅及藏 品的重要捐贈者。67

日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館的位置在東京都中央區日 本橋本石町。紀念田中啟文先生創立“錢幣館”100周年的 特別展覽，展覽的場地不是很大，僅象徵性展出田中啟文所 捐贈“錢幣館”的一小部分舊藏品，全部為日本錢幣展品， 沒有紙幣的展品。展品包括日本古錢、日本過去使用過的古 老錢包等物品。68

b. 日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館的常設展覽 與此同時，日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館的常設展覽在同

紀念田中啟文創立“錢幣館”100周年的特別展覽 和常設展覽

日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館

一場地展出。中國貨幣部分，除大明通行寶鈔壹貫紙幣和至 元通行寶鈔貳貫鈔版的拓本複製件外，尚有一件“千斯倉鈔 版”印本的複製件，附帶有日文和英文注釋，標注是由“千 斯倉鈔版”重印的複製件。日文標注：“紙幣原版から作成 したもの”( 中文意譯:“從紙幣原版作成之物”) ；英文標注： “Reprinted from Original Plate of Paper Money”( 中 文意譯:“由原鈔版重印”)69 。在紀念紙幣發行1000周年之 際，可惜未見日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館展出讓人期待 的“千斯倉鈔版”實物。

62 63 日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館《常設展覽展示圖錄》2022年。

64 田中啟文《錢幣館》1950年10月第4期138-150頁。

65 66 日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館《常設展覽展示圖錄》2022年。

67 日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館官方信息。

68 69 日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館展覽廳現場。

“千斯倉鈔版”的流向與收藏

1. 1924年以前，中國北京琉璃廠尊古齋黃濬入藏。70

2. 1938年以前，日本東京清岳堂主人田中啟文“錢幣館” 入藏。71

3. 1944年12月至1945年1月，日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博 物館入藏。（ 在1944年12月至1945年1月，田中啟文先生將 錢幣館，其中包括古貨幣，還包括研究日本貨幣史，經濟史 的重要文書繪畫，民俗資料等，總數達10萬多件收藏品捐 贈給日本銀行。 ）72

筆者於2023年8月22日收到日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物 館官方的回復證實：“該鈔版原件為日本銀行金融研究所貨 幣博物館藏集藏品的其中一件藏品。”(“千斯倉故事背印鈔 版”，版藏日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館的藏集內。) 。73

在此特別感謝日本金融研究所博物館的回復!

在紙幣發行1000周年之際，這無疑是一件令人振奮的好消息， “千斯倉故事背印鈔版”，依然一直世存妥善收藏着。

十一【 人物與著作 】

1. 田中啟文（Tanaka Keibun, 1884年 - 1954年12月1日 ）

田中啟文創辦《錢幣館》月刊錢幣雜誌 ( 1950年7月-1956

年1月，第1期至第56期 ) 。

2. 奧平昌洪（Masahiro Okudaira, 1865年 - 卒年不詳 ）

《東亞錢志》，全書十八卷，奧平昌洪著，1938年6月20日 由東京岩波書店發行。

田中啟文74 奧平昌洪75 《東亞錢志》

《錢幣館》月刊錢幣雜誌

70 北京2021年的秋季拍賣《嘉樹堂藏嘉金石小品目錄》。

71 奧平昌洪《東亞錢志》1938年。

72 日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館《常設展覽展示圖錄》2022年。

73 筆者於2023年8月22日收到日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館官方的證實：“該鈔版原件為日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館藏集藏品的其中一件藏品。”，並向作者提供“千斯倉鈔版刷 印本”圖像用於本文的編寫及將來出版目錄。在此特別鳴謝日本金融研究所博物館的回覆和提供圖像。

74 圖片引自日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館《常設展覽展示圖錄》2022年。

75 圖片引自日本網站。

第四章 後記和結語

十二【 後記 】

探索“千斯倉鈔版”的流向和性質，是筆者多年的目標。 2004年，筆者與古鈔的同好們，在香港成立了中國古鈔學 會76，以研究古代紙幣。為了看到奧平昌洪《東亞錢志》書 內的“千斯倉鈔版”的完整文字描述和圖案的原貌，2003年 時，委託日本的中國紙幣收藏家森本勇先生77，從日本購買 整套《東亞錢志》。那個時候，筆者第一次看見“千斯倉鈔版” 的正面、背面拓本及尺寸78。Otoku Wado先生協助筆者翻 譯了《東亞錢志》書內日文描述“千斯倉鈔版”的中文譯本。

幸運的是，筆者從一個日本網站上發現“田中清岳堂”主 人是田中啟文先生的重要線索。順着田中啟文先生的“錢 幣館”，找到了日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館。最後，通 過與日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館的聯繫79，筆者獲得了 日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館的回復證實，“千斯倉鈔版” 是日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館藏集中的其中一件藏品， 並提供了“千斯倉鈔版”的印刷本圖像給筆者80，於是，寫 作進入了完成的階段。

幾年前，筆者收穫了一冊1928年《藝林旬刊》畫報的期刊81， 是“千斯倉鈔版”拓片圖像首次面世的報道的刊物。 2021 年11月底，北京2021年“嘉樹堂藏金石小品”專場拍賣會 上出現一張民國丙辰（1928年），帶有題記及收藏源流訊息的 “千斯倉鈔版”拓片，這一極為重要的訊息披露藏者是北京 琉璃廠尊古齋古玩店的黃濬。

十三【 結語 】

千年一遇。2024年，是交子務成立和官交子發行1000周年82 的重要紀年。在1000年前，宋政府在四川益州（今四川成都） 做了劃時代的重要決策，成立了交子務和發行了交子83，我 們今天為這件影響深遠的事情而紀念。

“千斯倉故事圖背印鈔版”是迄今為止，所見世存最早的鈔 版實物，意義重大。期待將來有其他相關的印鈔版發現，互 相印證發鈔的歷史。本文借此報道和考訂84，以紀念和感謝 先賢們在紙幣的發明和運用中所作出的重要貢獻，以及紙幣 對便民及社會經濟發展產生的深遠影響。

十四【 鳴謝 】

［ 1

］日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館(Currency Museum Bank of Japan )

［ 2

］中國錢幣博物館館長、中國錢幣學會秘書長 周衛榮 先生

［ 3

］中國錢幣博物館副館長、《中國錢幣》雜誌主編 高聰明 先生

［ 4 ]《中國錢幣》雜誌編輯部 陳祺 先生

［ 5 ］森本勇 先生

［ 6 ］Otoku Wado 先生

76 在中國發行官方紙幣980周年之際，2004年2月，在香港依照社團條例註冊成立中國古鈔學會，以研究中國古鈔為宗旨。

77 森本勇先生（Mr. Isamu Morimoto，1946年 - ），原名李勝玉，出生於日本大阪府。森本勇先生從1980年-2010年期間，收集中國紙幣，蔚為大觀。

78 奧平昌洪《東亞錢志》1938年。

79 日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館 (Currency Museum Bank of Japan) 是日本銀行所設立，主要作為研究古今的貨幣歷史等學術用途所開設的博物館。

80 日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館，向筆者提供了“千斯倉鈔版”的刷印本圖像，及元代“至元通行寶鈔貳貫鈔版”的拓印本圖像，和“至元通行寶鈔貳貫鈔版”的彩色圖像，合共 三張圖像，用於寫作文章及出版目錄。

81 中國畫學研究會《藝林旬刋》第十期第三版（頁），1928年，為合訂本，存第十期至第十九期。

82 (公元1024年 - 公元2024年) 。

83 費著《楮幣譜》。

84 本文:《千斯倉鈔版的出現與流向 》。

THE COINS OF SHANGHAI

AN UNWRITTEN CHAPTER IN THE HISTORY OF THE "CAPITAL OF THE FAR EAST"

◎ M. Tracey Woodward〔France〕

In MEDIAEVAL times, during the days of the German Minnesingers and French Troubadours, it was not uncommon for many European cities, especially those of Central Europe, to issue their own coinages. Many of these issues were due to the feudal lords who held sway in such cities. Here in far Cathay, in the very City of Shanghai, we have an anomaly in that such coins, made many years ago, were created under the dictates of presumed necessity. I say presumed, because, whether this necessity was real, apparent or imaginary, has not been revealed to posterity by the meagre notes of earlier observers. Speaking broadly, Shanghai coins should be classified into three categories; one which may be termed the "Native Issues;" one the "Foreign Issues," although conversely, the latter was not strictly an issue, since the coins were prepared and exist only in proof state and were not put into circulation, whereas the former were in actual use in payment to troops, even if ever so little; and the third the "Token Issues."

NATIVE ISSUES

The "native issues" came into existence towards the close of 1856, and it is to be regretted that Wylie, writing at so close a date as the middle of 1857,1 gave but little attention to them. I may be pardoned for quoting him in full eighty years later, considering that he is apparently the only foreign authority who can be reliably consulted. However, he refers only to the coin here denoted as Type A, as, indeed, does Lockhart in describing the Glover collection,2 and also in his lecture3 read

in Hankow on December 3, 1921, whilst every writer who took part in the controversy published by the North-China Daily News during October, 1919, refers to the same coin only. All that Wylie says in describing the coin is that "it is a coin of a tael weight, produced in Shanghai under the direction of the Intendant of Circuit, about the end of the year 1856. It was struck from a steel die, and tolerably well executed; but it had scarcely made its appearance, when spurious imitations of baser metal were put in joint circulation with it, so that confidence in the new coin was speedily at an end, and it is now only to be found as a numismatic specimen." This same coin was the subject of various controversies at different times. One of the correspondents already alluded to states under the non de plume of "Curio No. II" that "although the Superintendent of Customs is mentioned it would not appear that the coin was officially recognized by the Government," implying thereby that the Government recognized the coin in actual practice, but not officially. In the same correspondence, Mr. J. Klubien simply declares that "Tsaoping4 one tael coins were minted and circulated during the year 1856." In reviewing "The Currency of the Farther East" in the North-China Daily News issue of August 25, 1895, "H.B.M." states regarding this same coin that "the silver coins portrayed are not of government coinage," whatever Mr. H.B. Morse may have meant thereby. These coins were certainly not minted by the Central or Provincial Mints, since these did not produce minted by the Central or the Provincial Mints, since these did not produce minted coins in those days, but they were certainly produced under the aegis of an inspector

Note：

1 Coins of the Ta-ts'ing, or Present Dynasty of China.

2 The Currency of the Farther East.

3 Modern Chinese Coinage. Ros. A lecture read before the Union Church Literary Guild.

4 Describing what the Tsaoping Tael is, Morse in "The Trade and Administration of China,"page 173, says that "it may be stated with some degree of confidence to weigh 565.65 grains, subject always to the possibility of oscillation in the standard."

appointed by a mandate of the Government.

This article may be construed by some readers as savoring of a strain in defense of the coin, and I may even be accused of bias, but, when we reflect that its age is to-day worthy of respect; that the method of striking it at (for China) such an early period; that it was produced only with crude native implements; that foreign influence is so totally absent in its design; and that finally, when the coin, under such adverse conditions, was produced solely by Chinese ingenuity in such as eminently perfect state, and that it was in actual circulation for about six months, I feel that I cannot be charged with prejudicial tendencies.

The coin alluded to by earlier authorities was not the only one that was made in the sixth year of Hsien Feng(1856), and, although all the varieties were produced under the auspices and inspection of one, Chow Yuen Yue（ 朱源裕 ）, who was sometimes given the rank or title of Intendant of Circuit, Intendant of Mint, and even Intendant of Finance, the coins were, nevertheless, not all issued by one Hong, nor made by the same engraver. I have searched in vain among native annals for details and records bearing on these coins. No trace appears to have been preserved of the number issued, nor the reason for their appearance (we only know the fact that they were mostly employed for payment of the military), nor is it even known in what precise localities in Shanghai the authorized issuing Hongs were located, although it is generally admitted that they were situated within the now destroyed city walls of Shanghai City. Indeed, time seems to have erased all traces that to-day would be considered so precious. We have only the coins, of which, even so, very few are in existence, owing to the constant activities in the last thirty years of those sycee casting houses known as Yin Lu（銀爐）

The coins were issued by three Hongs, and the preparation of the dies was also done by three engravers,5 although no proof

exists that each issuing Hong had its exclusive engraver. Quite the contrary, for it will be observed that two Hongs, Ching Cheng Chee （ 經正記 ） and Yu Shen Sheng （ 郁森盛 ） , employed the same engraver, Fung Nien（ 豐年 ） , whilst the Hong Yu Shen Sheng （ 郁森盛 ） had recourse to the two engravers, Fung Nien （豐年） and Wong Shou （王壽） . As to the number of dies employed, it may be said, with some degree of assurance, that not more than one was made for each of the one Tael varieties, the differences in engraving marking the forgeries mentioned by Wylie.

There is also a forgery that was made in 1925 by a coin dabbler working in a firm not many miles from the Bund Garden of Shanghai, a forgery created solely as a pitfall for unwary numismatics. This forgery piece is shown in our plate as Type D. Its thickness is very erratic, and I have seen some pieces of 3 millimeters, others 4 1/2 and even 5 millimetres thick. It has no reeding at all, which fact alone immediately reveals its shady character and entitles it to receive the taboo it so richly deserves. The diameter is 41 mm. The weight of one specimen was 518 grains and the other 532 1/2 grains. The fineness was not ascertained, but its "ring" indicated the presence of much alloy. Its reeding is shown as designated Z B in our illustration. It is artificially bronzed and presents a very poor imitation of natural oxidation.

The native script on the good coins are on a plain field without any milling. The rims are grained with a mosaic pattern as indicated by Type Z A in our plate, the whole giving the coins a true touch of dignity in its serene simplicity. It is certainly typically Oriental. Type A denotes the coin which has heretofore always been referred to by writers, and the piece here illustrated is the actual one which adorned the collection of the late S.W. Bushell6 for many years. The inscription on the obverse reads Hsien Feng Liu Nien Sang Hai Hsien Hao Shang Wong Yung Sheng Chao Wen Yin Bing, meaning "Cake (of) standard silver

5 I say three Hongs, basing my statement on the names so far revealed from the coins, but in China where surprises in numismatics are constant, it lies within the bounds of possibility that more Hongs may have also caused an issue. The same remarks may be applied to the engravers, but with greater probability.

6 The late Dr.Stephen W.Bushell, C.M.G was a renowned authority on Chinese ceramic art and numismatics. His articles on the latter, "Coins of the Present Dynasty of China", read before the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society on the June 7, 1880, and published in the new series, No. XV, of the Society's Journal, and "Additional Coins of the Present Dynasty", published in Vol.XXXII of the Society's Journal, besides numerous occasional contributions to the China Review, are standard monographs much consulted by collectors of our times.

7 By Leopold C. Martin and Charles Trubner, London, 1863.

8 The British standard purity of silver coins is 11 oz.2 dwts. Or 37/40 fine, the equivalent of 925 milliemes.

(from the) business firm (of) Hsien Feng." On the reverse we find Chow Yuen Yue Chien/Ching Tsao Ping Shih/Chung Yi

Liang Yin/Tsang Wan Ch'uan Tsoh, which translates into "Made (by) Wan Ch'uan, silversmith; supervised (by) Chow Yuen Yue. Exact weight one Tsao-p'ing tael." Its weight is 563.30 grains, but I have scaled some pieces as high as 566.24 grains troy, and, on weighing them all together, obtained an average of 564.85 grains. Reeding shown in Type Z A in our plate. There is a good illustration of this piece in cast formation by means of the galvanic battery and impressed on silver paper in "The Current Gold and Silver Coins of all Countries,"7 wherein the weight of the piece is given as 565 grains troy with the remarkable fineness of 990 milliemes, thus making it a 15 5/8 "betterness" than the British standard purity of silver coins. 8

Type B shows an unpublished coin. The obverse inscription reads Hsien Feng Liu Nien/Sang Hai Hsien Hao/Shang Yu Shen Sheng/Chao Wen Yin Bing, meaning "Cake (of) standard silver (from the) business firm (of) Yu Shen Sheng (in the) Shanghai district (in the) sixth year (of) Hsien Feng." On the reverse we have Chow Yuen Chien/Ching Tsao Ping Shih/Chung Yi Liang Yin/Tsang Fung Nien Tsoh, interpreted as "Made (by)Fung Nien, silversmith; supervised (by) Chow Yuen Yue. Exact weight one Tsao-p'ing tael." The change in characters denotes a different issuing Hong as well as a different engraver. Reeding Z A.

Type C also represents a hitherto unrecorded coin. The obverse inscription reads Hsien Feng Liu Nien/ Sang Hai Hsien Hao/ Shang Ching Chung Chee/ Chao Wen Yin Bing, or "Cake (of) standard silver (from the)business firm (of) Ching Chung Chee (in the) Shanghai district (in the) sixth year (of) Hsien Feng." On the reverse we read Chow Yuen Yue Chien/Ching Tsao Ping Shih/Chung Yi Liang Yin/ Tsang Fung Nien Tsoh, rendered as: Made (by) Fung Nien, silversmith; supervised (by) Chow Yuen Yue. Exact weight one Tsao-p'ing tael." The alterations in the scripts here too indicate that the piece was produced under the responsibility of another issuing Hong (Ching Chung Chee),

although in this instance the silversmith was the same one who prepared the dies of Type B (Fung Nien). Reeding Z A.

In Type E we have a coin of a denomination the existence of which had not been even suspected. The value is Five Mace and several varieties show this denomination. This Type E coin is the corresponding piece of Type A, and, avoiding the monotonous repetitions of the inscriptions, it may be pointed out that, although the sentences are the same as for that one Tael piece, the phrase "exact weight one tael Tsao-p'ing"is, in the present instance, changed into "exact weight five mace Tsao-p'ing." Reeding Z A.

In Type F we find that this piece was issued by the Hong which issued Type B (Yu Shen Sheng), but it was engraved by Wong Shou（ 王壽 ）, whose work was concentrated upon five mace pieces exclusively, as no tael pieces bearing his name as engraver are known to have existed. The Reeding is Z A.

Type G is identical with type F, but the calligraphy is finer and in a different hand, whilst Type H, although also identical in script with Type F, has thicker strokes in the characters, and the reeding is not composed of the mosaic pattern, but has the diagonal lines of reeding Z D. Furthermore, the "ring" of the piece to the trained ear reveals a fairly large percentage of alloy, probably copper. Due to these reasons, I am inclined to the belief that this piece is one of the "spurious imitations of baser metal" mentioned by Wylie, but which, by some caprice of circumstances, has survived until our times.

In Type J an interesting piece is shown. It was issued by the Hong which produced the tael piece of Type C (Ching Chung Chee), but the engraver was the artisan who cut the dies of type A (Wan Ch'uan).

We obtain, then, the following particulars of Shanghai silver coins of native origin, struck from steel dies during 1856.

9 I regret that I cannot give the weight of the coin of Type F. The illustration is from a good rubbing.

A 1 Tael 王永盛 Wong Yung Sheng

Yu Shen Sheng

C 1 " 經正記 Ching Chung Chee

D 1 " 王永盛 Wong Yung Sheng

E 5 Mace 王永盛 Wong Yung Sheng

F 5 " 郁森盛 Yu Shen Sheng

-

G 5 " 郁森盛 Yu Shen Sheng

H 5 " 郁森盛 Yu Shen Sheng

J 5 " 經正記 Ching Chung Chee

As the theoretical Shanghai tael or "Shanghai convention currency" contains 565.65 grains of silver of a fineness of 944 (native method), we must unhesitatingly pay a tribute of commendation to the

honest endeavours of the originators of the above coins. A fairly consistent difference of only about one grain, is, in coin minting, a reduction below the average.

FOREIGN ISSUES

The "Foreign Issues" began their production towards 1867, just about ten years after the "Native Issues" had been throttled out of public esteem.

It is generally wrongly rumoured that the coins were minted at the instance of the Shanghai Municipal Council by the Hongkong Mint, which occupied one of the buildings now used by Jardine, Matheson & Co.'s Sugar Refinery. Be this as it may, the coins never went into circulation, and only proof pieces of various designs now remain. Ros10 states that three different patterns of the tael denomination were made, but Atkins11 only describes the single piece shown here as Type M. Captain H.E. Laver writing to me says, "Caldecott in his illustrated catalogue12 gives two taels, but I believe another was also struck closely resembling these." The two varieties denoted Types M and N correspond to the two pieces in the collection of the American Numismatic Society in New York. These two coins are identical but for the difference in Type N of rays protruding beyond the garter into the exergue. As a matter of fact a third pattern was never made; only the two here described were engraved. I have been unable to ascertain who prepared the designs, but it does seem that the reptile is a poor transcript of the native version of its semblance, 13 possessing, as it were, a decided "European" physiognomy, with a head entirely out of proportion to its body. Indeed, foreign influence in general is quite marked in the execution of both the obverses and reverses. The escutcheon indisputably consists of the British Royal Arms, including the motto "Honi Soit Qui Mal Y Pense."

During my search 14 for particulars a caprice of fate casually

placed me in contact with a gentleman who was employed by the Hongkong Mint when those pieces were made; but this was many years ago, when the matter of these coins was simply an incident in the working of the mint, and when work of much greater importance was being done on coins for the Colony of Hongkong. These facts coupled with the advanced years of this gentleman (he was then, in 1922, 79 years of age) meant that only a fair memory of the events of the time in question could be relied upon. Living a retired life on a pension from the British Government, he did not, quite comprehensibly, wish that his name should be made public, and I must respect this wish, whilst assuring the reader that I am well satisfied of his bona fides. He sates that only two designs were ordered, one without the rays (Type M) and the other with rays (Type N) around the garter encircling the dragon. There was also a two-mace piece here shown as Type P. The design without the rays and the twomace piece were not approved, but the tael piece with the rays was, and an order to proceed with the minting of this piece was given to the mint by the then Colonial Secretary of Hongkong, Mr. William Thomas Mercer. However, a little while later the Colonial Secretary issued a fresh order to the mint cancelling the original order, in which the mint was instructed, not only to cease producing any more pieces, but furthermore to destroy all those that had been minted, the reason advanced therefor being that the Peking Government had strongly objected to the coins on account of the appearance of the British Coat of Arms on them. The dies were engraved by a British expert who had recently arrived in Hongkong from England, but my informant regretted that it was so many years ago that he could not recollect the name of this engraver. Nor could be remember how many pieces had been made. The engraver was not the designer. The designs were supplied by the Colonial Secretary when the original order

10 Ros. Op. Cit.

11 The Coins and Tokens of the Possession and Colonies of the British Empire, p.227, London, 1889.

12 Catalogue of the Collection of Coins and Tokens of the British Possessions and Colonies, formed by J.B. Caldecott, Esq. Sotheby, Wikinson & Hodge, London, June, 1912.

13 The Sung master Muh-chi says, The dragon has the head of the camel, the horns of a deer, the eyes of a demon, the ears of an ox, the body of a serpent, the scales of a carp and the claws of an eagle.

14 My endeavours to obtain information--official or otherwise--have been complete. Archives of the Report of Council Meetings, Notifications, Reports of Landrenters Meetings and other files of the Shanghai Municipal Council for the years 1865 to 1868 were, by courtesy of the Ex-Commissioner General of the Council, Mr.N.O.Liddell, examined during 1922 without any results; but, be it remarked, unfortunately the Report of Council Meetings for 1867, as well as the correspondence files and copy-books used during the "sixties"were already out of existence at the time. Nor were my researches more fruitful among the archives of His Britannic Majesty's Consulate General of Shanghai. It was, however, possible that, had any records exited, they may have been destroyed, since in his letter of March 8, 1922, Sir Everard Fraser, K.C.M.G., says "The Consulate building was burnt down in December 1870 and only very scanty records remain for the years prior to that date." Hongkong, that most important city where the coins were minted, was also sterile, as, in his letter dated May 11, 1922, the Colonial Secretary wrote "The records in this office were destroyed some years ago, and it is doubtful whether any information can be obtained."

to make proof pieces was issued to the mint, which only took its orders from the Colonial Secretary. These were all the details my obliging informant could impart.

Regarding the destruction of the proofs that had been rejected, this was effected by putting them under the press and partly obliterating the pattern. Type L shows such a piece, and, as the two faces were pressed down, so the edges expanded, resulting in a larger piece measuring 40 1/2 millimetres in diameter and 3 millimetres in thickness, as against 39 and 4 millimetres, respectively, in the originals. The weight, of course, was not affected. The destruction of the pieces with the rays that had been minted in a fair quantity consisted, probably, of a wholesale casting into the melting pot. No piece that the Peking Government had objected to the British Royal Arms on the coins led me to conduct my investigations in Peking, but, during my visit there in 1929, it was with real regrets that the Secretary of His Britannic Majesty's Legation informed me that at the time when the Kuomingtang's northward drive in 1927 convulsed China, their archives, in which, indeed, the precious facts concerning these coins were preserved, but all been shipped to

the Foreign Office in London. The gracious permission granted me in 1934 by Sir John Simon, Foreign Secretary of State, to penetrate into these archives in the Public Record Office of Chancery Lane, 15 reveal that the coins were prepared at the instance of the Imperial Chinese Government in Peking. The Official Notification and the Correspondence that were available are now appended in full.

(To be continued.)

Reprinted from TheChinaJournal vol. XXVII, No. 2, August, 1937, pp. 64-78

15 I feel it a duty publicly to acknowledge my sincere thanks to Miss Elsa Beresford, an ex-Shanghai resident, for her persevering devotion in obtaining for me the desired information. These records were investigated and copied by Miss Beresford during November and December, 1936, which entailed about a dozen visits to the Public Record Office and the examination of over fifty files.

“遠東之都”歷史上的未譜篇章

◎ 伍德華〔法國〕

在德國和法國中世紀的遊吟詩人時代，許多歐洲城市，特別 是中歐地區的城市，因為城市掌權者是封建領主，所以各自 發行錢幣的情況並不罕見。在遙遠的華夏，就在上海這座城 市，多年前也出於假定的必要性發行了這種錢幣，這種情況 並不尋常。我使用了“假設”一詞，這是因為早期觀察到這 種現象的人並沒有向後人解釋，這種必要性是真實的、明確 的還是虛構的？從廣義上講，上海發行的銀幣應分為三類。 一類可稱為“本土發行銀幣”，儘管其數量很少，但是實際 是作支付部隊軍餉之用。第二類是“外國發行銀幣”，這些 銀幣只有精製，並沒有投入流通，因此並不是嚴格意義上發 行的錢幣。第三類則是“代幣”。

本土發行銀幣

“本土發行銀幣”是在1856年末面世的。令人遺憾的是， 偉烈亞力（Alexander Wylie）在離這種銀幣發行時間很近 的1857年中期所寫的文章裏，卻甚少關注它們。1考慮到他 顯然是唯一可以可靠諮詢的外國權威人士，我在80年後完 全引用他的話，這可能也是情有可原的。然而，他只提到了 本文中的A型錢幣。事實上，駱仁廷（James H. Stewart Lockhart）在描述吉羅福（George B. Glover）的收藏時 也是只提到了這種銀幣，2而且他1921年12月3日在漢口的 演講中也是如此。3而在《華北日報》1919年10月發表的爭 論文章涉及的每一位作者都只提到了這一種銀幣。偉烈亞 力在描述這枚銀幣時只說了一句話：“這是一枚壹兩重的銀 幣，大約是1856年年底在上海道臺的指示下生產的。它是 用鋼模鑄造的，而且相當精美。但它剛一出現，就有假幣 與之一起投入流通，因此人們很快對新幣失去信心，現在 只能作為錢幣樣品。”這種銀幣在不同時期也有人發起不同 的爭論。一位筆名為“Curio No. II”的作者在信中暗指到，

“雖然提到了海關總署署長，但似乎這枚銀幣並沒有得到政 府的正式承認”，這意味着政府在實際使用中認可這種銀幣， 但沒有正式承認它。喬根·克盧賓先生（Jorgen Klubien） 在同一封信中稍有提到：“1856年期間鑄造漕平壹兩銀餅並 投入流通。”4在1895年8月25日的《華北日報》上，馬士先 生（Hosea Ballou Morse）在《遠東貨幣》一文中提到這 枚銀幣時的表述是，“此處所描繪的銀幣不是政府發行的銀 幣。”不管馬士先生可能是什麼意思，這些銀幣肯定不是由 中央或省級鑄幣廠鑄造的，因為這些銀幣的生產方並不生產 中央或省級造幣廠的銀幣，但這些銀幣肯定是在政府授權任 命的鑄監的主持下生產的。

這篇文章可能會被一些讀者理解成為這些錢幣辯護的意思， 我甚至可能被指責說是有偏見。但是，當我們時至今日想到 它們，仍然覺得它們值得尊重的。首先，它的鑄造方法（對 當時的中國來說）是如此之先進，並且只是使用粗糙的本地 工具製造的。其次，它們的設計完全沒有受到外國的影響。 最後，這種銀幣在如此不利的條件下，完全由中國人的聰明 才智製造出如此完美的狀態，並且在實際流通中大約有六個 月之久。我覺得我不能被指責為對其有偏見。

上文提到的這種銀幣並不是上海唯一在咸豐六年（1856年） 製造的錢幣。雖然所有的這種錢幣都是在一個叫朱源裕的 人的主持和檢查下生產的。他被授予道臺、鑄監、甚至是 稅務司的級別或頭銜。但是，這些錢幣並不是由同一個號 商發行的，也不是同一個雕刻師製作的。我在當地的年鑒 中尋找有關這些錢幣的細節和記錄，但沒有結果。關於發 行的數量，以及它們出現的原因，似乎都沒有保存下來（我 們只知道它們大多被用於支付軍費）。儘管人們普遍承認它 們位於現已被摧毀的上海城內，但我甚至也無法確定授權

注釋：

1 中國清代錢幣，或稱現今王朝的錢幣。

2《遠東貨幣》。

3《中國現代鑄幣》，羅斯，在聯合教會文學協會所做演講。

4 馬士在《中國貿易和管理》第173頁中說：“我可以有把握地說，它的重量是565.65格令，但總是要考慮到在標準重量附近有所偏差的可能性。”

號商發行的地方是位於上海的哪個確切地區。時間似乎的 確已經抹去了所有如今看來是如此珍貴的痕跡。即便被稱 為銀爐的造幣廠在過去三十年中不斷運作，但我們現有存 世的銀幣仍然非常少。

這些錢幣是由三個號商發行的。儘管沒有證據表明每個發 行地都有其專屬的雕刻師，5但模具是由三個雕刻師準備完 成的。而我們可以看到，經正記和郁森盛都雇用了同一個 雕刻師——豐年，而郁森盛雇傭過豐年和王壽這兩位雕刻 師。至於所使用的模具數量，我可以有把握地說，每種壹 兩銀幣所使用的模具只有一個。如果某種銀幣中有一枚看 起來有所不同，那麼這種雕刻上的區別便是偉烈亞力提到 的偽造品的標誌。

還有一種偽品是1925年由一個在離上海外灘花園不遠的公司 工作的錢幣愛好者製作的，這個偽品完全是為了給不懂錢幣 的人製造一個陷阱。這種贗品在本文中歸入D型。它的厚度 不一，我見過一些3毫米厚的贗品，其他還有4.5毫米甚至5 毫米厚的贗品。這種贗品根本沒有齒邊，僅這一點就立即暴 露了它的缺陷，使這種贗品不能為人們接受。該種贗品直徑 為41毫米。有一枚該種贗品的重量是518格令，另有一枚是 532.5格令。其純度不定，但其形狀表明該幣是多種金屬的 合金。在我們的配圖中，它的邊齒被描述為“Z B”。它經人 工鍍青銅，使之變成青銅色，對自然氧化的模仿效果很差。

好品相的上海錢幣上的文字是沒有經過任何打磨的。邊緣 正如我們的圖片中“Z A”類型的齒邊所示，有馬賽克紋 理。整個銀幣在簡單樸素中給人一種真正莊重感。這是典 型的東方風格。本文中的A型上海銀幣是錢幣文章作者一 直提及的一種類型，這裏展示的這枚銀幣是已故的蔔士禮 （Stephen W. Bushell）6多年來收藏的錢幣。正面的銘文 是“咸豐六年上海縣號商王永盛足紋銀餅”，意即“咸豐六 年號商製作的標準銀餅”。背面銘文為“朱源裕監傾曹平實 重壹兩銀匠萬全造”。它的重量是563.30格令，但我稱過的 一些上海銀幣重量高達566.24格令，平均重量則為564.85 格令。在我們的配圖中，其齒邊類型是“Z A”。在《各國 現行金銀幣》（The Current Gold and Silver Coins of all Countries）7中，有一張這枚銀幣的精美圖片，它被印在

銀紙上，重量為565格令，純度為99.0%，比英國標準銀幣 的純度高15.625%。8

B類型的上海銀幣是一種未經公佈的銀幣。正面銘文為“咸 豐六年/上海縣/號商郁森盛/曹平銀餅”，意即“咸豐六 年（上海地區）郁森盛製作的銀餅。”背面銘文為“朱源裕 監傾曹平實重壹兩銀匠豐年造”，即銀幣由豐年製造，朱源 裕監造。文字的不同表示銀幣的發行號商以及雕刻者有所不 同。這種銀幣的齒邊為“Z A”類型。

C類型的上海銀幣迄今為止未被記錄。正面銘文為“咸豐六 年上海縣號商經正記曹平壹兩足紋銀餅”。背面銘文為“朱 源裕監傾曹平實重壹兩銀匠豐年造”，意即由銀匠豐年製作， 朱源裕監鑄造，其準確的重量為曹平壹兩。雖然這種銀幣由 另一處名為“經正記”的號商負責生產，但準備這種銀幣模 具的銀匠豐年也是製作B類型上海銀幣模具的人。該種銀 幣的齒邊類型為“Z A”。

E類型的上海銀幣是一枚五錢面額的銀幣，甚至沒有人懷疑 這種面額的上海五錢銀幣是否存在。有幾個類型的上海銀幣 都有這個面額。這枚E類型的銀幣與A型相對應，為了避 免重複，在此不再重複上面的銘文。我們可以指出的是，雖 然銘文與那枚壹兩基本相同，但在這枚上面的“曹平壹兩” 改為了“曹平五錢”。其齒邊類型為“Z A”。

我們發現F類型的上海銀幣由發行B類型銀幣的郁森盛發 行的，但它是由王壽雕刻的模具。王壽雕刻的模具集中在五 錢上，因為沒有壹兩的上海銀幣上以他的名字作為雕刻師出 現。該幣的齒邊類型“Z A”。

G型與F型的上海銀幣基本相同，但上面的文字更加精細， 而且出自不同人的手筆。而H型雖然也與F型的字體相同， 但字的筆劃更粗，而且齒邊不是由馬賽克圖案組成，而是有 “Z D”類型的對角線。此外，H型銀幣的馬齒是相當大比 例的合金，且可能是銅合金。由於這些原因，我傾向於相信 這枚銀幣是偉烈亞力提到的“非貴金屬製作的虛假仿製品” 之一。但由於一些變化無常的情況，這枚銀幣一直留存到我 們這個時代。

5 我說有三個號商，是基於目前從錢幣上透露出來的名字所判斷的。但中國錢幣界驚喜不斷，有可能有更多的號商進行發行。這一說法同樣適用於雕刻師，但有更多雕刻師進行雕刻的 可能性更大。

6 已故的蔔士禮博士是錢幣界的著名權威。他於1880年6月7日在英國皇家亞洲學會中國分會上分享文《中國現今王朝的錢幣》，併發表在該學會雜誌的第十五期上，以及發表在該學會 雜誌第三十二卷上，此外還有許多為《中國評論》撰寫的文章，是我們這個時代的收藏家經常參考的專著。

7 利奧波德·馬丁和查爾斯·特魯伯納，倫敦，1863年。

8 英國銀幣的標準純度是92.5%。

J型銀幣是一枚有趣的錢幣。它是由生產C型銀幣的經正記 發行，但雕刻模具的是雕刻了A型模具的人。

類型 面額 發行號商

綜上，我們可以知道1856年期間鋼模鑄造上海本土銀幣的 細節如下。

由於理論上的上海壹兩銀幣或“上海通用貨幣”含有565.65 格令的銀，純度為944%（按上海本地的含銀量計算方法）。 我們必須毫不猶豫地讚揚上述銀幣發起者的誠實。在銀幣鑄

造中，銀幣重量的差異相當穩定地保持在大約一格令中，差 異低於平均水準。

外國發行銀幣

在上海的外國發行銀幣始於1867年，這是在上海發行銀幣 退出公眾視野的十年後。

人們普遍錯誤地傳言，這些銀幣是由香港造幣廠在上海工部 局的要求下鑄造的。該造幣廠位於現怡和洋行制糖廠的位 置。儘管如此，這些錢幣從未投入流通，現在只剩下各種 設計的樣幣。羅斯（Giuseppe Ros）說10，壹兩面額的銀 幣有三種不同設計，但阿特金斯（James Atkins）只描述 了本文M類型的那枚。11拉弗上尉（Captain H.E. Laver） 寫信給我說，“考德考特（Caldecott）在他的圖錄中描述 了兩枚幣，12但我相信有另一種類似的銀幣。”信中提到的 M型和N型銀幣對應了紐約美國錢幣學會收藏的兩枚幣。

這兩枚錢幣基本相同的，只是N型有射線。事實上，第三 種設計的銀幣從未投入製作，只有上文提到的兩種設計的模 具被雕刻了出來。我無法確定是誰設計了這些圖案，但上面 的龍似乎是對中國龍的外形的拙劣摹本，13明顯有“歐洲式” 的外貌，頭部與身體完全不成比例。事實上，一般來說，外 來因素對這種錢幣的正反面設計都產生了相當明顯的影響。

另一面的盾徽無疑是用的英國皇家紋章圖案，也包括紋章上 的格言“心懷邪念者可恥”。

在我尋找細節的過程中14，一次偶然的機緣巧合使我接觸到 一位受雇於香港造幣廠的先生。他受雇時，正好在製作這些 上海壹兩銀幣。這是很多年前的事情，這只是他在造幣廠工 作中的一次偶然事件，而他當時正在為香港殖民地進行更重 要的鑄幣工作。加之這位先生的高齡（他在1922年時已經 79歲了），意味着他的訴說只能依靠對當時事件的記憶。他 靠英國政府提供的養老金過着退休生活，因此不希望自己的 名字被公開，這很好理解。我必須尊重他的願望，同時向讀 者保證，我對他的誠意非常滿意。他說，造幣廠只要求了兩 種設計，一種是盤龍周圍沒有射線的（M型），另一種盤龍 周圍有射線的（N型）。本文還有一枚編號為P類型的二錢。

無射線的設計和二錢的設計沒有得到批准，但射線版壹兩銀

幣卻得到了批准。當時的香港輔政司威廉·托馬斯·默瑟先 生（William Thomas Mercer.）向造幣廠下達了繼續鑄造 這種銀幣的命令。然而，不久之後，殖民總督向鑄幣廠發出 了一項新的命令，取消了原來的命令，指示鑄幣廠不僅要停 止生產任何銀幣，而且要銷毀所有已經鑄造的銀幣，理由是 北京政府強烈反對這些銀幣上出現英國盾徽。這些模具是由 一位最近從英國來到香港的英國專家雕刻的，但我的這位知 情人感到遺憾的是，那是多年前的事了，他無法記起這位雕 刻師的名字，也不記得做了多少枚。雕刻師不是設計師。這 些設計是殖民總督在向造幣廠發出製造樣幣的原始命令時 提供的，而造幣廠只是接受殖民總督的命令。這些就是我那 富有責任感的知情人所能提供的所有細節。

銷毀未通過審批的樣幣的方法，是把它們放在壓力機下，並 抹去部分圖案。L類型的就是這樣一枚幣。由於幣的兩個面 被壓住了，所以其邊緣擴大了，變成了一個更大的幣，直徑 為40.5毫米，厚度為3毫米，而原來的幣的直徑和厚度分別 為39和4毫米。當然，其重量沒有受到影響。銷毀那些已經 投入鑄造的相當數量的射線版銀幣可能就是將其全部投進 熔爐。北京政府反對錢幣上有英國皇家紋章，這促使我在北 京進行調查。但在我1929年訪問北京時，英國公使館的秘 書非常遺憾地告訴我，在1927年國民黨北伐時，他們的檔 案（其中確實保存了有關這些錢幣的珍貴資料）都被運到了 倫敦的外交部。1934年，外交大臣約翰·西蒙爵士（John Simon）慷慨地允許我深入到英國檔案局調查的這些檔案。 我發現這些錢幣是在北京清政府的要求下籌備的15。後附正 式通知和現有信函全文。

（未完待續）

（轉載自《中國雜誌》，第二十七卷，第2期， 1937年8月，第64-78頁）

10 羅斯，同上。

11《大英帝國領地和殖民地的硬幣和代幣》，p.227，倫敦，1889。

12

考德考特：《英國領地和殖民地硬幣和紀念品收藏目錄》，蘇富比，維金森和霍奇，倫敦，1912年6月。

13 根據古代的經文，龍是一種創造出來的動物，有鹿的角，駱駝的頭，野兔的眼睛，巨蛇的頸，鯉魚的鱗，鷹的爪。

14

我為獲取官方的或其他的信息進了最大的努力。我在前市政委員會委員利德爾先生的幫助下，於1922年查看了1865年至1868年上海市政委員會的會議報告、通知和其他檔案，但沒 有任何結果；但是，請注意，1867年的理事會會議報告以及六十年代期間使用的通信檔案和複印本當時已經不在了。我對英國駐上海總領事館檔案的研究也更加富有成效。然而，如果 有任何記錄流出，它們可能已經被銷毀，因為在1922年3月8日的信中，埃弗拉德·弗雷瑟爵士說：“領事館大樓在1870年12月被燒毀，在那之前的年份只剩下非常少的記錄。”香港是鑄 造這種硬幣的關鍵城市，但也沒有獲得任何成果，因為在1922年5月11日的信中，殖民地總督寫道：“這個辦公室裏的記錄在幾年前就被銷毀了，我很懷疑是否能獲得任何相關信息”。

15

我覺得有責任公開感謝前上海居民貝雷斯福德小姐，感謝她堅持不懈的奉獻，為我獲得所需的信息。1936年11月和12月期間，貝雷斯福德小姐對這些記錄進行了調查和複印，這需 要對公共記錄辦公室進行十幾次訪問，並對50多份文件進行審查。

Let the World Know more About Chinese Coins：

An Interview with China Numismatic Museum Director Zhou Weirong

◎ Yuan Shuiqing〔Xi'an〕

1

Zhou Weirong, Director of the Chinese Numismatic Museum (2014.10-2024.02), Researcher, Doctoral Supervisor. He is the Secretary General of the Chinese Numismatic Society and Chairman of the Academic Committee of the Chinese Numismatic Society. He is also a Doctoral Supervisor of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences and a Guest Professor of the University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Nanjing University, University of Science and Technology Beijing, and Hebei Normal University.

Chinese currency, with its long history, is one of the most wonderful currencies. Chinese coins, with their great profundity, are known around the world. One of the major tasks of the bilingual Journal of East Asian Numismatics is to promote the exchange of numismatic cultures between China and the West, introduce Chinese coins to foreign countries, and introduce foreign numismatic culture to China. To this end, I conducted an interview with Mr. Zhou Weirong, the director of the Chinese Numismatic Museum on January 26, 2024. (Fig. 1)

Zhou——Zhou Weirong

Yuan——Yuan shuiqing

Yuan:

Hello, Mr. Zhou! We are old acquaintances. Two years ago, I accompanied Mr. Michael Chou, President of Champion Auction and Editor-in-Chief and Publisher of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics, to visit you twice. The first visit was to listen to your suggestions for further development of the journal, and the second was to ask for your opinion on the Top Chinese Coins - Third Edition (Fig. 2). After we sat down, you answered the questions with clear points of view. Although the conversation was short, I had a deep impression.

Fig. 2 Group photo taken in the office of Zhou Weirong on August 19, 2020.

From left: Yuan Shuiqing, Zhou Weirong, Michael Chou

Fig.

Recent photo of Mr. Zhou Weirong

Zhou:

First of all, thank you for the interview. Michael Chou has spared no effort in promoting the international exchange of numismatics over the years and has been regarded as the "Overseas Chinese Coin Digger" by the numismatic community. He has been traveling in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan and countries in Europe, North America, and Southeast Asia for many years, participating in numismatic activities and promoting Sino-foreign numismatic exchanges, which are well recognized in the numismatic community. JEAN is well-run and has its own style. There will be opportunities for more cooperation in the future.

Yuan:

Thank you! This interview will be divided into four parts. First, please give an introduction to the Chinese Numismatic Museum, the Chinese Numismatic Society, and the museum journal 'Chinese Numismatics' (《 中國 錢幣 》). Also, please introduce a few major events you have done during your term of office in terms of reform as well as your personal academic achievements.

Yuan:

The Chinese Numismatic Museum is the main window to show Chinese coins to the world. Although the official website has a brief introduction to the museum, people would like to know more about it. I know that Dai Zhiqiang ( 戴志強 ) was the first director of the museum, the second was Huang Xiquan ( 黃錫全 ), the third was Li Ming ( 李明 ), and you are the current one. May I ask when your museum was founded and where is the original site? Which institution was housed in the current site of the museum in the Republic of China?

Zhou:

Zhou:

Okay. The numismatic museum is a place for collecting, protecting, researching, and displaying items that have witnessed human monetary culture and monetary and economic activities. Then I'll start by introducing the Chinese Numismatic Museum. What do you want to know?

The Chinese Numismatic Museum was founded in 1992 in the building of the People's Bank of China, and later moved to No.17 Xijiaominxiang Alley which was a financial district in the late Qing and Republican periods. The current exhibition building is the former site of the Commercial Guarantee Bank of Chihli. (Fig. 3)

Fig. 3 Chinese Numismatic Museum

Yuan:

It is reported that the National Museum of China has a collection of 200,000 coins, including 1,800 rarities. I have visited its special exhibition, the ancient Chinese coin exhibition. Your museum is directly affiliated with the People's Bank of China, as a top national-level numismatic museum in the industry, with more than 300,000 pieces (sets) of coins from all ages. All the best coins are gathered there. The number and variety of collectibles top domestic numismatic museums. The 'Selected Collection of the Chinese Numismatic Museum' (《中國錢幣博物館藏品選》), compiled by the museum, shows some of the finest pieces in the collection. How many pieces (sets) of them are rare? Please introduce the rarities of the ancient coin collection first.

Our museum has not formally announced a rare collection, but according to my understanding over the years, there are no less than 1,000 rare coins in the collection. For example, we have a hollow-head spade coin inscribed with zhong yi huang jin [ 重以黃釿 ], knife coins of yin yang [ 圁陽 ] area, six-character knife coin from the State of Qi, a copper plate coin inscribed with shijinyizhu [ 視 金一朱 , the value of the plate coin is equal to 1 zhu], gold and silver shell coins of the Warring States, horseshoeshaped gold ingots of the Qin and Han dynasties, gold wu zhu [ 五銖 ] coins of the Han dynasty, silver ingot issued by Yang Guo-Zhong ( 楊國忠 ) in the Tang dynasty, boatshaped silver ingots of the Tang dynasty, gold ingots inscribed with su zhai han wu lang [Hang Wu-lang of the Su's], silver ingots inscribed with cheng an bao huo [legal tender in the Empire Cheng'an's reign] of the Jin dynasty, a bronze paper money plate inscribed with sheng zhi hui yi jiao chao [ 聖旨回易交鈔 , paper notes issued under the imperial edict] (Fig. 4) of the Jin dynasty (Fig. 5).

Fig. 4 Copper plate for the paper money of the Jin Dynasty

Fig. 5 The mold of gong shi nv qian ( 公式女錢 ) of the Southern Dynasty unearthed from Nanjing

Yuan:

What are some of the rare vintage coins in the museum collection?

The vintage coin is a specialty collection of our museum with a large number of rarities. For example, a Sun Yat-sen Founding of the Republic of China One Dollar Silver Coin Gold Pattern (Fig. 6), a 1914 Yuan Shikai Gold Dollar, a Yuan Shikai Republican Commemorative One Dollar Silver Coin Gold Pattern, Tang Chi-Yao Commemorative gold coins, a 1920 Nye Sze Chung Commemorative Gold Coin minted by the Anching Mint, 1921 Hsu Shih-Chang Medals, a Tuan Qi-Jui Commemorative Silver Dollar Gold Pattern, a Civil Tsao Kun Constitution Gold Coin, a Military Tsao Kun Cross-Flag Gold Coin, 1906 and 1907 Empire Gold Taels, a 1911 Empire Short Whisker Dragon Dollar Silver, and 1 mace and 2 mace Sinkiang Ration gold coins.

Zhou: Zhou:

Yuan:

What are the key collections of modern coins issued by the People's Bank of China? Is the first set of RMB in your museum complete? Is there a 2000 10 kg millennium commemorative gold coin?

Zhou:

Almost all the coins issued by the People's Bank of China are in our museum. The first set of RMB is complete, and the other sets of RMB are also complete. We have the 2000 10 kg millennium commemorative gold coin and also a 5kg Gold Coin Commemorating the 10th Anniversary of the Gold Panda Coin. In terms of the modern precious metal coins, our museum is the top domestically.

Zhou:

Fig. 6 Gold pattern of the Sun Yat Sen One Dollar Silver Commemorating the Birth of the Republic of China

According to the information, the National Numismatic Collection of the National Museum of American History has 1.6 million coins, including Chinese coins. The American Numismatic Society also has a number of Chinese coins in its collection. Your museum has coins from more than 100 countries. How many pieces are there in your museum? What are some of the well-known coins?

Our museum has more than 3,000 foreign coins from more than 120 countries, among which there are also some famous and rare coins, such as 1588 and 1641 Spanish gold coins, 1682 and 1788 British gold coins, a 1741 Dutch gold coin, 1808 and 1834 Italian gold coins, a 1838 French gold coin, 1774 Mexican gold coins, 1826 Peru gold coins, a Portuguese Cross Silver Cake, a Spanish Phillip III silver coin, Spanish pillar dollars silver coins, Spanish Carlos III silver coins, and Dutch rider coins.

Yuan:

Please introduce the source of the museum collection. I learned from the auction market that famous Chinese coins have come out one after another. There are some unique ones and highly rare coins, breaking auction records. Most of these coins went to private collectors. For example, a mother 500-cash xian feng yuan bao cash coin [ 咸豐元 寶寶泉當五百雕母 ] realized RMB 11.8 million (Fig. 7), a trial coin of 100-cash Gansu xian feng zhong bao [ 咸 豐重寶背寶鞏當百 ] realized RMB 4.37 million (China

Fig. 7 A mother coin for 500-cash xian feng yuan bao cash coin, 58.57mm in diameter and 65.93 grams in weight, realized 233 million Yen at Taisei Auction on Apr. 29, 2022.

Yuan:

Guardian 2023 Spring Auction), the Fengtien Tael realized RMB 46.575 Yuan (Chengxuan 2022 Spring Auction, as the sixth highest price for a coin to realize at a public auction), and a 5kg Gold Coin Commemorating the 10th Anniversary of the Gold Panda Coin realized over RMB 10 million (auctioned by Taisei on April 30, 2010, with a hammer price of RMB 127.6 million). Does your museum have any plans to buy such top coins and enrich the collection?

Zhou:

The coins in our museum come from a variety of sources, including those allocated by the People's Bank of China, those transferred by cultural institutes and museums, those purchased from the public, those donated by the public, and those bought from auctions. As far as the collection is concerned, our museum first considers its cultural relic value and academic value rather than its market value. At present, there is no plan to buy top coins that are sought after by the market. In fact, many of the patterns in our museum are among the top coins in the industry.

Yuan:

The collection is for display for appreciation and for research. The exhibits of your museum are divided into the Basic Chinese Currency Hall and the Special Exhibition Hall. By visiting the exhibition, you can learn about history, gain knowledge, and enjoy art. How many parts does the General Chinese Currency History Exhibition have? (Fig. 8) What special exhibitions have been organized?

8

Fig.

A partial of the General Chinese Currency History Exhibition

The General Chinese Currency History Exhibition we are now launching is a complete system from pre-Qin currency to the first set of RMB. It is arranged with time as the main line. In each period, the coins and currencies are integrated with the corresponding history. The whole exhibition covers iron coins, cash coins, gold and silver coins, coin molds, and casting techniques, in a continuum. The most notable feature of our exhibition is that it fully draws on the new achievements of the academic community and fully showcases the rarities in the collection. Therefore, most of the rarities in the collection mentioned above can be seen in this exhibition. The exhibition competed in the 2021 China Top 10 Exhibitions Competition and won a Merit Award.

In the past decade, we have organized more than 30 special exhibitions, including a specialized exhibition commemorating the millennium of the birth of paper notes, World Exotic Coin Exhibition, Arduous and Brilliant - Precious Metal Commemorative Coin Exhibition in Celebration of the 100th Anniversary of the Founding of the Communist Party of China, Remembering the Beginning, Keeping the Mission in Mind - Red Financial History Exhibition, Witnessing History - Sun Yat-sen Coin Exhibition in Commemoration of the 110th Anniversary of the Revolution of 1911, Glorious Years - Exhibition of Specialized Financial Purchase Certificates Issued by the People's Bank of China since the Founding of the People's Republic of China, Beautiful China - the Beautiful Land on the RMB, Revisiting History - People's Bank of China 70th Anniversary Exhibition, Exhibition of Coins of the State of Qi, Welcoming the 19th National Congress – Exhibition of Personal Collection of the Staff in the People's Bank of China, International Coin and Seal Art Exhibition, Choice Chinese Copper Coin Exhibition, A Great View - Exhibition of Choice Coins of Peking Mint Bureau of the Qing Dynasty, Chinese Folk Coin Exhibition, The Glory of the Overseas Chinese – Exhibition of Oversea Chinese from Wuyi, Jiangmen in Modern Times, The Silk Road Currency Exhibition, Exhibition of World Railway on Coins, Chinese Coin and Calligraphy Art Exhibition, Bank Card 30th Anniversary Exhibition, Retrospective Exhibition on the 30th Anniversary of the Issuance of China's Ordinary Commemorative Coins, and Exhibition on the Establishment of the People's Bank of China.

Your museum is a national center for the study of numismatic culture, with many talented people, strong research power, and a rich collection of numismatic objects, 13,000 books, and 5,000 journals. How many books have been compiled by your museum? What have been the new achievements in academic research in the past five years?

In the early years, the Chinese Numismatic Museum and the Chinese Numismatic Society devoted themselves to editing and publishing complete catalogs, numismatic dictionaries, and series of books. We have organized or participated in the compilation of a series of books, including 'Currency History of the Chinese Revolutionary Bases' (Financial Publishing House), a 'Chinese Numismatic Dictionary' (Chung Hwa Book Co.), 'Archive of Precious Chinese Financial Relics' (Central Party Literature Press), 'Chinese Numismatic Series' (Chung Hwa Book Co.), 'Essays on Chinese Numismatics' (Series 1-6,

Zhou:

Zhou:

Yuan:

Financial Publishing House), and 'Selected Collections of the Chinese Numismatic Museum' (Cultural Relics Press). In recent years, we have focused on encouraging and promoting the publication of scholarly works and published more than 10 books, including 'Numismatics and History of Casting' (Science Press, 2015), 'Scientific Study of Ancient Chinese Silver Ingots' (Science Press, 2017), 'Chinese Copper Coin Exhibition' (Science Press, 2017), 'History of Ancient Chinese Material CultureCurrency' (Kaiming Press, 2018), 'Research on the Casting Process of Ancient Chinese Coins' (Science Press, 2022), 'Historical Currency in China' (Science Press, 2022), and 'Coins Issued by the Red Regime: The Legend of the Red Purse' (Workers' Publishing House, 2023).

In the past five years, we have made new achievements in academic research. For instance, we made an in-depth study of early coins and the origin of coins, put forward the theory that Chinese currency originated from jewelry and gifts, and we made an in-depth study of ancient Chinese gold and silver coins. In addition, we clarified the time and background of the generation of ancient Chinese gold and silver coins, interpreted the names and connotations of horseshoe gold ingot and unicorn gold ingot unearthed from the Tomb of Marquis Haihun ( 海昏侯 ), and argued for the evolution and connotations of ancient Chinese silver ingots. In-depth research was conducted on the causes, timing, and impact of early jiao zi [ 交子 ] paper notes, the authenticity and identity of the qiansicang [ 千斯倉 ] story painting paper money plate was verified, and the Consensus of Chengdu Conference (an academic consensus commemorating the 1,000th anniversary of the birth of paper notes) was released. On the basis of systematic research on the casting process of ancient Chinese coins, we published the book 'Research on the Casting Process of Ancient Chinese Coins'. We have published representative articles, including 'A New Look at the Origins of Currencies', 'On the Nature of Currency and the Origin of Chinese Coin' ('Chinese Numismatics', June 2023), 'A Study of the Gold Cake Types of the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties' ('Journal of National Museum of Chinese History', November 2018), 'Study on the Problems of Early Gold and Gold Currency in Ancient China' ('Journal of National Museum of Chinese History', March 2021), 'A Treatise on Silver Coins in Ancient Chinese Silver Ingots: Form and Connotation' ('Study on the Problems of Silver Coins and Historical Changes in China', China Financial Publishing House, 2021), 'The Origins of Silver Currency in Ancient China' ('Palace Museum Journal', September, 2023), 'Counterfeiting of Qiansicang Paper Money Plate in Song Dynasty', 'Identification of Plates of the Qiansicang Paper Money and Hui Zi Paper Money in the Southern Song Dynasty' ('Chinese Numismatics', March and April 2023), 'Identification of the GengShiWuZhu' ('Chinese Numismatics', May 2022), and 'Sphere and Triangle Patterns on Gold Jewelry in the North During the Warring States Period' ('Ancient Civilization Research Newsletter', June 2023).

Yuan:

By the way, how many other state-owned numismatic museums are there in the country? Which ones are relatively well-run and have publications?

Zhou:

At present, there are about 40 state-owned numismatic and banking museums in China. The Shanghai Banking Museum, the Qilu Coin Museum, and the Ningbo Numismatic Museum have their own publications and are well-run.

Yuan:

Next, please introduce the general situation of the Chinese Numismatic Society. On June 26, 1982, the Chinese Numismatic Society, the first numismatic society since the establishment of the People's Republic of China, was founded in Beijing. What is its nature and purpose? Who has assumed chairman and secretary-general of the society? I also wonder about the number of existing members and directors. What is its relationship with provincial and municipal numismatic societies?

Zhou:

The Chinese Numismatic Society is a national, academic, and non-profit social organization formed voluntarily by institutes and individuals engaged in the study of numismatics, monetary history, banking, and financial history. To put it simply, the purpose of the society is to organize and promote national research on numismatics and monetary history under the guidance of national policies, to inherit, protect, and give full play to the historical value of coins and financial cultural relics, to carry forward the excellent traditional culture, and to provide professional services for the relevant decision of the state.

Geng Daoming ( 耿道明 ) and Yang Bingchao ( 楊秉超 ) were the first chairman and general secretary respectively; Tong Zengyin ( 童贈銀 ) and Dai Zhiqiang ( 戴志強 ) were the second and third; Yin Jieyan ( 殷介炎 ) and Dai Zhiqiang were the fourth; Shi Jilaing ( 史紀良 ) and Dai Zhiqiang were the fifth; Ma Delun ( 馬德倫 ) and Huang Xiquan ( 黃錫全 ) were the sixth; Jin Qi ( 金琦 ) and Li Ming ( 李明 ) were the seventh. I am the eighteen general secretary and the position of chairman is currently vacant. There are more than 70 institute members and more than 1,700 individual members, including 139 directors. It is a business guidance relationship with provincial and municipal numismatic societies.

Yuan:

The Chinese Numismatic Society is now in its eighth session, and the Secretariat of the society and the China Numismatic Museum work in the same place. What is their relationship?

Yuan:

What international numismatic exchanges has the Chinese Numismatic Society carried out? Are there any new plans?

Zhou:

The Chinese Numismatic Museum is the affiliated institute of the Chinese Numismatic Society, and the Secretariat of the society is a department of the Museum, which is mainly responsible for the daily affairs of the society, and also for some of the work of the Museum.

Zhou:

The Chinese Numismatic Society has always attached great importance to international numismatic academic exchange activities, and has maintained long-term contacts with the International Numismatic Council, the French Numismatic Society, the British Royal Numismatic Society, the American Numismatic Society, and most of the numismatic organizations in Southeast Asian countries. We also keep in touch with quite a number of famous numismatic museums (departments) in the world. We go global mainly through the exchange platforms of the two international organizations. One is the International Numismatic Council, which holds a general meeting every six years. Since our establishment, we have organized Chinese delegations to attend almost every meeting. The other is the International Committee for Money and Banking Museums, an organization that holds an annual conference once a year, and the Chinese Numismatic Museum is one of the initiators of the organization. Chinese Numismatic Museum and the Chinese Numismatic Society of China organize a Chinese delegation to participate in every annual conference. In addition, the Chinese Numismatic Society organizes special visits and exchanges according to the needs of thematic research and international exchanges. This year, we plan to organize a delegation to attend the 2024 Annual Meeting of the International Committee for Money and Banking Museums (ICOMON). We also invited foreigners to exchange in China mainly through the platform of the Beijing International Coin Expo.

Yuan:

The Gold Coin Award established by the Chinese Numismatic Society was the highest academic award for the Chinese numismatic community, and it was very popular. However, it was later canceled, and I want to hear the reason for its cancellation.

Yuan:

Zhou:

The Chinese Numismatic Society has held the Gold Coin Award for four years. It was discontinued during the seventh session of the Board of Directors (2013) in response to the requests to reduce all kinds of awarding activities nationwide.

The third part is about 'Chinese Numismatics'. This journal is the first modern Chinese numismatic journal. This national scholarly numismatic journal with wide influence was founded in 1983 (Fig. 9), as the first numismatic publication to be publicly circulated both at home and abroad. The first editor-in-chief was Qian Jiaju ( 千家駒 ). I have an inaugural issue in my collection and purchased the early CD-ROMs. The successive editors-in-chief were Dai Zhiqiang, Huang Xiquan, Yao Shuomin ( 姚朔 民 ), Zhou Weirong, and Gao Congming ( 高聰明 ). I have read every issue over the years. Can you tell me about the features of the journal and its current prints? Is it possible to place advertisements?

Fig. 9 The inaugural issue of the 'Chinese Numismatics', with the journal name written by Shu Tong

Zhou:

The journal has set columns such as a numismatics forum, monetary history research, numismatic rarities, excavation and discovery, banks and banknotes, red finance, foreign coins, numismatic events and other columns. Scholarship is the major feature of this journal. Over the years, we have always insisted on reflecting the new achievements and discoveries of numismatics and monetary history research in our publications, striving to open up new fields on the basis of inheriting and carrying forward the traditions of numismatics, constantly advancing the scientific nature of numismatic research, and giving due consideration to the publicity and popularization of numismatic knowledge in the arrangement of contents. As a professional academic journal, it does not publish commercial advertisements, but it occasionally introduces some specialized cultural and creative products on the cover page. The current annual issuance is over 12,000 copies.

Yuan:

After the change from a quarterly to a bimonthly journal, the 'Chinese Numismatics' has increased its content and research portion. Some high-level long scholarly articles account for a large percentage of the total. I participated in several national seminars on the Song dynasty coins, Sichuan coins, Silk Road coins, and copper plates last year. The speakers shared the latest research results, most of which are novel and insightful. Shandong's 'Qilu Coins' also has high-level articles. In the future, will the "Chinese Numismatics' choose such research results to publish, so that the journal will be closer to the public and reach a wider audience?

Zhou:

Zhou:

Absolutely. Over the years, we've been very focused on incorporating good articles from national academic conferences.

Yuan:

The last part is about you. You are an excellent administrator and a numismatic expert and scholar. During your previous term of office, what reforms and advances have you made to advance the Chinese Numismatic Museum to 'lead in China and be first-rate in the world', to promote Chinese numismatic culture, and to facilitate exchanges between Chinese and foreign coins?

Since I took office, I strengthened the concept of founding a museum with academics given the numismatics originated from the ancient coins science which has both essences and errors. With the requirements of specialization, academization, and scientization, I vigorously promoted the construction of the discipline of numismatics and numismatic history. The first is to require the museum exhibition to absorb new academic achievements in a timely manner, especially new archaeological achievements. Second, I requested that 'Chinese Numismatics' should view manuscripts, and published articles should be firmly prevented from using incorrect terms and corrected terms into standard ones such as qifahua [ 齊法化 ], yingyuan [ 郢 爰 ] and so on. The way to cite literature was also regulated. Third, I requested to review the topics of the Chinese Numismatic Society, and we must be strict with academics and abandon the thinking of sharing the cake equally. Fourth, I strengthened communication with the archaeological and financial communities and endeavored to promote the integration and sharing of cross-border and interdisciplinary academic achievements. For example, we organized academic conferences with the Qin-

Han Archaeological Specialized Committee of the Chinese Archaeological Society, and we invited well-known archaeologists to the museum to do lectures and thematic academic exchanges. We also made academic lectures and reports at economic and financial institutes. Fifth, I took the lead to do some important academic topics, such as the study of the casting process of ancient Chinese coins, the scientific study of ancient Chinese silver ingots, the origin of coins, etc. Sixth, I maintained contact with the International Numismatics Council (INC), ICOMON, and its members. I took an active part in the relevant academic activities of the international numismatic organizations and some of the world's leading museums and universities. Overall, the results are obvious.

Yuan:

Please introduce your academic research results and share your writings.

My academic study focuses on numismatics and monetary history, bronze culture and smelting and casting history, and brass and zinc refining history. In my academic career of more than thirty years, I have mainly worked in the following aspects:

First, I have done systematic research on the history of brass and zinc refining in ancient China. It is proved that Chinese zinc refining was born in Wanli's reign of the Ming dynasty and that it was a self-invented technique rather than one that was passed down from India. The conclusion is expounded with the Triple Evidence Method from the perspective of the history of science and technology and science and technology archaeology. The paper on "Brass Coin Part" was awarded the Gold Coin Award by the Chinese Numismatic Society.

Second, I have made a systematic study on the alloy composition of ancient Chinese coins (covering more than 2,000 examples from the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods to the Qing dynasty), including the main components and trace elements. On this basis, scientific methods and quantitative criteria for assessing the quality of ancient coins were proposed, and a monograph, 'Research on the Alloy Composition of Ancient Chinese Coins' (Chung Hwa Book Co., 2004), was published, which was awarded the Gold Coin Award by the Chinese Numismatic Society.

Third, I have made a systematic study of the casting process of ancient Chinese coins. I demonstrated the direction of the evolution of the casting process (lowering the cost as much as possible, while improving the efficiency and increasing the degree of standardization as much as possible), and proposed that the stacked casting, the sand casting, and the later banknotes were the three great inventions in the field of monetary and financial affairs in ancient China. I have published a monograph, 'Research on the Ancient Chinese Coin Casting Process', and the related subject was awarded the second prize of the National Bank (Finance) Science and Technology Development Award (2006).

Fourth, I have made a systematic study of the ancient Chinese silver currency (silver ingots of all dynasties). I demonstrated the development of the ancient Chinese silver currency and the nature of the changes in the form of silver ingots and put forward a complete scientific methodology for the identification of the ancient silver ingots. I have published a book 'Scientific Research

Zhou:

on the Ancient Silver Ingots of China', and the relevant subject was awarded the first prize in the National Bank (Finance) Science and Technology Development Award (2015).

Fifth, I examined early currencies from the perspective of archaeology and human history and put forward the theory that Chinese currency originated from jewelry and gifts.

Over the past 30 years, I have published more than 110 academic papers (including co-authored papers) in academic journals at home and abroad. I have published academic works (including co-authored works) such as 'Numismatics and History of Smelting and Casting' (Chung Hwa Book Co., 2002), 'Study on the Alloy Composition of Ancient Chinese Coins' (Chung Hwa Book Co., 2004), 'Numismatics and History of Smelting and Casting (II)' (Science Press, 2015), 'Scientific Research on Ancient Silver Ingots of China' (Science Publishing House' 2016), and 'Study on Casting Process of Ancient Chinese Coins' (Science Publishing House 2022). (Fig. 10).

Yuan:

I would like to thank Director Zhou for accepting my interview in your busy schedule.

Zhou:

You're welcome. Let's keep in touch.

Fig. 10 Mr. Zhou Weirong's Writings

讓世界更多地瞭解中國錢幣

——中國錢幣博物館館長周衛榮訪談錄

◎ 袁水清〔西安〕

圖1 周衛榮先生近照及簡介

周衛榮，1964年1月生，江蘇丹陽人。中國錢幣博物館館長（2014.10-2024.02）、研 究員、博士生導師。中國錢幣學會秘書長，中國錢幣學會學術委員會主任委員；中 國科學院大學博士生導師，中國社會科學院大學、南京大學、北京科技大學、河北 師範大學等客座教授。

中國貨幣，源遠流長，最為精彩；中國錢幣，博大精深，世界矚目。促進中西方貨幣文化交流，把中國錢幣推介給國外， 把外國錢幣文化引介中國，是中英雙語期刊《東亞泉志》的一項重要任務。為此，2024年1月26日，筆者對中國錢幣博物 館館長周衛榮先生作了專訪。（圖1）

周館長好！咱倆是老熟人了。兩年前，我陪同冠軍拍賣總裁兼《東亞泉志》總編 暨出版人周邁可先生拜訪過您兩次，一次是聽取您對進一步辦好《東亞泉志》的 建議，一次是徵求您對我們編撰《中國近代機製幣精品鑒賞（第三版）》的意見 （圖 2）。坐定後，您打開記事本，逐一回答了我們提前預約的事項，言簡意賅， 觀點明確。雖交談時間不長，而您處事果斷，辦事效率極高給我留下深刻印象。

圖

首先謝謝袁先生採訪！周邁可先生這些年在推進國 際錢帀交流方面不遺餘力，被泉友喻為“海外中國 錢幣挖掘機”。他常年穿梭於中國內地及港澳臺與 歐美、東南亞各國之間，參加錢幣活動，促進中外 錢幣交流，泉界有目共睹。《東亞泉志》辦得很好， 有特色。以後有機會多多合作。

謝謝！此次採訪內容分四部分，請您對中國錢幣博物 館、中國錢幣學會及其館（會）刊《中國錢幣》雜 誌作一介紹，您任期中在改革推進方面所做的幾件 大事以及個人的學術成就。

好的。錢幣博物館是收藏、保護、研究、展示人類 貨幣文化、貨幣經濟活動見證物的場所。那我就先 介紹一下中國錢幣博物館。先生想知道哪些內容？

中國錢幣博物館是向世界展示中國錢幣的主要窗口。

雖然官方網站對中國錢幣博物館已有簡介，但大家 想瞭解的更深入一些。我知道，中國錢幣博物館首 任館長戴志強，二任是黃錫全，三任李明，先生為 現任。請問貴館成立於何時，原址在何處？現館址 是民國時哪家金融機構舊址？

圖3 中國錢幣博物館門景

中國錢幣博物館成立於1992年，成立之初在中國人 民銀行大樓，後來搬遷至西交民巷17號院。西交民 巷是清末民國時期的金融街區，我們現在的主展樓 即是原北洋保商銀行舊址。（圖3）

據悉，中國國家博物館館藏錢幣20萬件，其中珍品1 800件。其專題陳列是中國古代錢幣，我參觀過。而貴館是直屬 於中國人民銀行的國家級錢幣博物館，屬行業類博物館，擁有30餘萬件（套）歷代錢幣，精品雲集。藏品數量之多、 種類之全居國內各家錢幣博物館之首。貴館編著的《中國錢幣博物館藏品選》公佈了部分館藏精品。請問其中珍品 級的有多少件（套）？請先介紹一下古代錢幣中的館藏珍品。

我館沒有正式公佈過珍品級藏品，但據我這些年來的瞭解，珍品級實物藏品不下1 000件。如，“重以黃釿”空首布， 圁陽刀幣，齊國六字刀幣，視金一朱銅錢牌，戰國金貝、銀貝，秦漢蹄形金，漢代金五銖錢，唐代楊國忠銀鋌，唐 代船形銀鋌，宋代“蘇宅韓五郎“金鋌，金朝承安寶貨銀鋌，大型大布黃千銅範，金代聖旨回易交鈔銅鈔版（圖4）， 等等（圖5）。

館藏的近現代機製幣珍稀品有哪些？

周：

近現代機製幣是我館的一個特色藏品，有大量珍稀品。如，孫中山像開國紀念壹圓銀幣金樣（圖6），民國三年袁世 凱像金幣，袁世凱戎裝像共和紀念壹圓銀幣金樣，唐繼堯像擁護共和紀念金幣，民國九年安慶造幣廠造倪嗣沖像紀 念金幣，民國十年徐世昌像仁壽同登紀念金幣，段祺瑞像執政紀念銀幣金樣，曹錕像憲法成立紀念金幣，曹錕戎裝

像背雙旗紀念金幣，以及丙午大清金幣、丁未大清金幣，大清銀幣（短須龍），新疆餉金一錢、餉金二錢金幣，等等。

中國人民銀行發行的當代錢幣重點收藏有哪些？第一 套人民幣齊全嗎？有2000年10公斤千年紀念金幣嗎？

中國人民銀行發行的貨幣我館基本上都有收藏，第 一套人民幣齊全，其他套人民幣也齊全。我館有 2000年10公斤千禧年金幣，也有熊貓金幣發行10周 年5公斤紀念金幣，應該說建國以來發行的貴金屬 幣，我館的收藏在國內是最多最全的。

袁：

資料介紹，美國國家歷史博物館錢幣館擁有160萬件 錢幣，其中有中國錢幣；美國錢幣學會也收藏有不

少中國錢幣。貴館收藏有100多個國家的錢幣，請問 有多少件？其中名品都有哪些？

圖7 咸豐元寶寶泉當五百雕母 直徑58.57毫米 重65.93克

日本泰星2022年4月29日錢幣專場拍賣成交價 2.33億日元（約合人民幣1 180萬元）

袁：

圖6 孫中山像開國紀念壹圓銀幣金樣

我館收藏有120多個國家3 000多件外國貨幣實物， 其中不乏名品珍品，如1588、1641年的西班牙金 幣，1682、1788年的英國金幣，1741年的荷蘭金幣， 1808、1834年的意大利金幣，1838年的法國金幣， 1774年的墨西哥金幣，1826年的秘魯金幣，葡萄 牙十字架銀餅，西班牙菲利普三世銀幣，西班牙雙 柱雙球銀幣，西班牙卡洛斯三世銀幣，荷蘭馬劍銀 幣等。

請介紹一下貴館藏品來源。我從拍賣市場獲悉，中國錢幣名品迭 出，不乏僅見品、高端稀缺品，拍賣屢創紀錄，且多被民間藏家收 入囊中。例如，古幣單枚成交過千萬元的咸豐元寶寶泉當五百雕母 1 180萬元（圖7）、咸豐重寶背寶鞏當百試樣成交價437萬元（中國 嘉德2023年春拍）、成交價4 657.5萬元的近代機製幣“奉天癸卯一 兩”（2022年誠軒春拍，列世界錢幣公開拍賣成交價第六名）、逾1 千萬元的5公斤中國熊貓金幣發行10周年紀念金幣（日本泰星2010 年4月30日拍賣，落槌價1.276億日元），等等。貴館有無徵集頂尖 錢幣、充實館藏的計劃？

周：

袁：

我館藏品來源比較豐富，有中國人民銀行劃撥的，有文博單位調撥轉讓的，有向社會徵集的，有接受社會捐贈的， 也有從拍賣公司拍賣品中買來的。就藏品而言，我館首先考慮的是其文物價值與學術價值，不片面追求市場價值。

目前暫無徵集市場追捧的頂尖錢幣的計劃。其實，我館的許多近代機製幣樣幣，也是業內的頂尖錢幣。

藏品一是為了陳列展示供參觀，二是為了研究。貴館展品陳列分為“中國貨幣基本陳列”館和專 題展覽館。通過參觀，可以感知歷史，收穫知識，享受藝術。請問“中國貨幣通史展”分哪幾部 分（圖8），貴館舉辦過哪些專項展覽？

我們現在推出的“中國貨幣通史陳列”是一個從先秦貨幣至第一套人民幣的完整體系，大致以時代為主線，各個時 期，實物與歷史融合一體，銅錢、鐵錢、金銀貨幣互現，錢範與鑄造工藝參插，沒有明確劃分為幾個部分。我們這 個展覽最顯著的特點是充分汲取學術界新成果，充分展示館藏珍品，所以，上面提到的館藏珍稀品，大都可在這個 展覽中看到。該展覽參加2021年度全國十大精品展覽評選，並榮獲優勝獎。

近十年來，我們先後舉辦過30餘場專題展，主要有，紀念紙幣誕生千年專題展、世界奇特貨幣展、艱辛與輝煌—— 慶祝中國共產黨成立一百周年貴金屬紀念幣展、不忘初心，牢記使命——紅色金融歷史展、見證歷史——紀念辛亥 革命110周年孫中山貨幣展、光輝歲月——建國以來人民銀行發行的金融類票證展、美麗中國——人民幣上的錦繡 山河、重溫歷史——中國人民銀行成立70周年紀事展、齊國貨幣精品展、喜迎十九大——中國人民銀行職工個人 收藏展、國際幣章藝術展、“銅”心“銅”德——中國銅元精品展、精品薈萃，蔚為大觀——清朝京局錢幣精品展、 吉金雅藏——中國歷代民俗錢幣展、金山伯的榮耀——近代江門五邑僑匯展、海陸通絕域——絲綢之路貨幣展、錢 幣上的世界鐵路展、金鑄筆墨——中國歷代錢幣書法藝術展、銀行卡發行30周年展、中國普通紀念幣發行三十周年 回顧展、中國人民銀行成立紀事展，等等。

貴館是全國研究錢幣文化的中心，人才濟濟，研究力量雄厚，錢幣實物 和館藏13 000冊文獻圖書和5 000餘冊錢幣期刊得天獨厚。請問貴館先後 編撰過哪幾部著作？近5年在學術研究上的新成果都有哪些？ 袁：

物館藏品選》（文物出版社）等。近些年，我們着重鼓勵和推動學術著作的出版，出版的著作有：《錢幣學與冶鑄史》 （科學出版社，2015）、《中國古代銀錠科學研究》（科學出版社，2017）、《中國銅元精品展》（科學出版社，2017）、《中 國古代物質文化史·貨幣》（開明出版社，2018）、《中國古代錢幣鑄造工藝研究》（科學出版社，2022）、《中國歷史 周：

早年，錢幣博物館和錢幣學會致力於編輯出版大部頭圖譜、大辭典和叢書，先後組織或參與編撰了《中國革命根據 地貨幣史》叢書（金融出版社）、《中國錢幣大辭典》（中華書局）、《中國金融珍貴文物檔案大典》（中央文獻出版社）、 《中國錢幣叢書》甲種本與乙種本（中華書局）、《中國錢幣論文集》（第1--6輯，金融出版社），以及《中國錢幣博

貨幣》（科學出版社，2022）、《赤幣：紅色錢袋子傳奇》（工人出版社，2023）等十餘部。

近5年來學術研究新成果主要為：深入研究了早期貨幣與貨幣起源問題，提出貨幣源於飾品禮品論；深入研究了中 國古代黃金貨幣與白銀貨幣，明確了中國古代黃金貨幣、白銀貨幣產生的時間及背景，詮釋了以海昏侯墓為代表出

土的馬蹄金、麟趾金的名稱與內涵，論證了中國古代銀錠形態的演變與內涵；深入研究了早期紙幣（交子）產生的 原因、時間及其影響，考證了“千斯倉”鈔版的真偽與身份，發佈《成都會議共識》（紀念紙幣誕生1000年學術共識）； 在對中國古代錢幣鑄造工藝系統研究的基礎上，出版了《中國古代錢幣鑄造工藝研究》，等等。代表性的文章有：《貨 幣起源新探》《論貨幣本質和中國貨幣的起源》(《中國錢幣》2023-06)、《戰國秦漢金餅貨幣類型考略》（《中國國家 博物館館刊》，201811）、《中國古代早期黃金與黃金貨幣問題研究》（《中國國家博物館館刊》，2021-3）、《中國古代 白銀貨幣榷論》《中國古代銀錠：形態與內涵》（載《白銀貨幣與中國歷史變遷問題研究》中國金融出版社，2021）、《中 國古代白銀貨幣起源考略》（《故宮博物院院刊》（2023-09）、《“千斯倉”宋代鈔版辨偽》《“千斯倉”版、“行在會子庫” 版考辨》（《中國錢幣》2023-03/04)、《更始五銖考辨》（《中國錢幣》2022-05）、《戰國時期北方金飾品中的球體與 三角紋造型》（《古代文明研究通訊》2023-06）等。

順便問一下，全國公有錢幣博物館還有哪幾家？辦 得相對好且有刊物的有哪幾家？ 袁：

目前全國公有錢幣銀行類博物館大概有40多家。上

海市銀行博物館、齊魯錢幣博物館、寧波錢幣博物 館等都有自己的刊物，辦得都不錯。

下邊請您介紹一下中國錢幣學會的概況。1982年6月26日，新中國建立以來第一家錢幣社團——中國錢幣學會在京 成立，它的性質，宗旨，歷任理事長、秘書長？現有會員數，其中理事數？與各省市錢幣學會的關係等？ 袁：

中國錢幣學會是由從事錢幣學、貨幣史、銀行與金融史研究的單位與個人，自願結成的全國性、學術性、非營利性 的社會組織。簡單地說，學會宗旨是在國家政策指導下，組織推動全國的錢幣學、貨幣史研究，傳承、保護併發揮 錢幣、金融類文物的歷史價值，弘揚優秀傳統文化，為國家的相關決策提供專業服務。第一屆理事會理事長耿道明、

秘書長楊秉超，第二和第三屆理事會理事長童贈銀、秘書長戴志強，第四屆理事會理事長殷介炎、秘書長戴志強， 第五屆理事會理事長史紀良、秘書長戴志強，第六屆理事會理事長馬德倫、秘書長黃錫全，第七屆理事會理事長金 琦、秘書長李明；第八屆理事會理事長目前暫缺，秘書長周衛榮。現有單位會員70餘家，個人會員1 700餘人，其 中理事139人，與各省市錢幣學會是業務指導關係。

袁：

中國錢幣學會現在是第八屆，秘書處與中國錢幣博物館在一個院子辦公，請問 二者是什麼關係？

袁：

中国钱币博物馆是中国钱币学会的挂靠单位，学会 秘书处是博物馆的一个部門，主要承担学会的日常 事务，也承担博物馆的一些工作。

中國錢幣學會都開展了哪些國際錢幣交流活動？有 新的打算嗎？

中國錢幣學會對國際錢幣學術交流活動一直非常重視，與國際錢幣學委員會、法國錢幣學會、英國皇家錢幣學會、 美國錢幣學會、美國錢幣協會，以及大多數東南亞國家的錢幣組織，還有世界上不少著名的錢幣博物館（部）都長 期保持有聯繫。走出去，主要通過兩個國際組織的交流平臺。一個是國際錢幣學委員會，每6年一次大會，中國錢 幣學會自成立以來，幾乎每屆會議都組織中國代表團出席會議。另一個是國際錢幣與銀行博物館委員會，這個組織 每年召開一次年會，中國錢幣博物館是該組織發起單位之一，每屆年會，錢幣博物館與錢幣學會都組織中國代表團 參會。此外，中國錢幣學會還會根據專題研究與國際交流的需要，組織專門的出訪交流。今年，我們計劃組團出席 國際錢幣與銀行博物館委員會2024年會。請進來，目前主要通過“北京國際錢幣博覽會”平臺。

袁：

“金泉獎”是中國錢幣學會設立的最高錢幣學術獎

項，很受歡迎。但後來取消了，我想聽聽取消的原因。

圖9《中國錢幣》創刊號，刊名題寫：舒同

周：

中國錢幣學會一共作過四屆“金泉獎”評選，在第 七屆理事會期間（2013年），因回應政策層面要求 壓減全國各類評獎活動的精神而停止。

袁：

第三個內容是關於《中國錢幣》雜誌。《中國錢幣》 是中國當代第一本錢幣雜誌，這本影響廣泛的全國 性錢幣學術期刊創辦於1983年（圖9），是最早在國 內外公開發行的錢幣刊物，首任主編千家駒。我收 藏有“創刊號”，購有早期光碟。之後主編依次是戴 志強、黃錫全、姚朔民、您、高聰明。這些年我是 每期必讀。請問雜誌的特色，目前的發行量？可以 刊登廣告嗎？

周：

《中國錢幣》雜誌我們設有錢幣學論壇、貨幣史研究、錢幣精華、出土與發現以及銀行與紙幣、紅色金融、外國錢 幣、泉界動態等欄目。學術性是本刊最大的特色。這些年，我們始終堅持在刊物中及時反映錢幣學、貨幣史研究新 成果、新發現，在繼承發揚錢幣學傳統的基礎上，努力開拓新的領域，不斷推進錢幣研究的科學性，並在內容安排 上適當考慮錢幣知識的宣傳與普及。作為一本專業學術刊物，不刊登商業廣告，只是偶爾在封頁上介紹一些專業性 強的文創產品。目前全年發行量在一萬兩千多冊。

當然可以。這些年我們非常注重吸收全國學術會議 上的好文章。

《中國錢幣》由季刊改為雙月刊後，內容增多，研 究份量加大。一些層次高、篇幅長的學術文章占比 多。我去年參加過幾次民間全國性的宋代錢幣、川

蜀錢幣、絲路錢幣、銅元研討等學術會，發言者分 享了最新研究成果，其中大部分觀點新穎，見解獨 到；山東的《齊魯錢幣》也刊有水準很高的文章。

以後《中國錢幣》能否選增這類研究成果，使雜誌 更接近地氣，受眾面更廣?

周：

最後一個內容是關於您個人。您是一位優秀的管理 者，又是錢幣專家學者。請問您在之前的任期內， 在把中國錢幣博物館辦成“國內領先，國際一流” 水準，弘揚中國錢幣文化，促進中外錢幣交流方面 做了哪些改革和推進？

我上任以來，鑒於錢幣學源於傳統古泉學，精華與訛誤並存的特點，強化學術立館理念，以專業化、學術化、科學

化的要求，大力推進錢幣學貨幣史學科建設與各項業務工作。一是要求博物館的展覽要及時汲取新的學術成果，尤 其是考古學新成果。二是要求《中國錢幣》雜誌嚴格規範審稿，刊用的文章要堅決防止並糾正諸如“齊法化”“郢爰” 等等學界已經正名的概念術語，以及文獻引用方面的規範性。三是要求中國錢幣學會的課題立項與結項審核，嚴把 學術關，摒棄均分蛋糕思維。四是加強與考古界、金融界的交流與溝通，努力促進跨界跨學科學術成果的融合、共用。

如，我們與中國考古學會秦漢考古專委會聯合舉辦學術會議，邀請知名考古學家來館做講座和專題學術交流；走進 經濟、金融類單位做學術講座和學術報告等。五是帶頭做一些有份量的學術課題，如中國古代鑄錢工藝研究、中國 古代銀錠科學研究、貨幣起源等。六是保持與國際錢幣學委員會（INC）、國際錢幣與銀行博物館委員會（ICOMON）

及其成員單位的聯繫，積極參與行業國際組織及一些世界知名博物館和大學的相關學術活動。總體來說，成效還是 明顯的。

請介紹一下您的學術研究成果，分享一下您的著述。

我的學術領域主要是：錢幣學與貨幣史，青銅文化與冶鑄史，黃銅與煉鋅史。三十多年的學術生涯，主要作了如下 幾方面的工作：

一、系統研究了中國古代黃銅和煉鋅史，證明中國煉鋅術誕生於明代萬歷年間，是自身發明的技術而非傳自印度， 並從科技史和科技考古角度闡述了“三重證據法”。關於“黃銅錢部分”的論文獲中國錢幣學會“金泉獎”。

二、系統研究了中國古代錢幣的合金成分（涵蓋自春秋戰國至清代的2 000多件樣例），包括主成分和微量元素。在

此基礎上，提出了評定古錢幣品質的科學方法和定量判據，出版專著《中國古代錢幣合金成分研究》（中華書局 2004），獲中國錢幣學會“金泉獎”。

三、系統研究了中國古代錢幣鑄造工藝，論證了中國古代鑄錢工藝的演進發展方向（盡可能降低成本提高效率和盡 可能提高標準化程度），提出，疊鑄技術、翻砂技術及後來的紙幣是中國古代貨幣金融領域的三項偉大發明，出版 專著《中國古代錢幣鑄造工藝研究》，相關課題獲“全國銀行（金融）科技發展獎二等獎”（2006年）。

四、系統研究了中國古代白銀貨幣（曆朝銀錠），論證了中國古代銀兩貨幣的發展歷程和銀錠形態變化的本質，並 對古代銀錠的真偽鑒定提出了完整的科學方法，出版著作《中國古代銀錠科學研究》，有關課題獲“全國銀行（金融） 科技發展獎一等獎”（2015年）。

五、從考古學與人文歷史角度深入考察了早期貨幣，提出“貨幣起源飾品禮品論”。

30多年來，我在國內外學術刊物發表學術論文110餘篇（含合著）；主要學術著作有（含合著）：《錢幣學與冶鑄史 論叢》（中華書局 2002）、《中國古代錢幣合金成分研究》(中華書局 2004)、《錢幣學與冶鑄史（二）》（科學出版社 2015）、《中國古代銀錠科學研究》(科學出版社，2016)、《中國古代錢幣鑄造工藝研究》（科學出版社，2022年）等 （圖10）。

袁：

感謝周館長在百忙之中接受我的採訪。

周：

不客氣，以後多聯繫。

The Untold Story About the Gold Ingots Trademarked With 寅(Yin)

◎ Stephen Tai〔Taipei〕

At the end of 1949, the Republic of China's government received a batch of gold from Japan after moving to Taiwan. Some of the gold was allocated to China by the Allied headquarters under the name of "stolen items". In short, it was war reparations.1

The source, quantity, and subsequent whereabouts of the gold compensated by Japan have long been a mystery. However, Feng Da-Zhong ( 馮大宗 ), who was employed at the Chengdu Branch of the Central Mint in July 1949 and was transferred to the Central Mint of Taiwan (Taiwan Mint) in September of the same year as the head of the department responsible for melting, was one of the witnesses to the shipment of this batch of gold. Many years later, he published an article entitled 'Memories of the Old Mint in the Stormy Times' (《風雨飄搖憶老廠》), which unmasked the hidden secret to the outside world.2

Feng's article writes, "...The material gold used in the Taiwan Mintwasmostlyshippedfromthemainland,anditwastheBank of Taiwan that handed it over to the Taiwan Mint on demand... I was the head of the department responsible for melting, and our department needed to open many packages of gold ingots andgoldjewelrywrappedinmulberrypaperfortheexchangeof gold yuan notes every day......Later, we found that some of the gold ingots were weighing about 1000 taels in .9999 fineness, which was the most precious out of the Japanese repatriations. It was a pity to melt them together, but there's nothing we can do about it."

The event mentioned in the text above took place at the end of 1949 when the Taiwan Mint was ordered to cast various kinds of gold handed over by the Taiwan Bank into gold bars. All of the gold was transferred from the Central Bank, including the gold shipped from the mainland, the gold that the public were mandated to exchange into gold yuan notes, and later .9999 gold ingots from Japan. Feng Da-Zhong knew that these gold ingots made in Japan were compensated by Japan, and those of .9999 purity were the most valuable. Even so, he had no choice but to melt gold ingots and cast them into gold based according to the requirements. Feng's statement showcases what happened to the gold compensated by Japan after it arrived at the Taiwan Mint, that is, all gold ingots were melted and cast into gold bars as raw materials.

However, the gold compensated by Japan that was sent to the Taiwan Mint for melting and casting was probably because large gold ingots were not suitable for circulating in the market. As for small gold bars and cakes from the Japanese reparations, Feng did not mention them. This phenomenon should be related to the fact that the Bank of Taiwan had already commissioned the Jin Ruei San Jewelry Shop to melt gold since June 1949, as the Taiwan Mint and the Jin Ruei San Jewelry Shop had received different tasks in melting and minting.

According to the records, it appears that the Bank of Taiwan had given special instructions to Jin Ruei San Jewelry Shop before

Note：

1 Stephen Tai, Stephen Tai, 'What You Don't Know About the Gold in the Government Treasury' (《你所不知道的國府黃金》), Studio Boduoxi. April 2018, second edition.

2 Feng Da-Zhong, Special Issue on the 50th Anniversary of the Opening of the Central Mint. Pp. 106-107. 1983

1 A gold cake with yin trademark [ 寅 ] and its package made by Hashimoto Industry Group

June 1949. For the gold handed over by the Bank of Taiwan, the shop only melted the miscellaneous gold, while the gold bars, such as London bars, Central Mint bars, and Hong Kong bars, must have been picked out to be used for other purposes.3 Such a situation did not appear in the Taiwan Mint. Therefore, the large gold ingots from the Japanese reparations should have mainly been handed over to the Taiwan Mint by the Bank of Taiwan to melt down, which was witnessed by Feng Da-Zhong. As for the smaller bars or cakes of less than ten taels, they were handed over to the Jin Ruei San Jewelry Shop and were specially preserved. Later, the Bank of Taiwan commissioned the shop to sell them in the market.

Among the gold that the shop was entrusted to sell, there was a kind of gold cake with the yin trademark [ 寅 , one of 12 Terrestrial Branches used as a Chinese ordering system]. They weighed 5 mace, 1 tael, or 5 tael in either bar or cake shape. Their fineness was .9999, but it was changed to .999 for some reason. Since they were made in Japan, Japanese scales were used. One tael was about 37.5 grams per tael, similar to the scale in Taiwan. All of these high-purity gold ingots and bars with yin

trademark were cast by the Hashimoto Industry Group.

Hashimoto was founded in 1885 in Osaka, Japan, near the Tennoji Temple, one of the busiest areas. During World War II, Japan was one of the few countries capable of refining .9999 pure gold, and Hashimoto was a leader in this technique. Under the instruction of the Japanese military, Hashimoto became a key industry group in national defense by refining high-purity gold to supply aerospace and communications equipment.

Nowadays gold purity of .9999 is perhaps just a standard purity of gold jewelry for modern society. However, more than 70 years ago, it was quite a different situation. As Feng Da-Zhong said, this purity was quite valuable, and these gold ingots and bars could not regarded as ordinary gold. For instance, when Queen Elizabeth of England ascended the throne in 1953, she received congratulatory gifts from various parties. One of these gifts came from the Bank of England, that is, 1 ounce of .9999 pure gold cake, and it is still on display in the Museum of the Bank of England.4

After Japan's defeat in the war, Hashimoto was placed under the jurisdiction of the headquarters of the Allied Forces, and its equipment and inventory were confiscated. All gold ingots and bars with yin were used as war reparations. Hashimoto transformed itself into a developer of gold for medical use.

This batch of gold bars and cakes of .9999 fineness, which could not have appeared in the market, was sent to Taiwan at the end of 1949, and handed over to the Bank of Taiwan by the Central Bank. The large gold bricks were sent to be melted by the Taiwan Mint. In 1950, some of the smaller cakes and bars were turned over to Jin Ruei San Jewelry Shop for sale.

I'm afraid that the situation of these gold bars and cakes is no longer comparable to the phrase "The swallows raised by the former royal family have now flown into ordinary people's

3 Stephen Tai, 'The Republican Gold File' (《民國黃金檔案》), Studio Boduoxi, pp. 192-193. January 2020.

4 Stephen Tai, Stephen Tai, 'What You Don't Know About the Gold in the Government Treasury' (《你所不知道的國府黃金》), Studio Boduoxi. April 2018, second edition.

Fig.

homes". The people of Taiwan even acquired this ultra-highfineness gold three years earlier than the Queen of England did.

However, most gold circulating in Taiwan was in .99 purity at that time. In order to sell gold and stabilize the price of gold, the Taiwan gold market was established on June 27, 1949, and the standard of fineness of the gold listed on the market was .99. Later on, there were different types of fineness, such as .985, .988, .991, etc., specified in terms of 0.1% units. The .9999 gold bar and cake with the smallest unit of 0.001% enjoyed far advanced purification technique. Undoubtedly, the way to price it and make it acceptable to the market is a problem that must be overcome before selling.

The Bank of Taiwan and Jin Ruei San Jewelry Shop apparently reached an agreement on this very quickly, deciding to give up the fineness bonus and downgrade their purity to directly into .99 gold for easy sale, and no longer apply for a new listing license. As a result, Jin Ruei San stamped these gold bars and cakes with zu chi ( 足赤 , pure gold), Taipei Jin Ruei San, or Jin Ruei San on the gold bars and cakes with yin. This act was to sell gold of higher purity at a lower price. Those who purchased these gold ingots could earn a profit. It caused a sensation at that moment. Although people were not clear about their origin, they still scrambled to buy some. These gold ingots sold out immediately.

Fig. 2, 3, 4 and 5

Four types of gold ingots with yin

A senior jewelry shop owner told me that some jewelry shops even acquired gold ingots and bars with yin trademark in early times due to profit. In addition, many imitations have begun to appear in the market. Against this background, owing to the effect of "bad money driving out good", those who had acquired gold ingots and bars were reluctant to sell and would only collect them. These locally cast imitations were rough in pattern, without a stamp of Jin Ruei San or other jewelry shops. Although they are labeled as .999 or .9999 in purity, their purity is actually an ordinary .99, and some of them have been converted to the Taiwan official scale (1 tael = 31.25 grams). Now, it has become "selling a goat at the price of a dog"!

Before we had the chance to find out the origin of gold ingots and bars with the yin trademark, they had been collected by people and the private sector, and there were only purchasers but no sellers. The story fell silent as few of them came to the market again. It was not until recent years when the gold price kept rising when many people began to sell the gold bars and gold jewelry passed down from their elders, that the gold ingots with yin trademark saw the light of day again, and the truth behind them finally came to light.

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6 Imitation Type by Taiwan jewelry shop

圖1 日本橋本貴金屬工業株式會社的 寅字金塊與包裝封套

1949

年底，遷臺後的國民政府接收了一批來自日本 的黃金，其中有一部分是盟軍總部以“被劫物”為名義歸還 中國的資產。簡單來說，就是戰爭賠償1。

對於日本賠償黃金的來源、數量以及後來的下落，長期成 謎。不過，1949年7月受聘成都分廠、同年9月轉往臺灣中 央造幣廠(簡稱臺廠)擔任鎔化科科長的馮大宗，是當年這 批黃金的見證者之一。他在多年後發表了一篇題為《風雨飄 搖憶老廠》的文章，對外界提供了重要訊息2。

馮文披露：“

臺灣廠所用黃金原料多系大陸所運來者，臺灣 銀行將這些黃金隨時按需要點交給臺灣廠......筆者則為 鎔化科科長,我們每天需要打開多少包用桑皮紙包裹的金 塊、金飾之類的金圓券兌換品......後也發現有日制每塊 約1000兩，或成色9999的金磚，聞系日本所賠償的最珍貴 的......就交給鎔化科放入爐中一起鎔化，雖然看看有點 可惜，但也無可奈何了。”

這段文字的時間背景是在1949年底。當時臺廠奉令將臺銀 點交的各種黃金鎔化後改鑄成金條。這些黃金都是來自央行 移交，原本都是從大陸運來、以金圓券收兌的民間雜金，後 來又加入了日制9999金塊。馮大宗獲知，這些日制金塊就 是日本所賠償，並且成色9999是其中最珍貴者。即使如此， 礙於職務上的要求，這些黃金別無選擇，都只能投爐改鑄。

密揭

寅字黃金條塊

◎ 戴學文〔臺北〕

馮文的說法，見證了日本賠償黃金進到臺廠之後的遭遇—— 全都成為被鎔鑄成為金條的原料。

不過，送往臺廠鎔化改鑄的日本賠償黃金，大概是以不適合 投入市場流通的大塊金磚為主；至於小型條塊，馮文並未提 及。這種現象應與臺銀已從同年6月起另委託金瑞山銀樓鎔 鑄黃金有關，臺廠與金瑞山的鎔鑄任務存在着不同分工。

從記錄來看，臺銀對於金瑞山於1949年6月初之前已特別吩 咐。對於臺銀點交的黃金，金瑞山只鎔鑄雜金部分，其中的 成條，如倫敦條、廠條、港條等必須予以揀出，另作他用3。

這種情形，並未出現在臺廠。因此，稍後來臺的日本賠償黃 金，其中的大型金磚，臺銀應該主要是交給臺廠鎔毀，這也 是馮大宗所目睹的情形。至於十兩以下的小型條塊，則交給 金瑞山，並被特別保留下來，後來就出現在臺銀委託金瑞山 向市場拋售的黃金之中。(圖1）

金瑞山受託拋售的黃金之中，有一種帶有“寅”字商標的條 塊，重量5錢、1兩、5兩都有，條狀、塊狀兩種造型，但成 色均為9999，因故被改作999。

因系日本所制，都使用日秤， 每兩37.5克左右，與臺秤相仿。這些高純度的寅字黃金條塊， 全都是日本橋本貴金屬工業株式會社所鑄造。

橋本，明治十八年(1885)創立於日本大阪，地址就在最繁 華的天王寺附近。二戰期間，日本是當時極少數有能力提煉 出9999純金的國家，橋本則是這方面技術的佼佼者。奉日 本軍方指示，橋本精煉高純度黃金供應航空、通訊設備之 需，從而成為國防重點工業企業。

9999純金，對於現代社會而言，或許只是金飾的標配，不 注釋：

1 戴學文：《你所不知道的國府黃金》，第60-67頁，波多西工作室出版，2018 年4月，第2版。

2 馮大宗：《中央造幣廠開鑄五十周年紀念特刊》，第106-107頁，1983年。

3 戴學文：《民國黃金檔案》，波多西工作室，第192-193頁，2020年1月。

足為奇。但是在70多年前，卻不可同日而語。誠如馮大宗 所說，這種純度的黃金，價值昂貴，無法與一般黃金等同視 之。這可從一個例子看出：1953年英國伊莉莎白女王登基 時收到各方賀禮，其中來自英格蘭銀行所贈送的禮物，就是 1盎司9999純金金塊，現仍在英格蘭銀行博物館(Museum of the Bank of England)展示中4。

日本戰敗後，橋本成為遭盟軍總部列管，設備、存貨均被沒 收，所生產的寅字黃金條塊被當作戰爭賠償，橋本自此也轉 型開發醫療用黃金。

這批成色9999原本不可能出現民間的寅字黃金條塊，在 1949年底被送往臺灣，由央行移交臺銀，其中的大型金磚 送往臺廠作為鎔鑄材料；第二年，即1950年，部分小型條 塊被轉交金瑞山銀樓拋售。(圖2-5）

寅字黃金條塊的處境，恐怕已不是“舊時王謝堂前燕，飛入 尋常百姓家”一句可堪比擬，臺灣民間取得這種超高成色黃 金的時間，竟比英女王還早了三年。

型4。寅字9999黃金條塊，成色99.99%，最小成色單位縮 小到0.001%，提純技術相差了N個世代。無疑地，如何計 價並且讓市場接受？這是拋售前必須克服的問題。

臺銀與金瑞山對此顯然敏感，迅速達成了協議，決定放棄成 色紅利，將寅字黃金條塊直接降級成為99金(足赤)以方便 出售，不再申請新牌上市。因此，金瑞山就在寅字黃金條塊 上加蓋“足赤”“臺北金瑞山”或“金瑞山”字樣。這種做法， 就成了“掛狗頭賣羊肉”，買到賺到。一時之間，造成轟動。

儘管民間不清楚來歷，仍爭相買進，隨即搶購一空。

一位銀樓耆宿告訴筆者，因有利可圖，早期還有銀樓特別收 購寅字黃金條塊。另外，受到“劣幣驅逐良幣”的效應之影 響，惜售與收藏意願也更加明顯，因為市場開始冒出不少 仿鑄品。這些本地仿鑄的寅字黃金條塊，圖樣粗糙，未加蓋 “金瑞山”戳記，也無其他銀樓落款，標示成色雖是999或 9999，實際上卻已降回一般的99成色，有的還改為市秤（1 兩=31.25公克）。這下，又變成了“掛羊頭賣狗肉”了！ 在還沒機會弄清楚來歷之前，寅字黃金條塊就已被民間收 藏，而且只進不出。這個故事也就沉寂下來。隨着年代的遠 去，與近年黃金價格高漲的引誘，許多家庭開始清箱倒櫃將 長輩流傳下來的金條、金飾變現，寅字金塊才又重見天日， 背後真相終於大白。

圖

不過，由於當時臺灣流通99金(足赤），成色99%。為了拋 售黃金，穩定金價起見，1949年6月27日起，臺灣黃金交 易市場成立，掛牌上市的黃金大致上是以99金為成色標準， 稍後以0.1%單位計算，出現985、988、991等不同成色類 4 同注1。

圖6 臺灣銀樓仿鑄品 圖5

Champion- HICC April Event Review Celebrities Gather Together

◎ Champion〔Shanghai〕

On April 6, before the Champion Auction - HICC Joint Auction, several numismatic events were held at the Holiday Inn Golden Mile Hotel, Hong Kong, bringing together many prominent figures in the numismatic community.

The First Release of The Legend of Chu Liu Xiang Commemorative Coin Series III - Li Hongxiu and the Medal Commemorating the 40th Anniversary of the Hong Kong Coin Show Panda

The first event of the day was the release of the Legend of Chu Liu Xiang Commemorative Coin Series III - Li Hongxiu and the Medal Commemorating the 40th Anniversary of the Hong Kong Coin Show Panda.

The year 2024 coincides with the 100th anniversary of the birth of Mr. Jin Yong, the master of kung fu novels, which is regarded as the year of Chinese kung fu. At the same time, 2024 marks the 40th anniversary of the issuance of the first Panda Medal for the Hong Kong Coin Show. The Legend of Chu Liu Xiang Commemorative Coin Series III - Li Hongxiu and the Medal Commemorating the 40th Anniversary of the Hong Kong Coin Show Panda were released at 1:30 p.m. on April 6 at the Holiday Inn Golden Mile.

Mr. King Chan, Senior Advisor of NGC, presided over the releasing ceremony and introduced the background of the king fu novel TheLegendofChu.

At the launch ceremony, Mr. Lee Chi Ching, Hong Kong's leading comic artist, introduced his connection with Chinese Kungfu Inc., the copyright holder of The Legend of Chu Liu Xiang, and his cooperation with Mr. Jin Yong. In addition, Mr. Lee shared his experience of cross-border participation in the commemorative coin project. After the release event, Mr. Lee Chi Ching also signed the commemorative cards for the first release and took photos with fans.

Mr. Min Yu, on the other hand, shared with the audience the design concept of the coin and medal.

David Camire, President of NCS and NGC Finalizer, also introduced the development of NGC.

Mr. Yu Min and Mr. Lee Chi Ching signed for the audience after the event. Mr. Lee Chi Ching also drew cards for several audiences. The cards will be sent to the United States for grading and then returned to the audience.

Presentation by Mr. Lee Chi Ching, translated by Mr. King Chan

Mr. Yu Min Mr. David Camire

Mr. Lee Chi Ching and Mr. Yu Min signing cards for the audience

Signatures and drawings by Mr. Lee Chi Ching

Mr. Mateo Zhao, Senior Vice President of Asian Business Development of CCG Group, introduced the cooperation of CGC and NGC with the Legend of Chu Coin Series.

Forum on the 30th Anniversary of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics and the 40th Anniversary of the Hong Kong Coin Show, Auction, and Show Panda Medal

After the release ceremony, the Forum on the 30th Anniversary of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics and the 40th Anniversary of the Hong Kong Coin Show, Auction, and Show Panda Medal was hosted by Mr. King Chan.

After the beginning of the forum, Mr. Michael Chou, president of Champion Auction, with the editorial committee members of the fourth edition of the Top Chinese Coins (silver coin edition), announced the official launch of the fourth edition.

Mr. Duan Honggang, General Manager of Beijing Gongbo Coin Authentication Co., Ltd. introduced how he became involved with the book TopChineseCoins

Mr. Lee Chi Ching signed and drew a comic portrait for Mr. Michael Chou.

At the dinner, senior collectors at home and abroad filled out the survey for the fourth edition.

For his part, Mr. David Chio, President of the Macau Numismatic Society, introduced the new changes to the annual show of the Macau Numismatic Society. The top 12 coins of the fourth edition will be released at the annual show this year.

After the launching ceremony, Ben Wengel, NGC World Coin Finalizer, introduced CCG / NGC events in Hong Kong.

Afterward, Mr. Stephen Tai, an expert on sycee, introduced the Central Mint's gold bars in the sense of numismatics, which triggered discussions among the audience. After Mr. Tai's presentation, several audience members came to consult on his works.

Finally, Mr. Colin Gullberg introduced chopmarked coins and had a lot of interaction with the audience.

After David Camire's speech, Mr. Yu Min presented him with a signed plaster of Chu Liu Xiang and took a group photo From left: Lee Chi Ching, Yu Min, David Camire, Michael Chou, Ben Wengel

Mr. Duan Honggang

Mr. Mateo Zhao

Chinese Coin Rarity Exhibition in Commemoration of the 30th Anniversary of the Journal of EastAsian Numismatics

Founded in 1994 by Mr. Michael Chou, President of Champion Auction, and Mr. Bruce Smith, the Journal of East Asian Numismatics is an academic numismatic journal. Thirty years have passed since the first issue of the journal was published.

We have planned a special exhibition in commemoration of the 30th anniversary of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics. The exhibition started at 11:00 am on April 6.

The most notable exhibits in the exhibition are L. Girogi's manuscripts of the 1911 Empire Dollars, the last coin of the late Qing Dynasty, and the manuscript of the Dragon and Phoenix Dollar with L. Girogi's signature, the first coin of the Republic of China. In addition, the exhibition also brings together some of China's rarest fractional coins, such as the Heaton Hunan Half Dollar Silver, the Heaton Shaanxi Half Dollar Silver, Taiping Rebellion Half Tael Silver, Shanghai Customs Five Mace Silver, 1911 Half Dollar Silver with incused dragon pearl, Kirin Five Mace Silver, Szechuan Kaishu Half Dollar Silver, Chekiang Kaishu 5 Cent Silver, Kwangtung Reversed 5 Cent Silver Coins (7.2 and 7.3 varieties), and Hunan 5 Cent Silver. There is also a complete set of uniface lead patterns of the 1910 Empire Coins made by the Vienna Mint in the and a complete set of proof 1910 Empire Coins, 1927 Chang Tso-Lin One Dollar Silver, the restrike variety of the 1900 Peking dollar, and U.S. variety of 1929 Sun Yat-sen Junk Dollar Silver.

Singapore

Auction President Michael Chou, Singapore collector Amos Fo, Singapore collector Adriel Fo, Nine Art Museum Curator Liu Ying, Hong Kong Comic Artist Lee Chi Ching, Yu Min, Former Senior Designer of Shanghai Mint, Macau Numismatic Society Chairman David Chio, Macau Numismatic Society Director Ho Tin Seng, Law Wai Ming, Former Guest Lecture of The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, NGC Senior Advisor King Chan

Mr. David Chio

Mr. Stephen Tai

Ben Wengel

Mr. Colin Gullberg

Senior collectors filled in the surveys

From left: HICC partner Same Hung and HICC partner Wyon Wong,

senior collector George Lim, Champion

Chinese Coin Rarity Exhibition

冠軍-HICC 4月活動回顧

◎ 冠軍研究室〔上海〕

2024年4月6日，冠軍-HICC聯合展會前夕，多場錢幣活動 在香港金域假日酒店舉行，彙聚了眾多錢幣界的知名人士。

《楚留香傳奇》紀念幣系列III之李紅袖及香港錢幣 展會40周年熊貓紀念章首發

當天的第一場活動是《楚留香傳奇》紀念幣系列III之李紅 袖及香港錢幣展會40周年熊貓紀念章首發。

2024年正值武俠小說大師金庸先生誕辰100之年，堪稱中國 武俠之年。同時，2024年也是香港展會熊貓章發行40周年。

《楚留香傳奇》紀念幣系列III之李紅袖及香港錢幣展會40 周年熊貓紀念章於4月6日下午1:30先後在香港金域假日酒 店首發。

NGC資深顧問陳景林先生主持首發儀式，並介紹了武俠小說 《楚留香傳奇》背景。

香港漫畫大師李志清先生在首發儀式上介紹了自己與《楚留 香傳奇》版權方真善美出版社的淵源，及其和金庸先生的合 作。此外，李先生還分享了自己跨界參與紀念幣項目的體驗。

首發活動後，李志清先生還為粉絲進行了簽名並合影。

余敏先生則和觀眾分享了首發幣章的設計理念。

NCS總裁和NGC定分評級師大衛·卡梅爾（David Camire）也介紹了NGC的相關發展。

余敏先生和李志清先生在活動後為觀眾進行簽名。李志清先 生還為多位觀眾進行簽繪。這些卡片將送至美國進行評級後 返還至觀眾手中。

CCG集團亞洲業務拓展高級副總裁趙振陽先生則介紹了 CGC和NGC的相關合作。

趙振陽先生發言

大衛 卡梅爾演講後，余敏先生向其贈送簽名石膏模， 左起：李志清、余敏、大衛 卡梅爾、周邁可、本 文格爾

《東亞泉志》創刊30周年暨香港錢幣展、拍賣、展會 熊貓章40周年論壇

緊接着首發儀式後，《東亞泉志》創刊30周年暨香港錢幣展、 拍賣、展會熊貓章40周年論壇在NGC資深顧問陳景林先生 的主持下展開。

論壇開始後，冠軍拍賣總裁周邁可先生攜《中國近代機製幣 精品鑒賞》第四版（銀幣版）的編輯團隊宣佈了第四版編撰 正式啟動。

北京公博古錢幣藝術品鑒定有限公司總經理段洪剛先生介 紹了他是如何與《中國近代機製幣精品鑒賞》一書結緣的。

在當天的晚宴上，海內外的資深藏家紛紛填寫了第四版的問 卷調查。

澳門錢幣學會理事長趙康池先生則介紹了澳門錢幣學會年 會的新變化。《中國近代機製幣精品鑒賞》第四版的前12名 將在今年的澳門錢幣學會年會上發佈。

啟動儀式後，NGC世界錢幣定分評級師本·文格爾(Ben Wengel) 介紹了CCG / NGC在香港的活動。

之後，金銀錠專家戴學文先生介紹了錢幣學意義上的廠條， 引發了現場觀眾的探討。戴先生發言後，多位聽眾就其著作 及相關問題進行了諮詢。

最後，戳記幣專家高林先生（Colin Gullberg）介紹了戳 記幣，與場內觀眾互動良多。

段洪剛先生介紹

資深收藏家填寫問卷

趙康池先生介紹

戴學文先生介紹

本 · 文格爾先生介紹

高林先生介紹戳記幣

《東亞泉志》創刊30周年中國錢幣珍品展

《東亞泉志》為冠軍拍賣公司總裁周邁可先生和史博祿先生 （Bruce Smith）於1994年創辦，是一本學術性錢幣研究雜 誌。自《東亞泉志》第1期發行以來，已經過去了30個年頭。

我們為此特別策劃了《東亞泉志》創刊30周年中國錢幣珍 品展。珍品展於4月6日上午11點開幕。

本次展覽上最引人矚目的展品莫過於晚清最後一枚錢幣宣

三銀幣的L. Girogi設計手稿與原計劃發行的第一枚民國錢 幣龍鳳銀幣的L. Girogi簽字手稿。此外，展覽還彙聚了中 國最為珍稀的輔幣，如湖南喜敦版三錢六分、陝西喜敦版三 錢六分、僅見“聖寶”太平天國半兩、中外通寶五錢、宣三 伍角陰旋版、吉林廠平五錢、四川三錢六分楷書、浙江三 分六厘楷書、廣東七二反版三分六厘及七三反版三分六厘 五、湖南三分六厘等。另有整套維也納造幣廠打製的1910 年宣統年造大清銀幣單面鉛質樣幣及該種錢幣的整套精製 版、1927年張作霖像壹圓銀幣、庚子京局七錢二分重鑄版、 美國版1929年孫中山像帆船銀幣壹圓，等等。

左起：HICC 合夥人孔慶森、HICC 合夥人黃毅華、新加坡資深藏家林青禾、冠軍拍賣總裁周邁可、新加坡藏家 Amos Fo、新加 坡藏家 Adriel Fo、九方禾穀藝術館館長劉瀛、香港漫畫大師李志清、原上海造幣有限公司高級工藝美術師余敏、澳門錢幣學會理 事長趙康池、澳門錢幣學會理事何天成、原香港科技大學客座講師羅偉明、NGC 資深顧問陳景林

Champion December 2024 Macau Auction Has No Buyer's Commission & Champion - HICC Joint Auction Successfully Concluded

◎ Champion〔Shanghai〕

With the successful conclusion of the Champion - HICC joint auction, and to appreciate old and new friends for the continuous support, Champion Auction officially announces that there will be no buyer's commission for the Special Auction of the 30th Anniversary of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics at Sofitel Macau at Ponte 16 on Sunday, December 1, 2024.

Prior to the auction, we will be attending the Opening Ceremony of the Annual Show of the Macau Numismatic Society and the Release Ceremony of the Macau Numismatic Society Annual Show Panda Medal on November 28th at Sofitel Macau at Ponte 16. A receptional dinner will be held on the same day at the Restaurant Ka Nin Wain, Macau, where the top 12 coins of the fourth edition of the TopChineseCoins (Silver Coin Edition) will be announced.

The following two days, November 29th and 30th, there will be a preview at the Sofitel Macau at Ponte 16. Those who win the bids can pick up on December 2nd.

All interested parties are welcome to ask for more information.

WeChat: 1026841006 / 19514623548

Tel: +862 61650618

Email: jeanzg1994@163.com

In addition, the 2024 Macau Numismatic Society Annual Show will be held from November 29th to 30th. Please note that the venue of this year's Annual Show will be changed to the Sofitel Macau at Ponte 16, due to the renovation of the Kam Pek Community Centre. Please contact us in advance if you want to book a table at the show.

The 2024 Champion - HICC Joint Auction kicked off on April 7 at the Holiday Inn Golden Mile, Hong Kong.

The auction began with the Warring States Knife Coins from the Bowker/Fang Yao-yu Collection, which saw bidding from floor buyers, telephone bidders, and mail bidders. LOT 002 - Warring States Three-Character Knife Coin (GBCA EF80) went to a Chinese buyer for $2,160 (including commissions, hereinafter referred to as the same), as the highest priced of the seven Knife Coins from the Bowker/Fang Yao-yu in this auction, while the other knife coins went to other three Chinese buyers.

LOT 008 - Round-Foot Spade Coin (GBCA EF85) from the K.I. Lee Collection in South Korea was the first highlight of the auction, with bids coming in from mail bidders, telephone bidders, floor bidders, and online bidders. Ultimately, the threehole spade coin went to a Chinese buyer for $3,480.

Most of the other ancient coins in this auction came from a senior overseas collector. The buyer who won LOT 008 also won LOT 012 – Warring States Spade Coin Fu Fan Yi Jin (GBCA EF85) and LOT 016 - sparked the first Square-Foot Spade Coin (GBCA EF82) in a spirited bidding between several floor buyers.

LOT 029 - CHINA-XIN MANG Zhuang Quan Si Shi Cash Coin (GBCA EF82) is very scarce and attracted a large number of

ancient coin collectors to the preview prior to the auction. The coin also triggered bidding from several floor buyers and one telephone buyer. In the end, a floor buyer from Macau won the bid at US$11,100.

LOT 040 - 1861 Qi Xiang Zhong Bao 10 Cash Coin (GBCA EF82) was the highest-priced ancient coin in this auction, with a Chinese buyer winning the coin for $24,000 after fierce bidding among several floor and phone buyers.

The auction of vintage coins started at 12:00 am. The first coins to be auctioned were the coins from the famous collector Mr. Nelson Chang.

LOT 066 (NGC MS66) and LOT 067 (A.S.T.C. variety, NGC MS65) are Anhwei One Dollar Silver Coins, from Hsi/NC Collections, which triggered bidding from telephone buyers,

floor buyers, and mail buyers. In the end, overseas buyers won these two lots for $252,000 and $204,000, respectively.

LOT 068 - 5 Cents Uniface Copper Trial, unique, saw spirited bidding from phone bidders, floor bidders, and mail bidders. In the end, a floor buyer from Taiwan won the coin for $31,200.

LOT 069 – Sinkiang 1910 Ration Silver 5 Mace (NGC MS66) from the collection of renowned collectors Eduard Kann and Nelson Chang is a hardly seen Sinkiang silver coin of good condition, and it is one of the coins with the fiercest bidding in the auction. In the end, a senior collector from Singapore won the lot for $79,200. This buyer also won LOT 072 - 1897 Fengtien 1897 20 Cents Brass Pattern (NGC MS62), one of the first batch of Otto Beh patterns appeared in the 1980s for $38,400.

LOT 002

LOT 008

LOT 029

LOT 040

LOT 012

LOT 070 - 1912 Sun Yat Sen 10 Cent Silver Pattern (NGC MS66) is one of Nelson Chang's favorite coins. The coin was one of the coins with the most telephone consignments in the auction and also prompted intense bidding from buyers on the floor. In the end, a telephone buyer won the coin for $186,000.

From LOT 091 were Chinese patterns and Sun Yat Sen medals and coins from the Taiwan YIF Collection.

From LOT 091 to LOT 095 were Szechuan Ferricute Brass Patterns. These five coins realized $52,500, $16,800, $9,600, $6,600, and $3,840, respectively. This was the first time that a

complete set of Szechuan Ferricute Patterns had been auctioned separately, allowing several buyers to own this kind of rare pattern. LOT 091 went to a U.S. buyer, LOT 092 to a Chinese buyer, and LOT 093 to a Taiwan buyer.

LOT 096 was the highest graded 1923 Civil Tsao Kun Copper Pattern from Eduard Kann/Goodman/YIF Collection. There are only two patterns of this kind is known. The pattern sparked fierce competition from several buyers on the floor. In the end, it went to a senior Chinese copper coin collector for $88,800. The auction also featured several Sun Yat Sen Spade Patterns, with LOT 101 and LOT 102 both realizing over $10,000, LOT 103 realized $9,900, and LOT 111 realized $16,800. All these patterns went to this senior copper coin collector.

LOT 098 and LOT 099 were Sun Yat Sen uniface patterns, both of which are the only known, and both went to a Chinese buyer at nearly $10,000.

After the YIF collection coins are several Yuan Shikai silver dollars.

LOT 068

LOT 068

LOT 069

LOT 070

LOT 098

LOT 099

LOT 113

The first is LOT 113 - 1914 Kansu Yuan Shih-Kai Dollar (NGC AU50). This silver coin was also one of the coins which had the most telephone consignments. Many floor buyers also attended bidding. In the end, a Chinese phone buyer won the lot for $50,400. The other highlighted Yuan Shih-Kai Silver Dollar was LOT 136 (NGC MS66+), which went to a telephone buyer for $64,800.

In the part of the fantasy coins, LOT 126 - 1889 Chihli Silver Fantasy Coin (NGC AU58), which was thought to be the earliest coin minted by the Tientsin Mint, was won by a Chinese telephone buyer for $12,000. This buyer was also the largest buyer of the fantasy coins in the auction, purchasing half of these fantasy coins.

LOT 162 – 1919 Shansi 10 Cash Copper Coin is one of the indispensable varieties for copper coin collectors, and this one was in excellent condition. Several copper coin collectors made bids on it, and it eventually went to a senior Chinese copper dollar collector for $6,000.

The Shanghai tokens from the BWS collection did well at the November 2023 Macau auction, and the second part of the BWS collection of Shanghai tokens also had a good performance. The biggest buyer was a Hong Kong token collector. LOT 202

- Chinese coal mining token 300 cash (wen) aroused the most spirited bidding. The token eventually went to a Singaporean buyer for $660. BWS once made an in-depth study on the token and the article was published in World Coin News in the last century which was also given with the coin this time.

Most of the U.S. GSA dollars in this auction were won by an American collector. Among them, the LOT 240 - 1879 CC US Silver Dollar went to him for $6,300.

This joint auction has come to an end. We look forward to seeing you all again at the Macau auction on December 1st.

LOT 126

LOT 162

LOT 202

LOT 240

冠軍2024年12月澳門拍賣不設買家傭金

冠軍 - HICC聯合拍賣圓滿落幕

◎ 冠軍研究室〔上海〕

隨着冠軍 - HICC

聯合拍賣的圓滿落幕，為了感謝新老朋友一直以來的支持，冠軍拍賣正式宣佈： 2024年12月1日（周日）在澳門十六浦索菲特大酒店舉辦的《東亞泉志》創刊30周年特別拍賣將不設

買家傭金！

在拍賣前，我們將於11月28日在澳門十六浦索菲特大酒店參加澳門錢幣學會年會開幕儀式及澳門錢 幣學會年會熊貓紀念章首發儀式。同日將在澳門嘉年華大酒店舉辦招待晚宴，晚宴上會宣佈《中國近代機製幣精品鑒賞》 第四版（銀幣版）的前12名。

之後兩日，即11月29日和30日，將在澳門十六浦索菲特大酒店進行拍賣預展。得標的朋友可於12月2日提貨。

歡迎垂詢。

微信：1026841006 / 19514623548

電話：+862 61650618

郵箱：jeanzg1994@163.com

此外，2024年的澳門錢幣學會年會展將於11月29日至30日舉辦。

請注意，因金碧文娛中心翻修，今年年會展的舉辦地點 變更至澳門十六浦索菲特大酒店六樓，請需要預定展位的朋友提前聯繫我們。

2024年冠軍 - HICC聯合拍賣於4月7日在香港金域假日酒店 拍賣拉開帷幕。

拍賣從包克/方藥雨收藏的先秦刀幣開始，現場買家、電話 委託買家和書面委託買家競相出價。LOT 002 - 先秦三字刀齊法化（GBCA美80）被一位中國買家以2 160美元（含傭 金，下同）的價格競得，是該場拍賣上7把名人收藏刀幣中 成交價格最高的一枚，其他刀幣分別被三位中國買家競得。

出自韓國K.I. Lee收藏的LOT 008 - 先秦圓足布-藺 （GBCA美85）引發了第一場小高潮，書面委託、電話委託、 現場買家和網路買家紛紛出價。最終，這枚名人收藏布幣以 3 480美元的價格被一位中國買家競得。

本場拍賣的其他古錢大多來自一位海外資深收藏家。競得上 文LOT 008的買家還在多位現場買家的激烈競價中贏得了

LOT 012 - 先秦甫反一釿（GBCA美85）和LOT 016 - 先秦 方足布-露（GBCA美82）。

LOT 029 - 新莽壯泉四十（GBCA美82）非常稀少，在拍賣 前就吸引了大批古錢愛好者前來觀看預展。該幣也引發了多 位現場買家和一位電話委託買家的競價。最終，現場一位澳 門地區的買家以11 100美元的價格競得。

LOT 040 - 1861年祺祥重寶當十（GBCA美82）是本場成 交價格最高的古錢，在多位現場買家和電話委託買家的激烈 競價下，一位中國買家以24 000美元的價格贏得該幣。

機製幣的拍賣從中午12點正式開始。首先亮相的是出自著 名藏家張南琛先生的精品錢幣。

LOT 066（NGC MS66）和LOT 067（A.S.T.C.版NGC MS65） 是席徳柄/張南琛收藏的（清光緒）二十四年安徽省造庫平 七錢二分銀幣。這兩枚幣引發了電話委託買家、現場買家和 書面委託買家的競價。最終，海外買家分別以25.2萬美元和 20.4萬美元的價格競得這兩枚錢幣。

LOT 068 - 江南省造光緒元寶庫平三分六厘單面銅樣可能是 孤品，引發了多位電話委託買家、現場買家和書面委託買家 的競價。最終，來自臺灣地區的現場買家以3.12萬美元的價 格贏得該幣。

出自著名藏家耿愛德和張南琛收藏的LOT 069 - 1910年新 疆餉銀五錢銀幣（NGC MS66）是難得一見的品相非常好 的新疆銀幣，也是本場拍賣中競價最為激烈的錢幣之一，電 話委託和現場買家競相出價。最終，來自新加坡的資深收藏 家以7.92萬美元的價格競得。這位買家還以3.84萬美元的價 格買到了LOT 072 - 1897年奉天省造庫平一錢四分四厘黃 銅樣幣（NGC MS62），這枚幣是20世紀80年代首次出現的 德國奧托·拜赫造幣廠中國樣幣之一。

LOT 070 - 1912年孫中山像中華民國開國紀念銀質壹角樣幣 （NGC MS66）是張南琛先生最喜歡的錢幣之一。這枚錢 幣是該場拍賣電話委託數量最多的一項拍品，同時也引發了 現場買家的激烈競價。最終，一位電話委託買家以18.6萬美 元的價格將這枚精品錢幣收入囊中。

拍賣從LOT 091開始為臺灣YIF收藏的中國樣幣和孫中山 像幣章。

LOT 002

LOT 008

LOT 029

LOT 040

LOT 012

LOT 091至LOT 095為美國漢立克納浦機械廠製造的四川 黃銅樣幣。分別以5.25萬美元、1.68萬美元、9 600美元、6 600美元和3 840美元的價格成交。這是成套的漢立克納浦 四川樣幣首次分別上拍，讓多位買家都有了擁有這種珍稀樣 幣的機會，其中LOT 091被一位美國買家得標，LOT 092 被一位中國買家得標，LOT 093則歸臺灣買家所得。

LOT 096 - 1923年曹錕文裝像憲法成立紀念銅樣是目前的最 高分，出自耿愛德/古德曼/YIF收藏。該種銅樣已知僅兩 枚，引發了多位現場買家的激烈競爭。最終，中國的資深銅 幣藏家以8.88萬美元的價格成交。本場拍賣還有多枚孫像布 圖銅樣，其中 LOT 101、LOT 102均以超過1萬美元的價格

成交，LOT 103也已9 900美元的價格成交，這幾枚也同樣 被這位買家競得。而LOT 111這枚雙面孫像合背銅樣則被 這位買家以1.68萬美元的價格得標。

LOT 098和LOT 099是孫像單面樣章，兩枚皆是孤品，均 以近1萬美元的價格被一位中國買家收入囊中。

在YIF收藏之後亮相的是多枚袁世凱像銀幣。

首先是一枚甘肅袁像壹圓銀幣（NGC AU50），拍品號LOT 113。這枚銀幣也是本場拍賣電話委託最多的拍品之一，同 時也有很多現場買家出價。最終，來自中國的電話委託買家 以5.04萬美元的價格成交。本場的另一枚精品袁世凱像壹圓 銀幣是LOT 136（NGC MS66+），該幣以64 800美元的價 格被一位電話委託買家競得。

在後面的臆造幣章部分，LOT 126 - 1889年天津官局造光緒 十五年呈樣臆造銀幣（NGC AU58）曾被人們認為是最早的 天津造幣，被一位中國的電話委託買家以12 000美元的價格 競得。這位買家也是本場拍賣臆造幣的最大買家，買走了其 中的半數。

LOT 068

LOT 068

LOT 069

LOT 070

LOT 162 - 1919年山西中華銅幣壹枚當制錢十文是銅幣藏家 不可或缺的品種之一，且這枚品相極佳，因此多位銅元愛好 者紛紛出價，最終以6 000美元的價格收歸一位現場競拍的 中國資深銅元藏家。

2023年11月澳門拍賣上BWS收藏的上海代幣成績斐然，本 次BWS收藏代幣的第二部分也取得了不錯的成績，其中最 大的買家是一位香港本地的代幣藏家。而本次拍賣代幣中競 爭最為激烈的是LOT 202 - 三百文中國煤礦代幣，BWS還 曾對這枚代幣做了深入的研究，文章還曾在20世紀的《世 界硬幣新聞》中刊載過。這枚代幣最終以660美元的價格被 一位新加坡買家競得，當時收藏的雜誌報道文章也隨幣一起 給出。

本次拍賣的美國GSA銀元大多被一位美國藏家競得。其中， LOT 240 - 1879年CC美國銀元被他以6 300美元的價格收 入囊中。

此次的聯合拍賣已經落幕。我們期待與各位在12月1日的澳 門拍賣上再次相會。

LOT 126

LOT 162

LOT 202

LOT 240

F. Bowker

Howard F. Bowker – Eduard Kann

◎ Notation by Bruce W. Smith〔 USA〕

Kann

Dear Mr. Bowker,

Due to the holidays, combined with visitors from New York, I had to delay answering your letter of June 27. I return herewith the blueprint of the Szechuen coins, as well as the 1 $ Sinkiang of 1949, after having and photostat copies made here. Many thanks.

The Szechuen silver coins are the third series. The first, very rare ones, I have never had in my hand yet. The second and third issues have the identical obverse, but the dragon on the second issue has a broader and differing head. I wonder whether you could not ascertain more particulars, especially whether (as logically must have been the case) the master dies were cut in Philadelphia?

Los Angeles

July 8, 1950

From Edwards I had a reply, namely that if 100 pages illustrations were wanted, these would cost about $700 for the 1000 books. In view of the seriousness of the political situation I do not hurry with the printing job. Edwards confirm to me that they would use the offset-litho process, i.e. no plates would be made.

Anything on Chinese coins (except coppers) will be gratefully received here, as it might still be inserted into my manuscript.

Since I have not heard from Ritchie, I assume that he will not touch Los Angeles.

With kind regards I remain, Cordially Yours

Dear Mr. Kann:

Your letter of the 8th was duly received, but I did not reply at once as Ritchie said you were away on a vacation.

1716 Gouldin Road Oakland 11, Calif. 30 July 1950

I recently received a specimen of a small copper coin similar to one of the rubbings which was in the lot I sent you last month which I had received from Hongkong. I noted that you had written "50 cash" on the margin of the rubbing.

Present specimen is much clearer than the one from which the rubbing was made, so it is plain that what you appeared to have taken for the character for 5 is 2, making it a 20 cash piece. It is attributed by the owner to Sinkiang and to the Kuang Hsu period, on what evidence is not apparent to me. I thought perhaps you might have noted his down as Tibetan or a silver piece, so am mentioning it.

I received the enclosed double struck 20 Kirin piece in a miscellaneous lot from a NY collector, and am sending it to you as I thought it might interest you as you specialize in the coins of Kirin. He wants $2.50 for it, which seems to me to be high for such a poor specimen which must have been a long time in circulation.

I have been unable to get another letter from the gentlemen who installed the Szechuan mint. He is about 90 years old and takes a long time between letters. I had thought of sending a good rubbing of the 1st Szechuan type to him,

but I do not think anything would come of it, as he says he knows nothing about the dies for the silver coins other than that they were made in Philadelphia mint. He was to have sent me an article on the subject of that mint which was printed in a local newspaper, but even that has not yet arrived.

I presume you have the 5 nickel piece with Yuan Shih-kai and the initials G.L. in reverse for L.Giorgi. I recently got one from London, and believe other specimens are still there from the same lot, reported to have been 6 in number. Shih lists this as D1-11.

Yours truly, Bowker

Note:YSK5centnickelwithG.L–lotof6pieces

Dear Mr. Kann:

Continuing the discussion of the semantics of the dragon's tail, the proper term to be used in describing the variations in the fin at the tails termination is "spines" rather than "antenna". I don't know why this did not come to mind when we were discussing the matter.

There is also another word which might also be used, "Spicules"but it is too long and really not so good as spines.

Reference to any good English dictionary will confirm to

1716 Gouldin Road Oakland 11, Calif. 2 August 1950

you my statement that the word "antenna" is surely wrong in connection with the tail of the dragons as it implies a sensitory organ located on the head.

Very truly, Bowker

Dear Mr. Bowker,

We are back again after an uneventful air-trip, my initial flight. I like to express pleasure at having met you again in good health and spirits.

Hereby I am returning the Kirin 20-cents coin. It positively is a poor forgery, made not for collectors, but for entering circulation; practically valueless.

I also found a letter from Ritchie. He says that Chang Hwang wrote him that he is sending him a book through me. As I explained, no book as such is being forwarded, but Chang wants to hide coins in books. As a matter of fact, Chang wrote me under date of July 28 (received this morning), saying that he mailed 3 specimens of 50 cents Taiwan, of which one each will go to you, Ritchie and myself if and when they arrive. Chang says he called at the Post Office and showed them the contents of the envelopes, posted registered by surface mail. But they warned Chang that the covers might come back, since it was not permitted to send out coins. So we shall have to wait until end of August hoping that the coins will arrive.

Mr. Chang writes verbatim: "The book with the Sinkiang piece should reach you before long. When you have received

Dear Mr. Kann:

Last night I accompanied Ritchie to call on Professor Boodberg of the U of C Oriental Department with regard

Los Angeles August 3, 1950

it would you be so kind as to mail it to Mr. Ritchie for me after taking what you need?" Seemingly he refers to a previous dispatch.

Further Mr. H. Chang says that he is going to Shanghai to get new stock of coins, as his holdings are sold out. He adds that coins in Hongkong are much dearer than in Shanghai, because it is so risky to smuggle them out, respectively bring them in. Finally he states that his partners, Ma, has gone to Peking to buy there new stocks (chiefly bronze cash); so you see that the trad is not so bad as it at first seemed to be.

Chang's present mail address is: 219 Gloucester Road (ground floor), Hongkong.

Since I would have to write to Mr. Ritchie in exactly the same strain, and as I have to attend to numerous matters after a lengthy absence, may I ask you to kindly send him these lines after your perusal? Many thanks.

Sincerely Yours,

Note:Kanntakesfirstairtrip1950.

Info on H. Chang. Now in HK but going to Shanghai to buy coins.MagoingtoPekingtobuycoins[MaTing-Hsiang?]

1716 Gouldin Road Oakland 11, Calif. 8 August 1950

to your book. We showed him a number of copies of your various publications and discussed at some length the matter of its publication, and he made a number of very pertinent suggestions with regard to getting it accepted by the U of C

Press, which we will follow up shortly.

Among his suggestions which appeared to be excellent was one that you should get letters from well known people in various fields such as economics, numismatics, etc as to the value of such a work. It is accordingly suggested that you ask Mr. Leavens, as an authority in the field of the economics of silver, to provide with such a letter, which I am sure he would be only to glad to supply because of his long acquaintance with you and knowledge of your background, as well as his own interest in the subject.

He also brought up the matter of why you had not tried to get the A.N.S to publish the book. This is a matter which I have often thought about, particularly since the recent publications of the several advanced works they have gotten out, such as Dr. Miles 2-volume work on "The coinage of the Umayyads of Spain" of which you no doubt recently received a copy. I note that this work, which required the use of quite a number of special characters, was printed for them in Germany, where they seem also to have had available the special Arabic script which was required. Why not investigate the possibilities of having the same firm do the job?

He suggested that we get into direct touch with the manager of the Press. Ritchie had previously tried to get into touch with him, but he was away on a holiday, but is expected back soon. We will see him as soon as he is available, but I think that the great drawback in any of these conversations is the lack of availability of some part of the actual manuscript. This should be made available.

I gave Ritchie the last letter you sent me, as requested. He seemed to believe that a Chinese book on numismatics was

being sent to you for him, rather than coins concealed in a book. Perhaps, both are right and you are getting coins and he is getting a book.

Yesterday I had a call from a Chinese gentleman recently arrived from Kunming. He is Theodore Te-tsen Liu, and is coming to LA shortly. I believe I will give him your name and address as he wishes to make connections here to do outside work while he is attending UC in Berkeley. He appears to be well qualified to do translations, and I thought that you might make use of him in translating that report of the Central Bank of China which you said you wished translated. He was referred to me by Mr. Coole, and was one of his students in Tientsin some ten years or so ago. If Coole is as slow with the translating of this matter as he is in replying to correspondence, perhaps the matter is stillpending.

With best wishes

Bowker

Received the forgery of Kirin. Thought it might be in the doubtful status, and am glad to have your confirmation.

Note: Theodore Te-tsing Liu (Kunming), ex. student of CoolestudyingatU.C.Berkley.

Dear Mr Ritchie,

I wish to thank you and Mr. Bowker for your endeavors in connection with my proposed catalogue. All I can do at present is to send you and Mr. Bowker the Table of Contents of the proposed publication. However, since the people there have no numismatic knowledge, I am afraid they will be just as wise as before. I shall write to various people for a view on the need of such a book; however, this will take a little time.

As regards the manuscript, you might tell them that I shall be pleased to submit same as soon as I hear that they are in principle (and without prejudice on their part)prepared to consider the proposal. Meanwhile I am continually making corrections and additions.

means, as I don't drive, a full day's occupation. If and when I get an encouraging word from you, I shall write exhaustively to Mons. Fruge. I do not approach the ANS, because I see from their statements that they are always short of funds and also because I feel that they would object to my inserting values for every coin.

Meanwhile you will have received my last letter, advising that I had mailed to you a book on cash coins from H. Chang.

Mr Bowker, to whom I am mailing a copy of this letter, introduced a Mr. Liu to me; he phoned and said he would look me up today.

Thanking you both once more for your endeavors on my behalf, I am with kind regards.

Thanks for your suggestion that I should look up Dr.Ch. Stanley at Clairmont. At present I am rather busy, and besides it is very warm here and much hotter there. This Los Angeles August 12, 1950

Sincerely Yours,

Dear Mr. Kann:

Last evening Ritchie was at my home and gave me the specimen of the Formosa 1/2 dollar which you previously stated you were obtaining for me. I am very much pleased to get this piece, and I greatly appreciate your having obtained it for me. I am enclosing herewith my check for $2.00 in payment for it.

Nothing much new in the way of Chinese numismatics of late. I did, however, finally receive the newspaper article

1716 Gouldin Road Oakland 11, Calif. 24 August, 1950

on Mr. Janvier's trip to Chengtu in 1897-98 to install the mint there. It is, however, mostly composed of incidents of his travel and little about the coins themselves is his description of how the dies for striking the coins which had been shipped from the US were badly pitted by immersion in water enroute, so that the first coins which were struck there showed the pits. If you would like to read the article I will mail it to you, but must ask for its immediate return as I am obligated to return it to him without delay.

He also sent copies of the photos of the two large center

pictures of the mint as set up, which do not have to be returned.

With best regards, Bowker

Dear Mr. Kann:

Not having heard from you since I remitted for the Formosa coins which you so kindly procured for me, I have been thinking that perhaps the California climate might not be agreeing with you this season.

As mentioned in my last letter of 24 August, I had been holding the Janvier article telling about the trails and tribulations encountered in connection with the installation of the Chengtu mint machinery, but as you did not express any interest in reading it and as the writer has now asked for the return of his article, it is no longer available.

Recently I have turned up a specimen of a Kiangnan coin which puzzles me as it differs from any other I have previously seen described. It is inscribed Hsuan Tung, but in place of the usual Manchu characters at the center of the obverse, it has the figure "2" as found in the 1908 coins of Kirin. This figure is very similar to that found in the Kirin coin, having the turned up curl at the upper end of the stroke and the straight horizontal at the bottom. The reverse is also reminiscent of the Kirin coins as the English lettering is poorly executed and has a reversed letter "S" in the word CANDAREENS. The six-leaved ornaments at the right and left are similar to those found on some other Kiangnan coins. The coin has obviously come from circulation and has a flat place on one edge where someone has filed it to test the silver. Would be pleased to know if you have any knowledge of this variety, and would be glad to send it to you for inspection if you should like to examine it.

1716 Gouldin Road Oakland 11, Calif. 23 November 1950

I also acquired a specimen of the 20c Kirin which you list as "1901/433" in the list of Kirin errors which you sent me. However in checking up this item in you list I note that the copy of the list you sent me shows this date and number in the 50c column, and my specimen has an inverted "V" for the letter "A" in MACE. Perhaps you would like to recheck this item in your listing to prevent errors in the listing when you make use of it in your book. In looking over the list I have noted another thing which I believe has been incorrectly expressed in your description. Under numbers 357, 343, 342, you say "inverted" in describing the position of the figures. If the figures are found as shown in the list, they are reversed and not inverted.

I have recently acquired Sibert's manuscript and pictures for the book on the dollar-sized coins of China which he advertised. I can see from it that he did not any way nearly have it ready for publication. The manuscript is full of errors of fact and the typing of such part of the script as it appears he did is very poorly coordinated. The technical descriptions of the coins have apparently been done by a Chinese who appears to know much more about the coins than Sibert does and that part of the manuscript had not been edited or made smooth in any way but is in his handwriting.

With best wished to both you and Mrs Kann for the forthcoming holidays. I remain

Note: Kann did note ask to see Janvier article, so Bowker returned to Janvier.

Dear Commander Bowker,

Thank you for your letter of 23rd inst. You are right in scolding me for neglecting my private correspondence. But there were valid reasons. Having decided to have my entire collection re-photographed, it took me weeks to file out the coins, number then (a procedure which I neglected at Shanghai and which cost me time and confusion) for the photo, and then place them back into the boards, if possible into the correct opening. Then, as you know, I obtained a contract at Loyola University as lecturer on Oriental affairs. Having had 13 lectures in November, I naturally had to study and prepare the subject matter at home, a vocation which required much of my time.

Kiangsu 20 cts piece: It is interesting news to me hear that you came across a Kiangnan piece with a "2" in the center. Never heard of same before. I do not know whether it is not a bogus piece, and when opportunity offers, I shall be glad to see it and give you an opinion.

Kirin Errors: The inverted letter "A" occurs oftener than I noted down in my list of errors. Meanwhile I made some corrections and many new additions. When I consider the list as final, I shall have it re-photoed and send you a final copy. Regarding the reversed "3" you are right; I shall correct it.

Sibert's photos: It will interest you that, about a year ago he offered to me the entire collection of photos and text free of charge, with the condition that in my contemplated catalogue I would mention the source. Without second thought I declined the offer because: (1) 95% of the photos are from coins from my own collection, taken in my house in Shanghai. This means I have them to the largest extent, but shall use few. A part was given to me by Siebert's partner, H. Chang (Chang Hwang, now in Hongkong) in recognition that I lent my collection for the purpose; another part I insisted paying for. So these are your and also my property.

Los Angeles November 30, 1950

You can use your photos any way you please; but I own, of course, the same right. Feel sure that we shall not collide. The text does not interest me, the more since I am fully conversant with the history, etc., and probably better than the co-authors.

Before this you wrote me about the terms of Milled and reeded. Surely it is correct to speak of a coin as either "milled" or "unmilled". This for instance, is milled? Where does reeded come in?

I believe you know that I handled a large portion (except gold coins) of the ex-Woodward collection, sent to me by Schulman for classification, giving each silver coin 3 catalogue numbers (Tsiang, Shih, Kann) and my idea of the market value. I saw a lot, though very little that is new to me, but feel that I did not see everything. And I bought a good deal at prices that, at least as far as the rarities are concerned, are very reasonable. The enclosed list will tell you details. I spent $3,000 for coins contained on that list, inclusive of the Austrian beauties. I am sure you will be interested to go through the list. If you have sufficient interest, please keep it; if not, turn it over to Ritchie, who has asked me for particulars. In any case, please lend it to him. Especially interesting I find the 1 $ Shanghai (Hongkong, 1867) and the still rarer 2 mace; also 1 $ Tsiang No.82, a coin of which many forgeries exists, but of which only one genuine piece was known in China. I now have three. Also the 1/2$ Shensi in excellent condition I obtained, as well as the 1$ Fukien in first-rate state. The last 2 coins, plus the Sinkiang C2-8 (which I also acquired) were bought during the past 12 months by Kalgan Shih from a man I know (named Sung) for US$3,500 for the trio. I paid much of course. I know of another Shanghai Chinese who paid $1,200 for the uncatalogued 20 cts Shensi. J.D. Cheng, now in Hongkong wants to sell Shensi 1 $, 1/2 $ and 10 cents, but his price is US$6,000. From my list you will see that I also bought Sinkiang C2-3, which you sold to Kalgan Shih. I do

not know of a third.

Speaking about Sinkiang: Could you tell me, or find out from your library, where Shih C2-6 was minted? It is not Kashgar; but which other mint? Characterized by a character looking like a "3". Could only be Aksu, or Yarkand or Kouldje.

Recently I got the film for the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum $ on sandblasted blank from Vienna. Had copies made and am sending you one for your records.

Speaking about photos. These came out fairly satisfactory, except perhaps the 10-cents coins. Intending to reproduce in my catalogue all the forgeries and bogus pieces I came across, I had these photographed as well. If you should like to get copies (usually about 20 coins on one sheet), I could order these for you at a cost of $1.50 per sheet(both sides), or rather 2 sheets. Also if you want it, you can have photos of any other Chinese silver or nickel coin which my photographer would reproduce from existing negatives at a cost of 20 cts a coin (both sides). But if so, I should ask you to order simultaneously with Ritchie, who has requested me to obtain for him such reproductions of rare coins. It would take too much time to select the requisite negatives, each of which contains from 28 to 40 coins; a whole sheet would cost $1.50 for both sides, but the sheets contain many varieties of the analogous coin.

Reverting to your previous inquiry: The Schulman holdings sent to me for classification contained also some 1 $ and 1/2 $ Shanghai 1856. But nothing outstanding. I found that all the coins have the same style of milling; only one was unmilled, unmistakably a forgery, and another one had diagonal lines on, to my mind also a forgery. Jimmy Wong tells me that you plan to come to L.A in the near future. If so, I shall be pleased to show you what I have in those Sh'ai coins.

Chang recently sent me the 1 $ Sinkiang of 1949; however, I had it already from Kalgan Shih, paying then $25. Mine has a small cavity on the reverse, which seemingly was already

so on the blank. Chang does not write to me what the price for his is, but I guess maximum $25, and minimum $20. If you want mine (uncirculated) for $15, I don't mind to lose $10; in that case I should substitute Chang's. Or you can have his, subject to his price within the limits mentioned.

Schulman has a very large selection of Chinese coppers. I know practically nothing about these, but you might correspond with him direct. For the Shanghai $ 1856 he wants $35 each, which I find too high.

Today you will not complain that I kept silent; probably I talked too much.

With best regards to you and Mrs. Bowker I am,

Cordially Yours,

Kann

Note: Kann has new photos made of his coins in LosAngels late 1950.

Kann begins lectures at Loyola University beginning Nov. 1950.

95% of Sibert's photos are of Kann's coins, taken in Shanghai. About 1949, Sibert offered his materials and photos free to Kann, but Kann declined. Sibert's book, compile with H. Chang, was to be published in 1948 and was advertised in Numismatist. Later that year the plan was cancelled.

Coins bought from Woodward Collection (from Schulman) late 1950. Reference to Kalgan Shih and other buying coins isbestcompareprices.

SYS Mausoleum Dollar Photos again, mentioned 26 May 1950 letter. These must be new made prints from glass negative.

Schulman sent coins to Kann for cataloging, probably Woodward coins. Mentions 1856 Shanghai coins – all reeding except a plain edge forgery and diagonal edge reeding,whichKannfeelsisfake. Schulmanhasmanycoppers–i.e.Woodward.

Recent acquisition of Chinese silver coins for the collection of E. Kann.

1 $ Formosa, Old Man

1 $ Changchow

1 $ "

1 $ Hupeh, Ben-shen

Catalogue No. Shih Kann

C4-5 1 2 further varieties

C4-1A 5 3 varieties, authenticated

C4-2 6 7 ", "

C6-1 35 Duplicate 10 cts " "

1 $ Fukien

C6-2 37 Excellent condition

C11-1 124 Perfect condition

1 " Peiyang, essay B7-5 226 uncirculated

1 " Kirin, 1901 - 423a Small characters

1 " " , 1908 C15-67 565 Duplicate

1 " " , 1908 C15-73 569 "

1 " Sun Yat-sen, 1927

E2-19 608x Copper proof

1 " Yuan Shih-kai, 1916 E2-9 663a L. Giorgi, uncirculated

1 " Chu Yu Poo 690 uncirculated

1 " Soochow $ C3-1 672 Duplicate

1 " Sun Yat-sen, 16 th Y D3-3 609 on sand-blasted blank

1/2 " Shansi

1/2 " Manchuria, 32nd Year

1 " Shanghai

1/2 " "

8 mace Ta-Ching, Hunan

C23-2 156 Perfect condition

C14-9 254 "

C10-2 910 1856

C10-4 909 "

C21-3 964

7 " " " - 965

6 " " " - 964

2 " " " - 970 1 " " " - 971

7 mace "

5 " "

1 $ Kirin, Essays in pewter

3 " "

1 " "

1 Tael Shanghai

2 mace "

C15-1 915 Perfectly clear outlines

C15-2 916 all dated

C15-3 917 10th Year

C15-4 918 =1885

C15-5 920

C10-7 911 1867, made in Hongkong

C10-9 913 " "

10 cents Peking, 1900 B1-2 236 uncirculated

20 " " , 1900 B1-1 235 "

10 " Hunan, C21-18 762 Hung hsien

10 " Chekiang

20 " "

1 $ Formosa

20 cts Shansi

C8-2 116 1896, variety

C8-1 115 ", "

C4-6 2 1853, "

C24-1 New pattern

Taiping cash in silver - 8k original,

2 mace, Sinkiang

3 ", Aksu

2 ", "

5 ", "

1 mace Kashgar

1/2 " Sinkiang

C2-41 1151 variety

C2-14 1151 "

C2-15 1192 "

C2-13 1190 "

C2-42 1044 3 varieties

C2-6 1181 5 "

1 " " - 1257 2 crossed flags, republic

2 " " - 1256 2 " "

1 " Kashgar

1 " "

5 " "

C2-79 1098

C2-4 1035

C2-8 1040 authenticated

5 " " - 1140 in center dot. Fig.5

5 " "

1 " Sinkiang

1 $ "

3 mace Tibet

1 mace "

Besides, the rare or unique Austrian essay coins of 1929 and hundreds of varieties and errors of Kirin and Sinkiang.

C2-69 1152 " rosette.

C2-3 1000 square hole in center

C2-35 1120 variety

C1-77 1477 2 varieties

C1-12 1479 2 "

Note: Apparently, coins from Woodward Collection but may include others. Kann says 8k ex.Woodward but sales wereApril 1951-1952 or does this list of with 30 Nov. 50.

1716 Gouldin Road Oakland 11, Calif. 4 December 1950

Dear Mr. Kann:

I was pleased to have your recent letter, and greatly appreciate your having enclosed a print of the picture of the Sun Yatsen dollar of the 16 th year. Was also interested to see the long list of the recent additions to your collection and shall pass it on to Ritchie at the first opportunity as requested, and looking forward to having the opportunity to see them all in the not too distant future.

Replying to your inquiry relative to the meanings of the terms "milling" and "reeding"; the sketch of what you understand to be milling which you sent in your letter is not

milling at all but reeding. Reeding appears on the edge of a coin, while milling is the marking which appears on the margins of both faces of a coin entirely enclosing the balance of the design. The term milling or milled is very frequently misused by writers on numismatic matters, but in fact they are not synonymous. In confirmation, I quote from Webster's Dictionary "reeded"; as the reeded edge of a coin. The same dictionary does not give a numismatic definition of milled, but does give the following: "milling" machine: a machine used in a mint for rolling up the edges of coin blanks prior to stamping. By extension, the term milled would describe the final stamped raised rim of the coin as seen from the face of the coin and not the marginal edge. I do not have Frey's

Dictionary of numismatic terms, but I can assure you that his definitions of the two words conform to what I have stated above, and I should certainly hate to see you misuse the terms in your forthcoming book.

With regard to Shih's C2-6, the illustration he gives in his book is too indistinct for me to venture an opinion as to the name of the mint which struck it. However, he says C2-5 is similar to C2-6, or vice versa. Now I believe C2-5 was struck in Yankhisar and not in any one of the several towns you name, so if C2-6 is as a matter of fact similar to C25, excepting for the Chinese inscription being inscribed in a reverse manner, it might possibly also be from Yankhisar. But I have not faith whatsoever in Shih's description, and particularly so as what I do see in the two issustrations differ one from the other to a considerable degree, so I don't think Shih knows what he is talking about. On the subject of the 5 fen silver coins of Yanghisar, the ANS has four from which I took rubbing when I was in NY and two of them had the character yuan instead of yin at the right of the Chinese inscriptions. The final character at the left was indistinct or not present but I presume it was pao. The other two specimens were struck from the same die and are similar to Shih's C-2-5. There is a similar specimen in the set of rubbings Wang rob out in Shanghai, but it is much better than the ANS specimens. I am enclosing it herewith for you to determine whether or not it has anything to do with

the matter under consideration. Please return it when it has served its purpose.

I thank you for the offer of the photographs. I now wish I had not wasted my money on buying Sibert's pictures, but than I did not know that your photographs would be available. Will avail myself of your offer after I can confer with Ritchie to combine his wants with my own.

Am also enclosing the Kiangnan mystery 20c piece with the 2 at center. Have no confidence that it was an officially issued variety, but would appreciate your opinion.

Would be glad to purchase the 1949 Sinkiang dollar, i.e. your specimen at C15, and thank you for the opportunity of acquiring it.

I hope that you do not really feel that I was taking you to task because of the long interval between our letters, for really I had no such feeling. As a matter of fact I felt somewhat guilty myself for the lapse.

With best regards to Mrs.K. and yourself, I remain

Very truly,

Dear Mr. Bowker:

Your letter of 4th inst reached me today, and as I have a free day, I am replying at once.

The 20 cts Kiangnan is a forgery, recognizable at first

Los Angeles December 6, 1950

glance. There is no doubt at all. As desired, I am sending you herewith the 1$ Sinkiang essay of 1949, and I am also returning the 20 cts Kiangnan.

Milling and reeding: By chance I saw a letter a day or so ago in the latest "Numismatist", where the same subject was

Bowker

discussed. The writer considers that milling is better than reeding. It would be impossible for me (short of completely re-writing) to change this expression, just as well as replace "tentacles". However, I plan to clearly mention in the preface the opinion of other numismatics.

Old 5 cts Sinkiang: It is a pity that there exists no literature regarding these issues which, while not rare, are interesting and still undiscovered. I thought it useful to transmit to you photos recently taken of some of my specimen. These are by no means all I own. Want to specially draw your attention to No.1188, where the "3"-like character is seen.

Also to No.999, where the character "Yuan" appears on the right. Perhaps you can find out something about some of the coins. Those marked "Kashgar"need no comment. Up to now I never heard of a place called Yanghisar; is there a Chinese equivalent for this name? The photos please return at your convenience, or else bring them with you, provided you will pass through here before end of the year.

When I cut up one volume of Ching Tse-wei's rubbings in Shanghai, I did not know that I was one day going to present the collection to you. Now I found the cuttings (I believe complete) and assume that they could easily be pasted each on a sheet and synchronized with the rest of the collection. I believe that volume contained Tibet, Hsinkiang

and Hunan taels.

Your find the lot herewith.

As long as the war uncertainty lasts I do not plan to start printing my catalogue. I am determined to supply each coin, and each variety, with a market value. Shall be grateful for your advice: shall I add the value or price, similar to stamps catalogues, to the right of each coin's description, or would it be wiser to insert a special list toward the end, giving every number of coins cited, with a market value in US $. I am not in favor of indicating degree of rarity, for this says little or nothing.

With compliments from both of us I remain,

Very truly yours

Kann

Note:KanncutuponevolumeofChingTse-Weirubbings(A completesetsoldrecentlyinChinaforUS$18,000.),butdid not use them and now sends to Bowker. Bowker probably pastedthemon3*5cardsoronpages. KannpostponescatalogduetoKoreanWar.

Dear Mr. Kann:

Some time ago in reading over a book in the library I am onto the following:

"The present emperor, Tao Kuang, a short time ago issued

1716 Gouldin Road Oakland 11, Calif. 10 December 1950

a coin to imitate the Spanish dollar, with which the troops were paid; this coin is about the same wight as the dollar, having inscribed on it in Chinese and Manchu, "Soldier's pay.""

The book was entitled: China and the Chinese: their religion,

character, customs, and manufacturers: etc., by Henry Charles Sirr. It was published in London in 1849 and the preface indicates that it was written in 1846.

Should like to know if you concur with me in thinking that this could only refer to one or both of the silver coins, Tsiang numbers 82 or 83, which he says were issued in 1864 or 1865, and which appears to be the view that you adopted in your article on "Early Chinese Silver Coinage" which was originally published in the China Journal. It appears to me that Sirr mistook the rubric which appears on these coins to be a Manchu inscription. The last two Chinese characters of the horizontal inscription on the same side of the coins as the rubric might well be translated as he indicates above as "soldier's pay". This would push the date of their issue back to at least 1845 or perhaps 1844. I do not know of any other early Chinese dollar which would even approximate the description Sirr gives.

Last week I talked with Professor Brown at the U of C. He is

the author of a book on early Japanese coinage which is to be published shortly by the Far Eastern Association as the first of a proposed series of monographs on far eastern subjects. He says there is a press at Yale University, or at least in New Haven, Conn., which publishes books, etc and makes use of the Chinese characters. He was not sure of the exact name of the press, but thought it was China Press or Chinese Press. He stated that Professor Kennedy of Yale had something to do with either the press or the publications issued by it. Perhaps if you have not already made some arrangements for your book it would be well to address Professor Kennedy on the subject.

With best wishes,

Very truly,

Note: Henry Charles Sirr (1846) soldier's pay dollar Prof. Brown–bookonJapanesecoins.

Dear Mr. Kann:

Your registered letter of the 6th came duly to hand, and I thank you for remembering me with the clipped inkrubbings of the coins in the missing volume with them by mounting on Chinese paper similar to the original issue.

Thanks also for sending the Sinkiang piece, for which I enclose my check $15.00. None of my fellers for securing this coin from China or Hongkong have produced results, and the situation being what it is it now appears likely that the chances of obtaining a better specimen elsewhere are diminishing, so I doubly appreciative of your having offered it to me.

1716 Gouldin Road Oakland 11, Calif. 13 December 1950

I greatly regret that you intend to make use of the incorrect term "milling" in your book, when you have the correct term before you. Reuse of the incorrect term, no matter how often, does not make it correct and the standard dictionary is still the final authority.

I am flattered that you think I could be of any assistance in attributing the small Sinkiang pieces. I have given them some attention but the results have not been very satisfactory to me. There is a chapter on the copper coins of Sinkiang in Valentine's "Modern Copper Coins of the Muhammadan States" which gives a number of the names of the mints in Turki and Manchu. I have noted a number of errors in it tho names of the mints. Me also gives the Arabic for the mint

Bowker

towns of Aksu, Kashgar, Khotan, Kulja, Urumchi, Ush and Yarkand, but omits Yanghissar. The latter town is almost due south of Kashgar, as you will see by reference to any good map of the Province of Sinkiang. It is variously spelled, Yangi Missar, Yanghissar, etc. but they are all the same thing. Playfair lists it as a Chih-li T'ing town as Yingeshar in the tabulation of the "New Dominion" and gives the Chinese characters, placing it in lat. 30 ° 10', long. 70 ° . There are four specimens of the 5 fen coins of this place in the ANS collection, of which I took rubbings when I was in NY. They are of two types, one similar to the rubbing I sent you; the other inscribed Kuang Hsu Yuan (probably pao) tho neither of the specimens there have the left-hand character of the Chinese inscription struck legibly. I was in hopes that you might have a specimen in your collection which would show the final Chinese character, but I do not see it in the plates you sent. The one specimen of this type, your 9999, does not appear to be from this mint, tho the Turki inscription is beyond me in spite of its legibility. I believe Miles at the ANS could give you the reading as he is pretty good on these.

I think your numbers 1181f, a and b are from Yarkand. 1039, a, b, c, d, and e are Ka shgar. 9998 seems to be Yanghissar tho it is different from either of the varieties mentioned above as being in the ANS collection. 994 and 996 are from Aksu, but both are different from a good specimen I have which is dated 1297 AH (1880). Nos.1188a, b, and c, and probably 1188d, are all from the same mint, tho you have the obverse and reverse of 1188c transposed. The ANS has an unidentified specimen of the same variety in their collection.

Have you noted that the $1 Sinkiang specimen which you sent to me is an entirely different die than the specimen in the ANS collection which was pictured in a recent issue of the Numismatist and in the current issue of the Coin Collectors Journal? This is particularly noticeable in the 4th horizontal stroke of the Chinese character I (one).

In the specimen you sent me the stroke is not joined in any manner to the strokes above and below it. In the ANS

specimen this stroke is joined to the stroke above it at the right-hand end. There are of course numerous other differences, but this one can be seen at a glance with the naked eye.

In my search for material on the Turki and Manchu inscriptions which are to be found on Chinese coins I ran onto two probable errors in a Chinese book entitle "Ku Chin Ch'ien Lueh", Coole's number 245, and in the 15th issue of a Japanese periodical entitled "The Numismatic. The Coins of the World," they have the characters for the mint at Ush and one of the two sets of characters for Yankand transposed. I suppose the Jap copied the mistake from the earlier Chinese work.

After further thought on the matter I think it most likely that your numbers 1188a, b, and c, are Khoten mint issues.

The pictures which you sent of the Sinkiang pieces are returned herewith.

It is suggested that some of the coins which have Arabic inscriptions on both sides may not be issues for Sinkiang, at least not Chinese issues, but may be those of some of the other mints which were across the borders in Russian Turkistan, such as Tasent, Khokand, or Bukhara.

It would have greatly facilitated the study of the coins which you photographed if more care had been taken in arranging them so that they were all right side up, thus obviating the necessity of turning them over at various angles to study the inscriptions. I took the liberty of placing horizontal lines under a number of them to facilitate this matter of placing horizontal lines under a number of them to facilitate this matter.

Hoping that some of the above may be of help, I remain.

Very truly,

Bowker

霍華德 包克

霍華德·包克與耿愛德的通信

（1950年7月- 12月）

◎ 編注：史博祿〔美國〕

耿愛德

尊敬的包克先生：

由於假期，再加上有客人從紐約造訪，我不得不推遲回 復您6月27日的來信。我複印了四川銀幣和1949年新疆 壹圓幣的圖片，並隨函寄回。非常感謝!

這是第三期發行的四川銀幣。第一期的銀幣非常罕見， 我還從未得到過。第二期和第三期的正面完全相同，但 第二期的龍頭更寬大，造型也不同。我想知道您是否能 確定更多的細節，特別是其母模是否在費城雕刻的？（雖 然從邏輯上講，母模肯定是在費城雕刻的。）

愛德華茲公司回復了我。如果需要每頁印刷100頁的插 圖，1 000本書大約需要700美元。考慮到目前政治局勢

1950年7月8日 洛杉磯

嚴峻，我沒有匆忙交付印刷。愛德華茲公司向我確認， 他們將使用捲筒膠印工藝，即不製作印刷版。

如有任何關於中國錢幣的任何內容（除了銅幣），我都 將不勝感激，因為這些內容仍有可能加入我的手稿中。

由於我沒有收到裏奇的消息，我想他不會去洛杉磯。

致以誠摯的問候

謹致問候

尊敬的耿愛德先生：

您8日的來信已收到，但我沒有立即回信，因為裏奇說 您去度假了。

我最近收到一枚小的銅幣，與我上個月從香港寄給您的 那批銅幣拓片中的一枚相似。我注意到您在拓印的空白

1950年7月30日 加州奧克蘭古爾丁路1716號 處寫了“五十文”字樣。現在的銅幣比拓片上的要清晰 得多，所以很明顯，您認為似乎是5的那個字其實是2， 因此它是二十文。它的主人認為它是光緒年間鑄造於新 疆，但我不知道他有什麼證據支持這個觀點。我想，您 或許會將拓片上的這枚幣記錄為西藏銀幣，或者僅僅只 是銀幣，所以特此說明。

我在紐約一位收藏家的雜項拍品中收到了隨信附上的吉 林銀幣。我想您可能會對它感興趣，因為您是吉林銀幣 方面的專家，所以我把它寄給了您。他要價2.50美元。

在我看來，對於這樣一枚流通了很長時間且品相不佳的 錢幣來說，這個價格太高了。

我再也沒有收到那位建造了四川造幣廠的先生的來信。

他已經90歲高齡，寫信的間隔時間很長。我曾想過給他 寄一張第一期發行的四川銀幣的高清照片，但我覺得不 會有什麼結果，因為他說對銀幣模具的事情一無所知， 只知道是在費城造幣廠製造的。他本來要寄給我一篇關

於該鑄幣廠的文章，此文刊登在當地一家報紙上，但連 這篇文章也還沒有收到，有可能他未寄出。。

我猜您手上的有一枚袁世凱像伍分鎳幣，上面有L. Giorgi反向的大寫簽名G.L.。我最近從倫敦買到了一 枚這種錢幣，相信還有同一批次的其他銀幣在那裏，據 說一共有6枚。施嘉幹將其列為D1-11。

此致

敬禮

包克

注：信中提到帶 G.L. 簽字袁世凱像伍分鎳幣（據說一共只 有6枚）

尊敬的耿愛德先生：

讓我們繼續討論描述龍尾的用詞。描述龍尾末端鰭的變 化的正確詞語是“spines”（鰭），而不是“antenna”（觸 角）。我不知道為什麼我們在討論此事時沒有想到這一點。

還有一個詞也可以用，那就是“Spicules”，但這個詞 太長了，確實不如“spines”這個詞好。

1950年8月2日

加州奧克蘭古爾丁路1716號

翻開任何一本好的英語詞典，您都可以證實我的說法： “觸角”一詞與龍的尾巴聯繫在一起肯定是錯誤的，因 為它的含義是一個位於頭部的感知器官。

謹啟

包克

尊敬的包克先生：

在一次順利的飛行之後，我們又回到了洛杉磯。這是我 的首次飛行。我很高興再次見到您身體健康、精神飽滿。

我在此歸還吉林貳角銀幣。這確實是一枚拙劣的贗品。

1950年8月3日

洛杉磯 它不是為收藏家而製造的，而是為了投入流通，實際上 毫無價值。

我還找到了裏奇的一封信。他說張璜寫信給他，說要通 過我給他寄一本書。正如我所解釋的，我沒有收到需要 轉寄的書。但張璜想把錢幣藏在那本書裏。事實上，張

璜先生7月28日寫信給我（今早收到），說他郵寄了三枚 伍角的臺灣銀幣，收到之後，將給您、裏奇和我各一枚。

張璜說，他給郵局打了電話，向他們出示了用平信掛號 郵寄的信封內容。但郵局警告張璜，信可能會退回來， 因為不允許寄出錢幣。因此，我們只能等到八月底，希 望能夠收到錢幣。

張先生逐字寫道：“新疆銀幣一書不久就會寄到。您收 到後，能否在取走您需要的東西後，幫我寄給裏奇先 生？”他信中指的似乎是之前寄出的一個包裹。

此外，張璜先生說，他要去上海購買新的硬幣，因為他 手中的錢幣已經賣完了。他還說，香港的錢幣比上海 的貴得多，因為把它們走私出去和帶進來的風險都很 大。最後，他說他的合夥人馬先生去北京購買新的錢幣 了（主要是銅錢）；所以您看，這個行業並不像最初看

起來那麼糟糕。

張璜目前的通信地址是：香港告士打道219號（地下）。

由於我必須寫一封內容完全相同的信給裏奇先生，而且 我在離開很長時間之後必須處理許多事務，我是否可以 請您在閱讀之後將這封信寄給他？非常感謝。

謹啟

注：耿愛德1950年時首次搭乘飛機。

信中有關於張璜的信息。張璜當時居住在香港，但是去上 海買錢幣了。馬先生去北京買錢幣了。（此處的馬先生是否是 指馬定祥？）

尊敬的耿愛德先生：

昨晚，我陪同裏奇就您的書的出版問題拜訪了加州大學 東方學系的布德伯格教授（Boodberg）。我們給他看了 一些您的各種出版物的影本，並詳細討論了該書的出版 問題，他就如何讓加州大學出版社接受該書提出了一些 非常中肯的建議，我們很快就會跟進。

他的建議看起來非常好。其中一條建議是，您應該從經 濟學、錢幣學等各個領域的知名人士那裏得到可以證明 這部作品價值的信件。因此，建議您請經濟學領域的權 威利文斯先生（Leavens）提供這樣一封信。我相信他 會很樂意提供這樣一封信，因為他與您相識已久，瞭解 您的背景，而且他本人也對這個問題很感興趣。

1950年8月8日 加州奧克蘭古爾丁路1716號

他還提到了您為什麼沒有嘗試讓 A.N.S 出版這本書的問 題。這是我經常思考的一個問題，尤其是最近他們出版 了幾本行業領先的著作之後，比如邁爾斯博士（Miles） 關於西班牙倭馬亞王朝錢幣的兩本著作，您最近肯定收 到了一本。我注意到，這部需要使用大量特殊字元的作 品是在德國印刷的，他們似乎還擁有所需的特殊阿拉伯 文字。為什麼不調查一下有沒有可能讓同一家公司來做 這項工作呢?

他建議我們直接與出版社經理聯繫。裏奇之前曾試圖與 他取得聯繫，但他當時正在度假，不過預計很快就會回 來。 只要他有空，我們就會去見他。但我認為，我們與 他交流的最大缺陷將是沒有實際手稿的某些部分，這部 分應該被提供。

我按要求把您寄給我的最後一封信交給了裏奇。他似乎 認為我要是替他寄給您一本關於錢幣的中文書籍，而不 是要藏在書裏的錢幣。

昨天，我接到一位來自昆明的中國先生的電話，他剛剛 抵達美國。這位劉先生（Theodore Te-tsen Liu）馬 上就要來洛杉磯了。我會把您的姓名和地址告訴他，因 為他希望在伯克利上加州大學期間，能和當地有所接 觸，從事學校以外的工作。他似乎很有資格從事翻譯工 作，我想您可以請他來翻譯您希望翻譯的中國中央銀行 報告。他是邱文明先生介紹來的，也是邱文明先生十多 年前在天津的學生之一。如果邱文明在翻譯這件事上和 回復信件一樣遲緩，也許這件事仍將懸而未決。

致以最美好的祝願

包克

我收到了吉林銀幣的贗品。我之前覺得它可能存疑，很 高興能得到您的確認。

注：信中提到昆明的劉先生（Theodore Te-tsing Liu）之前 是邱文明在加州大學伯克利分校的學生。

1950年8月12日 洛杉磯

尊敬的裏奇先生：

感謝您和包克先生為我即將出版的目錄所做的努力。目 前，我所能做的就是向您和包克先生寄出這本即將發行 的書的目錄。但是，由於出版方的人沒有錢幣知識，恐 怕他們會像以前一樣自作聰明。我將寫信給不同的人， 請他們就是否需要這樣一本書發表意見。不過，這恐怕 需要一點時間。

至於手稿，您可以告訴他們，一旦我聽說他們基本（在 不損害他們利益的情況下）準備考慮這項建議，我將 很高興儘快提交手稿。在此期間，我將不斷進行修改 和補充。

謝謝您建議我去克萊蒙特找斯坦利博士。目前我很忙， 而且這裏已經很熱了，那裏則會更熱。這意味着，我就 是不開車，也要一整天都要忙於工作。

我從您那裏得到了鼓勵，將詳盡地寫信給蒙斯·佛魯格 （Mons Fruge）。我沒有與美國錢幣學會（American Numismatic Society，簡稱ANS）接洽，因為我從他 們的聲明中看到，他們總是資金短缺。而且我覺得他們 會反對我為每枚錢幣加上價格。

在此期間，您應該已收到我的上一封信。信中提到，我 已寄給您一本由張璜撰寫的錢幣書。

我委託包克先生幫我郵寄這封信的副本。他向我介紹了 一位劉先生。這位先生打電話說今天會來找我。

再次感謝兩位為我所做的努力，並致以誠摯的問候。

謹啟

尊敬的耿愛德先生：

裏奇昨天晚上來到我家，把您之前說要給我的臺灣伍角 銀幣給了我。我非常高興能得到這枚錢幣，也非常感謝 您給了我這一枚幣。茲隨函附上2美元支票，以支付這 枚錢幣的款項。

最近中國錢幣領域沒有什麼新消息。不過，我終於收到 了報紙上關於強必爾先生（Janvier）於1897-1898年前

往成都建造造幣廠的文章。不過，這本書的大部分內容 都是他的旅行見聞，關於錢幣本身的內容很少，只有一

尊敬的耿愛德先生：

自從我把您好心為我購買的臺灣錢幣匯款給您之後，就 再也沒有您的消息了。我一直在想，也許加利福尼亞的 氣候這個季節不適合您。

正如我在上一封8月 24 日的信中提到的，我一直保留 着強必爾的文章，其中講述了成都造幣廠機器安裝過程 中遇到的艱難險阻，但由於您沒有表示出閱讀的興趣， 並且作者現在要求退還他的文章，因此我不能將它寄給 您了。

最近，我發現了一枚江南銀幣，這枚錢幣讓我略感困 惑，因為它與我之前見過的任何其他錢幣都不同。錢幣 正面中央有“宣統”字樣，但並不是常見的滿文，而是 類似1908年吉林銀幣上的“2”的樣式。這個圖形與吉 林幣上的非常相似，上端筆劃上卷，下端筆劃橫直。其 背面樣式也讓人聯想到吉林幣，因為其英文字母書寫不 清，在 CANDAREENS（厘）一詞中有一個顛倒的字母 “S”。左右兩邊的六葉裝飾與其他一些江南錢幣上的裝

1950年8月24日

加州奧克蘭古爾丁路1716號

些內容是他描述了從美國運來的用於鑄造錢幣的模具是 如何在途中因浸水而有嚴重銹蝕的，以至於在成都鑄造 的第一批錢幣就出現了斑點。如果您想閱讀這篇文章， 我可以郵寄給您，但請您看完後立即歸還，因為我需要 立即歸還給他。

他還寄來了建造的造幣廠的兩張大照片的影本，這些照 片無需歸還。

致以最崇高的敬意

1950年11月23日

加州奧克蘭古爾丁路1716號

飾相似。這枚錢幣顯然來自流通市場，在它的一側邊緣 有一段平整的地方，應該是有人曾用銼刀銼過以測試銀 質。如果您對這一品種有任何瞭解，我將非常樂意瞭解。 如果您願意查看一下這枚幣，我將很樂意把它寄給您。

我還獲得了一枚吉林省造庫平一錢四分四厘銀幣，在您 寄給我的吉林銀幣錯誤清單中將其列為“1901/433”。

不過，我在您的清單中查看這條時，注意到您寄給我 的清單副本在庫平三錢六分銀幣的一欄中也顯示了這 個日期和編號，而我的銀幣上有一個倒“V”字母代表 MACE中的“A”。也許您可以在列表中重新檢查該條， 以防止在您的書中使用該條時出現錯誤。在查看清單時， 我注意到了另一件事，我認為在您的描述中表達有誤。 在編號為357、343、342的錢幣下，您在描述數字位置 時說“inverted”（倒轉）。如果發現的數字如列表中所 示，則它們是“reversed”（顛倒），而不是倒轉的。

我最近獲得了丹尼斯·希伯特關於中國壹圓錢幣的書稿 和圖片，他為這本書做了廣告。我從中可以看出，他根 本沒有做好出版的準備。手稿中的事實錯誤百出，而

稿子的部分字體列印似乎也很不協調。對錢幣工藝的描 述顯然是由一位中國人完成的，這位中國人似乎比丹尼 斯·希伯特更瞭解錢幣，而且手稿的這一部分並未經過 任何編輯或潤色，而是由他親筆撰寫的。

祝您和您夫人假期愉快。

注：信中提到耿愛德未要求閱讀強必爾的文章，因此包克將 文章還給了強必爾。

尊敬的包克先生：

感謝您23日的來信。您說我忽視了私人通信，情況確實 如此，但也是事出有因。在我決定為所有收藏重新拍照 後，我花了幾個星期的時間將硬幣歸檔並編號（這是我 在上海時忽略的一個步驟，我因為這個疏忽花費了很多 時間，也造成了混亂），然後把它們放回收藏板，並儘 量放回正確的開口位置。後來，如您所知，我在芝加哥 洛約拉大學獲得了一份東方事務講師的工作合約。我在 11月份有13場講座，自然要在家裏學習和準備相關內容， 這需要我花費大量時間。

江南省造庫平一錢四分四厘錢幣：我聽說您發現了一枚 中間有“2”字樣的江南錢幣，這真是一個有趣的消息。

我以前從未聽說過這個品種。我不知道這是不是一枚假 幣。如果有機會，我很樂意看看它，並給出我的看法。

吉林錢幣的錯誤：倒“A”出現的次數比我在錯誤列表 中指出的要多。同時，我還做了一些更正和許多新的補 充。當我確認最終的錯誤清單時，我將重新拍照，並把 最終副本寄給您。關於被倒“3”的問題，您說得沒錯， 我會改正的。

希伯特的照片：大約一年前，他向我免費提供了全部的 照片和文字，條件是在我將要出版的目錄中提及信息的 來源，這很有意思。我毫不猶豫地拒絕了這一請求，首 先是因為其中95% 的照片都是我在上海家中拍攝的自己 收藏的錢幣。這意味着我完全擁有它們，但卻幾乎不使 用它們。有一部分照片是希伯特的合夥人張璜（現居香

1950年11月30日

洛杉磯

港）贈送給我的，以感謝我借出了自己的藏品；另一部 分照片是我堅持付錢購買的。因此，這些照片既是您的 財產，也是我的財產。您可以以任何方式使用您的照片； 當然，我也擁有同樣的權利。我確信我們不會意見相左。

我對這些文字材料並不感興趣，因為我對這方面的歷史 非常熟悉，可能比合著者更瞭解。

在此之前，您在信中提到了“馬齒”（Milled）和“齒邊” （Reeded）這兩個術語。將一枚硬幣稱為有馬齒或沒 有馬齒當然是正確的。例如我們會說“這是否有馬齒？” 但齒邊一詞從何而來？

我相信您知道，我處理過舒爾曼（Schulman）寄來的 大部分原伍德沃德收藏錢幣（除金幣外），並對每枚銀 幣進行了分類，給出了三個目錄編號（蔣仲川目錄、施 嘉幹目錄、耿愛德目錄）和我認為的市場價值。我看過 很多錢幣，儘管對我來說新的錢幣很少，但我覺得自己 並沒有見過所有錢幣。我購買錢幣時價格合理，至少就 珍品而言，價格是非常合理的。我隨信附帶清單，該清 單可告知詳情。我花了3 000美元購買了清單上的錢幣， 其中還包括奧地利造珍品。我相信您會有興趣閱讀這份 清單的。如果您對這份清單很感興趣，請保留它；如果 您不感興趣，則請將它交給裏奇，因為他已經向我詢問 了相關的具體情況。無論如何，請將這份清單借給他。 我發現上海壹兩銀幣（1867年鑄造於香港）和更罕見的 貳錢銀幣特別有趣。還有82號的這枚壹圓，這種錢幣有 很多贗品，但在中國只有一枚已知的真品，但我現在有 三枚這種錢幣。此外，我還得到了品相極佳的陝西省造 庫平三錢六分銀幣和品相一流的福建省造庫平七錢二分

銀幣。最後兩枚錢幣，加上編號為C2-8的新疆幣（我也 買下了這枚），是施嘉幹在過去的12個月裏以3 500美元 的價格從我認識的一個人（宋先生）那裏買的。當然， 我為此花了很多錢。據我所知，還有一位上海人花了1 200美元購買了一枚未編入目錄的陝西省造庫平一錢四 分四厘銀幣。現在香港的 J.D. Cheng 想出售陝西省造 庫平七錢二分、三錢六分、七分二厘銀幣，但他的報價 是6 000美元。您可以從我的清單上看到，我還買了編號 為C2-3的新疆幣，您把它賣給了施嘉幹。我不知道此外 還有第三枚這種錢幣存世。

至於新疆幣：您能否告訴我，或者從您的藏書中找出施 氏目錄中編號為C2-6的新疆幣的鑄造地？它不是在喀什 鑄造的，但是在哪個鑄幣廠鑄造的？它的特徵是有一個 類似“3”的字元。它的鑄造地只能是阿克蘇、莎車或 庫爾德傑。

最近我拿到了維也納用磨砂坯料打製的孫中山像陵墓壹 圓幣的底片。我複印了一份，寄給您存檔。

說到照片，除了一些壹角錢幣，照片的效果都相當令人 滿意。我打算在我的目錄中囊括我遇到的所有贗品和偽 品，因此我也給這些錢幣拍了照。如果您想獲得副本（通 常一張紙約有20枚幣的照片），我可以為您訂購，每張 紙（雙面）1.50美元，或者正反兩面共2張。此外，如 果您需要，您還可以獲得任何其他中國銀幣或鎳幣的照 片，我的攝影師將根據現有底片複印這些照片，每枚錢 幣（紙張正反面）的複印費用為2角。但如果是這樣的話， 我想請您與裏奇同時訂購，因為他要求我為他提供稀有 錢幣的照片影本。挑選所需的底片需要花費大量時間， 每張底片包含28到40枚錢幣；整張雙面複印要1.50美元， 但這些底片包含許多種類的同種錢幣。

回到您之前的詢問，舒爾曼寄給我進行分類的藏品中還 包括一些1856年上海一兩銀餅和五錢銀餅。但沒有什麼 特別之處。我發現所有錢幣都有相同風格的齒邊。只有 一枚錢幣沒有齒邊，這枚毫無疑問就是偽造的。另一枚 錢幣上有斜線，我認為那枚也是偽造的。王先生（Jimmy Wong）告訴我，您打算在不久的將來來洛杉磯。如果 是這樣的話，我很樂意向您展示我的上海錢幣藏品。

張璜最近給我寄來了1949年新疆壹圓幣；不過，我已經 從施嘉幹那裏以25美元的價格買到這枚幣了。我的這枚 錢幣背面有一個小凹槽，看起來是坯料上本來就有的。

張璜沒有告訴我他的報價是多少，但我猜在20-25美元 之間。如果您想以15美元的價格購買我的這麼幣（品相 為未流通），我不介意損失10美元，然後去買下張璜的 那枚。或者您也可以以上面的價格範圍買下他的那枚。

舒爾曼有很多中國銅幣。我對這些銅錢幾乎一無所知， 但您可以直接與他聯繫。他對1856年上海一兩銀餅，每 枚要價35美元，我覺得太高了。

現在您應該不會再埋怨我太久不回信了，但我這次可能 說得太多了些。

向您和您夫人致以最誠摯的問候。

謹啟

耿愛德

注：耿愛德於1950年末在洛杉磯為他的錢幣拍攝了新照片。

耿愛德於1950年11月開始在洛約拉大學進行講座。

希伯特95% 的照片都是在上海拍攝的耿愛德收藏的錢幣。 希伯特在1949年前後提出免費提供材料和照片供耿愛德使 用，但耿愛德拒絕了。希伯特與張璜合著的書原計劃於 1948年出版，並在《錢幣學家》（Numismatist）雜誌中刊 登廣告，但是同年晚些時候，出版計劃取消了。

耿愛德於1950年末經過舒爾曼買入了伍德華收藏的部分錢 幣，他參考施嘉幹等人的目錄對比了價格。

信中再次提及孫中山像陵墓壹圓錢幣的照片，此前提及該幣 是在1950年5月26日的信中。這些照片一定是用玻璃底片重 新沖刷的。

舒爾曼將錢幣寄給耿愛德用於編目，他寄去的可能是伍德華 的錢幣。信中提到了1856年上海銀幣。這些硬幣全部是齒邊 的，除了有一枚是光邊的贗品，另外有一枚類似齒邊的，耿 愛德也認為是贗品。

舒爾曼有很多來自伍德華的銅幣。

最近耿愛德為收藏而收購了一批中國銀幣。

目錄編號 施氏目錄 耿氏目錄

七錢二分 臺灣 老公銀 C4-5 1 還有 2 種其他版別

足紋銀餅 漳州 C4-1A 5 有 3 版別，真品

足紋銀餅 ” C4-2 6 7 ” , ”

七錢二分 湖北 本省 C6-1 35 複製品

七分二厘 ” ” C6-2 37 品相非常好

七錢二分 福建 C11-1 124 品相完美

壹圓 北洋 樣幣 B7-5 226 未流通

七錢二分 吉林 1901 - 423a 小字

七錢二分 ” , 1908 C15-67 565 複製品

七錢二分 ” , 1908 C15-73 569 ”

壹圓 孫中山像 1927 E2-19 608x 銅質，精製

壹圓 袁世凱像 1916 E2-9 663a L. Giorgi 簽字，未 流通

壹圓 褚玉璞 690 未流通

壹圓 蘇州 C3-1 672 複製品

壹圓 孫中山像 民國十六年 D3-3 609 採用磨砂版底

三錢六分 陝西 C23-2 156 Perfect condition

三錢六分 東三省 光緒三十二年 C14-9 254 ”

一兩 上海 C10-2 910 1856 年

五錢 ”

八錢 大清 湖南

C10-4 909 ”

C21-3 964

七錢 ” ” - 965

六錢 ” ” - 964

貳錢 ” ” - 970

壹錢 ” ” - 971

七錢 ”

一兩 吉林 錫鉛樣幣 C15-1 915 線條清晰完美 完整紀年 光緒十年，即 1885

C15-2 916

五錢 ” C15-3 917

三錢 ”

壹錢 ”

壹兩 上海

C15-4 918

C15-5 920

C10-7 911 1867 年製造於香港

貳錢 ” C10-9 913 ” ”

七分二厘 京局 1900 B1-2 236 未流通

一錢四分四厘 ” , 1900 B1-1 235 ”

七分二厘 湖南

C21-18 762 洪憲

七分二厘 浙江 C8-2 116 1896 年版別

一錢四分四厘 ” C8-1 115 ” , ”

七錢二分 臺灣 C4-6 2 1853 年

一錢四分四厘 陝西

C24-1 新樣幣

太平天國銀幣 - 8k 原版

三錢 新疆

三錢 阿克蘇

二錢 ”

五錢 ”

一錢 喀什

五錢 新疆

C2-41 1151 版別

C2-14 1151 ”

C2-15 1192 ”

C2-13 1190 ”

C2-42 1044 3 種版別

C2-6 1181 5 種版別

一錢 ” - 1257 民國雙旗

二錢 ” - 1256 民國雙旗

一錢 喀什

一錢 ”

五錢 ”

C2-79 1098

C2-4 1035

C2-8 1040 真品

五錢 ” - 1140 中心點

五錢 ”

一錢 新疆

一兩 ”

三錢 西藏

一錢 ”

此外，還有非常珍稀，乃至可能是孤品的1929年奧地利樣 幣，以及數百個版別阿德吉林和新疆錯版幣。

C2-69 1152 中心花

C2-3 1000 中心放孔

C2-35 1120 版別

C1-77 1477 2 種版別

C1-12 1479 2 種版別

注釋：這些錢幣明顯出自伍德華收藏，但也包括了一些別的錢 幣。耿愛德表示這些是伍德華藏品，但是伍德華錢幣出售是在 1951年至1952年4月，亦或者這份清單不是和1950年11月30的信 件一起的。

1950年12月4日

尊敬的耿愛德先生：

我很高興收到您最近的來信，並非常感謝您隨信附上民 國十六年孫中山像壹圓銀幣的照片。我看到最近您的收 藏中新增了一些藏品，對此很感興趣。我會按照要求第 一時間轉交給裏奇，並期待在不久的將來，還有機會看 到它們。

關於您對“馬齒”和“齒邊”這兩個術語含義的詢問： 您在信中提到您所理解的“馬齒”其實根本不是“馬齒”， 而是“齒邊”。“齒邊”出現在錢幣的外輪上，而“馬齒” 則是錢幣正反兩面外圈內的齒狀邊緣，這種齒狀邊緣完 全包裹了硬幣的設計圖案。錢幣作者經常誤用“馬齒”

加州奧克蘭古爾丁路1716號 一詞，但事實上它們並不是同義詞。為了證實這一點， 我再次引用了《韋氏大詞典》中的一段話：“齒邊”；如 硬幣那有凹槽的邊。該詞典沒有給出馬齒的錢幣學定義， 但對相關機器給出了以下定義：造幣廠用於在衝壓硬幣 坯料邊緣的機器。推而廣之，“馬齒”一詞指的是從錢 幣正面看去可以看到的凸起的邊緣，而不是外輪邊緣。

我沒有弗雷（Frey）的《錢幣術語詞典》，但我可以向 您保證，他對這兩個詞的定義符合我上面所說的，我當 然不希望看到您在即將出版的書中濫用這些術語。

至於施嘉幹的C2-6，他書中的圖片過於模糊，我不敢貿 然斷定鑄造該幣的造幣廠是哪一家。不過，他說C2-5 與C2-6相似，反之亦然。我相信C2-5不是在您提到的

幾座城市鑄造的，而是在英吉沙鑄造。因此，如果C2-6 與C2-5相似，只是中文銘文刻反了，那麼它也可能來自 英吉沙。但我完全不相信施嘉幹的描述，尤其是我在這 兩本書中看到的內容差別很大，所以我認為施嘉幹不知 道他在說什麼。關於英吉沙鑄造的五分銀幣，美國錢幣 學會有四枚，我在紐約時獲得了一些拓片，其中兩枚的 中文銘文右側是“元”字而不是“銀”字。左邊的最後 一個字元模糊不清或不存在，但我猜測是“寶”。另外 兩枚銀幣由同一模具鑄造，與施嘉幹目錄的C-2-5類似。

王先生在上海的一套拓片中也有一枚類似的銀幣，但它 的品相比美國錢幣學會的那枚銀幣要好得多。我隨信附 上拓片，請您確定它是否與之有關。待確定後，請將拓 片歸還。

謝謝您提供這些照片。我現在希望我沒有把錢浪費在購 買希伯特遞的照片上，但當時我不知道可以用您的照片。

我和裏奇商量了一下，綜合我們的意見，我會接受您的 提議。

我還附上一枚神秘的江南省造庫平一錢四分四厘硬幣， 幣的中間是2。我不相信它是官方發行的錢幣，但希望 您能給我一些意見。

我很樂意購買1949年新疆幣，也就是您的C15銀幣，並 感謝您提供購買機會。

我希望您不要真的覺得我是在責怪您，只是我們兩封信 之間的間隔時間太長了。我真的沒有責怪的意思。事實 上，我自己也為這段時間的疏忽感到有些內疚。

向您夫人和您致以最誠摯的問候。

非常感謝， 包克

尊敬的包克先生：

您本月4日的來信已於今天送達。我今天有空，便馬上 給您回信了。

那枚江南省造庫平一錢四分四厘銀幣一眼便能辨認出是 贗品，這是毫無疑問的。如您所願，我隨函附上1949年 新疆壹圓銀幣，並將江南省造庫平一錢四分四厘銀幣退 還給您。

關於馬齒和齒邊的問題：我前兩天偶然在最新一期的 《錢幣學家》雜誌上看到一封信，信中討論了同樣的問 題。作者認為用馬齒一詞比齒邊更好。我不可能在我的 書中改變這一表述（除非完全重寫），就像我也不能把 書中的“觸角”這個詞替換掉一樣。不過，我打算在序 言中明確提及其他錢幣學家對這些術語的意見。

1950年12月6日

洛杉磯

關於舊的新疆伍分銀幣：我對沒有和這些問題相關的文 獻感到很遺憾。雖然這些銀幣並不罕見，但卻很有趣， 而且相關資料仍未被發現。我認為把我最近拍攝的我的 藏品中的一些銀幣照片傳給您會有所幫助。這些絕不是 我擁有的全部新疆伍分錢幣。我想特別提請您注意照片 中的第1188號錢幣，這枚錢幣上可以看到類似“3”的 字元。

同樣也請注意999號錢幣，上面的“元”字出現在右側。 也許您能找到一些錢幣的信息。而鐫有“喀什”的錢幣 就不用多說了。到目前為止，我從未聽說過一個叫英吉 沙的地方，這個名字在中國有對應的地名嗎？如果您能 在年底前經過這裏，請在方便的時候把照片還給我，或 者帶上它們。

當我在上海剪下一卷秦子幃的拓片時，我並不知道有一

天我會把這本集子送給您。現在，我找到了這些拓片（我 相信這些拓片是完整的），並認為您可以很容易地將它 們粘貼在紙上，與其他收藏同步。我相信那一卷拓片中 包含了西藏和湖南的壹兩銀幣。

只要戰爭的不確定性還在，我就不打算開始印刷我的目 錄。我決心為每枚錢幣和每個版別加上他們現在的市價。

請您就此提出建議：我是應該像郵票目錄那樣，在每枚 錢幣描述的右側添加價值或價格，還是在最後插入一個 特別列表，列出所列的每枚錢幣的數量以及美元價格更 為明智。我不贊成標出錢幣稀有程度的做法，因為這說 明不了什麼。

向您致意。

謹啟

尊敬的耿愛德先生：

我前段時間在圖書館翻閱一本書時，發現了以下內容：

道光皇帝不久前模仿西班牙銀元發行了一種硬幣，軍隊 的軍餉就是用這種硬幣支付的；這種硬幣的重量與西班 牙銀元差不多，上面用漢文和滿文刻着“軍餉”。

這本書的書名是《中國和中國人：他們的宗教、性 格、習俗等》（With compliments from both of us I remain），作者是亨利·查爾斯·西爾（Henry Charles Sirr）。該書於1849年在倫敦出版，序言顯示其 寫作於1846年。

我想知道您是否同意我的觀點，即書中提到的只是指其 中的一種或兩種銀幣，即西爾所說的蔣仲川目錄編號為 82或83的銀幣，它們發行於1864或1865年。這似乎也 是您在最初發表於《中國期刊》（China Journal）的《中 國早期銀幣》（Early Chinese Silver Coinage）一文中 採用的觀點。在我看來，亨利·查爾斯·西爾將這些錢 幣上的銘文誤認為是滿族銘文。在錢幣的同一面，橫向

耿愛德

注：耿愛德剪下了秦子幃的一卷拓片（最近有完整的一卷秦 子幃拓片在中國以18 000美元的價格成交），但是耿氏並未 使用它們，而是寄給了包克。包克可能把它們貼在了3*5尺寸 的卡片上或頁面上。

耿愛德因朝鮮戰爭的原因推遲了目錄的印刷工作。

1950年12月10日 加州奧克蘭古爾丁路1716號

銘文的最後兩個漢字與拓片一樣，很可能被他翻譯成英 文“Soldier's pay”（軍餉）。這中觀點將把它們的發行 日期推早至1845年，甚至是1844年。而我不知道還有哪 種早期的中國銀幣能與西爾的描述相近。

上周，我與加州大學的布朗教授進行了交談。他撰寫了 一本關於日本早期錢幣的書，不久將由遠東協會出版， 這是擬出版的遠東題材系列專著的第一部。他說耶魯大 學有一家出版社，至少是在康涅狄格州的紐黑文市，這 家出版社出版書籍並使用漢字。他說，耶魯大學的甘迺 迪教授與報刊或其發行的出版物有聯繫。如果您還沒有 為您的著作做一些安排，也許可以就這個問題向甘迺迪 教授請教。

致以美好的祝願 衷心祝願

包克

注：信中提到了亨利 查爾斯 西爾所寫的（1846年）軍餉 銀幣。

信中提到了布朗教授的日本錢幣著作。

尊敬的耿愛德先生：

您6日的掛號信如期收悉。感謝您將丟失的那一卷硬幣 的內容剪接好，並貼在與原版相似的宣紙上。

同時感謝您寄來的新疆錢幣，我隨信附上15美元的支票。

我想從中國或香港買到這枚錢幣，但都沒有買到。現在 的情況是，從其他地方獲得更好的銀幣的機會似乎越來 越渺茫，所以我更加感謝您把它賣給我。

我感到非常遺憾的是，您在知道正確術語的情況下仍打 算在書中使用錯誤的術語“馬齒”。無論錯誤的術語重 複使用多少次，都不能使其成為正確的術語，標準詞典 仍然是最權威的。

您認為我可以幫助確定這些新疆錢幣的屬性，這讓我受 寵若驚。我對它們給予了一些關注，但結果並不令我十 分滿意。瓦倫丁（Valentine）的《穆罕穆德王朝現代 銅幣》（Modern Copper Coins of the Muhammadan States）一書中有一章是關於新疆銅幣的，其中介紹了 新疆和大清的一些造幣廠名稱。我注意到其中有不少錯 誤，比如造幣廠名稱。我還給出了阿克蘇、喀什、和田、 伊犁、烏魯木齊和葉爾羌等造幣廠的阿拉伯語名稱，但 遺漏了英吉沙。英吉沙幾乎就在喀什的正南方，您只要 翻開任何一張新疆省地圖就會發現這一點。它的英文有 各種不同的拼法，如 Yangi Missar、Yanghissar等， 但它們都是一回事。在“新領地錢幣”的表格中將它的 名字寫作Chih-li T'ing（直隸廳），即 Yingeshar，並 給出了漢字，標注了位置是北緯 30°10'，東經 70°。美 國錢幣學會收藏有四枚該地的伍分銀幣。我在紐約時曾 收集過這些銀幣的拓片。它們有兩種類型，一種與我寄 給您的拓片相似，另一種刻有“光緒元寶”（可能是“寶” 字），但這兩種銀幣左側的漢字不甚清晰。我曾希望您 的藏品中能有一枚樣幣可以顯示清楚最後這個漢字，但 我在您寄來的照片中並沒有看到。該類型的一個銀幣， 即您編號為9999的銀幣，似乎並非出自該造幣廠，儘管 上面的回文銘文非常清晰，但我還是無法辨別。但是美 國錢幣學會的邁爾斯（Miles）很擅長這些，我相信他

1950年12月13日

加州奧克蘭古爾丁路1716號 可以為您解讀。

我認為您編號為為1181f、1161a、1181b的錢幣來自葉 爾羌。編號1039、1039a、1039b、1039c、1039d和 1039e的錢幣是喀什鑄造的。編號9998的錢幣似乎是英 吉沙鑄造的，但它與上面提到的美國錢幣學會藏品中的 任何一個品種都不同。994號和996號錢幣都鑄造於阿克 蘇，但都與我所擁有的一枚回曆1297年（1880年）的 銀幣不是同一種。編號1188a、1188b和1188c的錢幣， 可能還有編號1188d的銀幣，都來自同一個造幣廠，但 編號1188c的正反面反了。美國錢幣學會收藏中有一枚 同一版別的銀幣，但是未經確認。

您是否注意到，您寄給我的新疆壹圓銀幣與美國錢幣學 會收藏中的銀幣完全不同，而美國錢幣學會收藏中的樣 幣在最近一期的《錢幣學家》和本期的《錢幣收藏家雜誌》 （Coin Collectors Journal）上都有圖片，其不同之處 在文字第四條橫線的位置尤為明顯。

在您寄給我的銀幣中，這一筆與上下筆劃完全不相連。

在美國錢幣學會收藏的銀幣中，這一筆劃在右端與上方 的筆劃相連。當然，還有許多其他不同之處，但剛剛所 提到的一點用肉眼就能一目了然。

我尋找中國錢幣上的回文和滿文銘文的過程中，在一本 名為《古今錢幣大辭典》（邱文明目錄編號245）的中國 書籍和《錢幣——世界硬幣》的日本期刊的第15期中發 現了兩個可能的錯誤。他們把代表烏蘇造幣廠的字元以 及代表葉爾羌的兩組字元中的一組對換了。我猜是日本 人從早期的中國著作中延續了這個錯誤。

經過進一步思考，我認為您編號為1188a、1188b和 1188c的錢幣最有可能是於闐造幣廠發行的。

現將您寄來的新疆錢幣照片一併歸還。

有人認為，一些兩面都刻有阿拉伯文的錢幣可能不是新 疆發行的，至少不是中國發行的，而可能是俄羅斯、土

庫曼斯坦邊境的其他一些造幣廠發行的，如塔森特、浩 罕汗國或布哈拉。

如果您能在拍攝的時候更加小心地擺放您的錢幣，使其 全部擺正，從而避免在研究銘文時需要從不同角度翻轉 錢幣，這將大大方便對錢幣的研究。我冒昧地在其中幾

枚錢幣下劃了幾條橫線，以方便您處理此事。

希望上述內容能對您有所幫助。

非常感謝

包克

Review of the St. James's Sinkiang Coin Specialized Auction

◎ Chen Hongyu〔Chengdu〕

If I have to choose one of the many auctions I have attended over my career as the most impressive one, none would be as memorable as the recently concluded St. James's Sinkiang Coin Auction. This auction had coins of great rarity, rich variety, and excellent condition. It was one of the largest Sinkiang coin auctions in the past decades. Every Sinkiang coin enthusiast must have been excited previewing on the auction company's website, traveling to Hong Kong, attending the preview, and bidding on the floor.

As China's largest coinage system, Sinkiang coins were minted by five mints, with more than 300 types and 3,000 varieties, topping China's provincial coins. However, Sinkiang coins have not been paid much attention to by collectors for a long time, because of the poor information exchange, aesthetics, and general condition of most coins. Yet, Sinkiang coins, with their distinctive design style and wide range of varieties, have captured the attention of a large number of fans, including Professor David Spencer Smith, the consigner of this auction.

It is difficult to imagine how a Wimbledon-born Englishman became so keen on Sinkiang coins, which have a strong Islamic flavor, in the 1970s when information exchange was poor. Yet he had been focused on this field for decades. The reason will probably remain a mystery forever. Even though there is a huge gap brought about by geography, script, and religion, it did not stop Prof. David Spencer Smith from taking his Sinkiang coin collection to breathtaking heights.

According to the auction house, Professor David Spencer Smith was born in 1934 in the small town of Wimbledon in southwest London. After completing his PhD, he became an associate professor at the University of Miami. He began to become interested in collecting Sinkiang coins in the 1970s. With the

help of many coin dealers around the world (including Stephen Album, Scott Semans, and John Albright in the United States, Andre de Clermont in London, and Ma Tak Wo in Hong Kong), he built up a well-organized collection with a wide range of varieties quickly. Decades ago, due to the poor exchange of information, these coins circulated in the border areas and were rarely recorded or published, Professor Smith collected as many different years and varieties as he could over the years. These real treasures found from the long river of history were put together into the most comprehensive collection of Sinkiang coins seen so far. Unlike other specialized auctions, Professor Smith preserved the evidence of their provenance of the coins in his collection as best as possible, making these precious coins true story-tellers.

The top-notch collection built up over half of Professor Smith's life was auctioned by St. James's Hong Kong Auction in December 2023. This was a complete collection with highly representative rare coins. Two silver coins with three scripts are the jewels in the crown of Sinkiang's coinage, the 5-mace Sinkiang ration silver coin with four bats tops all circulating Sinkiang coins, and the Sinkiang coin with Tariq art style inscription and the 1905 one-mace silver coin are the surviving chosen ones among the thousands of coins of this kind. Coupled with the pedigrees of famous collectors such as Eduard Kann and Goodman, this thin but heavyweight catalog ignored the poor market conditions and surpassed the grandeur of Poly's Kitaura Daisuke Collection Specialized Auction. The auction caused Sinkiang coin collectors to revel in the event.

Among these coins, some items are rarely seen even in Sinkiang where they were made. Sinkiang coin collectors who came to attend from far away could feast their eyes. In this article, we will appreciate the highlights of the auction.

Gold Coin

There were three Yaqub Beg gold tilla coins. All of them were beautifully struck with clear inscriptions. The finest known one (PCGS MS62, Fig. 1) was won by an aspiring bidder at a consignment price of $10,500, while the other two were hammered at a hammer price of $3,200 and $3,000, respectively.

Vintage Silver Coins

After a lukewarm start, the scene was stirred up by a 1317 Kashgar five-mace silver coin (Fig. 2) from the collection of the famous Chinese vintage coin collector Eduard Kann. This key date coin had a deep purple toning, sharply struck. Finally, it was hammered at US$1,500, almost three times as its market price. It is an amazing result led by its pedigree and good toning. In following auctions, prices twice the market price have become common for good condition Sinkiang coins of this type from famous collectors.

Tariq art style script is a kind of Muslim writing style, similar to the official script in Chinese calligraphy. The famous Sinkiang 1 mace silver coin with Tariq art-style script (Fig. 3) was one of the highlights and appeared on the back cover of the catalog. It was the only Sinkiang silver coin that did not use Chinese characters to record values. Due to a lack of Chinese characters, its circulation was not smooth, so the minting was stopped soon after the issue. The one mace coin with Chinese characters to show its denomination was used to replace it in circulation. The short minting period has made this variety extremely rare, and even buttons made of such coins are extremely hard to find. This one mace silver coin is fully struck, with mint luster. The coin with excellent details amazed buyers with its very small existing numbers and excellent condition. The coin was hammered at a high price of $10,500 in multiple rounds of bidding. The following one mace silver coin (Fig. 4) was also struck with full pressure and had original toning. One of a few coins of this type that has been seen, which caused two buyers to bid fiercely.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

The price instantly reached $10,000; the final hammer price was $15,500., breaking the public auction record.

In AH 1323, the Kashgar Mint changed the characters on the Kashgar silver coin from " 喀造光緒銀元 " to " 喀什光緒元 寶 " and changed the dragon on the reverse to the style same

as other provincial coins. A set of 1323 A.H. Kashgar coins contains five coins, respectively, five mace, three mace (3 mace coins have 2 varieties), two mace, and one mace. The rarity increases with the decrease of the denomination. The one mace Kashgar silver coin is the pearl in the Sinkiang one mace dragon silver coin. The Kashgar three mace (Fig. 5) and one mace (Fig. 6) coins on the auction were fully struck on dragon scales, with clear inscriptions. Both of their conditions were in the top three for this kind of coin. In this auction, the one mace coin aroused spirited bidding when the price came to the $ 20,000 mark and finally ended up with a high price of $59,000, tripling the public auction record for this type, winning applause from the audience. The three-mace coin was then won by a strong buyer with a hammer price of $16,000.

The five-mace silver ration coin with a single bat (Fig. 7) is as unassailable as the peak of the pyramid among the Sinkiang five mace ration coins, but the conditions of what I have seen previously were mostly unsatisfactory. The one in this auction is in the best condition I have ever seen, with a starting price of $12,000 and a hammer price of $36,000, which is a notable achievement. As for three one mace silver ration coins at the auction, the first one (Fig. 8 ) was full luster, with a clear pattern, as the most beautiful one mace silver ration I have seen. It was a pity that it was not graded by the grading company only because of the slight PVC residue on the surface, leaving a large space for appreciation. The lot started at $800 and hammered through several rounds of bidding at $12,500. The true collector will pay for the condition of the coin.

As the cover lots of this auction, two silver coins with three scripts, namely Chinese, Manchu, and Uighur characters, were abolished soon after they were issued because they failed to meet the local usage habits. Only a few of them are known. They are the jewels in the crown of Sinkiang coin collecting and are among the collections of top Sinkiang coin collectors. These two silver coins were discussed by people at their appearance. For many years, because there were few existing examples and an extremely low survival rate, silver coins with three scripts have been the most mysterious Sinkiang coins, and many collectors have not been able to see one in their lifetime. It was the first time for these two coins to appear at an auction in half a century, so people are quite curious about their prices. We wondered

Fig. 6

Fig. 9

Fig. 7

Fig. 8

Fig. 10

whether they could inject a shot of strength into the current weak numismatic market. At the same time, we were expecting to see the birth of another great Sinkiang coin collector.

The five-mace silver coin with three scripts came first (Fig. 9). Its dragon was tall and straight, and the traces left by times on its body were natural and beautiful. Due to the rarity of its variety, excellent condition of preservation, and legendary pedigree from Kann and Goodman, as soon as it came up for bidding many floor bidders and phone bidders joined bidding.

St. James's Auction, which is known for fast-paced auctions, actually spent nearly 20 minutes on this lot before it hammered at $310,000, realizing more than RMB 2.7 million. It greatly exceeded the expectations before the auction, breaking the record for a Sinkiang coin at a public auction. The three-mace silver coin with three scripts (Fig. 10) was then auctioned. It was full of luster and deeply struck. It also hammered at 215,000 US dollars. Many people on the floor gasped, saying that they had just witnessed the highlight of Sinkiang coins.

Tenga Coin

A Yaqub Beg five-cent silver coin (Fig. 11), Lot 251, might not have stood out in a star-studded catalog. It hammered at $1,500

After the auction was over, I felt that for collectors who had decades of experience in collecting, the pleasing prices were the best return and reward for their persistence over the years (in addition to the fun in the process of collecting). It is also the best reference for those who come after. As long as a collector can border their horizon and accumulate experience in the process of collection, explore his vision and taste, and have a correct view of the value of the collection, he will surely have both a material and spiritual harvest in the end.

and many buyers on the spot could not understand, but what was not widely known was that there was a detail on the coin that made it far rarer than its estimated value. The common date for the tenga five-cent coins issued by Yaqub Beg, a rebel in the late Qing dynasty, was from AH 1291 to AH 1294. However, this coin was dated AH 1290, which is quite rare. The coin refreshed people's cognition of the history of coins in Sinkiang. Lot 306 was an 1875 Yanghissar five-cent silver coin (Fig. 12), which was perfectly struck with four clear characters. The Yanghissar five-cent coin was in such good condition that it was hardly seen. After several rounds of bidding, the coin was realized at triple the price of the Yanghissar fiver-cent coin of the same grade.

There is no denying that this auction will affect the market for a long time since then, attracting a lot of attention from collectors of Sinkiang coin. It will also trigger collectors of different levels to think about what kind of coin collection is successful in this era when it is increasingly difficult to become a great collector. Not everyone has the ability and opportunity to compete for those great rarities. However, as long as a collector can collect his favorites for decades and enjoy the fun in this process, his collection will blossom at the most suitable time, admired by those who come after him.

Fig. 11

Fig. 12

聖詹姆斯新疆錢幣專場拍賣見聞

◎ 陳虹宇〔成都〕

如果一定要在從業以來的眾多拍賣中評選出一場最令 我難忘的拍賣，那麼沒有任何一場拍賣能像結束不久 的聖詹姆斯新疆錢幣專場拍賣一樣讓我回味無窮。這 場拍賣品種之珍稀，版別之豐富，品相之優秀，足以 稱得上幾十年以來，新疆錢幣規模最大的專場拍賣之 一。從預覽拍賣公司網站，到奔赴香港，再到親臨預展、 拍賣，每一步都令熱愛新疆幣的人振奮不已。

作為清代鑄幣最大的幣系——新疆錢幣以超過五個鑄 幣局，300個品種，3 000種版別雄踞各省鑄幣之首，

但長期以來，因為信息交流不暢和品相審美等原因，新 疆錢幣一直未能得到收藏界的重視。但新疆錢幣又因其 獨樹一幟的設計風格和豐富的版別俘獲了一大批粉絲 為其傾囊爭搶，其中便包括了本次拍賣的出品藏家—— David Spencer Smith教授。

難以想像，一位出生於溫布爾登的英格蘭人是如何在 信息交流不暢的20世紀70年代愛上收藏具有濃厚伊斯 蘭風格的中國新疆錢幣並專注這個領域數十年，這可 能永遠會是個迷。縱使有地域、文字、宗教所帶來的 巨大溝壑，卻並不能阻止David Spencer Smith教授 將自己的新疆錢幣集藏推上一個令人歎為觀止的高度。

據拍賣公司透露：David Spencer Smith教授1934年 出生於倫敦西南部的溫布爾登小鎮，博士畢業後成為 了邁阿密大學的副教授。他對收藏新疆錢幣的興趣始 於20世紀70年代，並在世界各地許多錢幣交易商的幫 助下（包括美國的Stephen Album、Scott Semans 和John Albright、倫敦的Andre de Clermont和香 港的Ma Tak Wo）快速建立一個體系完整、版別豐富 的集藏。幾十年前，由於信息交流不暢，這些流通於

HONG KONG

邊疆地區的錢幣很少被記錄或出版。大衛教授憑藉着 一腔熱愛，盡可能收集不同的回曆年份和珍稀版別錢 幣，這些從歷史長河中淘出的真金白銀最終在大衛教 授手中彙集成了目前所見最全面的新疆錢幣集藏。與 其他專場拍賣不同，大衛教授集藏中的錢幣盡可能地 保留了錢幣的出處，使這些本就珍貴的錢幣變得更有 故事可聊。

這些花費了大衛教授半生心血內建立起來的頂級集藏 在2023年12月的聖詹姆斯香港拍賣整體亮相，在擁有 完整藏品體系的同時，其中的珍品也極具代表性：如 果說兩枚三體文是新疆錢幣皇冠上的明珠，那麼四蝙 蝠、斜回文就是流通幣中高貴血統的代表，塔裏克壹 錢、元寶壹錢則是萬千錢幣中倖存的天選之子，加之若 隱若現的耿愛德、古德曼等名家的身影，使得這場圖 錄薄薄但又異常厚重的拍賣，無視了冰冷的行情，超 越了四年前保利北浦大介專場的盛況，在引起新疆錢 幣藏家狂歡的同時，更成為一臺現金流的收割機。

在亮相的眾多拍品中，不乏其中一些即使在鑄造地新 疆也難得一見的藏品，讓遠道而來的新疆錢幣收藏者 一飽眼福。本文將鑒賞拍賣圖錄中的亮點拍品。

金幣部分

圖1

亮相了三枚阿古柏金鐵勒，均打製精美，錢文清晰，其中 62的冠軍分數（圖1）以10 500美元的委託價被志在必得者 競得，另外兩枚分別以3 200、3 000美元落槌成交。

機制銀幣部分

圖2

經歷了一開始的不溫不火後，現場被一枚機製幣大師耿愛德 舊藏的1317年喀什光緒銀圓伍錢（圖2）掀起波瀾。該幣深 紫色包漿，全字口內齒，配以較稀少的年份，以1 500美元 落槌，成交價幾乎為市場價的三倍，令現場買家驚呼於名家 舊藏效應與原色包漿結合產生的化學反應。在此後的拍賣 中，兩倍多於市場價的成交價幾乎成為了名家舊藏加上好狀 態組合的標配。

圖3

圖4

塔裏克美術體是一種回文的書寫方式，類似於漢字書法裏的 隸書，久負盛名的塔裏克美術體光緒銀圓壹錢（圖3）是本 次拍賣壹錢面額的重點拍品和封底之一。同時也是新疆銀幣 中唯一不帶漢字記值的銀幣。因不帶漢字記值導致了其流通 不暢，故而發行不久便被停鑄。以光緒銀圓背壹錢取代了其 流通。短暫的鑄造期使得此版錢幣存世極為罕見，極難尋覓。 此枚塔裏克美術體光緒銀圓壹錢打製飽滿，底光尚存，鑄紋 毫釐必現，細節極佳，一經亮相，便以絕少的存世量和絕佳 的品相驚豔眾人，在多輪競價中以10 500美元高價落槌。隨 後上拍的光緒銀圓背壹錢（圖4），打製壓力十足，包漿老道， 所見原裝者僅為個位數。引起兩位買家激烈競投，瞬間將競 價拉升至10 000美元，最後以15 500美元落槌，創造該品種 公開拍賣最高成交記錄。

回曆1323年喀什造幣廠改喀造光緒銀元為喀什光緒元寶並 將背面改為龍圖與中原幣接軌。一套共五個面值分別為五 錢、三錢、三錢、二錢、壹錢，珍稀度隨面值減小而增加， 其中壹錢面額更是為新疆龍銀壹錢面額中的明珠。此次上 拍的喀什光緒元寶三錢（圖5）、壹錢（圖6）龍鱗暴打，字 口挺拔，均為所見品相的TOP3級別。在本次拍賣會中，元 寶壹錢兩萬美元以上展開拉鋸戰，最終以59 000美元高價落 槌，將此品種公開拍賣成交記錄提高了三倍，贏得全場掌聲。 三錢則以16 000美元落槌被實力買家帶走。

單蝙蝠斜回文（圖7）在餉銀五錢中的江湖地位猶如金字塔 尖般無可撼動，但所見品相均難以讓人滿意。此次亮相者 為所見最好品相，以12 000美元起拍，36 000美元落槌，取 得不俗成績。上拍的三枚餉銀一錢（圖8）中，第一枚銀光 飽滿，鑄紋靈動，堪稱所見最美餉銀一錢，僅因為表面有輕 微PVC殘留未獲得評級公司評分，給予人們極大想像空間。 該枚拍品由800美元起拍，經多人競價至12 500美元落槌。 讓人不經感歎真正的高手會為錢幣的狀態買單。

作為本場拍賣的封面拍品——兩枚三體文銀圓因錢幣字面 有漢、滿、維三種文字而得名，因未能滿足當地使用習慣發 行後旋即被廢止回收，存世已知僅為個位數，是新疆錢幣收 藏體系中皇冠上的明珠也是躋身頂級新疆錢幣藏家隊伍的 入場劵。兩枚三體文銀幣從一亮相便受到人們的關注與討 論，多年來由於極其稀有的存世量和極低的曝光率，三體 文一直是新疆錢幣中最神秘的存在，許多藏家終其一生也未 能一睹芳容。而此次上拍的兩枚是半個世紀以來首次成對出 現，讓人們對其的成交價頗為好奇，是否能對當下疲軟的錢 幣行情注入一針強心劑。同時聚光燈下也等待着新一任新疆 錢幣大藏家的誕生。

圖5

圖6

圖9

圖7

圖8

率先上拍的是三體文五錢銀幣（圖9），此枚龍圖挺拔，歲 月在其身上留下的痕跡自然而美麗，由於其結合了頂級的品 種、極佳的保存狀態和傳奇的遞藏經歷於一身，並有耿愛 德、古德曼盛名的加持，開拍之時立刻引起場內外買家激烈 競投，以快節奏拍賣著稱的聖詹姆斯竟在此枚花費了近了 20分鐘時間才以31萬美元落槌結標，買受人的到手價則超 過了270萬元人民幣，大大超過人們開拍前對其的預期，毫 無懸念地打破新疆錢幣公開拍賣成交紀錄。隨後上拍的三體 文三錢（圖10）銀幣，銀光充沛，打製深峻，也不負眾望 以215 000美元落槌，讓現場不少人大呼過癮，稱其見證了 新疆錢幣的高光時刻。

經歷了整場的拍賣給我的感受是，對於有數十年集藏 經歷的藏家來說，除了這些年可以體驗的收藏樂趣外， 喜人的成交價格，也是對其這麼多年來的堅持最好的 回報與獎勵！對後來者來說，這也是最好的參考與提示。

收藏過程中，不斷累積的眼力與經驗，加上個人的眼 光與品位，以及正確的收藏價值觀念，最終一定會成 為一個物質與精神的雙重豐收者。

誰都無法否認，本場拍賣會在此後很長時間內不斷產 生着效應，吸引着諸多來自新疆錢幣圈外的關注，引

Lot號為251的一枚阿古柏五分（圖11）在群星璀璨的圖錄 中可能並不起眼，以1 500美元落槌，讓現場買家直呼“看 不懂”。但鮮為人知的是，幣面的某處細節讓此枚錢幣遠超 估價：清末叛軍阿古柏的天罡五分常見年份為回曆1291年 -1294年，但此幣是罕見的回曆1290年，用一枚實物刷新了 人們對於新疆錢幣史的認知，是一枚難得的實物證據。Lot 306英吉沙光緒元年五分（圖12），打製完美，四字清晰， 是英吉沙五分中難得的好品相，經多輪競價以同分數三倍價 格成交。

發着不同層級藏家的思考，在這個越來越難成為大收 藏家的時代，建立一個什麼樣的錢幣集藏才算成功。

不是每個人都有能力和機會去角逐那些大名譽品，但 一個藏家能夠默默集藏自己的喜愛數十年，體會、研 究其中的樂趣，並最終選擇最適合的時間綻放其精彩， 就值得後來者敬仰。

圖10

圖11

圖12

天罡部分

54th NUMISMATA Munich 2024 – Review

◎ Oliver Strahl〔Germany〕

The NUMISMATA

After the world's largest coin fair, the World Money Fair in Berlin, the next great trade fair in Germany - the 54th NUMISMATA in Munich - delighted the specialist public on the 2nd and 3rd of March. The NUMISMATA is Germany's second largest trade fair in the numismatic sector and has been firmly established for many decades as a crowd-puller with 5,000 visitors every year. In addition to Munich, the trade fair will also be held in Berlin this year. In Munich, over 220 exhibitors from all over the world offered their services.

The fair offered modern and historical coins, precious metals, specialist literature, accessories, banknotes, as well as expert valuations and grading services.

We got up early this time and were at the trade fair right on time at 7:30 a.m. for the provisional start. The exhibition grounds, on the outskirts of Munich, have their own underground parking garage, which still offered plenty of parking on Saturday.

Trade visitors were able to purchase a special ticket and were therefore able to go treasure hunting two hours earlier. We noticed at many booths that rare coins were changing hands at very reasonable prices before the general admission.

However, there were still plenty of interesting coins to be found during the regular admission, some of which were somewhat hidden under other tableaus.

Shortly before the opening at 9:30 a.m., a huge crowd formed in the entrance hall. At the opening, the visitors made their way into the hall at a brisk pace and the anticipation was clear to see.

The Entrance

The Fair

Following a strict plan, we went from table to table to look at the extensive range. There were countless coins from various collection areas. Collectors were delighted to see such an extensive selection of rare coins in real life.

The quality of the coins was predominantly in top condition with complete accessories and at fair prices. Chinese buyers, in particular, focused on older issues such as the Dragon Dollar and quickly paid many thousands of euros for a single but fantastic coin. Even I was able to close a long-standing gap in my collection. Numismatists were also able to offer their coins to dealers and sell them directly at the fair

A particularly attractive stand was that of dealer Ying Hu from Duesseldorf. He had a lot of Asian coins with him, which were lined up very neatly. The dealer is extremely friendly and always up for a bit of fun. We look forward to seeing him again every year.

I could no longer discover forgeries as at other coin fairs, the reliability of the dealers was completely given here.

There were once again giveaways from the exhibitors on site, which could be taken away as souvenirs.

The Grading

The ever-emerging graded coins were very common. The number of PCGS, Classical Coin Grading and NGC slabs was almost identical. Coins in slabs were offered here with more display space than premium goods. The prejudices against grading that existed at the time seem to have completely disappeared in the meantime.

The eye-catching stand of the grading supplier NGC with a length of about 8 meters was always very well attended and the staff had their hands full. A free sample was available on request and a few interesting flyers were available for further information.

The PCGS booth was a little less busy, but there was just as much interest in grading here.

The Classical Coin Grading is still relatively new on the market, but already has a high number of followers on social media.

Stamp Fair

The international stamp fair took place at the same time in another exhibition hall. This year, admission was free. We took a look at the well-filled hall. Most of the visitors were of an older age; we could only see a few younger collectors. As is generally known, philately is struggling with some problems in recruiting young collectors. Numismatics in Germany hardly knows this problem; there is a young audience here that speculates on precious metals or collects rarities, among other things.

Stamp fair

To Conclude

There is still a whole lot to do in Munich after the trade fair and the Bavarian capital is certainly worth a visit. Many collectors hold a regulars' table on Saturday evening.

The excellent organization of the fair is to be highly praised, as everything ran smoothly once again.

I would like to see a special souvenir for the fair again, such as the fair pandas from the 1990s, which have increased in value, with a small mintage.

I wish everyone a successful numismatic year 2024!

慕尼黑NUMISMATA錢幣展回顧

◎ 奧利弗·斯特拉爾〔德國〕

NUMISMATA錢幣展

繼世界最大的錢幣展——柏林世界錢幣展 覽會之後，德國的另一個大型錢幣展—— 3月2日和3日舉辦的第54屆2024年慕尼黑 NUMISMATA錢幣展又讓專業人士大飽 眼福。這是德國錢幣界第二大的展會。幾 十年來，展會每年都會吸引5 000多名參觀 者。今年的展會除了在慕尼黑舉辦外，還 將在柏林舉行。來自世界各地的 220 多家 參展商參加了本屆的慕尼黑展會。

展會上有現代幣、古幣、貴金屬幣、專業文獻、配件、紙幣。此外還有專家估價和評級服務。

這次我們起了個大早，7:30準時到達展會現場，等在入口處。展會場地位於慕尼黑郊區， 有自己的地下停車場，週六時仍有很多車位。

展會參觀者可以購買特別門票，這種特別門票 可以提前兩個小時去尋寶。我們注意到，許多 展位上的稀有錢幣在普通觀眾入場前就以非常 合理的價格易手了。

然而，在普通票入場後，還是能發現很多有趣 的錢幣，其中一些被藏在了展臺下。

上午9：30開幕前不久，入口大廳就已人頭攢 動。開幕式上，參觀者邁着輕快的步伐進入大廳，期待之情溢於言表。 展 會

我們按照嚴格的計劃，一桌接着一桌地參觀了各種錢幣。來自不同收藏領域的錢幣數不勝 數。收藏家們很高興能在現實生活中看到如此豐富的珍稀錢幣。

這裏的錢幣大都品相極佳，配件齊全，價格公道。尤其是中國買家，他們把注意 力集中在龍銀等較早發行的錢幣上，很快就為一枚精美的錢幣支付了數千歐元。

就連我也在此次展會上彌補了收藏中的一個長期空白。錢幣收藏者還可以向幣商 提供自己的錢幣，並在展會上直接出售。

來自杜塞爾多夫的幣商Ying Hu的展臺格外引人注目。他帶來了許多亞洲錢幣， 這些錢幣排列整齊。這位幣商非常友好，也總是很有趣。我們期待着每年都能再 見到他。

我在這場展會上不再像在其他錢幣展會上那樣發現贗品，這完全體現了這裏的幣 商的可靠性。

現場還有參展商提供的贈品，可以作為紀念品帶走。

評

級

不斷湧現的評級幣非常普遍。被PCGS、經典硬幣評級公司 （Classical Coin Grading）和NGC公司評級過的錢幣的數量幾 乎相當。這裏為封裝幣提供了比優質錢幣更多的展示空間。在此期 間，此前存在的對評級的偏見似乎完全消失了。

評級公司NGC的展臺長約8米，十分醒目。這個展位總是人頭攢動， 工作人員忙得不可開交，並且應要求提供了免費樣幣。他們還分發 了一些有趣的宣傳頁，可以獲取進一步信息。

PCGS的展臺稍顯冷清，但人們對這裏的評級同樣興趣濃厚。經典 硬幣評級公司在市場上還相對較新，但在社交媒體上已經有了很多 追隨者。

郵票展

國際郵票展同時在另一個展廳舉行。今年可以免費入場。我們參觀了座無虛席的大廳。大 多數來訪者都上了年紀，我們只能看到幾個年輕的收藏家。眾所周知，集郵在吸引年輕集 郵者方面遇到了一些困難。德國的錢幣藏家幾乎沒有這個問題，因為錢幣領域有一群年輕 人，他們正在進行貴金屬投機或收藏稀有物品。

結束語

展會結束後，在慕尼黑還有很多事情可以做。巴伐利亞 首府慕尼黑當然值得一遊。許多收藏家都會在週六晚上 舉行常客聚會。

展會的出色組織工作值得高度讚揚，因為一切都再次順 利進行。

我希望能再次看到展會的特別紀念品，比如20世紀90 年代的展會熊貓紀念章，它的發行了很小，現在已經增 值了。

祝大家2024年的錢幣收藏圓滿成功！

The World Money Fair 2024 in Berlin

◎ Jeff Garrett〔USA〕

A few weeks ago, my wife and I attended the World Money Fair in Berlin, Germany. My main specialty has always been United States coinage, and for several years I doubted there would be much to interest me at a European coin show. That has changed in recent years, as my interests have grown to include ancient and world coinage.

Also, my wife, Mary Lynn Garrett, is a board member of the American Numismatic Association (ANA), and she likes to see how other countries operate successful coin conventions. We now make the trip every year and the relationships we have developed are just beginning to bear fruit.

From the start years ago, I could tell that Europeans operate quite differently than rare coin operations in the United States. The show is held at the largest hotel in Germany. The Estrel Hotel and Convention Center is giant, with over 1,000 rooms. The hotel is in a former section of East Germany, and there is not much night life in the vicinity. We always choose to stay at the

Hyatt Regency in downtown Berlin. There are great restaurants, shopping and museums nearby.

For any first-time numis-tourists, the Bode Museum has one of the greatest numismatic exhibits in the world. There are several other museums in the area as well, and you should arrive a few days early to explore.

It should be remembered that this show includes representation from every facet of numismatics. This means rare coin dealers, auction houses, mass market companies, world mints, packaging companies, coin supplies dealers, bullion companies, mint equipment companies (some with full-scale presses on the bourse floor) and many others. The diversity is astounding.

Europeans love meetings, and this was obvious as soon as you entered the hotel. There were rows of tables in the lobby with people giving pitches on their wares. Nearly every meeting room in the hotel was booked by some large company, and they were conducting nonstop meetings the entire week.

A couple of my friends who do extensive business with these companies told me they had almost 100 meetings lined up for the week. Most of the meetings had been planned for months. The show did not officially start until Friday, but there was a constant buzz of activity in the lobby from Monday and on.

Later in the week, the crowds started to assemble for opening ceremonies. The hotel was jam-packed, with lines going out the door of the convention hotel. I have not heard the final attendance number, but they had estimated 10,000 to 15,000 people for the week. This is probably more than our own ANA World's Fair of Money.

LEFT: Mary Lynn and Jeff Garrett with ANA President Tom Uram at the World Money Fair RIGHT: NGC and PMG at the 2024 World Money Fair

For anyone worried about the demand for rare coins and paper money, you can take heart in the crowds these events generate. There were thousands of people eager to buy everything from ancient coins to the most recent offerings from mints around the world. The French mint was especially active this year, as they were offering coins to celebrate the Paris Olympics later this summer. Their banners and marketing material were everywhere and hard to miss.

The week also featured invitation-only educational forums. The first was the Technical Forum, with minting experts from all ranges of the coining process explaining or announcing recent innovations. This was a little too technical for my taste, but the other 200 or so people seemed to be enthralled by the presentations.

The second day's event was the Media Forum, which was intended for the introduction of new numismatic products. This is where many of the mints and marketing companies announce products they have developed for the coming year. Modern coins are an extremely important facet of this convention.

Another interesting aspect of the show was the prevalence of companies that sell gold and silver. Bullion is a big deal at these shows, and it was available in every shape and size imaginable. Europeans love bullion and its long-term safety from currency depreciation. I imagine that people who still remember World Wars and political instability have a deeper appreciation for bullion than most Americans.

The show also had amazing diversity of booth operations. There was a section of small tables of just a few feet to major installations that surely cost six figures. The largest booths were done by the world mints, and they have the most dominant presence at the conventions.

Several large mass-market companies also erected elaborate booths with eye-catching graphics. Many of these companies were major sponsors of the various events and banquets. Most evenings, some world mint or mass-market company was hosting a reception. They know how to entertain at the World Money Fair!

I have heard for years that European collectors did not care for third-party certified coins. This must be changing, as evidenced by the large number of tables with NGC-certified coins being offered. Nearly every large numismatic company offered

Bullion marketing at the 2024 World Money Fair

Coin offerings at the 2024 World Money Fair

some NGC-certified coins at their booths. Ancient coins were particularly popular and world coins seemed to be gaining steam as well.

The reasons for third-party grading are universal, in my opinion. The guarantee of authenticity and quality are very important for anyone spending a considerable money on their collection. The liquidity afforded by certification is also hard to ignore. My guess is that, in the next decade, certified coins will be as widely accepted in the European markets as in the United States. NGC had a booth at the show and seemed quite busy anytime I walked by.

One of the most exciting developments of the show was when a German coin dealer recognized me (from the American TV series "Pawn Stars") and asked to show me some rare US gold coins. He presented me with three amazing 1893-CC Double Eagles. After some discussion, it was decided to send the coins to the US (via NGC) and see how they grade. I'm anxiously waiting for the results. As mentioned above, the time invested in traveling to Germany each year is now starting to pay off.

One of our goals was to learn why the World Money Fair is so successful. Also, I wanted to know why collectors in Europe seem to have more enthusiasm for the hobby. I believe a large

part of this is because of marketing. The world mints make a huge effort to market an array of products throughout the year. They produce coins for circulation and, more importantly, for the collector market. They even strike circulating collectible coins (low mintage) on occasion to stimulate demand.

The mass-market companies in Europe are also more prevalent and more highly respected than in the United States. These companies are key sponsors of many of the events during the week. They sell coins with great stories and spend a lot of money to do it. These companies and some world mints are actually part owners of the convention and have a vested interest in the show's success.

This year's World Money Fair was a wonderful experience, and I highly recommend attending the show if your schedule permits. My greatest reward for the week has always been the numerous people that we meet. These are relationships that will prove valuable in the future for business and camaraderie.

World mints at the 2024 World Money Fair

原刊載於 ngc.com

2024年柏林世界錢幣展覽會

◎ 傑夫·加勒特〔美國〕

2024年德國的一次大型展會之行帶來關於錢幣收藏未來的寶貴見解。

左圖：瑪麗 琳 加勒特和傑夫 加勒特與 ANA 主席湯

姆 烏拉姆（Tom Uram）在世界錢幣展覽會上合影

右圖：2024年世界錢幣展覽會上的 NGC 和 PMG 展位

2月2日至4日，我和妻子參加了2024年德國柏林世界錢幣展 覽會。我一直專長於美國錢幣界動態。有幾年的時間裏，我 一直懷疑歐洲的錢幣展上是否會有很多讓我感興趣的東西。

近年來，隨着我對古幣和世界錢幣的興趣日益濃厚，這種情 況發生了變化。

此外，我的妻子瑪麗·琳·加勒特（Mary Lynn Garrett） 是美國錢幣協會（American Numismatic Association， 簡稱ANA）的董事，她喜歡瞭解其他國家是如何成功舉辦 錢幣展的。現在，我們每年都去柏林展會，我們和柏林展會 之間的關係剛剛開始，希望今後結出碩果。

我從幾年前便開始瞭解到歐洲人經營稀有錢幣的方式與美 國人截然不同。柏林展會在德國最大的酒店——伊斯特雷爾 酒店會議中心舉行。該酒店規模宏大，擁有1 000多個房間， 位於東德的舊城區，附近沒有什麼夜生活。我們總是選擇住 在柏林市中心的凱悅酒店，因為附近有很棒的餐廳、購物場 所和博物館。

當地的博德博物館（Bode Museum）擁有世界上最了不起

的錢幣展覽之一。該地區還有其他幾家博物館。對於任何第 一次參加錢幣展的遊客來說，都應該提早幾天抵達，以便一 探究竟。

值得一提的是，這次錢幣展參展者包括錢幣界各個領域的代 表。這意味着展會上有稀有錢幣幣商、拍賣行、面向大眾市 場的公司、世界各地的造幣廠、包裝廠、錢幣用品商、金銀 幣公司、造幣設備公司（有些設備公司甚至在交易大廳擺放 了原尺寸的衝床），等等。其多樣的程度令人震驚。

歐洲人喜歡開會，這一點從一進入酒店就能看出來。大廳裏 擺放着一排排桌子，人們正在桌前推銷自己的商品。酒店裏 幾乎所有的會議室都被一些大公司預訂了，他們整整一周都 在不停地開會。

我有幾位與這些公司有廣泛業務往來的朋友。他們告訴我， 他們在本周安排了近100場會議，大多數會議已籌畫數月。

錢幣展直到週五才正式開始，但從週一開始，酒店大堂就一 直熱鬧非凡。

本周晚些時候，參加開幕式的人群開始集結。酒店被擠得水 泄不通，隊伍排到了會展酒店的門外。我還不知道最終的參 展人數，但估計一周內會有10 000到15 000人參加。這可能 比我們自己的ANA國際錢幣展銷會的參展人數還要多。

對於擔心稀有錢幣和紙幣需求不足的人來說，活動上的人潮

2024

年世界錢幣展覽會上的錢幣產品

2024年世界錢幣展覽會上的金條產品宣傳

可以讓他們放心。成千上萬的人爭相購買，不論是古幣還是 世界各地造幣廠製造的最新錢幣。今年，法國造幣廠尤為活 躍，因為他們要為今年夏天的巴黎奧運會發售紀念幣。他們 的標語和宣傳材料隨處可見，很難忽視。

這周還舉辦了教育邀請論壇。首先在技術論壇上，來自造幣 工藝各個領域的造幣專家講解並宣佈最新的創新成果。對我 來說，這場論壇有點過於技術性，但其他200多人似乎都聽 得津津有味。

第二天的活動是媒體論壇，旨在介紹新的錢幣產品。這是許 多造幣廠和行銷公司宣佈他們為來年開發的新產品的地方。

現代幣是這場論壇中極其重要的領域。

展會的另一個有趣之處在於，銷售金銀幣的公司比比皆是。

金銀幣是展會上的重頭戲，各種形狀和大小的金銀幣應有盡 有。歐洲人鍾愛金銀，因為它從長期來看可以免受貨幣貶值 的影響。我想，這些對世界大戰和政治動盪記憶猶新的歐洲 人比大多數美國人更懂得欣賞金銀幣。

展會上的展位佈置也非常多樣化。小到只有幾英尺高的桌 子，大到一些花費超過六位數的大型展位。最大的展位是世 界各地造幣廠的展位，它們佔據了展會上最主要的位置。

幾家大型的面向大眾市場的公司也精心設計並搭建了展臺， 配以醒目的設計圖案。其中許多公司都是各種活動和宴會的 主要贊助商。展會期間，世界各地的造幣廠或大眾市場公司 都在晚間舉辦招待會。他們知道如何在世界錢幣展覽會上招 待客人！

多年來，我一直聽聞歐洲藏家不喜歡第三方認證的錢幣。這 種情況肯定正在發生變化，因為大量的展位上都有NGC認

證的錢幣。幾乎每家大型錢幣公司都在其展位上提供了一些 經NGC 認證的錢幣。其中，古幣尤其受歡迎，而世界幣似 乎也越來越受歡迎。

在我看來，選擇第三方評級的原因普遍在於對真偽和品質的 保證，這對於任何花費鉅資購買藏品的人來說都是非常重 要的。認證帶來的流動性也不容忽視。我猜測，歐洲市場 在未來十年內將像美國市場一樣廣泛接受經過認證的硬幣。 NGC在展會上有一個展位，每次我路過時，NGC展位的工 作人員都顯得非常忙碌。

最令人興奮的是，一位德國幣商因為美國的一檔真人秀節目 《典當之星》認出了我，並要讓我看一些稀有的美國金幣。 他向我贈送了3枚令人驚歎的1893年CC雙鷹錢幣。經過討 論，我們決定將這些錢幣通過 NGC送往美國，看看它們的 評級結果如何。我正在焦急地等待結果。如上所述，每年前 往德國所投入的時間已經開始得到回報。

我們的目標之一是瞭解世界錢幣展覽會為何如此成功。此 外，我還想知道為什麼歐洲的收藏者似乎對收藏更有熱情。

我相信，這在很大程度上是因為行銷宣傳。世界各地的造幣 廠全年都在大力推銷各種產品。它們生產的錢幣不僅可以用 於流通，更重要的是，它們面向收藏市場。為了刺激需求， 他們甚至會偶爾生產低鑄造量的流通收藏幣。

歐洲面向大眾市場的公司比美國更常見，更受尊重。這些公 司是展覽周中許多活動的主要贊助商。他們出售有精彩故事 的錢幣，並為此花了很多錢。這些公司和一些世界造幣廠實 際上是展會的共同所有人，對展會的成功有着既得利益。

2024年的世界錢幣展覽會對我來說是一次美妙的經歷。在 這一周裏，我最大的收穫就是認識了很多人。這些關係在未 來的業務和友誼中將是非常有價值的。

2024年世界錢幣展覽會上世界各地的造幣廠展位

The Commemorative Coin Celebrating the 55th Anniversary of the Issue of 'The Legend of Chu Liu Xiang' (Series Ⅰ &Ⅱ )

Hong Kong Store Shanghai Store

Opening Hours: Saturday 13:30 to 17:00

Add.Rm. 219, 2/F Ho Mongkok Shopping Centre, No.169-173 Portland St. Mongkok Kowloon

Tel：+852 60234282 (Ms. Tang)

Tel：+852 61650618 （Mr. Chou）

Sales Info

Series Ⅰ- Hong Kong

Regular Set (Mintage 600) ——HKD 1,298

Opening Hours: Saturday 13:30-17:00

Add. Rm. East-09, 5/F, Yunzhou Antique City, No. 88 Damuqiao Road, Xuhui District

Tel: +86-19514623548 (Ms. Li)

Email: jeanzg1994@163.com

NGC PR70 with designer Yu Min's hand signature (Only 100 holder) HKD 1,888

NGC PR70 Silver Sample with designer Yu Min's hand signature (Mintage 30)

——HKD 6,000

NGC PR70 Silver Gold Gilt Sample with designer Yu Min's hand signature (Mintage 30)

——HKD 8,000

CGC 10 Lee Chi Ching signed Hong Kong launch card (Only 100 signed)

Series Ⅰ

Silver

Hu Tiehua/Wu Hua, Mintage 300, RMB 1298

NGC PR70

NGC PR70 Silver Coin with designer Yu Min's hand-signed label - Hu Tiehua/Wu Hua, 100 pieces in holder (including 30 first strike coins)

Contact Us

Room 1808, Bao Hua Building, No.1211, Changde Rd, Shanghai 200060, People's Republic of China

Tel: (86) 021 62130771

Email: championghka@gmail.com

Email: championghka@gmail.com

June 2024 Legend of Chu Series III - Su Rong Rong HK Launch

August 2024 Legend of Chu Series III - Song Tian Er HK Launch

Coming Soon······

Gu Long's Epic Kung Fu Novel

Legend of Chu Liu Xiang Commemorative Coin Series III (Li Hong Xiu)

Price: HKD 1,398

Available

Original Drawings by Lee Chi Ching

Coming Soon

Designing Draft

Niue Island Legend of Chu Liu Xiang One Dollar Commemorative Coin Series III - Su Rong Rong

Contact

Shanghai Office

Add：Rm. 1808, Bao Hua Building No. 1211, Changde Rd. Putuo District, Shanghai

Tel：86-21-62130771

Email：jeanzg1994@163.com

Original Drawing by Hong Kong Leading Comic Artist Lee Chi Ching

Designed by Yu Min, Winner of the COTY Lifetime Achievement Award for Design

Designed by Yu Min

Designing Draft

Niue Island Legend of Chu Liu Xiang One Dollar Commemorative Coin Series III - Song Tian Er

Package of the Legend of Chu Liu Xiang Coin Series

Shanghai Store

Add: East 09, 5/F, Yunzhou Antique City, No. 88 Damuqiao Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai

Tel:+86-19514623548

Opening Hours: Saturday (13:30 - 17:00 )

Taipei Store

Add：Rm. 50, 1/F, No. 163 Nanking West Road, Taipei Tel: 886-903937339

Email: championghka@gmail.com

Business hours: appointment only

Hong Kong Store

Add：Rm. 219, 2/F, Ho Mongkok Shopping Centre, No.169-173 Portland St. Mongkok Kowloon, Hong Kong

Tel：852-61650618

Email：championghka@gmail.com

Opening Hours: Saturday (13:30 - 17:00 )

2024年6月 《楚留香傳奇》系列紀念幣Ⅲ（蘇蓉蓉）香港首發儀式

2024年8月 《楚留香傳奇》系列紀念幣Ⅲ（宋甜兒）香港首發儀式

更多新品敬请期待······

古龍武俠巨著

《楚留香傳奇》系列紀念幣Ⅲ（李紅袖版）

售價：1398元

（現場銷售/接受新款預定）

NGC PR70 打盒纪念幣

人物造型出自香港著名漫畫大師 李志清之手

世界硬幣大獎賽終身成就獎得主、 中國頂尖硬幣設計師余敏設計

李志清繪製人物漫畫 紀念幣設計師余敏

即將推出的系列紀念幣

《楚留香傳奇》紀念幣系列III之蘇蓉蓉 一紐埃元紀念幣設計稿

《楚留香傳奇》紀念幣系列III之宋甜兒 一紐埃元紀念幣設計稿

《楚留香傳奇》紀念幣系列III包裝盒展示

如欲訂購，請諮詢下方聯繫方式~

香港店鋪

地址：九龍旺角砵蘭街169-173號好旺角商場219室 電話：852-61650618

郵箱：championghka@gmail.com 營業時間：每週六 13:30-17:00

2009中國近代機製幣競選活動

弘揚中國錢幣文化 推動市場健康發展

TOP 10 of the Greatest Chinese Struck Coins Survey

評選結果 前十名中國近代機製幣如下：

1903 年（癸卯）奉天省造光緒元寶庫平一兩銀質樣幣 1900 年（庚子）京局製造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀質樣幣

1898 年湖南省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀質樣幣

1904 年廣東省造光緒元寶庫平重一兩銀質樣幣，背鑄字

1910 年 ( 庚戍春季）雲南造宣統元寶庫平七錢二分銀質樣幣

1896 年四川楷書（缶寶 ) 光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀幣

1890 年廣東省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分、七錢三分反版銀質樣幣

1911 年（宣統三年）大清銀幣壹元銀質樣幣，長須龍、短須龍、大尾龍、 反 龍、曲須龍

1906 年（丙午）和 1907 年（丁未）大清金幣庫平一兩樣幣 (1904-1905 年）四川省造光緒元寶當三十銅幣，試鑄幣

組織機構

主辦：愛秀集團

協辦：美國 MGC 冠軍拍資公司 廣州國標錢幣收藏鑒定評估有限公司 上海申泉工貿總公司組委會 主任委員：孫浩 資深錢幣收藏界專家學者

副主任委員：周邁可 愛秀集團董事長暨冠軍拍賣董事長

顧問委員會主任委員：戴志強 中國錢幣學會副理事長

顧問：

周 祥 上海博物館研究員中國文物鑒定委員會委員

沈鳴鏑 上海錢幣學會副秘書長

甄偉剛 廣東集幣協會理事

張明泉 中華錢幣協會理事長

周建福 臺北市錢幣協會理事長

郭俊勝 瀋陽金融博物館及張氏帥府博物館館長，遼寧省錢幣學會常務 理事

曾澤祿 美國著名中國錢幣收藏家

媒體宣傳

上海電視臺、新浪網、新民晚報、新聞晨報、錢幣報、新聞晚報、上海

熱線、東方網等媒體均對精選活動及結果進行了隆重報道，引起熱烈的 關注。

2009 年 12 月 18 日，精選活動嘉賓參觀上海造幣博物館

Guests of the Top Chinese Coin Survey Conference visited the Shanghai Mint Museum on December the 18th, 2009

2009 年 12 月 18

日，上海精選結果發佈會上，周邁可向林青禾頒獎

Michael Hans Chou awards certificate to George Lim at the Top Chinese Coins Survey Conference in Shanghai on December the 18th, 2009

2009 年 12 月 18

日，上海精選結果發佈會上，甄偉向陳吉茂頒獎

Zhen Weigang awards certificate to Chen Chi Mao at the Top Chinese Coin Survey Conference in Shanghai on December the 18th, 2009

2009 年 12 月 18 日，精選結果發佈會在上海舉行

The

TOP CHINESE COINS 3nd Edition

《中國近代機製幣精品鑒賞》第三版

Price(售價)：US $150 Plus Postage(加郵費)

In June 2010, Top Chinese Coins Vol. 1 was published by iAsure Group and the The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN). Top Chinese Coins Vol. 1 offers an in-depth summary of the final results from the Top Chinese

2010 年 6 月，愛秀集團和《東亞泉志》出版了《中 國近代機製幣精品鑒賞》第一版。該書對 60 枚中國最頂 級的近代機製幣進行了全面、深入、系統的研究與展 現。其內容涵蓋高清錢幣圖像、流傳脈絡、拍賣紀錄、 市場趨勢、珍稀度解析和背景故事等，在錢幣業界引起 巨大的轟動和反響，備受讚譽，被譽為"全景式展現中國 珍稀機製幣的重要鑒賞書籍" 。

儘管因時間蒼促、經驗不足，書中存在一些缺陷和 錯誤，但仍得到讀者的肯定和欣賞。由于該書僅限量印 刷 1000 本，無法滿足廣大錢幣愛好者的需求。經多位資 深錢幣專家、學者、收藏家建議，愛秀集團決定在第一 版的基礎上出版第二版。第二版于 2011 年 6 月發行，相

If required, please contact Champion Auction

Frist Floor Room 50, 163 Nanking West Road, Taipei

Tel: 021-6213 0771 886-903937338

Email: jeanzg1994@163.com

web: http://jeandigital.asia/

Coins Survey, a landmark event held in the winter 2009 to search for the 10 most valuable Chinese struck coins. Coins submitted for review were judged by their rarity, historical importance, artistic appeal, condition, market value and group identity. The deluxe bound book offered details on the Top Chinese Coins Survey as well as high-quality pictures, price trends, degrees of rarity and historical context of the 60 top Modern Chinese Coins.

Top Chinese Coins, Vol. 1 had a limited print run of 1000, leaving many numismatists and enthusiasts unable to purchase a copy of their own. In response to high demand, iAsure has made certain that the second volume which was released in June 2011 will be available to a much wider audience. While Top Chinese Coins Vol. 1 included gold, silver and copper coins, the second volume highlights the great range of silver coins. Because 2010 is ancient history in numismatics and because so much has happened in the Chinese coin market in the past eleven years, it is high time for a revision. The third edition will be the same as the first edition to include gold, silver and copper coins. In addition, the new edition covers the information of top coin museums, the most expensive coin in the world, etc. This bilingual third edition will have the same beneficial effect on the market that the second edition had.

比第一版 60

枚錢幣囊括金幣、銀幣和銅元，第二版專注 于 60 枚中國近代機製銀幣，定名為《中國近代機製銀幣 精品鑒賞 銀幣版》 (簡稱《銀幣鑒賞》)。

由于2010年距離現在時間上已經非常久遠，對近代 機製幣收藏研究成果披露有限，而且中國錢幣市場在過 去 11

年發生了很多變化，現在有必要對這本書再次進行 更新。第三版將與第二版一樣採用雙語形式，而內容則 將和第一版一樣包括近代機製幣及其樣幣的金銀銅三大 類別，此外還增加了世界頂級錢幣博物館、世界上最昂 貴的錢幣等內容。相信該書第三版的出版將對讀者有所 助益。

如果需要請聯繫冠軍拍賣公司 臺北市大同區南京西路163號1樓50室

電話: 021-6213 0771 886-903937338

郵箱: jeanzg1994@163.com

網站：http://jeandigital.asia/

Top Chinese Coins (4th Edition) Survey

March-September, 2024

'100 Greatest US Coins' by Ron Guth, former president of PCGS and senior numismatic expert, selected top US coins based on survey, providing coin collectors and enthusiasts with a better understanding of the background of these US coins. Therefore, we are preparing to conduct an in-depth and extensive survey to select the top Chinese vintage coins with a similar concept. The selection will enable coin collectors to have a better understanding of Chinese coins and enhance public interest in coin collecting, research, and exploration, thus activating the coin market. After three selections in 2010, 2011, and 2020, we launched our fourth survey in March 2024, with a focus on silver coins.

To this end, a committee for the 'Top Chinese Coins' was established. The committee has an advisory committee composed of authorities in the numismatic community, as well as a selection committee composed of renowned numismatic experts, scholars, and collectors. The survey will be made first, and the final result will be published with an integration of the opinions of the committee.

The members of the committee and the activity plan will be announced online soon.

If you want to receive the survey, please contact：

Michael Chou

Tel：86-13701793363 (Shanghai) / 852-61650618 (Hong Kong) / 886-903937338 (Taipei)

Email：mhlchou@yahoo.com

CHINA. Kiangnan. 7 Mace 2 Candareens (Dollar), CD (1898). Nanking Mint. Kuang-hsu (Guangxu). PCGS MS-64. Realized: $168,000

CHINA. Yunnan. Tael, ND (1943-44). Hanoi Mint. PCGS MS-65+. Realized: $66,000

CHINA. Dollar, ND (1923). Tientsin Mint. PCGS MS-64. Realized: $105,000

CHINA. Gold Dollar Pattern, Year 12 (1923). Tientsin Mint. PCGS SPECIMEN-62+. Realized: $600,000

PCGS SPECIMEN-62. Realized: $432,000

Realized:

CHINA. Kweichow. Auto Dollar (7 Mace 2 Candareens), Year 17 (1928). PCGS EF-45. Realized: $132,000

CHINA. Shantung. Gold 10 Dollars Pattern, Year 15 (1926). Tientsin Mint. NGC MS-65. Realized: $444,000

CHINA. Copper-Zinc 20 Cash Pattern, Year 13 (1924). Kalgan Mint. PCGS SPECIMEN-64. Realized: $78,000

CHINA. Silver “Reversed Dragon” Dollar Pattern, Year 3 (1911). Tientsin Mint. Hsuan-t’ung (Xuantong [Puyi]).

CHINA. Silver Dollar Pattern, Year 12 (1923). Tientsin Mint. PCGS MS-65+.

$228,000

CHINA. Brass 100 Yuan, 1982. Panda Series. NGC PROOF-67 Ultra Cameo. Realized: $60,000

CHINA. Brass 100 Yuan Pattern or Trial, ND (1983). Marco Polo. PCGS SPECIMEN-67. Realized: $43,200

Buy & Sell China，Worlds Coins, Paper Notes. We specialise in Freak Notes & Same Serial Number Banknotes .

Mish International Monetary Inc.

Mish国际钱币公司

Specialists in 专营

Pandas since 1982 1982年起发行的熊猫币

China Modern since 1979 1979年起发行的中国现代金银币

World Coins since 1964 1964年起专营世界钱币

Looking To Buy?想买？

Our inventory and knowledge has been available to both our colleagues and collector clients since coins of the People’s Republic of China first reached the world market in 1979.

自1979年中国现代金银币首次进入国际市场后，Mish 国际的员工及其藏家客户积累了丰富的库存和专业 的钱币知识。

If you are looking for a particular China coin, chances are we have it, or may be able to recover it from an original buyer we sold it to years ago at first distribution.

想买中国币？我们或许恰好有；也许多年前我们卖过，现在或许还能从原始买家手中买回来。

Looking To Sell?想卖？

In this world of instant experts and brokers, Mish International is still your best choice to handle the purchase of your prized coins in this fast-changing market. Well-capitalized, truly knowledgeable and accommodating, we buy both single pieces and major collections at fair value with no delay, no limits and no excuses. 瞬息万变的市场环境，Mish 国际仍是助您销售钱币的最佳选择。雄厚的资金实力，专业的钱币知识，出 色的协调能力，我们同时收购单枚币和大型收藏，价格合理，快速付款。

Since 1964 始于1964

Here today. Here tomorrow 携手今日 共赢明天 Mish International Monetary Inc Mish国际钱币公司

1154 University Drive

Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA

美国加州门罗帕克大学路1154号 ， 邮编94025

Phone(电话):(650) 324-9110

Email(邮箱):robert@mishinternational.com

精彩纷呈的世界钱币展览会，欢迎您的加入

我们期待重逢老友，并结识新的朋友。多年来，世界钱币展览会为常到的 330 位 展商与16,000位观众提供了特别的机遇。

展览会有大约 1 万平方米的展览空间，是世界钱币交易和铸币事业最重要的平 台。和其他同类公司一样，我们的客户对技术发展和最新趋势这方面的信息需求甚 高。

我们期待在即将开幕的柏林世界钱币展览会上看到多元化的内容，并利用展览会 完善的配套体系，与国际造币厂的代表们、供应行业的行家以及数百个投资金币界的 专家和币商们沟通交流。

例如，在年度的坤克拍卖会上，不仅有国际币商对拍品感兴趣，还有热忱的钱币 收藏家和投资者。或在星期五举办的媒体论坛上，那些国际运营的造币厂获得了向国 际行业和国际行业媒体展示他们最新年度项目的平台。

世界钱币展览会的技术论坛将在周四举行，这是特别为与铸币技术有关的所有专 业人士设计的。

目前我们拥有的出色的演讲者和学识渊博的专业观众已超过 400 人。这些业界精 英以及关于技术革新话题的深讨将首次登陆展览会的技术论坛，这不仅使论坛成为界 内的大事件，还使它成为过去几年中世界铸币行业里最重要的会议。

我们期待和你相遇，并见证我们共创的成功。世界钱币展览会——钱币学界的脉 搏，在这里你可以和世界钱币界的专业人士建立联系。

联系方式

地址：World Money Fair Berlin GmbH

Ollenhauerstr. 97 13403 BERLIN GERMANY

电话：+49 30 32 76 44 01

电邮：Info@worldmoneyfair.de

B.H. Mayer´s Kunstprägeanstalt GmbH

1盎司 999纯银 硬币

Minted in Germany

德国铸造

Nano technology applied to the surface of this unique coin 这枚独一无二的硬币表面，采用了纳米技术

Exclusive limited mintage 1000

2019 Tanzania 1000 Shillings

Coin Designed by: Yu Min CBPMC Senior designer Winner of 2017 COTY “Lifetime” Achievement Award in Design 设计师：余敏

The Journal of East Asian Numismatics

In 1994, The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN) was founded by Michael Chou, the CEO of Champion Auction and Bruce Smith, a noted numismatist. It is a professional numismatic academic journal whose mission is to educate collectors and researchers on the subjects of Chinese numismatics, culture and history.

Bruce Smith, the chief editor of JEAN, was born in 1951 in St. Louis, MO. He received his BA in history from the University of Missouri St. Louis; and his MA in China studies from Harvard University. In 1974-1977, he worked for Krause Publications as Editorial Assistant on World Coin News and as cataloger for Standard Catalog of World Coins and Standard Catalog of World Paper Money. He was a full time coin dealer 1977-1987. In 1988-1989, he studied in China as a student of China Studies in Chengchow (Zhengzhou) University, Henan province. In 1991-1993, Mr. Smith was a graduate student at Harvard University. In 1994-1998, he was the editor of The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN). Bruce Smith has been a collector and researcher of Chinese coins for over 30 years. His published research in JEAN has added immensely to the body of knowledge for Chinese coins. The first issue of JEAN was released in July 1994, and the last issue (18th issue) in 1998. Most articles were written in English, and the remainder in Chinese. The journal was distributed in over 20 countries, and remained a mainstay on many important library shelves, including the Smithsonian Institution, the British Museum, the Harvard Yenching Library, Harvard University, Yale University, Columbia University, Stanford University, Cornell University, the ANS (American Numismatic Society), and the ANA (American Numismatic Association). The journal enjoyed great popularity and many important articles were published in JEAN, including Peking Coins of 1900 by James Sweeny, More on the Hsu Shih-Chang Pavillion Medalswithengravednames and ThetruestoryofChina's1936and1937

Silver Dollars by Bruce Smith, TheApparentRelationshipbetween1897 Chekiang5CentsPatternand1899Anhwei5-CentsCirculationStrike by Tom Keener, andAForgeryofTaiwan'sOldManDollar by Dr. Che-lu Tseng. In May 2015, Michael Chou decided to start issuing the journal again starting in January 2016. The famous numismatic researcher Mr. Yuan Shuiqing will be Chinese chief editor. He is a member of the China Numismatic Society, serving as executive director of the Shenxi Numismatic Society and executive vice president of the Xi'an Collectors Association. As a numismatic researcher, he was chief editor of Collections and China Numismatics. He has published over 100 numismatic research articles and the masterpiece TheEliteofMonetaryHistoryofChina. Other distinguished contributors from home and abroad are numismatists, collectors and coin dealers, including Bruce Smith (author of Howard Franklin Bowker-Numismatic Pioneer), Colin Gullberg (Canada, author of Chopmarked Coins-A History), Chinese American senior numismatist Dr. Che-lu Tseng, Steve Feller former international banknote society editor, senior numismatic scholar of China modern gold and silver commemorative coins King L. Chan (Hong Kong), senior numismatist Chien Fu Chou (Taiwan) and CEO of Beijing Coins website Richard Guo. It will be a quarterly, bilingual e-journal, covering the latest numismatic researches, interviews with famous collectors, auction reviews, and general news. The Journal's distribution is now over 1,000, including over 3,000 in Greater China region.

Starting in 2017, The Journal of East Asian Numismatics is a co-sponsor of Krause's Coin of the Year Award Ceremony in World Money Fair, Berlin. You are welcome to subscribe, submit articles for publication, and advertise in the upcoming JEAN. The 2023 subscription is free of charge. Please send your email to jeanzg1994@163.com

Issue

Issue

Issue

Issue

Issue

Issue

Issue

Issue

Issue

Issue

Issue

Issue

Issue

Issue

Issue

Issue

Issue

Issue

Issue

Issue

Issue

32th Issue

33th Issue

issuu.com/jean388/docs/the_first_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jean388/docs/the_second_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jean388/docs/the_third_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jean388/docs/the_fourth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jean388/docs/the_fifth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_sixth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_seventh_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_eighth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_ninth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_tenth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_eleventh_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_twelfth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_thirteenth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_fourteenth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_fifteenth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_sixteenth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_seventeenth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_eighteenth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_nineteenth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_20twentieth_20issue_20of_20jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_twenty_first_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_twenty-second_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_twenty-third_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_24th_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_twenty-fifth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_twenty-sixth_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_twenty-seventh_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_28th_issue_of_jean issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/jean_29th issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_30th_issue_of_the_journal_of_east_asian_numism issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_31st_issue_of_jean?fr=xKAE9_zU1NQ issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_32rd_issue_of_jean?fr=xKAE9_zU1NQ issuu.com/jean-digital/docs/jean33

2024 JEAN Advertising Rate

Contact JEAN Shanghai Office

Tel: 021-62130771 Email: jeanzg1994@163.com

Add: Room 1808, Bao Hua Building No. 1211, Changde Rd.

JEAN Online Links

2021.5.30

NC Collection Auction Highlights

(100 NC Lots Setting Over 60 Auction Records And USD 18 Million Sold )

CHINA-EMPIRE 1911 One Dollar Silver, Long-Whiskered Dragon, NGC MS64, Incused Leaf, Finest Known

Starting: US $150,000

Realized: US $1,344,000

CHINA-KIANGNAN 1898 One Dollar Silver, Circlet-like Scales, NGC MS65, NC Collection, Finest Known

Starting: US $100,000

Realized: US $996,000

CHINA-KIANGNAN 1897 One Dollar Silver, herring bone edge, NGC UNC DETAILS, superb example, Hsi/NC Collection

Starting: US $50,000

Realized: US $612,000

CHINA-KIANGNAN 1898 One Dollar Silver, Reeded Edge, NGC UNC DETAILS, One of Two in Uncirculated, NC Collection

Starting: US $60,000

Realized: US $468,000

CHINA-EMPIRE 1911 (Year 3) Long Whisker

Dragon Dollar Silver, Pointed Petals, PCGS

SP61, WL Collection

Starting: US $200,000

Realized: US $1,164,000

CHINA-HUPEH 1904 One Tael Set of Three Patterns in Copper and Brass, Possibly Unique, NC Collection. ( ① Brass, Large Character, NGC MS64; ② Copper, Large Character, NGC MS62 BN; ③ Copper, Small Character,NGC AU50 BN)

Starting: US $200,000

Realized: US $912,000

CHINA-REPUBLIC 1914 Yuan Shi Kai One Dollar Silver with Signature L.GIORGI, NGC SP65, Finest Known

Starting: US $150,000

Realized: US $504,000

CHINA-EMPIRE 1906 One Tael Gold, large Clouds, Plain Edge

NGC MS64, Finest Known

Starting: US $100,000

Realized: US $462,000

CHINA-CHIHLI 1907 One Tael Silver Pattern, 3 Tiny Dots On Flame-Ball Arranged in A Straight Line, NGC MS63

Starting: US $200,000

Realized: US $1,104,000

CHINA-REPUBLIC ND(1916) Yuan Shi Kai

One Dollar Silver with Flying Dragon, with L.GIORGI, NGC MS64, Ex. Kann Collection, Finest Known

Starting: US $200,000

Realized: US $672,000

CHINA-REPUBLIC ND (1916) Yuan Shi Kai

One Dollar Silver with Flying Dragon, hat touching rim, NGC MS64, Finest Known example, Kann/NC Collection

Starting: US $60,000

Realized: US $504,000

CHINA-REPUBLIC ND(1912) Yuan Shi Kai (Named Chin The Chuen before) One Dollar Brass Trial, NGC UNC Details, Ex. Kann Collection, Unique

Starting: US $60,000

Realized: US $462,000

CHAMPION-HICC HONG KONG AUCTION

Lot066: CHINA-ANHWEI 1898 (YR24) Silver 1 Dollar, Small Rosette, NGC MS 66, Hsi/NC Collection, the best grade known currently Realizing Price: USD 252,000

CHINA-REPUBLIC 1923 Tsao Kun Civilian

Clothes Copper Pattern 1 Dollar, Reeded Edge, NGC MS 63 BN, Ex. Kann/Goodman/ YIF Collection (New Auction Record)

Realizing Price: USD 88,800

CHINA-SZECHUAN ND (1897) Brass

Ferracute Pattern 1 Dollar, NGC SP 61 YIF Collection

Realizing Price: USD 52,500

CHINA-KIANGNAN 1898 Uniface Copper

Trial 5 Cents, NGC MS 63 BN, NC Collection perhaps unique

Realizing Price: USD 31,200

Contact us

CHINA-ANHWEI 1898 (YR24) Silver 1 Dollar L&M-199, A.S.T.C., NGC MS 65, Hsi/NC Collection, with its envelope

Realizing Price: USD 204,000

CHINA-SINKIANG 1910 Ration Silver 5 Mace

L&M-819, Dot in Center, NGC MS 66, Ex. Kann/NC Collection, with its envelope (New Auction Record)

Realizing Price: USD 79,200

CHINA-KANSU 1914 Silver 1 Dollar, NGC AU 50, YIF Collection, sharply struck with natural toning

Realizing Price: USD 50,400

CHINA-QING DYNASTY 1861 Coin Qi Xiang

Zhong Bao, 35.5*2.3mm, 15.0g

GBCA EF 82 (07)

Realizing Price: USD 24,000

Room 1808, Bao Hua Building, No.1211, Changde Rd, Shanghai 200060, People's Republic of China

Tel: (86) 021 62130771

Email: championghka@gmail.com

Room

Mongkok Kowloon, Hong Kong

Tel：852 61650618 / 86-13701793363

Email：championghka@gmail.com 2024/04/07

CHINA-REPUBLIC 1912 Birth of Republic of China Memento Silver Sample 10 Cents NGC MS 66, NC Collection (New Auction Record)

Realizing Price: USD 186,000

CHINA-REPUBLIC 1914 Yuan Shih-Kai Silver One Dollar, Y-329, L&M-63 PCGS MS 66+

Realizing Price: USD 64,800

CHINA-FENGTIEN 1897 Brass Sample 20 Cents, "TENG-TIEN", thicker than normal ones, NGC MS 62, NC Collection

Realizing Price: USD 38,400

CHINA-REPUBLIC 1941 Sun Yat-sen Spade

Copper Nickel 20 Cents, NGC MS 65 Ex. Kann/Goodman/YIF Collection

Realizing Price: USD 19,200

Room 219, 2/F Ho Mongkok Shopping Centre, No.169-173 Portland Street

Lot 096 Lot 068

Lot 069

Lot 136

Lot 091

Lot 113

Lot 072