Aging the individual and society 10th edition hillier test bank

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1. According to your text, retirement in the United States today a. occurs when a person definitively stops working and withdraws from the formal labor market. b. usually involves some dependence on family, charity, or public welfare. c. is primarily the result of lack of health to continue working , disability, or becoming unemployed and being unable to find a job. d. is a person’s definitive economic inactivity, with income replaced by pensions, assets, Social Security earnings, and other sources.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 208 2. According to your text, what is the trend toward early retirement? a. For men and women it has leveled off. b. For men it has leveled off, for women it has been offset by a rise in midlife careers. c. For women it has leveled off and for men it has been offset by a rise in midlife careers. d. For men and women it has been offset by a rise in midlife careers.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 210, 211 3. According to your text, labor force growth is due to a. more minority participation, middle aged workers, and older women in the workforce. b. more men in the workforce. c. more older adults in the workforce. d. All of these choices.

ANSWER:

a

REFERENCES: 208 4. According to your text, what year were 70% American men over the age of 65 employed? a. 1900 b. 1963 c. 1976 d. 2001 ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 208 5. Trends in labor force participation from 1970 to 1995 show elderly. a. a precipitous increase b. a slight but consistent increase c. almost no change d. a precipitous drop

in labor force participation of the

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 208, 209 6. Compared to middle-age workers today, the cohorts who have retired since the 1970s a. had higher Social Security benefits. b. were less likely to have pension plans. c. had wives in the work force. d. had more elderly parents needing care.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 209

7. Studies show that more than one in every time. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

older Americans who retire return back to work at least part

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 209 8. In the agricultural era of the United States, a. most workers retired before age 65. b. stopping work tended to be abrupt. c. the older farmer with property could usually support themselves in old age. d. most elders ended up in alms houses or died of malnutrition or neglect.

ANSWER:

c

REFERENCES: 209 9. Sixty-five became the age for retirement when a. civil service pensions for government workers were introduced in 1921. b. most farmers realized they were no longer physically capable of farming at that age. c. the American Medical Association proclaimed that work was dangerous for those over 65. d. the Social Security Act was passed in 1935.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 209 10. “The mommy track” refers to a. the tradition before the 1960s of women staying home with their children while the men worked in the labor force. b. women entering the labor force and then leaving it upon the birth of a child. c. married mothers who are employed part-time to supplement the family income. d. single mothers who are employed full-time in the labor force.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 210 11. The trend toward early retirement a. involves predominantly people with poor health. b. is common for government workers but uncommon in private industry. c. is common among white-collar and blue-collar workers. d. is dramatically reversing as the health of older people improves.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 210

12. Most baby boomers say they would like to retire at age a. 55. b. 62. c. 65. d. 67.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 211 13. All of the following have contributed to retirement trends in the U.S. EXCEPT a. early Social Security benefits were introduced in 1961. b. pensions and other benefits for early retirees are commonly available in government and private industry. c. most companies have early retirement inducements in their pension plans. d. most companies offer incentives for workers to work continue working beyond age 65.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 211 14. A primary reason for early retirement inducements offered by corporations is a. older workers are less reliable because of health problems. b. to make room for the ever increasing supply of younger workers. c. companies have to pay more money in insurance benefits for older than younger workers. d. to downsize operations in order to cut costs and reduce the number of employees aged 50 and over.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 211 15. In "Late Retirement Incentive Programs" (LRIPS): a. the employee either accepts the offer or is laid off. b. it offers a comprehensive package of insurance coverage as well as pension payments. c. workers are encouraged to stay in the workforce d. the pension benefits can be passed on to a spouse and children.

ANSWER:

c

REFERENCES: 212 16. Under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act a. all early retirements must be voluntary. b. companies can require employees to retire if the company guarantees pension payments until death of the employee. c. companies can require high salaried employees to retire if the company can show the salaries are disproportionate to the economic contributions of the employees to the company. d. companies can require employees to retire if the company can prove it is a necessary cost cutting measure to avoid bankruptcy.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 212

17. Compared to permanent workers, contingent workers are generally a. paid more. b. belong to unions. c. ineligible for pensions. d. full-time.

ANSWER:

c

REFERENCES: 212 18. The age category that has suffered the most from corporate downsizing is ages a. 25 to 30. b. 35 to 45. c. 45 to 55. d. 60 to 65.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 213 19. According to your text, Social Security would be more likely to stabilize if a. more people retired early at lower benefits. b. young people join the work force sooner. c. older workers stay on the job longer. d. most people retire at age 65.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 222 20. Early retirement plans a. are an indicator of society’s failure to provide economic security. b. create generational conflicts between older and younger workers. c. inevitably disrupt employee morale when done across the board. d. can reduce the need for massive layoffs.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 222 21. In a Supreme Court decision regarding the retirement plan of the Lockheed corporation, the court introduced the concept of “retirement sham” a. which refers to early retirement plans that are instituted as a way of downsizing to avoid layoffs. b. which means if early retirement benefits are purely a sham, the court can determine a company’s assets were misused. c. and specified the particular conditions of how egregious a plan must be to be considered a sham. d. which demonstrated the likelihood that court rulings will favor people who seek redress for unfair requirements of early retirement programs.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 222

22. All of the following are prohibited by the 1967 Age Discrimination in Employment Act EXCEPT a. an ad that specifies a youth wanted to model clothes for teenagers. b. refusing to hire a 68 year-old-man because of his age. c. paying a person over 65 less for the same work or position than someone younger. d. firing a person because he or she reaches 70 years of age.

ANSWER:

a

REFERENCES: 213 23. Layoffs are illegal when they are used to a. reduce costs of production. b. eliminate employees who are highly compensated. c. eliminate inefficient employees. d. eliminate unreliable employees.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 218 24. The Pew Research results showed that American workers were inclined to delay retirement based on a. a decrease in household income. b. the lack of retirement benefits. c. the retirement income lost based on the recent recession. d. time spent unemployed.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 214 25. Your text states that if given the opportunity, more than half of workers aged 50--64 who transfer to a new job with less responsibility and pay, a. more workers would retire early. b. companies would be more inclined to hire the middle-aged. c. workers would change jobs more often and lose a sense of permanence. d. workers would be more satisfied with their work and continue working.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 215 26. Women are said to be mainly segregated in which occupations? a. professions and teaching b. sales, service, and clerical c. housewife and cook d. nursing and administrators ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 216

27. Women’s earnings peak at ages a. 25 to 34 b. 35 to 44 c. 45 to 54 d. 55 to 64 ANSWER:

.

b

REFERENCES: 216 28. Occupations that are likely to suffer the most age discrimination are a. professionals. b. engineers and scientists. c. administrators and managers. d. sales and marketing.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 216 29. Some common myths about older workers include all of the following EXCEPT a. older workers cant produce as much as younger workers. b. older workers don’t work well with younger workers. c. older workers are difficult to train. d. older workers’ work ethics change.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 219 30. The entrepreneur.com concluded that the benefits of hiring an older worker included a. having less pension to pay out. b. paying out more income. c. rethinking the costs of high turnover in a youthful workforce. d. older employees can train the new employees.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 219 31. Which of the following are reasons employers discriminate against older workers? a. Younger workers will accept lower wages. b. To protect a company’s pension funds. c. Older, tenured workers tend to receive higher salaries and more vacation time. d. All of these choices.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 218, 219 32. A study of beliefs about older workers found a. younger workers tended to have generally negative beliefs about older workers. b. older workers had more positive beliefs about older workers than did younger workers. c. younger supervisors may have lower expectations of older workers. d. direct, frequent experience with older workers did not change negative beliefs of younger workers.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 220

33. Compared to younger workers, older workers a. have more absenteeism. b. are less motivated. c. have lower output. d. have better safety records.

ANSWER:

d

REFERENCES: 220 34. The most important factor in adjustment to retirement is a. mindset. b. financial condition and physical being. c. life style. d. family.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 220 35. “Third­age retirement” is characterized by a. creative activities. b. leisure retirement. c. political activism. d. extreme reduction of social activity.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 221 36. Which of the following types of retirement is most likely to involve lengthy, daily exposure to television? a. Withdrawal b. Leisure retirement c. Acceptance retirement d. Protest retirement ANSWER:

c

REFERENCES: 221 37. Of the following, the lower income retiree is LEAST likely to be represented in a. withdrawal b. acceptance retirement c. protest retirement d. leisure retirement ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 221 38. Which of the following tend to have the most trouble adjusting to retirement? a. professionals b. white-collar workers c. those with the least education and lowest incomes d. former executives and managers ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 221

39. “Outplacement companies” a. are programs that offer assistance to laid-off employees. b. are private employment agencies that specialize in finding jobs for the elderly. c. offer mental health services to employees of subscribing organizations. d. assist government workers with insurance and retirement benefits.

ANSWER:

a

REFERENCES: 223 40. After the Protestant Reformation, work was viewed as a. sinful. b. a burden to be avoided. c. an unpleasant requirement for survival. d. having inherent dignity and value.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 224 41. Retirees with strong work values a. are among the least satisfied retirees. b. participate more in social activities. c. are drawn to political activism. d. tend to redirect their energies toward highly competitive leisure activities.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 224, 225 42. Leisure pursuits in the U.S. a. are being rejected by most elders as a waste of time or energy. b. are becoming more accepted as worthwhile. c. have become as sacred as the work ethic. d. are not possible for most retirees because of limited finances.

ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 226 43. A nationwide study that examined work choices of those who retired found a. retirees either return to work swiftly (within four years) or not at all. b. the most likely work change is to take a part-time job. c. most work part-time at the job from which they retired. d. those with good pensions were as likely to work part-time as those with poorer pensions.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 227

44. In a comparison of their older and younger workers, Days Inn found a. younger workers were better salespeople. b. it took longer to teach older workers to operate sophisticated computer software. c. older workers stayed on the job longer than younger workers. d. older workers were less willing to work all three shifts.

ANSWER:

c

REFERENCES: 228 45. Travelers Insurance has “un­retirement parties” in which they a. encourage older employees not to retire. b. hire retired employees from other firms. c. hire back pensioned workers part-time when they are needed. d. replace full-time younger employees with job-sharing retirees.

ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 228 46. The Green Thumb program of the federal government a. hires older people in or near poverty to plant trees, build parks, and beautify highways. b. provides gardening classes for elderly Americans. c. recruits elderly volunteers to hand out brochures at national parks. d. offers free passes to national parks for elderly retirees.

ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 229 47. Job sharing has been found to a. lower absenteeism. b. result in lower turnover. c. increase morale. d. All of these choices.

ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 230 48. Updating skills has been found to be effective in keeping older workers in the workforce through a technique called a. retraining b. remediation c. recollection d. retribution ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 229 49. A Gallop Poll in 1936 showed that there was a belief that wives of employed husbands shouldn’t work. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 210

50. All women tend to have interrupted work histories. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 210 51. From 1950 to 1990, the median retirement age dropped from 67 to 63. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 211 52. The pattern of easing older workers out of the workplace is seen in all industrialized nations. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 211 53. Social Security changes are encouraging people to extend their work lives. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 222 54. Your text suggests that increasing the amount of money older workers can earn without reducing their Social Security benefits will save Social Security funds. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 222 55. The Older Workers Benefit Protection Act prohibits employers from forcing early retirement and receiving a deduction in pension. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 213 56. Most age discrimination cases are easy to prove, especially individual suits. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 218

57. An older person is more likely to win an age discrimination suit if they have a jury trial. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 218 58. In a study of the U.S. Bureau of Labor it was learned that younger workers had better safety records than older workers. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 220 59. Studies show that retirement, in and of itself, contributes to poor health. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 220 60. In France, “third age” refers to the third stage of life in which the body begins to degenerate. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 221 61. The lower one’s socioeconomic status, the later one retires. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 221 62. A 1990s shift in the meaning of work disparages those who lack a strong work ethic. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 224 63. Polls reveal that the older the person, the less content they are with the time they have. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 219

64. According to your text, leisure leads to boredom. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 226 65. How are cohort differences likely to affect U.S. trends in retirement patterns?

ANSWER: 66. What factors are contributing to the trend of early retirement?

ANSWER: 67. What evidence suggests age discrimination exists in the U.S. workplace? Give specific examples of kinds of discrimination that exists. Why do employers discriminate against older workers?

ANSWER: 68. What are the common myths about the older worker and what evidence of old workers' performance counter these myths?

ANSWER: 69. What factors affect adjustments to and satisfaction with retirement?

ANSWER: 70. What innovative ideas are being introduced for gradual retirement, job sharing, flexible work hours, and retraining of older workers? Do you have other ideas?

ANSWER: