HEREDITY: INHERITANCE AND VARIATION

HEREDITY: INHERITANCE AND VARIATION BY: HONORIO MANAYAO

REPLICATION

ďƒ’ In

1953, James Watson and Francis Crick worked out that DNA is double helix like a twisted staircase. The two sugar phosphate backbones make f the sides and base pairs make up the rungs or step of the twisted pair.

ďƒ’ The

making copies of DNA called REPLICATION.

CENTRAL DOGMA

ďƒ’In

DNA Adenine always bond with Thymine, and Cystosine bonds with Guanine.

ďƒ’In

DNA Adenine bonds with Uracil and Cystosine and Cystosine bonds with Guanine.

ďƒ’ Traits

are observable characteristics determined by specific segments of DNA called GENES. The DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a double helix molecule, the thin strands of which are twisted around each other like a twisted ladder. The sides of the ladder are made up of sugar and phosphate molecules and the steps of the ladder are made of nitrogen

TYPES OF RNA



One type of RNA, messenger RNA (mRNA) brings information from the DNA in the nucleus to the protein manufacturing area, the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm , the mRNA becomes the template of information to make proteins.



Ribosomes, made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and ribosomal proteins hold tightly into the mRNA using its information to assemble the amino acids in correct order.



Transfer RNA (tRNA) supplies amino acids to the ribosome to be assembled as protein.

TRANSCRIPTION

TRANSLATION

ďƒ’ By

means of transfer RNA molecules, each specific for one amino acid and for a particular triplet of nucleotides in messenger RNA (mRNA) called a codon. The family of tRNA molecules enables the codons in a mRNA molecule to

ďƒ’The

process of converting the information in messenger RNA into a sequence of amino acids that make protein is known as Translation.

ďƒ’The

role of transfer RNA (tRNA) is to bring amino acids in to

MUTATION

ďƒ’

A chromosome abnormality, disorder, anomaly, aberration, or mutation is a missing, extra, or irregular portion of chromosomal DNA. It can be from an atypical number of chromosomes or a structural abnormality in one or more chromosomes.

ďƒ’

A mutation involving a long segment of DNA. These mutations can involve deletions, insertions, or inversions of sections of DNA. In

TRANSLOCATION

DELETION

INVERSION

ďƒ’

During pregnancy, an error in mitosis can occur, just like the error previously described in meiosis. If the chromosomes do not split into equal halves, the new cells can have an extra chromosome (47 total) or have a missing chromosome(45 total). This is another way a baby can be born with a chromosome abnormality.

CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES

CRI DU CHAT SYDROME ďƒ’ Cri

du chat syndrome, also known as chromosome 5p deletion syndrome, 5p− syndrome (pronounced "Five P Minus") or Lejeune's syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder due to chromosome deletion on chromosome 5.

DOWN’S SYNDROME

ďƒ’ Down

syndrome (DS or DNS), also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. It is typically associated with physical growth delays, characteristic facial features

EDWARD’S SYNDROME ďƒ’ Edwards

Syndrome (also known as Trisomy 18 (T18) or Trisomy E) is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of an extra 18th chromosome. The majority of people with the syndrome die during the fetal stage; infants who survive experience serious defects and commonly live for short periods

JACOBSEN SYNDROME ďƒ’ Jacobsen

syndrome is a condition caused by a loss of genetic material from chromosome 11. Because this deletion occurs at the end (terminus) of the long (q) arm of chromosome 11, Jacobsen syndrome is also known as 11q

KLINEFELTER’S SYNDROME ďƒ’ Klinefelter

syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects males. Klinefelter syndrome occurs when a boy is born with one or more extra X chromosomes. Most males have one Y and one X chromosome. Having extra X chromosomes can cause a male to have some physical traits unusual for males.

TURNER’S SYDROME ďƒ’ Turner

syndrome results when one normal X chromosome is present in a female's cells and the other sex chromosome is missing or structurally altered. The missing genetic material affects development before and after birth.

HUMAN KARYOTYPING

ďƒ’A

karyotype is the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. The term is also used for the complete set of chromosomes in a species or in an individual organism[1][2][3] and for a test that detects this complement or measures the number.

GENETIC ENGINEE

ďƒ’

Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology. It is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved or novel organisms. New DNA is obtained by either isolating and copying the genetic material of interest using recombinant DNA methods or by artificially synthesising the DNA. A construct is usually

KEY CONCEPTS A

mutation is a change in the base sequence of DNA. Mutations may affect only one gene, or they may affect whole chromosomes.

 Mutation

in body cells affect only the individual and are not passed on to the offspring.

THAT’S ALL!!

THANK YOU!!