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M Laxmikanth obtained his postgraduate degree in Political Science from Osmania University in 1989. He is the former founder and director of an erstwhile coaching institute called Laxmikanth’s IAS Academy, Hyderabad. Other books authored by him include Governance in India, Objective Indian Polity, Public Administration and Constitution of India.
MLaxmikanth
Former Founder-Director
Laxmikanth’s IAS Academy (Closed) Hyderabad
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Dedicated to My Wife
Mamadgi Vidya and My Daughters
Mamadgi Anjali
Mamadgi Aishwarya and My Native Place
Dhanasiri (Zaheerabad – Telangana)
Iam pleased to place before the readers a thoroughly revised, enlarged and updated edition of this widely read book on Indian Polity
In 2011 and 2013, the UPSC changed the pattern and syllabus of the preliminary and main examinations, respectively. Both times, the scope of Indian Polity has been considerably increased. Hence, this new edition of the book is more relevant now and is aimedtomeettheexpandedneedsoftheaspirants.
In the course of revision and updation of this edition of the book, various new developments related to the subject, like recent constitutional amendments, parliamentary legislations, executive decisions and supreme court judgments, have been taken into account.
Changes in this Edition:
1. Additionof6newchapters.
2. Inclusion of 2017, 2018 and 2019 preliminary questions with answers.
3. Inclusionof2016,2017,2018and2019mainsquestions.
4. Updation of the year-wise break-up of the UPSC questions inthepreliminaryandmainexaminations.
5. Inclusion of additional updated information on a number of topics.
6. Newitemsincludedinvariouschapters.
New Chapters:
1. GoodsandServicesTaxCouncil
2. NationalCommissionforBackwardClasses
3. NationalInvestigationAgency
4. NationalDisasterManagementAuthority
5. RoleofRegionalParties
6. CoalitionGovernment
I firmly believe that this is now a very comprehensive and updated manual. It is a matter of immense satisfaction that the previous five editions of this book have received an overwhelming response from readers. I am confident that readers would continuetoreposetheirfaithinthiseditionaswell.
Constructive comments and concrete suggestions to further improve the book are welcome and shall be gratefully acknowledged.
M.LAXMIKANTHIhave great pleasure in placing this book before the aspirants of the top administrative services. The book has been written to meet the growing requirements of the candidates appearing for the Civil Services Examinations (Preliminary and Main) conducted by the Union Public Service Commission. It directly and fully covers the Indian Polity section of the paper on General Studies and is also useful for certain optional subjects like Public Administration, Political Science, Law, Sociology and Anthropology.
This comprehensive volume would enable the readers to acquire a complete and detailed understanding of the subject. It covers all dimensions (constitutional, non-constitutional, political and administrative) of the subject. My first-hand experience of coaching the candidates for the Civil Services Examinations has been a great source of inspiration and has helped me immensely inwritingthisbook.
An effort has been made to make the contents of the book relevant, authentic, and up-to-date. The constitutional provisions are explained in the light of the debates of the Constituent Assembly of India as well as the judgements of the Supreme Court and the high courts. I have also used tables to make the presentation more clear. The Appendices, provided at the end of thebook,serveasareferencesection.
I welcome all constructive comments and concrete suggestions fromthereadersofthisbook. M.
During the course of writing this book, I have received help, encouragement and assistance from my teachers, students, familymembers,colleagues,friends,librarystaffandothers.
Iamthankfultoallofthem.
I am particularly grateful to my wife, Smt. M. Vidya, for the encouragement and support that she provided during the preparationofthebook.
I am deeply indebted to the eminent political scientists and constitutional experts (Granville Austin, Moris Jones, K.C. Wheare, Rajni Kothari, Paul Appleby, K. Santhanam, N.A. Palkhivala, Soli Sorabji, D.D. Basu, V.N. Shukla, M.P Jain, Subhash Kashyap) and other scholars of repute whose valuable workshavebeenhighlyusefulinthewritingofthisbook.
My thanks are also due to Mr. Tanmoy Roychowdhury, Mr. Deepak Singh, Ms. Shukti Mukherjee, Ms. Shalini Jha, Ms. Shreya Soni and Ms. Anjali Chakravarty of McGraw Hill India Private Limited for their unstinted cooperation in bringing out this updatededitionontime.
M.LAXMIKANTH
Note I: In 2011, the UPSC changed the pattern and syllabus of the Preliminary Examination. In the new scheme, the Indian Polity section has been renamed as “Indian Polity and Governance”. It covers Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues, etc. Also, now each question carries two marks(previouslyonemark).
Note II: In the above table, the number of questions asked on “Governance”(since2011)arealsoincluded.
Note I: In 2013, the UPSC changed the pattern and syllabus of the Main Examination. In the new scheme, a separate and full paper on “Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and InternationalRelations”hasbeenintroduced.Itcarries250marks.
Note II: In the above table, the number of marks allotted to the questions relating to the “Governance Social Justice and InternationalRelations”(since2013)arenotincluded.
The Civil Services examination comprises two successive stages:
(i) Civil Services (Preliminary) Examination (Objective Type) for theselectionofcandidatesforMainExamination;and
(ii) Civil Services (Main) Examination (Written and Interview) for theselectionofcandidatesforthevariousservicesandposts.
Scheme and subjects for the Preliminary and Main Examination.
The Examination shall comprise two compulsory Papers of 200 markseach.
Note:
(i) Both the question papers will be of the objective type (multiple choicequestions).
(ii) The question papers will be set both in Hindi and English. However, questions relating to English Language Comprehension Skills of Class X level will be tested through passages from English language only without providing Hindi translationthereofinthequestionpaper.
Thewrittenexaminationwillconsistofthefollowingpapers:
Qualifying Papers:
Paper A: (One of the Indian Language to be selected by the candidate from the Languages included in the Eighth Schedule to theConstitution).
300Marks
PaperB:English
300Marks
The papers on Indian Languages and English (Paper A andPaper B) will be of Matriculation or equivalent standard and will be of qualifying nature. The marks obtained in these papers will not be countedforranking.
Paperstobecountedformerit
PaperI:Essay
PaperII:GeneralStudies–I
250Marks
(Indian Heritage and Culture, History and Geography of the World andSociety)
250Marks
PaperIII:GeneralStudies–II
250Marks
(Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International Relations)
PaperIV:GeneralStudies–III
250Marks
(Technology, Economic Development, Bio-diversity, Environment, SecurityandDisasterManagement)
PaperV:GeneralStudies–IV
(Ethics,IntegrityandAptitude)
PaperVI:OptionalSubject–Paper1
PaperVII:OptionalSubject–Paper2
SubTotal(Writtentest):
PersonalityTest:
GrandTotal:
250Marks
250Marks
250Marks
1750Marks
275Marks
2025Marks
Candidates may choose any one of the optional subjects fromamongstthelistofsubjectsgivenbelow:
List of optional subjects for Main Examination:
(i) Agriculture
(ii) AnimalHusbandryandVeterinaryScience
(iii) Anthropology
(iv) Botany
(v) Chemistry
(vi) CivilEngineering
(vii) CommerceandAccountancy
(viii) Economics
(ix) ElectricalEngineering
(x) Geography
(xi) Geology
(xii) History
(xiii) Law
(xiv) Management
(xv) Mathematics
(xvi) MechanicalEngineering
(xvii) MedicalScience
(xviii) Philosophy
(xix) Physics
(xx) PoliticalScienceandInternationalRelations
(xxi) Psychology
(xxii) PublicAdministration
(xxiii) Sociology
(xxiv) Statistics
(xxv) Zoology
(xxvi) Literatureofanyoneofthefollowing
Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu and English.
Preface to the Sixth Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Acknowledgements
Year-Wise Break-up of the UPSC Questions on Indian Polity (General Studies—Prelims)
Year-Wise Break-up of the UPSC Marks on Indian Polity (General Studies—Mains)
About the Civil Services Examination
List of Tables
PART-I ConstitutionalFramework
1 HistoricalBackground
TheCompanyRule(1773–1858)
TheCrownRule(1858–1947)
Notes and References
2
MakingoftheConstitution
DemandforaConstituentAssembly
CompositionoftheConstituentAssembly
WorkingoftheConstituentAssembly
CommitteesoftheConstituentAssembly
EnactmentoftheConstitution
EnforcementoftheConstitution
Experts
CommitteeoftheCongress
CriticismoftheConstituentAssembly
ImportantFacts
HindiTextoftheConstitution
Notes and References
RightAgainstExploitation
RighttoFreedomofReligion
CulturalandEducationalRights
RighttoConstitutionalRemedies
Writs—TypesandScope
ArmedForcesandFundamentalRights
MartialLawandFundamentalRights
EffectingCertainFundamentalRights
PresentPositionofRighttoProperty
ExceptionstoFundamentalRights
CriticismofFundamentalRights
SignificanceofFundamentalRights
RightsOutsidePartIII
Notes and References
8 DirectivePrinciplesofStatePolicy
FeaturesoftheDirectivePrinciples
ClassificationoftheDirectivePrinciples
NewDirectivePrinciples
SanctionBehindDirectivePrinciples
CriticismoftheDirectivePrinciples
UtilityofDirectivePrinciples
ConflictBetweenFundamentalRightsandDirective Principles
ImplementationofDirectivePrinciples
DirectivesOutsidePartIV
Notes and References
9 FundamentalDuties
SwaranSinghCommitteeRecommendations
ListofFundamentalDuties
FeaturesoftheFundamentalDuties
CriticismofFundamentalDuties
SignificanceofFundamentalDuties
VermaCommitteeObservations
Notes and References
10 AmendmentoftheConstitution
ProcedureforAmendment
TypesofAmendments
CriticismoftheAmendmentProcedure
Notes and References
11 BasicStructureoftheConstitution
EmergenceoftheBasicStructure
ElementsoftheBasicStructure
Notes and References
PART-II
SystemofGovernment
12 ParliamentarySystem
FeaturesofParliamentaryGovernment
FeaturesofPresidentialGovernment
MeritsoftheParliamentarySystem
DemeritsoftheParliamentarySystem
ReasonsforAdoptingParliamentarySystem
DistinctionbetweenIndianandBritishModels
Notes and References
13 FederalSystem
FederalFeaturesoftheConstitution
UnitaryFeaturesoftheConstitution
CriticalEvaluationoftheFederalSystem
Notes and References
14 Centre–StateRelations
LegislativeRelations
AdministrativeRelations
Qualifications,OathandConditions
TermandVacancy
PowersandFunctions
IndianandAmericanVice-PresidentsCompared
Notes and References
19 PrimeMinister
AppointmentofthePrimeMinister
Oath,TermandSalary
PowersandFunctionsofthePrimeMinister
RoleDescriptions
RelationshipwiththePresident
ChiefMinisterswhobecamePrimeMinisters
Notes and References
20 CentralCouncilofMinisters
ConstitutionalProvisions
NatureofAdvicebyMinisters
AppointmentofMinisters
OathandSalaryofMinisters
ResponsibilityofMinisters
CompositionoftheCouncilofMinisters
CouncilofMinistersvsCabinet
RoleofCabinet
RoleDescriptions
KitchenCabinet
Notes and References
21 CabinetCommittees
FeaturesofCabinetCommittees
ListofCabinetCommittees
FunctionsofCabinetCommittees
GroupsofMinisters
Notes and References
22 Parliament
OrganisationofParliament
CompositionoftheTwoHouses
SystemofElectionstoLokSabha
DurationofTwoHouses
MembershipofParliament
PresidingOfficersofParliament
LeadersinParliament
SessionsofParliament
DevicesofParliamentaryProceedings
LegislativeProcedureinParliament
JointSittingofTwoHouses
BudgetinParliament
MultifunctionalRoleofParliament
IneffectivenessofParliamentaryControl
PositionofRajyaSabha
ParliamentaryPrivileges
SovereigntyofParliament
Notes and References
23 ParliamentaryCommittees
Meaning
Classification
FinancialCommittees
DepartmentalStandingCommittees
CommitteestoInquire
CommitteestoScrutiniseandControl
CommitteesRelatingtotheDay-to-DayBusinessofthe House
House-KeepingCommittees
ConsultativeCommittees
Notes and References
24 ParliamentaryForums
ObjectivesoftheForums
CompositionoftheForums
FunctionsoftheForums
Notes and References
25 ParliamentaryGroup
RationaleoftheGroup
CompositionoftheGroup
ObjectivesoftheGroup
FunctionsoftheGroup
TheGroupandIPU
TheGroupandCPA
Notes and References
26 SupremeCourt
CompositionandAppointment
Qualifications,OathandSalaries
TenureandRemoval
Acting,AdhocandRetiredJudges
SeatandProcedure
IndependenceofSupremeCourt
JurisdictionandPowersofSupremeCourt
SupremeCourtAdvocates
Notes and References
27 JudicialReview
MeaningofJudicialReview
ImportanceofJudicialReview
ConstitutionalProvisionsforJudicialReview
ScopeofJudicialReview
JudicialReviewoftheNinthSchedule
Notes and References
28 JudicialActivism
MeaningofJudicialActivism
JudicialReviewandJudicialActivism
JustificationofJudicialActivism
ActivatorsofJudicialActivism
ApprehensionsofJudicialActivism
JudicialActivismvs.JudicialRestraint
Notes and References
29 PublicInterestLitigation
MeaningofPIL
FeaturesofPIL
ScopeofPIL
PrinciplesofPIL
GuidelinesforAdmittingPIL
Notes and References
30 Governor
PART-IV
StateGovernment
AppointmentofGovernor
ConditionsofGovernor’sOffice
TermofGovernor’sOffice
PowersandFunctionsofGovernor
ConstitutionalPositionofGovernor
Notes and References
31 ChiefMinister
AppointmentofChiefMinister
Oath,TermandSalary
PowersandFunctionsofChiefMinister
RelationshipwiththeGovernor
Notes and References
32 StateCouncilofMinisters
NatureofAdvicebyMinisters
AppointmentofMinisters
OathandSalaryofMinisters
ResponsibilityofMinisters
CompositionoftheCouncilofMinisters
Cabinet
Notes and References
33 StateLegislature
OrganisationofStateLegislature
CompositionofTwoHouses
DurationofTwoHouses
MembershipofStateLegislature
PresidingOfficersofStateLegislature
SessionsofStateLegislature
LegislativeProcedureinStateLegislature
PositionofLegislativeCouncil
PrivilegesofStateLegislature
Notes and References
34 HighCourt
CompositionandAppointment
Qualifications,OathandSalaries
Tenure,RemovalandTransfer
Acting,AdditionalandRetiredJudges
IndependenceofHighCourt
JurisdictionandPowersofHighCourt
Notes and References
35 Tribunals
AdministrativeTribunals
TribunalsforOtherMatters
Notes and References
36 SubordinateCourts
ConstitutionalProvisions
StructureandJurisdiction
NationalLegalServicesAuthority
LokAdalats
PermanentLokAdalats
FamilyCourts
GramNyayalayas
Notes and References
37 SpecialProvisionsforSomeStates
ProvisionsforMaharashtraandGujarat
ProvisionsforNagaland
ProvisionsforAssamandManipur
ProvisionsforAndhraPradeshorTelangana
ProvisionsforSikkim
ProvisionsforMizoram
ProvisionsforArunachalPradeshandGoa
ProvisionsforKarnataka
Notes and References
38 PanchayatiRaj
PART-V
LocalGovernment
EvolutionofPanchayatiRaj
73rdAmendmentActof1992
CompulsoryandVoluntaryProvisions
PESAActof1996(ExtensionAct)
FinancesofPanchayatiRaj
ReasonsforIneffectivePerformance
Notes and References
39 Municipalities
EvolutionofUrbanBodies
74thAmendmentActof1992
TypesofUrbanGovernments
MunicipalPersonnel
MunicipalRevenue
CentralCouncilofLocalGovernment
Notes and References
PART-VI
UnionTerritoriesandSpecialAreas
40 UnionTerritories
CreationofUnionTerritories
AdministrationofUnionTerritories
SpecialProvisionsforDelhi AdvisoryCommitteesofUnionTerritories
Notes and References
41 ScheduledandTribalAreas
AdministrationofScheduledAreas
AdministrationofTribalAreas
Notes and References
PART-VII
ConstitutionalBodies
42 ElectionCommission
Composition
Independence
PowersandFunctions
Vision,MissionandPrinciples
Notes and References
43 UnionPublicServiceCommission
Composition
ReportoftheCommission
PowersoftheCommission
Notes and References
48 NationalCommissionforSTs
SeparateCommissionforSTs
FunctionsoftheCommission
OtherFunctionsoftheCommission
ReportoftheCommission
PowersoftheCommission
Notes and References
49 NationalCommissionforBCs
EstablishmentoftheCommission
FunctionsoftheCommission
ReportoftheCommission
PowersoftheCommission
Notes and References
50 SpecialOfficerforLinguisticMinorities
ConstitutionalProvisions
CommissionerforLinguisticMinorities
RoleoftheCommissioner
VisionandMission
FunctionsandObjectives
Notes and References
51 ComptrollerandAuditorGeneralofIndia
AppointmentandTerm
Independence
DutiesandPowers
Role
CagandCorporations
Appleby’sCriticism
Notes and References