לשם שמים
9
Spring 2021
26 ibid.
32 ibid.
27 Howell.
33 U.S. government, “DOD Releases Fiscal Year 2021 Budget Proposal,” U.S. Department of Defense, February 10, 2020, accessed April 9, 2021, https:// www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Releases/Release/ Article/2079489/dod-releases-fiscal-year-2021-budgetproposal/.
28 James Cawley, “NASA and SpaceX Complete Certification of First Human-Rated Commercial Space System,” NASA, November 12, 2020, accessed April 8, 2021, https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-andspacex-complete-certification-of-first-human-ratedcommercial-space-system.
34 “NASA’s FY Planetary Budget,” The Planetary Society, planetary.org, 2019, accessed April 9, 2021, 29 Juan Cruz González Allonca, “Abogados del https://www.planetary.org/space-policy/nasas-fy-2020espacio,” October 2019, TEDxRiodelaPlata, local audience, 9:08 minutes, TED en español, https://www. budget#:~:text=NASA%27s%20budget%20in%20 ted.com/talks/juan_cruz_gonzalez_allonca_abogados_ fiscal%20year,from%20the%20previous%20fiscal%20 year. del_espacio?language=es. 35 Hughes and Soldini. 30 Amanda Jane Hughes and Stefania Soldini, “The solar discs that could power Earth,” Future Planet, BBC, November 26, 2020, accessed April 4, 2021, https:// www.bbc.com/future/article/20201126-the-solar-discsthat-could-beam-power-from-space.
36 Alison Stewart, “Revisiting America’s Fear of Sputnik,” The Bryant Park Project, npr, October 4, 2007, accessed April 9, 2021, https://www.npr.org/templates/ story/story.php?storyId=14980366.
31 ibid.
How Metro Fares Sparked Chile’s Constitutional Reckoning By Amina Levites-Cohen
In October of 2019, one million Chileans took to the streets of Santiago to protest a 4% increase in metro fare. Even though Sebastián Piñera, the country’s President, called off the government-mandated increase, the protesters demanded that Chile’s dictatorship-era constitution be rewritten. The constitution, written under the brutal dictator named Augusto Pinochet, comes from a period when the government relocated many lowincome urban citizens to the outskirts of major cities. This exacerbated class divides because city governments ignored the needs of economically disadvantaged Chileans and directed funds towards developing affluent areas of cities instead.1 Many Chileans living in
poverty used the metro as a cheap and efficient mode of travel, so the increased prices posed an immediate and tangible problem to families. For Chileans, the metro was not just a way to get from the edge of the city into the heart of a bustling metropolis; it was their opportunity to escape economic hardship and gain access to a host of social services and job opportunities. The protests became broader, using the metro fare hike as a symbol of the decades of economic and social inequality.2 In response, the government heeded the protesters and issued a referendum asking citizens whether the constitution should be rewritten.3 On the brink of political turmoil, Chile evaded crisis by resorting to democratic practices and
