SWAT The L-Workshop

SWAT

THE L-WORKSHOP

SWAT STUDIO 2019 EDITION PROFESSOR CRAIG LEE MARTIN PROFESSOR PETER TEEUW PROFESSOR ALEJANDRO PRIETO PROFESSOR ERIC VAN DEN HAMM FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT TU DELFT 2019-2020 DESIGNER JAVIER JAIR MONTEMAYOR LEOS | 4781988

2 | SWAT

INDEX 0. INDEX

03

1. BRIEFING a. INTRODUCTION b. OLOGIES

c.

ENERGY MAPPING

04 06 12

2. INTERVENTION a. FIELDWORK

b.

AMBITION DEFINITION c. METHODOLOGY

d.

MASTER PLAN e. REFERENCES

f.

DESIGN PROPOSAL

g.

ENERGY CONCEPTS

14 15 17 18 19 20 21 26

3. ELABORATION

a.

THE NEXT STEP

28 29

b. CONCEPT i. PROCESS ii.

DEFINITION iii.

HYPOTHESIS

30 30 32 33

c.

DESIGN PROCESS i. PROCESS

ii.

DEFINITION OF RULES iii.

RESEARCH 1.

FENESTRATION 2.

ALGAE PANELS 3.

ETFE PANELS 4.

THERMAL CURTAINS 5.

PHOTOVOLTAICS 6.

MATERIALS

34 34 36 38 38 40 41 44 45 46

d. ARCHITECTURE i. PROCESS ii.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION

iii.

PLANS & SECTIONS

48 48 50 52

e. SKIN i. CLIMATE APPROACH ii.

INTEGRATION iii.

PRODUCTS iv.

DETAILS v.

SCENARIOS

56 56 60 66 68 73

f. ROOF i. CLIMATE APPROACH

75 75

g. ANALYSIS i. SIMULATIONS ii.

COMFORT iii.

ZERO-ENERGY

78 78 80 82

84

h.

FURTHER DEVELOPMENT

i. CONCLUSIONS

86

j. LIMITATIONS

87

k. REFERENCES

89

l. APPENDIX

90

3 | SWAT

1 | BRIEFING A | INTRODUCTION SWAT stands for Sustainable Workshops of Architecture and Technology, a studio focused not only on the technological and technical side of the architecture practice, but more on the social aspect. A specific urban setting is chosen to develop fresh ideas that might contribute to society and the environment.

This year the SWAT workshop was based in Amersfoort, addressing 4 of its different districts. Seen from above, no serious problems arise, but once a closer look is taken, good opportunities are presented. The goal was to come up with innovative ideas that could benefit the city and contribute to the goals set by the municipality.

The intervention started with a trip to Amersfoort, in which the site was studied, and input from the citizens themselves was taken into account for the formulation of ideas. A general master plan and individual interventions were designed and presented to the people and municipality in the city.

After this, the elaboration was the next and final stage. It would require developing further a single intervention already defined in the intervention phase. The following report, apart from bringing the introductory information of the first two stages, focuses in the elaboration of a social hub, much needed in the centre of Amersfoort.

The workshop was divided in three phases: first the briefing, then the intervention, and finally the elaboration. The briefing serves as an introduction, presenting different dimensions to understand the context.

CITY CENTER OF AMERSFOORT

4 | SWAT

1 | BRIEFING B | OLOGIES The area to analyse was inside the Binnenstad (or city centre), a place called the Besteenmarkt. It is located in between the inner and outer ring of the city centre. It features a different range of typologies and years of construction. Actually, the difference in the ages of the buildings is evident in the Besteenmarkt, containing buildings from the 70’s and 80’s. The following section will elaborate more on the contextual

characteristics of the place: first history will be explained, as well as the climatic characteristics. After that, the ecology and technology part will be addressed, to finalize with typology, morphology and sociology. This was vital to the development of the project, understanding the place and bringing coherent solutions to the current issues.

OUTER RING INNER RING DISTRICT TO STUDY

TYPICAL VIEW OF THE BEESTENMARKT

5 | SWAT

1 | BRIEFING B | OLOGIES: HISTORY The success of Amersfoort is the result of various factors, including its abundant land and strategic position. Its history begins when it is granted the city rights from the bishop of Utrecht in 1259. The fortifications tell a good story about its subsequent expansions, due to the rapid growth of the city in the 13th and 14th century respectively. The height of the overall surface had to be risen to combat the frequent flooding (“History” 2019). News about the Miracle of Amersfoort in 1444, resulted in the growth of the city’s reputation and economy.

Along with many myths surrounding the Dutch city, there’s an important one from which the City of Boulder (Keistad) takes its sense. It is an event occurring in the 17th century, in which a large boulder was dragged into the city from the Soest by almost 500 hundred people, product of a bet between two landowners. Just after that, those people 02.2

were ridiculed and from embarrassment, they soon buried the stone in Varkensmarkt (“History” 2019). However, in the beginning of the last century, it was dug out and it is still being exhibited at Stadsring or outer ring.

Its central position served not only as a junction, but as a common ground for different cultures and stories. So, it is not surprising that many fought for its occupation, causing the stagnation of the city until the 20th century where it gained new life and hasn’t lost influence and momentum ever since (“History” 2019). One last name it has gained is the city of Festivals, again due to the youth population and young travelers attracted by many holidays Amersfoort celebrate around the year.

ARCHEOLOGY

15 000-5 000 BC

1380-1450

1300-

THE RESILIENT CITY

1661

THE BOULDER CITY

THE INFLUENTIAL CITY

1259 THE ARABLE CITY

1568-1648

1787

THE MIRACLE CITY

6 | SWAT

1444

1787-1944

THE CENTRAL CITY THE THE 1787 HOSPITABLE MODERN CITY CITY AMERSFOORT THROUGH THE AGES | TR

THE FESTIVAL CITY DATA FROM VARIOUS SOURCES, FIND IN BIBLIOGRAPHY

Total: 794mm

75mm

1 | BRIEFING

50 mm

B | OLOGIES: CLIMATOLOGY & GEOLOGY

/h

Total: 1477h/y +85h

+300h

CLIMATOLOGY

Total: 794mm

very humid condition throughout the year.

As it is typical in the region, it is cloudy around 50% of the year, with sun between 85-300 h/month. The following graphs show the climatic conditions just described, the wind direction, and the urban heat island effect, illustrating the effect of the built area and how it increases the temperature in the city centre (Climate Consultant).

The climate in Amersfoort could be considered warm and temperate. The average annual temperature in Amersfoort is 9.2 °C. The rainfall in Amersfoort is significant, with precipitation even during the driest month.

The driest month is April, with 47 mm /h of rain, and the average annual rainfall is 794 mm.

CLIMATOLOGY Wind rose humidity, a CLIMATOLOGY This renders02.1 an 80% of relative

75mm

50 mm

Total: 1477h/y

02.1

+85h

+300h

Total: 794mm

UHI Effect

Total: 794mm

75mm

75mm

50 mm

Total: 794mm

50 mm

75mm 50 mm

/h

Total: 1477h/y +85h

+300h

Total: 794mm

/h

Total: 1477h/y /h

75mm

Total: 1477h/y

+85h

+300h

50 mm

+85h

+300h

Total: 794mm

/h

Total: 1477h/y

75mm

+85h

+300h

Wind rose

50 mm

Total: 794mm

UHI Effect

75mm 50 mm

/h

Total: 1477h/y +85h

+300h

/h

Total: 1477h/y

UHI EFFECT| QC

+85h

+300h

Wind rose

Wind rose

UHI Effect

WIND DIRECTION | QC

Wind roseKLIMAPEDIA AND HTTPS://WWW.ATLASNATUURLIJKKAPITAAL.NL/KAARTEN DATA FROM DATA FROM KLIMAPEDIA AND HTTPS://WWW.ATLASNATUURLIJKKAPITAAL.NL/KAARTEN

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS| QC

Wind rose

Wind rose

GEOLOGY

/h

Total: 1477h/y +300h

Wind rose

DATA FROM KLIMAPEDIA AND HTTPS://WWW.ATLASNATUURLIJKKAPITAAL.NL/KAARTEN Wind rose

CLAY

AQUIFER

GEOLOGY

SOIL 0.0

10.4 11.7

6

QUANTITY

CLAY

600.0 800.0

0.0

AQUIFER

2000.0

5 4

STEEL GLASS

SOIL

CONCRETE

3

CERAMICS BRICK

QUANTITY 6

WATER

2

5 4

WOOD

CONCRETE

3

10.4 11.7

STEEL GLASS

600.0 800.0

WOOD

2

1 1

0

0

0

0

1

1

2

3

4

5

2

3

ENERGY

4

5

6

ENERGY

ATES POTENTIAL

ATES operation

ATES POTENTIAL

ATESKEY POTENTIAL KEY | TR 1000-2000 GJ/(ha.jr) 2000-3000 GJ/(ha.jr) ATES operation

Buildings Pavings Asphalt Vegetation Water

KEY Buildings Pavings Asphalt Vegetation Water

THE BLUE CITY

SOIL

MATERIAL IMPACT THE

THE RED CITY

GREEN CITY

DATA FROM VARIOUS SOURCES, FIND IN BIBLIOGRAPHY

MATERIALITY | TR

THE BLUE CITY

AQUIFER

2000.0

6

MATERIAL IMPACT KEY 1000-2000 GJ/(ha.jr) 2000-3000 GJ/(ha.jr)

CLAY

CERAMICS BRICK

THE RED CITY

SOIL COMPOSITION | TR QUANTITY THE GREEN CITY

6

WATER

02.4

WATER

02.4

depth, there is a layer of clay, making it largely unexploitable, which explains the city’s need for external sources of materials. However, going deeper, the aquifer at medium depth, provides an excellent source of heat and cold storage systems. This strategy is still a promising alternative for heat exchange, as it has only been applied once around the city.

The land of Amersfoort has its benefits, especially when it comes to the production 0.0 of food and crops. However, what happens underneath it is as important as what happens in the surface. The history of the 10.4 city’s phases and struggles with 11.7flood is recorded in a number of layers of 600.0 sand and 800.0 archeological remains. At around 2000.0 10 meters GEOLOGY

5 4

STEEL GLASS

3

CONCRETE

BRICK

DATA FROM VARIOUS SOURCES, FIND IN BIBLIOGRAPHY 2

1

CERAMICS

WOOD

7 | SWAT

1 | BRIEFING B | OLOGIES: ECOLOGY & TECHNOLOGY ECOLOGY From a small scale, it is evident how the city centre is enclosed by a green belt, with several radials around it. It appears to be a green city, with parks and green areas throughout the districts. However, when focusing in the city centre, the amount of greenery is quite limited and is mostly concentrated in the rings, following the waterways. Perhaps the most apparent are the Zocherplantsoen and the outer ring, which feature some monumental trees.

Note that the municipality will replant 4,000 trees to replace sick/dead ones, but these are mostly located outside the city centre. The canals also feature some quay wall vegetation and the city centre is home to some fauna species such as bats and damselflies.

3D-Printed bench

Vertico

FlexApartment

Dynniq

Technology for elderly

Zon@School

TECHNOLOGY

From large-scale concrete 3D-printing and solar energy co-operations for school buildings to technologies which help elderly people, Amersfoort OLOGYhas had interesting initiatives in the technological world. One of the most relevant is the design of a 02.5 ECOLOGY bike with a concealed smart engine inside the frame.

ort: n bij een voorde adbare plaats) in de Eem”

Amersfoort: “ontstaan bij een voorde (doorwaadbare plaats) in M de Eem” M

M M

M

M

INVENTIONS FROM AMERSFOORTERS

M M M M

M

M M

M

M M

Ee m

M

M

M

M M M M

M green belt

MM

M

M M

M

M M

MM

M

gel

gel

M M

M

M

M

M

M

M

La

si West

M

e ng

M

ht

l

ac gr

nge

M M

c ra eg ng

Ko

sing el

ht

l

inge

M rte

Zuid

gr ac

ht

M

Ko

sing

el

M

rte

M M

Zuid

gr ac

ht

M M

M

M M

greenery follow sw ate rw ay s

M

La

Canal construction ±1200: • accelerated water drainage • defensive role

M

green radials

M

sin

rssin

M

(Binnenstad)

DATA FROM VARIOUS SOURCES, FINDgreen INradials BIBLIOGRAPHY

styleWeat site of former rampart ver s

We ve

M

ts Wes

luteowalls

M MM

green belt

non-green centre (Binnenstad)non-green centre

Zocherplantsoen: walking park in English landscape style at site of former rampart walking park in English landscape

M

M

±1200: drainage

ByAr Bike Zocherplantsoen:

M

MM

M M

greenery follow sw ate rw ay s

MM

M M

M

M M M M

M M

M

M

M

Tilia Europaea: M dedicated to princess Beatrix (1938) M

M

M

Pseudofumaria luteoalba: on quay walls

M

AMBITION:

M M M M M

Liquidambar styraciflua: known as ‘sweetgum’

Magnolia Soulangeana: magnolia family tree

replant 4,000 new trees between 2019- 2021

Aesculus Hippocastanum: Pipistrellus Pipistrellus one of Amersfoort’s oldest trees

Passer Domesticus

Apus Apus

Calopteryx Splendens

GREENERY IN THE CITY CENTER | AO

DATA FROM VARIOUS SOURCES, FIND IN BIBLIOGRAPHY

GREENERY IN THE OUTSKIRTS | AO AMBITION:

8 | SWATMagnolia Soulangeana:

Liquidambar styraciflua: known as ‘sweetgum’

magnolia family tree

replant 4,000 new trees between 2019- 2021

Aesculus Hippocastanum: Pipistrellus Pipistrellus one of Amersfoort’s oldest trees

Passer Domesticus

rel. high no. of non-native fauna & flora/tree species M monumental tree

Apus Apus

Calopteryx Splendens

rel. high no. of non-native fauna & flora/tree species M monumental tree

DATA FROM VARIOUS SOURCES, FIND IN BIBLIOGRAPHY

1 | BRIEFING B | OLOGIES: TYPOLOGY TYPOLOGY Amersfoort’s first vernacular farms are located on the outside of the central area.

They feature local materials, namely wooden structures and straw bale covers. The centre itself has different expressions, also attributed to the later development of such settlings. The first houses began construction around the 14&15th century. The ports like the Koppelport and Monnikenport were constructed during Medieval times, around 1425. The main church, Saint Joriskerk from the 1534 has a Roman Gothic style and has an eclectic mix of architecture due to the reconstruction, necessary from the fire during the mentioned century (Cramer, 1996).

02.7

Actually, the fire forced houses to be rebuilt.

In general, the centre of Amersfoort features Traditionalist Dutch houses and buildings, with honest materials, brickwork and regular rhythms. The centre itself has little to no mix of different styles, with rare buildings breaking with the city image. This may be attributed to the municipality and their strict code of rules to maintain a coherent language. The newest additions can be found outside the main rings. Some of the include the Flint, a theatre by the edge and the Eemhuis, a contemporary library built in 2004, in the northwest of Amersfoort (Blijstra, 1963).

TYPOLOGY

Flint

The Eemhuis

Havik | 1380

The bull

Koppelport Typical neighborhood street

Flehite

KEY Main buildings Courtyards Piazza Parking lots Lifestyle patterns

02.7

TYPOLOGY

Koppelport | 1425, Medieval

St George’s

Armando

Sint Joriskerk 1534 Roman-Gothic

Hof

Flint

The Eemhuis Koppelport Onze Lieve Vrouwetoren

Canal street, Zuidsingle

The bull Typical neighborhood street Modern houses| 1950

Mondriaanhuis Monnikendam

Ko

Flehite The bull

KEY Main buildings Courtyards Onze Lieve Vrouwetoren 1470Piazza Late Gothic Parking lots Lifestyle patterns

St George’s

Armando

The Eemhuis DATA FROM VARIOUS SOURCES, FIND IN BIBLIOGRAPHY

Hof

Canal street, Zuidsingle

Onze Lieve Vrouwetoren

MAIN BUILDINGS AND THEIR LOCATION

Modern ho

Mondriaanhuis Monnikendam

9 | SWAT

The bull

1 | BRIEFING B | OLOGIES: MORPHOLOGY city. Most of the cities historical landmarks are located near the area, making it one of the most prominent sectors of the district. The image of the city there is mostly like the main downtown area, with a wider perception of the space as the roads are rarely wide, when compared to the inner ones in the city centre (Blijstra, 1963). The timeline in the bottom, related to the sociology topic in the next page, shows the peak of activities in Amersfoort, namely the market days during Friday and Saturday. The events render a more active city centre, with people flowing through the mentioned commercial street to the main plazas in the heart of the town.

The Beestenmarkt area is mostly surrounded by houses dating back to the 1900s, as mentioned in the typology section. They don’t exceed three stories and feature similar materials, namely brick. Hence, the urban morphology of the site has remained almost similar, with small interventions during recent years (Hasselt, 1948). The Municipality doesn’t allow for any major changes that can alter the facades of the buildings. If anything is to be added, at least for energy purposes (such as PV panels), they must remain in the not-visible portions of the building.

Adjacent to the Beestenmarkt, runs a 02.8 MORPHOLOGY commercial road through the center of the 02.8 MORPHOLOGY

02.9

SOCIOLOGY Construction year of the buildings

Construction year of the buildings

AGE GROUPS

SOCIAL PATTERNS | HOUSEHOLD INCOME

MIX OF PEOPLE

*MAP SHOWING CONCENTRATION OF NON-WESTERN IMMIGRANTS

*MAP SHOWING CONCENTRATION OF YOUNG PEOPLE 15-25

Primary schol The Eemhuis Koppelport

The bull

Flehite

Residential MBO school

St George’s

Armando

Offices

Residential

Commercial

Offices

Commercial

Hof

Onze Lieve Vrouwetoren

DEMOGRAPHIC PRESSURE

DEMOGRAPHIC PRESSURE

NETHERLANDS

AMERSFOORT

Mondriaanhuis Monnikendam

NORMAL

GREEN

NORMAL

GRAY

AGE GROUPS

AGES GROUPS AMERSFOORT

Arterial roads

Arterial roads 5…10

10…15

15-20

20-25

25-45

45-65

65-80

80-1000

AGE GROUPS NETHERLANDS

Collector roads 5…10

Collector roads

10…15

15-20

20-25

KEY Main buildings Schools Activity TYPE OF DWELLING

GRAY

25-45

45-65

65-80

80-1000

KEY <10 11-13 14-16 17-20 >20

Primary schol

AMERSFOORT

Local roads

Landmarks

MORPHOLOGY Landmarks | RG

OWNER-OCCUPIED

Local roads

IMMIGRATION IMMIGRATION KEY KEY FOREIGNERS Greens and water mapped <18.200 None NATIVE 18.200-20.100 <2% WESTERN MOROCCO 20.200-22.000 2%-2% DATA FROM VARIOUS SOURCES, FIND IN BIBLIOGRAPHY Greens and water mapped City Centre Plaza ANTILLES 22.100-24.600 3%-3% SURINAME >24.600 4%-5% TURKEY NON-WESTERN EURO/YEAR >5%

RENTAL

OWNER-OCCUPIED RENTED

City Centre Plaza NATIVES

WESTERN

MOROCCO

ANTILLES ARUBA

NETHERLANDS

SURINAME

TURKEY

NON-WESTERN

DATA FROM VARIOUS SOURCES, FIND IN BIBLIOGRAPHY WESTERN MOROCCO ANTILLES ARUBA SURINAME TURKEY NON-WESTERN

NATIVES

HOUSEHOLDS

HOUSEHOLDS NETHERLANDS

WITH CHILDREN

S

EXHIBITIONS

WITHOUT CHILDREN

FLEA MARKET (2/M)

SINGLE

MARKET DAY

F

FOOD MARKET

T

WORKS

SCHOOLS

WORKS

SCHOOLS

WORKS

W

FLOWER MARKET

T

SCHOOLS

WORKS

WORKS

M

SCHOOLS

AMERSFOORT

SCHOOLS

0-5

KEY 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-45 45-65 65-80 80-100 0-5

GREEN

SINGLE

WITHOUT CHILDREN

WITH CHILDREN

S DATA FROM VARIOUS SOURCES, FIND IN BIBLIOGRAPHY

TIMELINE OF ACTIVITIES 10 | SWAT

02.9

SOCIOLOGY 02.9

1 | BRIEFING

B | OLOGIES: SOCIOLOGYMIX OF PEO

SOCIOLOGY

AGE GROUPS

SOCIAL PATTERNS | HOUSEHOLD INCOME

*MAP SHOWING

*MAP SHOWING CONCENTRATION OF YOUNG PEOPLE 15-25 AGE GROUPS

As for now, there is a MIXlow demographic OF PEOPLE pressure, which means the productive age group is large. The map shows the concentration of young people, ranging from 15 to 25 able to serve the town.

SOCIAL PATTERNS | HOUSEHOLD INCOME

*MAP SHOWING CONCENTRATION OF YOUNG PEOPLE 15-25

*MAP SHOWING CONCENTRATION OF NON-WESTERN IMMIGRANTS

Primary schol

The Eemhuis Primary schol The Eemhuis Koppelport

Flehite

Koppelport

The bull

The bull

Flehite MBO school

The household income might also talk about the dynamic of Amersfoort, ranging from 18.000 euro/year to 25,000. It is noticeable how the majority of the houses KEY Main buildings are rented and not owner-occupied, a not Schools so common phenomenon when compared Activity TYPE OF DWELLING KEY FOREIGNERS <18.200 instance. From interviews KEYto Amsterdam for 18.200-20.100 Mainon buildings 20.200-22.000 2% site, performed later in the site visit, it 22.100-24.600 3% Schools >24.600 4% was discovered EURO/YEAR starter families live in the Activity MIX OF PEOPLE *MAP SHOWING CONCENTRATION OF NON-WESTERN IMMIGRANTS TYPE OF DWELLING KEY neighborhoods as well as some older families.FOREIGNERS <18.200 MIX OF PEOPLE 18.200-20.100 when The first posses small apartments, 20.200-22.000 compared to the older local families living in 22.100-24.600 >24.600 in the more generous houses or apartments EURO/YEAR OWNER-OCCUPIED RENTED different 2019).S W F T complexes (Statline, S St George’s

Armando

MBO school

St George’s

Hof

Armando

Hof

Onze Lieve Vrouwetoren

DEMOGRAPHIC PRESSURE

DEMOGRAPHIC PRESSURE

NETHERLANDS

AMERSFOORT

Mondriaanhuis

Monnikendam

NETHERLANDS

0-5

AGE GROUPS

5…10

10…15

15-20

20-25

GRAY

AGE GROUPS

20-25

AGES GROUPS

02.9

10…15

10…15

15-20

AGE GROUPS

25-45

45-65

65-80

SCHOOLS

5…10

80-1000

WORKS

0-5

65-80

SCHOOLS

ONCENTRATION OF YOUNG PEOPLE 15-25

45-65

NETHERLANDS KEY 0-5 SOCIAL PATTERNS | HOUSEHOLD INCOME 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 Primary schol 25-45 The Eemhuis Primary schol 45-65 Koppelport The Eemhuis 65-80 Koppelport 80-100 0-5 5…10 10…15 15-20 20-25 25-45 45-65 65-80 15-20 20-25 25-45 45-65 65-80 80-1000 AMERSFOORT

S

25-45

M

SOCIOLOGY

T

80-1000

Primary schol

OWNER-OCCUPIED

KEY <10 11-13 14-16 17-20 >20 The bull The bull

80-1000

RENTAL

OWNER-OCCUPIED RENTED

NATIVES

WESTERN

MOROCCO

ANTILLES ARUBA

SURINAME

TURKEY

NON-WESTERN

NATIVES

WESTERN

MOROCCO

HOUSEHOLDS

ANTILLES ARUBA

SURINAME

TURKEY

NON-WESTERN

IMMIGRATION AMERSFOORT

HOUSEHOLDS NETHERLANDS

AMERSFOORT

*MAP SHOWING CONCENTRATION OF NON-WESTERN IMMIGRANTS

OWNER-OCCUPIED

RENTAL

SINGLE

WITHOUT CHILDREN

WITH CHILDREN

EXHIBITIONS

GREEN

GRAY

NETHERLANDS

NATIVE WESTERN MOROCCO ANTILLES SURINAME TURKEY NON-WESTERN

FLEA MARKET (2/M)

GREEN

IMMIGRATION

AMERSFOORT

MARKET DAY

NORMAL

SOCIAL PATTERNS | HOUSEHOLD INCOME

IMMIGRATION

FOOD MARKET

SOCIOLOGY

NETHERLANDS

WORKS

02.9

KEY <10 11-13 14-16 17-20 >20

AGE GROUPS

KEY 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-45 NORMAL 45-65 65-80 80-100 0-5 5…10

FLOWER MARKET

AMERSFOORT

Monnikendam

Primary schol

GRAY

SCHOOLS

AGE GROUPS

AGES GROUPS

GREEN

Mondriaanhuis

WORKS

NORMAL

GRAY

SCHOOLS

GREEN

WORKS

NORMAL

SCHOOLS

AMERSFOORT

WORKS

Y

Onze Lieve Vrouwetoren

DEMOGRAPHIC PRESSURE

DEMOGRAPHIC PRESSURE

SINGLE

NATIVES

WITHOUT CHILDREN

WESTERN

WITH CHILDREN

MOROCCO

ANTILLES ARUBA

SURINAM

HOUSEHOLDS DATA FROM VARIOUS SOURCES, FIND IN BI

02.9 SOCIOLOGY patterns were mapped according

Flehite

Flehite

AMERSFOORT

Social to the public plazas and main buildings in green, which follow the lively week-end schedule of markets and exhibitions. No major office spots GROUPS GROUPS SOCIAL PATTERNS | HOUSEHOLDAGE INCOME MIX OF PEOPLE SOCIA were located. Not even schools areCONCENTRATION positioned *MAP SHOWING OF NON-WESTERN IM SHOWING CONCENTRATION OF YOUNG PEOPLE 15-25 KEY *MAP SHOWING CONCENTRATION OF YOUNG PEOPLE 15-25 buildings M Main W F T T inside the main circles, which suggests less Schools Activity movement towardsKEY the center during the KEY TYPE OF DWELLING KEY FOREIGNERS <18.200 None <10 18.200-20.100 <2% 11-13 KEY weekdays. Most of2%-2% these productive activities 20.200-22.000 14-16 Main buildings 22.100-24.600 3%-3% 17-20 lay outside the circles, which may have its >24.600 4%-5% >20 Schools EURO/YEAR >5% MIX OF PEOPLE Activity benefits but also some disadvantages. *MAP SHOWING CONCENTRATION OF NON-WESTERN IMMIGRANTS MBO school

St George’s

IMMIGRATION

NETHERLANDS

Koppelport

Primary schol

RENTAL

OWNER-OCCUPIED RENTED

80-1000

NATIVES

WESTERN

WORKS

T

HOUSEHOLDS AMERSFOORT

SURINAME

TURKEY

WITHOUT CHILDREN

Hof

WESTERN

WITH CHILDREN

MOROCCO

AMERSFOORT

ANTILLES ARUBA

SURINAME

TURKEY

NON-WESTERN

NATIVES

OWNER-OCCUPIED

WESTERN

MOROCCO

IMMIGRANTS

F

TURKEY

WITHOUT CHILDREN

NON-WESTERN

NATIVES

WITH CHILDREN

WESTERN

S

MOROCCO

HOUSEHOLDS NETHERLANDS

SURINAME

TURKEY

NON-WESTERN

NETHERLANDS

SINGLE

ANTILLES ARUBA

ANTILLES ARUBA

HOUSEHOLDS

NETHERLANDS

NATIVE WESTERN MOROCCO ANTILLES SURINAME TURKEY NON-WESTERN SINGLE

WITHOUT CHILDREN

SURINAME

WITH CHILDREN

TURKEY

NON-WESTERN

S

NON-WESTERN

NATIVES

WESTERN

MOROCCO

FOOD MARKET

FLOWER MARKET

WORKS

SCHOOLS

ANTILLES ARUBA

SURINAME

TURKEY

NON-WESTERN

DATA FROM VARIOUS SOURCES, FIND IN BIBLIOGRAPHY

HOUSEHOLDS NETHERLANDS

DEMOGRAPHIC PRESSURE

DEMOGRAPHIC PRESSURE

NETHERLANDS

AMERSFOORT

SINGLE

WITHOUT CHILDREN

WITH CHILDREN

Primary schol NORMAL

GREEN

GRAY

AGE GROUPS

AGES GROUPS AMERSFOORT

KEY None <2% 2%-2% 3%-3% 4%-5% OWNER-OCCUPIED >5% RENTED RENTAL

KEY None <2% 2%-2% 3%-3% 4%-5% >5%

DATA FROM VARIOUS SOURCES, FIND IN BIBLIOGRAPHY

0-5

5…10

10…15

15-20

20-25

25-45

45-65

EXHIBITIONS

F

FOOD MARKET

WORKS

SCHOOLS

WORKS

NETHERLANDS

IMMIGRATION

AMERSFOORT

SURINAME

TURKEY

WITH CHILDREN

SINGLE

WITHOUT CHILDREN

KEY Main Scho Activ IMMIGRATION TYPE O

WITH CHILDREN

NORMAL

GREEN

GRAY

KEY KEY KEY FOREIGNERS S 0-5 <18.200 <10 5-10 NATIVE DATA FROM VARIOUS SOURCES, FIND IN BIBLIOGRAPHY 18.200-20.100 11-13 10-15 WESTERN 15-20 MOROCCO 20.200-22.000 14-16 20-25 ANTILLES 22.100-24.600 17-20 25-45 SURINAME 45-65 >24.600 TURKEY>20 65-80 NON-WESTERN EURO/YEAR 80-100

S

65-80

AGE GROUPSIMMIGRATION NETHERLANDS AMERSFOORT

0-5

80-1000

5…10 10…15 15-20 20-25 25-45 45-65 65-80 80-1000 NATIVES WESTERN MOROCCO ANTILLES ARUBA SURINAME TURKEY

NON-WESTERN

NATIVES

NETHERLANDS

WESTERN

MOROCCO

HOUSEHOLDS

ANTILLES ARUBA

HOUSEHOLDS NETHERLANDS

AMERSFOORT

11 | SWAT SINGLE

WITHOUT CHILDREN

WITH CHILDREN

SINGLE

ORKS

HOUSEHOLDS

IMMIGRATION

TURKEY NON-WESTERN

80-1000

MOROCCO

ORKS

ANTILLES ARUBA

KEY T <10 11-13 14-16 NATIVE WESTERN 17-20 MOROCCO ANTILLES >20 SURINAME

HOUSEHOLDS

FOOD MARKET

WORKS

FLOWER MARKET

CHOOLS

MOROCCO

SURINAME

WITHOUT CHILDREN

HIBITIONS CHOOLS

65-80 WESTERN

AMERSFOORT

WESTERN

MBO school

SINGLE

LEA MARKET (2/M)

45-65

FOREIGNERS

NATIVES

NETHERLANDS

ORKS RKET DAY

AMERSFOORT

IMMIGRATION

T

KEY None <2% 2%-2% 3%-3% 4%-5% >5%

IMMIGRATION

CHOOLS

IMMIGRATION

FOREIGNERS

NATIVES

SCHOOLS

ORKS

CHOOLS

KEY <18.200 18.200-20.100 20.200-22.000 22.100-24.600 >24.600 EURO/YEAR

5…10

NON-WESTERN

OD MARKET

80-1000

TURKEY

NETHERLANDS

OWER MARKET

RENTAL

25-45 45-65 65-80 OWNER-OCCUPIED RENTED

SCHOOLS

20-25

WORKS

OWNER-OCCUPIED

NETHERLANDS

KEY <18.200 18.200-20.100 20.200-22.000 22.100-24.600 >24.600 10…15 15-20 20-25 25-45 EURO/YEAR

SURINAME

HOUSEHOLDS

AMERSFOORT

ORKS

WELLING

ANTILLES ARUBA

NATIVE

ANTILLES ARUBA

Mondriaanhuis

CHOOLS

W

GRAY

FLOWER MARKET

KEY 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-45 45-65 65-80 80-100 0-5

Primary schol

GREEN

AGE GROUPS

KEY Main buildings Schools Activity TYPE OF DWELLING

ORKS

AMERSFOORT GROUPS ildings

NORMAL

CHOOLS EXHIBITIONS

AGE GROUPS

FLEA MARKET (2/M)

GRAY

MARKET DAY

Monnikendam

GREEN

MOROCCO

WESTERN is also a factor to take into Immigration MOROCCO account.ANTILLES Most of the population is native, SURINAME and theTURKEY immigrants include morrocans, NON-WESTERN S surinamese, Sturkish and non-western immigrants. The graphs on the bottom show the proportion of the population from abroad (Statline, 2019).

St George’s SINGLE

WESTERN

Monnikendam

SCHOOLS

WORKS

SCHOOLS

WORKS

MAL

Mondriaanhuis

NATIVES

AMERSFOORT

Hof school MBO

Onze Lieve Vrouwetoren

NON-WESTERN

IMMIGRATION

FOREIGNERS

MBO school

St George’s

Armando

ANTILLES ARUBA

HOUSEHOLDS

NETHERLANDS

AMERSFOORT

MOROCCO

NATIVES

Onze Lieve Vrouwetoren

DEMOGRAPHIC PRESSURE

GRAPHIC PRESSURE

F

FOOD MARKET

W RENTED

T

Flehite

SCHOOLS

RENTAL

WORKS

SCHOOLS

OWNER-OCCUPIED

The bull

FLOWER MARKET

M

80-1000

WORKS

Koppelport

65-80

SCHOOLS

WORKS

Primary schol

WORKS

SCHOOLS

INCOME TYPE OF DWELLING KEY KEY Flehite <18.200 <10 INCOME PATTERNS | HOUSEHOLD MIX OF PEOPLE *MAP SHOWING CONCENTRATION OF NON-WESTERN IMMIGRANTS 18.200-20.100 11-13 20.200-22.000 14-16 Armando 22.100-24.600 17-20 >24.600 >20 The bull EURO/YEAR OWNER-OCCUPIED

FLEA MARKET (2/M)

65-80

CHOOLS ORKS ORKS

45-65

MARKET DAY

25-45

The Eem

The bull

EXHIBITIONS

OWNER-OCCUPIED

20-25

WITH

NETHERLANDS

NATIVE WESTERN MOROCCO ANTILLES SURINAME TURKEY NON-WESTERN

The Eemhuis

15-20

WITHOUT CHILDREN

IMMIGRATION

AMERSFOORT

Primary schol

10…15

SINGLE

Primary schol Monnikendam

AGE GROUPS

5…10

WORKS

SCHOOLS

SCHOOLS

Mondriaanhuis

GRAY

CHOOLS

80-1000

Monnikendam

FLEA MARKET (2/M)

65-80

Onze Lieve Vrouwetoren

MARKET DAY

65

KEY 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-45 45-65 65-80 80-100 0-5

GREEN

Mondriaanhuis

WORKS

NETHERLANDS

NORMAL

Hof Onze Lieve Vrouwetoren

SCHOOLS

DEMOGRAPHIC PRESSURE

WORKS

Armando

SCHOOLS

MBO school

Hof

St George’s

WORKS

Armando

WITHOUT CHILDREN

1 | BRIEFING C | ENERGY MAPPING Energy labels in the city centre are discouraging.

Due to the historical value, most of them are in the lowest labels, and just a small percentage achieve an A or B, located in the outskirts of the ring. The poor energy performance translate 03.1 toENERGY DEMAND an increase in energy consumption. This is reflected in the high energy demand per 03.1 ENERGY DEMAND neighborhood in the bar chart. Moreover, the over-reliance on gas is apparent in the pie Neptunusplein chart, as it constitutes 82% on average of the

total energy consumption, with the rest for electricity (Statline, 2019).

More efficient energy consumption can become possible through synergetic functions and sharing schemes, as well as more efficient appliances and the adoption of a productservice system. There are several potentials as shown in the bottom diagram and explained in the following page.

Neptunusplein

Coninckstraat

Bekenstein and De Luiaard Willem III Columbusweg Neptunusplein Bekenstein and De Luiaard Stadhuisplein Willem III Gote Haag Columbusweg Beestenmarkt Neptunusplein Coninckstraat Stadhuisplein Lieve Vrouwekerkhof Gote Haag Beestenmarkt Mooierstraat Coninckstraat Nieustraat Lieve Vrouwekerkhof Court

Columbusweg

Coninckstraat

Columbusweg

Court Court

Lieve Vrouwekerkhof

Nieustraat Lieve Vrouwekerkhof

Mooierstraat

03.2

Gas[GJ] Electricity[GJ]

20000 30000 40000 Energy Demand0per10000 neighborhood

Beestenmarkt

Energy Demand per neighborhood

Beestenmarkt Nieustraat

46210 GJ

Willem III Mooierstraat

Chart Title

46210 GJ

Willem III

18%

Gote Haag

Electricity[GJ]

Mooierstraat 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 Nieustraat Court

Stadhuisplein Stadhuisplein

Gas[GJ]

Chart Title

18%

Gas[GJ] Gas[GJ]

Gote Haag

ENERGY POTENTIALS Bekenstein and De Luiaard Bekenstein and De Luiaard

ENERGY CONSUMPTION | TR

KEY KEY No Label No Label Class A Class A Class BClass B Class CClass C Class DClass D Class E Class E Class F Class F Class G Class G

Electricity[GJ] Electricity[GJ] 82%82%

214165GJ GJ 214165 Total Energy Demand Total Energy Demand DATA FROM VARIOUS SOURCES, FIND IN BIBLIOGRAPHY

DATA FROM VARIOUS SOURCES, FIND IN BIBLIOGRAPHY

Water as Heat Exchanger 10°C at 2m depth

Waste Heat Recapture 6 000 KWh/yr/6 SMs sewage system

Biomass Potential 1600GJ/100ha/year

Hot/Cold System 2500 GJ

PowerNEST 19 -30 MWh/yr /36m2

PV potential Radiation [kWh/m2] 977.62 684.33 488.81 293.28 <0.00

ENERGY POTENTIALS | TR 12 | SWAT

175 GWh/yr/150 000m2

DATA FROM VARIOUS SOURCES, FIND IN BIBLIOGRAPHY

1 | BRIEFING C | ENERGY MAPPING Amersfoort aspires to become CO2 neutral the underground soil can increase the energy by 2030. An energy potential analysis was efficiency, while the canal water can function conducted to identify sources available that as a heat exchanger. can assist towards this ambition. For example, not only the roofs but also the facades of the Finally, closing the loops can increase the total buildings have increased potential for PV available energy as biomass from household integration as can be observedMEASURES by the radiation 03.4 ENERGY REDUCTION & POTENTIALSwaste and vegetation can be converted to analysis. Taller marked buildings with flat biogas, and waste heat from supermarkets and roofs can utilize the Powernest technology, the sewage system have a high potential of combining solar and wind energy. Additionally, being recaptured. the thermal energy of the aquifer present in

03.5

50% Heat Reduction-BAU

Efficient Appliances

Heat Networks

Product-Service-System

Synergetic Functions

Density

LT & MT Grid

Sharing Schemes

Urban Food Production

Rainwater Collection

CO2 Reduction

Low Impact Materials

ENERGY CONCEPTS ENERGY LABELS Unlabeled or With potential

POSSIBLE BUILDINGS TO INTERVENE | TR

DATA FROM VARIOUS SOURCES, FIND IN BIBLIOGRAPHY

Water grid

Underground heat/cold storage

River heat exchange

PowerNest

Sewage heat extraction

Solar farms Roof PV

Aquifer Binnenstad

ATES

BIPV in facades

Heat exchanger

Residual heat from buildings

Smart electrical devices in grid

Supermarket waste heat

Public water collectors Biogas from domestic waste

TECHNOLOGICAL STRATEGIES 13 | SWAT DATA FROM VARIOUS SOURCES, FIND IN BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTERVENTION

14 | SWAT

2 | INTERVENTION A | FIELDWORK

After getting familiar with the context via digital information, it was the turn to go to the site itself.

Travelling to Amersfoort gave the chance to understand it better and have a more grounded vision on the place. The movement and main flows of people were tracked in maps and & INFORMATION pictures were taken about the most interesting phenomena. As seen in the pictures below, the KGROUND & INFORMATION

city centre has not enough green public spaces; people are the ones turning their front facades into genuine gardens. Amersfoort is supposed to be the fourth greenest city in the country, but that doesn’t show in the Binnenstad. Actually, an initiative of planting 4,000 new trees has been released;SITEstill a small quantity does fall in the BACKGROUND & INFORMATION studied districts.

ure proposals already under development, demographics etc...

e site drawings that are needed to describe context i.e. plans, sections, etc… All drawings to include surrounding buildings, landmarks and hical features

ure of house with greens SITE HIGHLIGHTS, BACKGROUND & LIKE INFORMATION SHOWING THE MAIN

Histo

ACTIVITIES RELATED TO HISTORY/CULTURE AGE CATEGORIES green coverage around the site (also facades if possible)

ions of activities

SITE BACKGROUND & INFORMATION Zocherplantsoen: jogging & walking

Amersfoort-Vathorst (9,292)

App elev topo

Amersfoort-Noord (23,451)

FUTURE PLANS, BIG QUESTION MARK ON HOW TO GET THERE Amersfoort-Midden (18,786) Amersfoort-Stadshart (5,824)

● ● ●

Amersfoort-Zuid (9,830)

ctions, d

Public green space in city limit vs. number of homes

● ● ● ● ●

?

Tree Replanting Project

Amersfoort 4th Greenest City in The Netherlands

https://www.wur.nl/en/newsartic

Zocherplantsoen: jogging & walking

FIRST FIELDWORK FINDINGS 15 | SWAT

2 | INTERVENTION A | FIELDWORK As part of the fieldwork, social experiments were conducted, mainly concentrated in the most commercial area of our district, the Kamp street.

Furniture was placed in the intersections of the streets and empty spaces to see the reaction of METHODOLOGY the citizens. While they were not interested in unoccupied furniture, they did show curiosity when there was someone seated or doing some activity.

From all the observations and studies, a SWOT

analysis was made, identifying strengths and opportunities. Mainly, the area does have happy citizens but they don’t have places to gather, other than the typical touristic ones in the centre.

Everything is nearby, but when it comes to staying, staying home is the solution. There are substantial opportunities regarding the big uncovered parking lots facing the living complexes, turning them into something more productive.

IDEAS "First life, then spaces, then buildings - the other way around never works."

“It is more and more important to make the cities inviting, so we can meet our fellow citizens face to face and experience directly through our senses.”

JAN GEHL HOW TO STUDY PUBLIC LIFE? ● COUNTING ● MAPPING ● TRACKING ●CHALLENGES LOOKING FOR TRACES & POTENTIALS ● PHOTOGRAPHING ● TEST WALKS

“Public life in good quality public spaces is an important part of a democratic life and a full life.”

SOCIAL EXPERIMENTS

CHALLENGES

A summary, g 'Challenges' y POTENTIALS

A summary, g scale) that ar interpreted, e

POTENTIALS

CHALLENGES

SPATIOUS UNUSED SPOTS/ RING PARK AROUND / LACK OF CITIZEN SPACES

LACK OF INFO / HARD SURFACES / HELP THE ENVIORNMENT/CITY’S PERCPETION

SWOT ANALYSIS 16 | SWAT

2 | INTERVENTION B | AMBITION DEFINITON The main ambition was to then provide public spaces that might or not include greenery. well-being spaces, giving options to the locals of staying inside the Binnenstad. A relevant It was noticed how they had to leave the city distinction must be drawn: the intention is not centre to recreate, but by locating potential AMBITION ‘Stad die bomen welbevinden de ruimte geeft’be[Groenvisie Amersfoort] to only design green spaces. Green patches can spots that could turned into productive AMBITION ‘City that provides space for trees wellbeing’ be useless if not‘Stad treated correctly.

The ambition public spaces this phenomenon could be die bomen welbevinden de ruimte geeft’ [Groenvisie Amersfoort] was to create productive and useful wellbeing prevented.

‘City that provides space for trees wellbeing’

PLACA PAISOS CATALANS

USELESS PUBLIC HARD SPACE PLACA PAISOS CATALANS USELESS PUBLIC HARDSCAPE

USEFUL PUBLIC USEFUL PUBLIC GREEN-SPACE GREEN SPACE

USELESS PUBLIC HARD SPACE

USEFUL PUBLIC GREEN-SPACE

CONCEPT IDEA

HOW TO BRING WELLBEING TO THE CITY? Tai Chi Park Yoga and meditation space Flower garden Outdoor art atelier

USEFUL PUBLIC GREEN SPACE

USELESS PUBLIC GREEN SPACE

Open gym and public space for all ages

DISTINCTION OF GREEN AREAS

USELESS PUBLIC-GREEN SPACE

USEFUL PUBLIC-GREEN SPACE

USELESS PUBLIC-GREEN SPACE

USEFUL PUBLIC-GREEN SPACE

POTENTIAL AREAS TO INTERVENE IN THE BEESTENMARKT | RG 17 | SWAT

2 | INTERVENTION C | METHODOLOGY In order to create wellbeing spaces, the term was defined as well as four different criteria that contribute to its design: physical, psychological, social, and ecological. They were further defined in more tangible concepts, to take those into account once the design process started. For instance, the physical dimension encompasses light, air, and water; the psychological includes sound, comfort, and colours. The social realm is one of the most relevant, taking into account the demography, their

LOGY

METHODOLOGY

usual activities, and their history. The ecological is as important as well, regarding connection, nature, and culture. All of the mentioned aspects were then translated into maps and projected into the potential sites. The result is a site with several studied factors, that would help define the most suitable purpose for such place. This can be envisioned as a fantastic new layer that goes on top of the existing urban fabric, later translated into the urban master plan in the next page.

LAYER MAPPING METHODOLOGY

LAYER MAPPING METHODOLOGY

WELLBEING

WELLBEING CRITERIA FOR WELLBEING DESIGN

Y PHYSICAL

SOCIAL

ECOLOGICAL

DEMOGRAPHY

NATURE

PSYCHOLOGICAL

PHYSICAL

LAYER METHODOLOGY

CRITERIA FOR WELLBEING DESIGN LIGHT

SOUND

AIR

COLORS

WATER

ACTIVITIES

SOCIAL

PSYCHOLOGICAL COMFORT

HISTORY

CULTURE

ECOLOGICAL CONNECTION

OBJECTIVES:

WELLBEING DEFINITION LIGHT

SOUND

DEMOGRAPHY

NATURE

-Redesign functional spaces - Wellbeing -Increasing green perception -Mobility-friendly environment -Enhance neighborhood identity

AIR

COLORS

ACTIVITIES

CULTURE

WATER

COMFORT

HISTORY

CONNECTION

-(Reorganize mobility)

IMPROVING: -Liveability

POTENTIAL SITES AND NEW LAYER | QC

-Social cohesion

WITH INFORMATION | AO -School and MAPS work performance -The identity of the neighborhood -City marketing -Participation of residents

NEW INNOVATIVE LAYER | AO 18 | SWAT

2 | INTERVENTION D | MASTER PLAN

URBAN FARM

GENERAL MAP

PETIT CONCERTS

URBAN FARM (ROOFTOP)

PETIT CONCERTS

SHAKESPEARE IN THE PARK

HAMMOCK IN THE SKY WITH PLANTS

HAMMOCK IN THE SKY WITH PLANTS

SHAKESPEARE IN THE PARK

ART & MUSIC THERAPY

OPEN AIR GYM

ART & MUSIC THERAPY

OPEN AIR GYM

MEDITATION TIPIS

PLAYGROUND

MEDITATION TIPIS

PLAYGROUND SOLID FOREST

SOUND FOREST

FISH MARKET SOUNDS

BUTTERFLY SANCTUARY

FISH MARKET SOUNDS

BUTTERFLY SANCTUARY

MUSIC LANE

HERB’S GARDEN

HERB’S GARDENS

MUSIC LANE MASTER PLAN

19 | SWAT

2 | INTERVENTION E | REFERENCES For this stage, the references were mainly focused in the typological and architectural side. Because the interventions were to be approved by the PRECEDENTS citizens, they were to highlight the possibilities in social relations and benefits for the city. The

PRECEDENTS MEDITATION CABIN / SKY ROUTE

PRECEDENTS

technological and innovative side was later researched and applied to the concepts defined from the references. The images below show different functions and expressions to achieve socially productive spots.

OPEN AIR GYM

URBAN FARM

ART THERAPY

DYNAMIC PLAYGROUND

HAMMOCK IN THE SKY WITH PLANTS

Amersfoort: THE CITY OF INTER(S)ACTION

SHAKESPEARE IN THE PARK

URBAN GREENHOUSE

urban greenhouse

URBAN FOREST

market landscapeLANDSCAPE MARKET

TYPOLOGICAL REFERENCES 20 | SWAT

powerNEST MUSICintegration LANE

MUSIC LANE

2 | INTERVENTION F | DESIGN PROPOSALS The first intervention is in one of the biggest living complexes in Beestenmarkt: a playground. It is converted from an unfriendly playground that no

one uses, to a productive one with a living farm and living facades that produce energy and food for the neighbours.

1: PLAYGROUND (before)

1: PLAYGROUND (after) Hello, Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;m Jo!

1: PLAYGROUND (technology applied)

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS

CARBON NEUTRALITY

IMPROVED AIR QUALITY

SOCIAL BENEFITS

EFFICIENT WATER USE

FOOD SECURITY

INTERGENERATIONAL INTERACTION

INCREASED FITNESS

MENTAL HEALTH

FIRST INTERVENTION: A PRODUCTIVE PLAYGROUND FOR ALL AGES | RG 21 | SWAT

2 | INTERVENTION F | DESIGN PROPOSALS The second intervention is an urban farm in one of the few flat roofs found in the neighbourhood. It is next to the commercial street, which gives it more sense.

2:The URBANthird FARM (before) intervention is next to the secret garden that exploited the whole concept. A parking lot is transformed into an urban forest, a reinterpretation of the real garden. It purifies air as well.

2: URBAN FARM (after)

6: URBAN FOREST (before)

SECOND INTERVENTION: AN URBAN FARM IN THE ROOF

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS

CARBON NEUTRALITY

IMPROVED AIR QUALITY

SOCIAL BENEFITS

FOOD SECURITY

ECONOMIC GROWTH

FEELGOOD FACTOR

EDUCATION

6: URBAN FOREST (after)

THIRD INTERVENTION: AN URBAN FOREST NEXT TO THE SECRET GARDEN 22 | SWAT

CLEANING MATERIAL PROPERTIES

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS

INCREASED CARBON ABSORPTION

IMPROVED AIR QUALITY

SOCIAL BENEFITS

BIODIVERSITY ENRICHMENT

SPIRITUAL GROWTH

FEELGOOD FACTOR

2 | INTERVENTION F | DESIGN PROPOSALS The fourth intervention envisions the transformation of a parking lot into a social hub, dedicated to the arts and music. It follows the same principles as a greenhouse: transparent 3: ART & MUSIC THERAPY (before) but offering a protected microclimate. The bottom image shows the technological side of the proposal, including algae panels in the southern faรงade, and operable panels that allow for ventilation in the warmest months.

3: ART & MUSIC THERAPY (after)

3: ART & MUSIC THERAPY (after)

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS

CARBON NEUTRALITY

BIODIVERSITY ENRICHMENT

SOCIAL BENEFITS

EFFICIENT WATER USE

INTERGENERATIONAL INTERACTION

CREATIVITY

FEELGOOD FACTOR

EDUCATION

FOURTH INTERVENTION: AN ART & MUSIC THERAPY CENTER 23 | SWAT

2 | INTERVENTION F | DESIGN PROPOSALS The fifth and sixth intervention have to do with the street renovation: a new layer of technology cover them, making them more productive and even friendlier. Urban furniture incorporates solar technology, shading and wind protection is included, lights are powered by algae, and 4: READING (before) less cars are allowed to go inside.

4: READING (after)

Amersfoort: THE CITY OF HISTORING

FIFTH INTERVENTION: PEDESTRIANIZED STREETS | RG

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS

CARBON NEUTRALITY

IMPROVED AIR QUALITY

SOCIAL BENEFITS

HIGH-EFFICIENCY MONUMENTS

CONTEMPLATION SPACE

INTERACTION SPACE

ORIGINAL

vels

SECTION THROUGH TYPICAL STREET & SURFACES TO INTERVENE 24 | SWAT

PROPOSAL

2 | INTERVENTION F | DESIGN PROPOSALS

5: COMMERCIAL STREET (before)

5: COMMERCIAL STREET (after)

SIXTH INTERVENTION: NEW COMMERCIAL ROAD | RG Amersfoort: THE CITY OF PARK(ING)S

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS

CARBON NEUTRALITY

IMPROVED AIR QUALITY

SOCIAL BENEFITS

ECONOMIC GROWTH

EDUCATION

ORIGINAL

SECTION THROUGH COMMERCIAL ROADPROPOSAL AND PARKING SPACES & SURFACES TO INTERVENE

ORIGINAL

PROPOSAL

25 | SWAT

2 | INTERVENTION G | ENERGY CONCEPTS A cascading concept is applied where the leftover heat energy is transferred from monumental buildings to the buildings from the 80â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, and from those to newer ones. This logic takes sense as the newer buildings require less heat and energy when compared to the older ones. This system works as a closed loop, where temperature increases with heat pumps when needed. In case the cascading proves to be insufficient, PVT URBAN ENERGY STRATEGY

panels will produce the rest of the energy.

The section shows how the biogas plant supplies heat to the monumental buildings in winter, while hot water is pumped by ATES system for the rest of the buildings.

In the summer, the reverse process occurs, while biomass is harvested and stored, and electricity is produced by the PV panels.

FADE OUT T GRIDS

For more detailed explanation, visit: https://pdfhost.io/v/PMdx5K0F4_Model.pdf

URBAN SCALE ENERGY CONCEPT | QC ENERGY CONCEPT: WALTOREN PARK

ENERGY CONCEPT: KREUPELSTRAAT

SECTIONS FEATURING ENERGY MEASURES | QC 26 | SWAT

2 | INTERVENTION G | ENERGY CONCEPTS The diagram shows the neighbourhood’s of the neighbourhood. That’s where our carbon footprint translated into hectares design comes into play, the one already of forestland. This means that it needs 35 shown in the previous pages. The extended neighbourhoods to compensate for the green productive layer draped over the impact and consumption it actually has. cityscape makes sense with the need of such Through the measures already discussed an extensive area of production. In this way, and some others, regarding mobility, food every surface can contribute to a CO2 neutral consumption, and heat exchange, a massive Amersfoort. reduction could be achieved. After applying CO2 REDUCTION CO2 REDUCTION the necessary measures there is still a need CO2 REDUCTION of 12 hectares, almost as much as the surface THANO’S PACMAN

-THE MUNICIPALITY HAS THIS GOA AND IF YOU FOLLOW OUR DESIGN OUTCOME

-TYPOLOGIES OF BUILDINGS & CA -HEAT GRID

CO2 REDUCTION CO2 REDUCTION

THANO’S PACMAN THANO’S PACMAN

DUCTION

STRATEGY

-THE MUNICIPALITY HAS THIS GOAL HAS THIS -THE MUNICIPALITY AND IF YOU FOLLOW DESIGN, THIS IS TH AND OUR IF YOU FOLLOW OUR DE OUTCOME OUTCOME

12 Ha! 12 Ha! WHERE? WHERE?

THANO’S PACMAN

-TYPOLOGIES OF-TYPOLOGIES BUILDINGS & OF CASCADING BUILDINGS -HEAT GRID -HEAT GRID

-THE MUNICIPALITY HAS THIS GOAL AND IF YOU FOLLOW OUR DESIGN, THIS IS THE OUTCOME -TYPOLOGIES OF BUILDINGS & CASCADING -HEAT GRID

12 Ha! CARBON FOOTPRINT IN SURFACE TERMS & HOW TO REDUCE IT | TR WHERE?

NEW LAYER DRAPPED OVER THE CITY FABRIC | TR 27 | SWAT

3 | ELABORATION

28 | SWAT

A | CONTINUITY THE NEXT STEP After the urban analysis made during the intervention phase, a clear need emerged.

Amersfoort needs public spaces for social interaction. The city centre is historical and packed with constructions that leave no place for the citizens. It was noticed our neighbourhood, built more recently during the 80â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, featured several underused spaces, namely parking lots. These spaces were considered as potential intervention spots, given their highly valuable location and connection with the inner-city neighbourhoods.

Given this premise and potential sites, their

purpose became evident because of factors that ranged from the physical ones to the more social. It is evident there is a lack of protected social spaces, where the people can linger during the winter season or even during summer. As for the psychological factors, the mix of people in such a reduced space already gave hints on the intended functions to design, converting the useless spaces into productive ones. From the various parking lots located in the Beestenmarkt, one was chosen to develop further and transform it into a new function that could contribute to the social and sustainability goals.

NEEDS

CURRENT

(PARKING LOT)

NEED

(WELLBEING SPACE)

CONDITIONS OF SITE CHOSEN & MAIN NEEDS 29 | SWAT

B | CONCEPT i | PROCESS: DEFINING THE CORE IDEA The basic need of a social space was further dismembered and defined to have a clear idea of the actual necessity. After going back to the intervention phase and the information received, the need of a comfortably adaptive public space for social interaction was established. It should serve all year long and have no footprint in the neighbourhood.

Each of the components was used to define goals, that responded to each of the key components of the design: for the envelope, a solution that can be adapted by the users to achieve comfort was necessary. For the climate goal, the building should work during any season, as the issue identified was the lack of protected spaces. The function is evidently being addressed already by the creation of a building that allows for community-making and showcasing each

30 | SWAT

otherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s talents, giving them something to talk about. Finally, the sustainable goal of having a neutral footprint, or even positive, goes along the municipalityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s goal of reaching carbon neutrality by 2030. Ways of achieving the goals were mapped in different words, in the efforts of proving a solid concept that could bring a solution to the majority of the conditions seamlessly.

To help define the core idea, references were analysed. Some of them suggested interesting ways of approaching the same problem, which made the whole process more enriching. RCR Architects based in Spain have works that feature a seamless transition from outside and inside, using transparency. This would allow for a major social interaction. Other projects that served as reference can be found in the next page.

DEFINING THE SPECIFIC NEED & GOALS

B | CONCEPT i | PROCESS: DEFINING THE CORE IDEA

LES COLS RESTAURANT | RCR ARCHITECTES

LES COLS RESTAURANT | RCR ARCHITECTES

CONCEPT DEFINITION

31 | SWAT

B | CONCEPT ii | DEFINITION In the case of the specific design proposal, to promote social interaction, artistic creation would be used as catalyst. In other words, the design of an art workshop that could be used all year long, especially considering the harsh conditions in winter and an incrementally menacing summer, is the main brief. This defined the following goals: an envelope goal so it is highly adaptable by the users (a passive façade controlled by active users), a climate goal to have it working all year long (users can adapt it to reach a comfort level, and providing different microclimates to give them options), a sustainable goal that meets the municipalityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s carbon neutrality vision (a self-sufficient building), and finally the

social goal of being a place for the citizens, contributing to the general master plan of wellbeing places for the city.

Because the main goal is defined in the creation of a social space that encourages interaction, the visual connection is a key element. This dictated the whole concept: having a layered pavilion that was always visually connected to the exterior, and interior, and the users could appropriate by changing its layers. In order to achieve this, a study in transparency of the layers was mandatory. They must be transparent to allow for views and light, necessary according to the core idea.

SHOW

CREATE

BE INSPIRED

SUSTAINABILITY

NO FOOTPRINT

CLIMATE

VARYING MICROCLIMATES

ENVELOPE

USER-ADAPTABLE/TRANSPARENT

SOCIAL/FUNCTION

32 | SWAT

INTERACTION BY CREATION

GOALS

CONCEPT DEFINITION

B | CONCEPT iii | HYPOTHESIS

A passive building can achieve the same level of comfort and performance as an active one, using a layering strategy in its envelope.

To achieve this, only the relevant* spaces will be conditioned, leaving the rest as semi-open unconditioned spaces that act as a continuum of the exterior, while still providing protection from basic elements: wind and rain.

*With relevant, see the further development of the architectural distribution, as the chosen spaces serve specific functions categorized by their importance.

ESSENTIAL 33 | SWAT

C | DESIGN PROCESS i | PROCESS: DEFINING THE RULES After knowing the main concept, it was necessary to define the rules. In this case, because the concept was dictated by a layering strategy, it was evident the focus should be made in the layers themselves and what each one of them should do. For starters, there were basic rules as for what a layer should provide: it should define a space, be adaptable, keep the visual connections, and also provide privacy when needed. For the rest, each layer had specific functions to fulfill. Taking into account the three different layers to be worked with (following the box in box principle), the first and outermost should then provide security as it faces the street; it should also define the character of the building and, most importantly, produce

energy. A basic protection from wind and rain is already assumed to be provided. The second layer would define the buffer zones and hence control the temperature on the inside. However, it is the third layer the defines the microclimate of the specific spaces to be conditioned, while also regulating lighting.

The references shown are examples of buildings with similar layering strategies.

The Asian temporal pavilion provides a unique spatial quality due to its lightness and colours, while the Prague kinder garden has a box in box concept that relies in two layers of translucent fibreglass, rendering a blurry box that acts as a transition and buffer.

DEFINING THE RULES OF THE LAYERS 34 | SWAT

C | DESIGN PROCESS i | PROCESS: DEFINING THE RULES

Tokyo Temporal Pavilion

Competition entry from ETSAV

Kindergarten in Czech Republic

RELATIONS AND LAYER INTERACTION 35 | SWAT

C | DESIGN PROCESS ii | DEFINITION OF RULES

LAYERS MUST

BASIC RULES 1| Define spaces

SPECIFIC SHOW

connection

Produce energy Provide security

2| Be adaptable 3| Keep visual

PROTECT FROM WIND/WATER

CREATE

HUMIDITY/ TEMP CONTROL Create buffer zones

5| Let the light in 6| Provide privacy*

BE INSPIRED

ILLUMINATION/ TEMP REFINEMENT Define microclimate

RULES OF THE LAYERS

36 | SWAT

C | DESIGN PROCESS ii | DEFINITION OF RULES Once the rules were defined and each layer had a function, a further analysis on how the would behave was schematized. The following scheme shows such behaviour, taking the surrounding context as a variable (street on the northeast and northwest, garden on the southeast and southwest) and the spatial relation it has (introvert or extrovert relations). Each function (be inspired, create, and show) were assigned those factors and the envelope had to react to those. For example, going from the bottom to the top, being inspired needed two options: being secluded or being exposed to the garden.

STREET

INTROVERT

STREET

GARDEN

EXTROVERT

Being secluded meant having opaque panels, that in turn would inspire more the users by including some multimedia features. The create workshops would also be connected visually to the street and the garden, to have a visual link to people passing by. This meant transparent panels that could be slide and buffer zones that could also be transformed into narrow galleries for the people passing by. The exhibition area on top is understood to be totally visible, only covered by the first layer, which allows for views to the exterior and has grills if ventilation is needed.

GARDEN

RELATIONS AND LAYER INTERACTION WITH SURROUNDINGS

37 | SWAT

C | DESIGN PROCESS iii | RESEARCH: 1. FENESTRATION First it was vital to recap the foundations of the heat transfer, especially given the fenestration condition that guided the whole design. The overall energy flow that occurs through glazing can be divided in three: temperature driven heat transfer, solar gain, and infiltration. The first has to do with the gains and losses due to difference in temperature between inside and outside, through the common conduction, convection and radiation, indicated in terms of thermal conductivity (Bokel, 2015a). The solar gain is independent from the temperature, it is related to the direct and indirect solar radiation; it is measured through the G-value, or the solar heat gain coefficient. The third occurs when cracks or openings are present in the assembly. The effect is measured in the amount of air that passes through a unit area of fenestration product.

Apart from the U-value, the second major energy performance characteristic of glazing products is the ability to control the solar heat gain. It is by far the most relevant factor to consider when determining the cooling load of buildings. The intensity of heat gain from solar radiation can greatly surpass heat gain from other sources, such as outdoor air temperature or humidity (Bokel, 2015a). The three basic properties that affect solar energy transfer are: transmittance, reflectance and absorptance. The first refers to the percentage of radiation that can pass through glazing, and can be categorized according to the type of energy or light.

Reflectance has to do with the light bounced back and convected away. The third is absorption of the radiant energy, which is transformed into heat and raises the temperature of the glass.

If a transparent workshop is to be done and has to respond to the different conditions of winter and summer, some characteristics can be defined already. The product that is to be optimized for solar heat gain should transmit the maximum amount of visible light as well as the heat from the near-infrared wavelengths in the solar spectrum (Bokel, 2015a). It must also block the lowerenergy radiant heat in the far-infrared energy, given it is a significant heat loss component. As for reflectance, thick coating can render a fully reflective and virtually opaque panel. In this case, varying the reflectance of far-infrared and near-infrared energy would form the basis of a lowemittance coating, suitable for the colder climates. At the end, all of this can be solved with spectrally selective and low-emittance coatings.

38 | SWAT

TYPES OF GLASS ACCORDING TO THE SOLAR GAIN

CES ASSESSMENT FOR TRANSPARENT MATERIALS

C | DESIGN PROCESS iii | RESEARCH: 1. FENESTRATION The g-value, taken 0 means no solar energy enters the room through the glass and 1 as all the energy going inside, should then be the highest as the workshop needs the most light (exceptions may apply in some of the rooms) and the most heat gain in the winter situation. The visible transmittance goes hand in hand with the g-value. It simply refers to the provision of visual connection via transparency. Current progress has provided glass with the same g-value (take 0.40 for example), but a much higher visual transmittance (from an opaque panel of 0.14 to an almost transparent one with 0.63).

The general theory about having different layers for fenestration products has also some basic elements to understand. There could be plastic films or inner layers, that helps the product achieve a lower U-value.

Secondly, a Low-E coating can be placed on the plastic film itself to further lower the U-factor of the assembly. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Coating a glass

surface with a low-emittance material and facing that coating into the gap between the glass layers blocks a significant amount of this radiant heat transfer, thus lowering the total heat flow through the fenestration product. The improvement in insulating value due to the Low-E coating is roughly equivalent to adding another pane of glass to a multipane unitâ&#x20AC;? (Bokel, 2015a). From the basic three types of Low-E coatings, the one to consider then is the high-transmission low-E coating, often referred as pyrolytic or hard coated low-e glass due to the process it is submitted to. It reduces heat loss and admits solar gain. Typically, their placement influences its performance: they can allow for all solar spectrum to pass through but would block any reradiation of heat from the inside.

The graph below shows the transmittance of this type of coating, as function of the wavelength.

G-VALUES FOR DIFFERENT GLAZING TYPES

HIGH SOLAR GAIN. SOLAR TRANSMITTANCE FOR A LOW-E COAED GLASS 39 | SWAT

C | DESIGN PROCESS iii | RESEARCH: 1. FENESTRATION & 2. ALGAE PANELS COATINGS Going deeper into the elected coating, a typical pyrolytic coating is a metallic oxide, most commonly tin oxide with some additives, is deposited directly onto a glass surface while it is still hot. The result is a baked-on surface layer that is quite hard and thus very durable, which is why this is sometimes referred to as a “hard coat.” It can be exposed to air, cleaned with normal cleaning products, and subjected to general wear and tear without losing their Low-E properties (Bokel, 2015b).

In general, though, pyrolytic coatings are used in sealed, double-glazed units with the Low-E surface inside the sealed air space.

While there is considerable variation in the specific properties of these coatings, they typically have emittance ratings in the range of ε = 0.20 to ε = 0.10.

Because of their greater durability, pyrolytic coatings are available on single-pane glass and separate storm windows, which makes it suitable for the application on single glazing.

ALGAE PANELS “Biosolar” panels covered with algae were also explored. The panels are comprised of just four glass layers. The inner two form the 24-liter cavity that holds water and algae, while the outer two form argon-filled insulation barriers that prevent heat loss.

The exterior faces of the bioreactors are anti-reflective glass to maximize solar heat gain. The algae matures within the panels, asborbing CO2 during the photosynthesis.

Compressed air is piped into the reactors at intervals to encourage that process The air, combined with the water and plastic scrubber particles suspended in the water, also keeps the interior glass of the cavity clean (Walker, 2014).

BIOREACTOR PANEL DESIGNED BY ARUP

40 | SWAT

C | DESIGN PROCESS iii | RESEARCH: 3. ETFE ETFE foil roofs can be supplied in various ways: as a single layer membrane supported by a cable net system or commonly as a series of pneumatic cushions made up of between two and five layers of a modified copolymer called Ethylene Tetra Flouro Ethylene (ETFE). The ETFE copolymer is extruded into thin films (or foils) which are used to form either a single layer membrane or multi-layer cushions supported in an aluminium perimeter extrusion which, in

turn, is supported by the main building frame.

In the case of ETFE cushions, they are kept continually pressurised by a small inflation unit which maintains the pressure at approx.

220 Pa and gives the foil a structural stability and the roof some insulation properties (Richardson, 2018). ETFE also possesses many other desirable properties like high ductility, transparency, and insulation. ETFE is also self-cleaning, easily maintained, and requires minimal energy in production and recycling (Bessey, 2012).

BASIC APPLICATIONS OF ETFE

ETFE COVER WITH PATTERN TREATMENT FOR SHADOWS

ETFE CUSHION SYSTEM 41 | SWAT

C | DESIGN PROCESS iii | RESEARCH: 3. ETFE INSULATION While a single ply ETFE membrane has an approximate U value of 5.6 w/m2K, a standard three layer cushion can achieve a U value of 1.96 w/mK a better insulation value than triple glazing when used horizontally.

The insulative qualities of ETFE cushions can also be improved by the addition of more layers of foil (up to five in total) or by treating the foil with specialist coatings to enhance the thermal properties (Bessey, 2012).

U-VALUE OF ETFE

SOLAR CONTROL ETFE Foil is naturally a very transparent material and transmits light across the entire visible light region (380-780nm). A single layer of medium weight ETFE has an approximate 85% light transmission, although multiple layers will lead to a small reduction. It is also important to note that the film absorbs a large proportion of infra-red light transmitted, a quality which can be exploited to improve buildings energy consumption (Richardson, 2018).

The G value of an ETFE roof can be reduced to as little as 0.48 for a 2 layer system with a fritted top surface and to around 0.35 by using a 3 layer system. For comparison, standard glass is approx 0.88 whereas some specially treated glass may be as low as 0.46.

TREATMENTS Printing: Also known as fritting, the surface of the foil is covered with a variety of patterns to reduce solar gain while retaining translucency. By varying the percentage of coverage and density of the ink, the energy transmission can be altered.

Tinting: White ETFE foil can be used to reduce glare but maintain some light transmission and insulation properties.

Surface treatments: They render the foil matt in appearance and therefore provide an excellent projection surface for light shows and images.

Radiation: The foil be conditioned with a range of radiation treatments which can reduce the levels of IR and UV rays transmitting through the membrane skin.

Adding additional layers of ETFE foil to a cushion also allows light transmission and solar gain to be controlled. Multi-layer cushions can be constructed to incorporate movable layers and intelligent (offset)

42 | SWAT

TRANSMITTANCE PROPERTIES printing. By alternatively pressurising individual chambers within the cushion, we can achieve maximum shading or reduced shading as and when required (Richardson, 2018).

LIFE ETFE Foil has an excellent life expectancy as it is unaffected by UV light, atmospheric pollution and other forms of environmental weathering. Tests have concluded that no degradation or loss of strength has occurred and there is no sign that the material will become brittle or discolour over time. As a result, it is anticipated that the material has a life expectancy in excess of 50 years (Richardson, 2018).

FRAGILITY ETFE foil cushion systems are certified as class C non fragile roof assembly in accordance with ACR(M)001:200 test for fragility of roofing assemblies.

Class C is the lowest class of non-fragile assembly and, particularly if engineered to pass the test criteria, may be close to the boundary between fragile and non-fragile (Richardson, 2018).

C | DESIGN PROCESS iii | RESEARCH: 3. ETFE

POSSIBLE TRATMENTS: REFLECTIVE PATTERNS PRINTED ON THE FOILS MATERIAL STRENGTH ETFE Foil cushions are extremely light weight weighing only 2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 3.5 kg/m. See table below for more properties.

INFLATION UNITS ETFE cushion systems are continually inflated by air handling units from which air pipes run to each individual cushion. As the cushions only need to maintain pressure and not generate air flow, the energy consumption used by these units is minimal. An entire roof is generally powered by a single air handling unit which contains 2 fans powered by electric motors. In the event of a cushion failure, adverse weather conditions or a drop in cushion pressure, both fans will run simultaneously to maintain a steady pressure (Richardson, 2018).

A typical air inflation unit measures 1.2m x 1.2m x 0.9m and is located near to the ETFE cushion system, internally or externally. The system requires a dedicated and secure power supply consisting of two 240V 13 amp electrical connections.

SAFTETY/FIRE It has a low flammability (270C) and is considered selfextinguishing. In the event of a fire, hot smoke will cause the foil to soften, fail and then shrink away from the fire source to create natural ventilation (Richardson, 2018).

DIN 4102 Class B1

MATERIAL STRENGTH

EN 13501-1 NFP 92-505 NFPA 701

Class B-s1,d0 M2 Pass

MAINTENANCE One of the outstanding characteristics of EFTE foil is its exceptional tear resistance, lack of notch weakness and stress crack concentration. If an ETFE Foil cushion becomes more significantly damaged, an individual cushion can be easily removed and replaced with minimal disruption.

ENVIRONMENT The raw material associated with ETFE is a class II substance admitted under the Montral treaty. Unlike its class I counterparts it causes minimal damage to the ozone layer, as is the case for all materials used in the manufacturing process.

ETFE can be recycled with ease, but due to its properties (does not degrade under UV light, sunlight, weather, pollution) it has a very long life which is estimated between 50-100 years, making the need for recycling small. Excess material from the cushion manufacturing process can be recycled effectively by all ETFE suppliers. The aluminium frames do require a high level of energy for production, but they also have a long life and are readily recycled when they reach their end of life (Richardson, 2018).

EMBODIED ENERGY

43 | SWAT

C | DESIGN PROCESS iii | RESEARCH: 4. THERMAL CURTAINS English Heritage reports that heavy curtains can reduce heat loss through a window by 40% (Wood 2009). A technical paper published by Historic Scotland, measured the reduction in heat loss at 14% (Baker 2008). These can range from homemade curtains of insulation sewn between fabric to more complex fabric with 100-percent cotton, wool or polyester, and coated on the window side with acrylic foam or a layer of aluminum to protect it from ultraviolet damage. In order to avoid downdraughts from the window they must fit snugly into a pelmet at the top and a tuck slot at the bottom. In theory an insulating curtain with 60mm mineral wool reduces the u-value of a double-glazed window by 75% to 0.6 W/m2K. Another low-tech option might be to convert old duvets into curtains, or make insulation shutters from timber and insulation sheeting (Kim, Kang, Moon, Lee, & Oh, 2018).

Lacaton& Vassal projects feature thermal curtains in a lot of their projects, such as the 53 habitations HLM, Saint Nazaire (Lacaton & Vassal, 2011). They choose this instead of going for complex systems, given they also prioritize large glazed surfaces.

LACATON & VASSALâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S 53 HABITATIONS, WITH LAYERS OF THERMAL CURTAINS

PV APPLIED IN ETFE (NEXT PAGE)

44 | SWAT

C | DESIGN PROCESS iii | RESEARCH: 5. PHOTOVOLTAICS Several advantages can be found in the application of PV, namely their silent and zero-emission generation of electricity, as well as the size efficiency. Even the smallest modules could be worthwile, making them attractive for any typology The solar cells available commercially differ in terms of their structure and the basic materials employed. B oth of these aspects influence the efficiency of the energy conversion and also the appearance of the cells (Ballif 2013).

Crystalline silicon cells are widely known and fabricated, achieving the highest energy performance at the moment in the market. Crystalline silicon cells are the old ones and have a current presence of 85% in the market . However, thin films are more versatile and they are relatively new materials that have more range of possibilities than the standard PV panels, where the last ones need to be placed

specifically in a determined spot and orientation.

Its presence is still around 15% in the market, but its quick development and research process is increasing considerably every year. There are 4 types of thin films at the moment, achieving in some cases until 22% of efficiency in laboratory, according to recent research innovations (Weller, 2010).

After researching and analysing several criteria such as sustainability, fabrication standards, and optimum energy performance, CdTe and CIGS were found to be the most suitable ones . CdTe has a current energy performance in laboratory of around 19%, but CIGS has higher efficiency, around 20.4% (Weller, 2010). CdTe has a lower cost manufacturing, whereas CIGS contains glass and more flexible substrates. Therefore, thin films were chosen due to the wider possibilities and its best integration .

DIFFERENT TYPES AND APPLICATIONS OF PV. THIN FILM IS COMPATIBLE WITH ETFE 45 | SWAT

C | DESIGN PROCESS iii | RESEARCH: 6. MATERIAL ASSESSMENT GLAZING | TRANSPARENT MATERIALS

For the transparent part, it was pretty clear common glass was the material to be used. However, a quick material assessment was conducted, to make sure there were no other alternatives that might have a lesser embodied energy or a better performance.

After plotting the variables, the common soda lime & borosilicates were one of the best in

terms of embodied energy and a decent thermal conductivity, which was also a relevant factor to take into account. There were other alternatives, such as Alumina Bioceramic, but their applications are obviously not in the façade world. For the ETFE, the material was already given and fixed: the copolymer called Ethylene Tetra Flouro Ethylene.

STRUCTURE | METALLIC

For the structure, a first tree was made reducing the material universe to the ones applied to structural sections. Only three were left and from those some properties were graphed, mainly specific strength and Youngâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s modulus. It results that aluminum and steel are the best performing, but at the end the second is chosen, due to its 46 | SWAT

higher strength (when comparing specific strength, aluminum proves to be higher due to its lightness) and robustness. The structure is already minimal, so it must have a good reinforced system.

C | DESIGN PROCESS iii | RESEARCH: 6. MATERIAL ASSESSMENT INSULATION

When it comes to insulation, it is well known they can be one of the most polluting materials in the construction industry. A balance was made in between the performance, considering thermal conductivity as main factor, versus the embodied energy. According to the assessment, the typical foams are good insulators but have large embodied

energies, and technically they cannot be recycled.

Cork, on the other way, is recyclable and has a much lower embodied energy. It has excellent insulation properties and it is natural cellulose fibres). The appendix shows a comparative table for insulation materials. Apart from that, wool is also applied, due to its numerous advantages as well.

FACADE PANELS | CORRUGATED

(N.m/KG)

Another element to be considered is the facade panels, when there is no glazing of EFTE cushions. The overall concept already defined some criteria used to filter the whole material universe: translucency. The panel had to also be ecologic and have a decent stiffness. With these, the materials were filtered, and as shown

kg/kg

in the graph, the polycarbonates proves to be a good option. The best performing ones were not compatible with the faรงade application. Also the carbon footprint was assessed and the price, and corrugated polycarbonate was elected.

47 | SWAT

D | ARCHITECTURE i | PROCESS Once defined the layers, their functions and having ideas of the materiality, the architecture design was conducted. For this, various options were configured. The nest page shows two options that were designed.

However, the first proved to be more coherent with the story, as the secret garden concept was at the core of such configuration. Having a protected garden, not visible from the outside, could serve as an inspiration for the whole building (it makes sense as the main purpose of the building is to create).

In this way, the first option was elected. It also features the same logic in levels, an underground of inspiration (connected to

the garden directly), a ground floor level of creation (linked to the street, so more people can see whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s happening inside), and an upper level of showing (the most visible and exposed part of the building).

Part of the skin is also the cover. For this, various shapes and expressions were analysed. However, an aesthetic expression was not enough, specially considering the goal of having an energy neutral building.

For this, the most optimized shape should be the one to chosen, so that the most solar radiation is captured to counterbalance the energy consumption of the building.

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

SHOW

CREATE

LOBB Y

INSPIRE

GARDEN

LOBBY

TR Y

GARDEN

EN

E

PIR

INS

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

CREATE

PRIVACY

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

SHOW

INSPIRE GARDEN

PRIVACY

N DISTRIBUTION & RELATIONS 48 | SWAT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

D | ARCHITECTURE i | PROCESS

DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAMS

COVER IDEAS

49 | SWAT

D | ARCHITECTURE

3 POINT

ii | GENERAL DISTRIBUTION 2 POINT

4 POINT

COVER

1 POINT

STRUCTURE & FIRST LAYER

SHOW (2 & 3 LAYER)

CREATE (2 & 3 LAYER)

INSPIRE & GARDEN (2 & 3 LAYER)

50 | SWAT

EXPLODED ISOMETRIC

D | ARCHITECTURE ii | GENERAL DISTRIBUTION The diagram clearly shows how the lobby is an open space that connects the rest of the spaces. It is a large unconditioned space that works as a distribution space, in which people are just passing by or, if they want to stay, keep the clothes they are having. The rest of the spaces are contained in boxes: inspiration in the bottom, creation in the

middle, and showing on the top, as part of the unconditioned space. The secret garden can be entered through narrow ramps, so its secret quality is not lost. It has various functions: it provides the necessary seclusion for the workshop, gives inspiration, and acts as a buffer, specially with the neighboring houses in the southern faces.

SH

OW

CR

EAT

BE

INS

E

PIR

ED

N

E RD

GA T E

R

C SE

DISTRIBUTION & MAIN DIRECTIONS 51 | SWAT

D | ARCHITECTURE iii | PLANS & SECTIONS

INSPIRATION ROOM

INSPIRATION ROOM

TOILETTES

B

TECHNICAL ROOM

SECRET GARDEN

SHOW

INSPIRATION ROOM

SECRET GARDEN

STORAGE

A

Level 4 7.00

Level 3 4.00

Level 2 1.00 Level 1 0.00 Level 0 -1.50

UNDERGROUND FLOOR PLAN & LATERAL ELEVATION 52 | SWAT

D | ARCHITECTURE iii | PLANS & SECTIONS

CREATION WORKSHOPS

TOILETTES

B LOBBY

CREATION WORKSHOPS

A

Level 4 7.00

Level 3 4.00

Level 2 1.00 Level 1 0.00 Level 0 -1.50

GROUND FLOOR PLAN & BACK ELEVATION 53 | SWAT

D | ARCHITECTURE iii | PLANS & SECTIONS

SHOW EXHIBITIONS

TOILETTES

B

A

54 | SWAT

UPPER FLOOR PLAN & ISOMETRIC SECTION A

D | ARCHITECTURE iii | PLANS & SECTIONS

SITE PLAN & ISOMETRIC SECTION B

55 | SWAT

E | SKIN i | CLIMATE APPROACH

COVER

The background and the concept dictated the development to be followed in the climate topic. A first branch has to do with the energy production of the building, so it reached a self-sufficiency state.

The roof or first layer of the pavilion is optimized so its shape ensures a maximum radiation, considering the winter season to be the most critical and demanding. The second branch had to do with the microclimate definition. The faรงade would feature several layers and buffering zones to counterbalance the extreme conditions throughout the year, while still relying in passive techniques. The graphs at the bottom show the sunlight hours, the exposure to the sun, and the wind, all essential for the definition of such skin. After establishing the conditioned spaces and their indoor quality, calculations are made to understand the behaviour of the buffer zones, which are the spaces produced in between the mentioned layers. An exploration of different combinations is made, regarding materials and components.

First hand-calculations are conducted and then a validation using software is made to complement the study.

The site is protected from the south by a series of low-rise housing buildings, which also bring protection from the winds. They can reach speeds or more than 12 m/s, however they are mainly from the southwest which also means they are blocked by the context. The radiation can reach 500 kWh/m2 in the most critical days, which gives an idea of the potential PV systems could have.

EXTERNAL CONDITIONS 56 | SWAT

FACADE & INTERIOR LAYERS

E | SKIN i | CLIMATE APPROACH To start the climate calculation, first a steady state heat balance formula was used, taking into account the various heat flows. In this case, the sun gain, the loss to the outside, the gain from the inside, the ventilation loss and internal gains were considered. Each of them was defined using the southern façade in the complex, focusing in the buffered zone. The main idea was to find the best combination of layers (for the inner and outer façade, defining a buffer zone) to render a buffer zone that worked for both seasons, and also looking at a weighing factor that translated into minimal heat losses.

In the case of the winter scenario, an extreme case with no solar gain was considered. The outside temperature was set to 0°C and the inside to 20°C (this was the goal, to achieve a comfortable condition inside). The internal gains had little to no impact (some lighting and almost no people), and the ventilation was kept to a minimum. The two variables to play with were the thermal conductivity of the facades, which at the end promote the

loss or gain from the buffer to the exterior. For summer, the same exercise applied, but in this case the solar gain was set to a reasonable value around 150 W/m2, considering shading from the neighbouring trees. The ventilation was increased considerably, around 10 times the winter scenario, bringing balance to the whole equation. Different combinations were tested and the one that had the most balanced states for both summer and winter was chosen.

In this case, both the winter and summer scenario had positive results featuring a single glazing layer in the outside, and a double-glazing layer in the inside face, which is completely logical. When the scenarios get more extreme (hotter in summer and colder in winter), an extra layer could be added to the outside façade in winter, and a layer can be removed from the inside in summer.

This could only be achieved using adaptable facades that people could control. In the next section, more about the layers and their materiality is being addressed.

Qzon - U e Fe (Ta-Te ) + Qm + U iFi (Ta-Te ) - pcV (Ta-Te ) = 0 SUN

LOSS OUTSIDE

INTERNAL

LOSS INSIDE

VENTILATION LOSS

STEADY STATE HEAT BALANCE

0°C

Ta

20°C

WINTER: SINGLE - “DOUBLE” *** “DOUBLE” - “DOUBLE”

WINTER

FIND COMBINATION OF LAYERS FOR BEST PERFORMANCE

30°C

Ta

20°C

SUMMER: SINGLE - “DOUBLE” *** SINGLE - SINGLE

SUMMER SCENARIOS TO BE STUDIED

*** EXTREME CASES

57 | SWAT

E | SKIN i | CLIMATE APPROACH WIND + WATER 1 LAYER UPPER FACADE EFTE CUSHIONS (3 LAYERS, INFLATED)

*ADDITION OF CEILING

TEMPERATURE

WIND + WATER

2 LAYER INTERMEDIATE

1 LAYER LOWER FACADE

SINGLE + CURTAINS (SLIDING)

SINGLE GLAZING (OPERABLE)

TEMPERATURE + LIGHT 3 LAYER INNER

SLIDING

OPAQUE PANELS (SLIDING) PIVOT

*ADDITION OF EXTRA CURTAIN

WINTER SCENARIO SINGLE GLAZING WINTER (NO SUN, 0°C EXTERIOR)

STEADY STATE HEAT BALANCE MODEL

DOUBLE-SINGLE GLAZING WINTER (NO SUN, 0°C EXTERIOR)

SINGLE-DOUBLE GLAZING WINTER (NO SUN, 0°C EXTERIOR)

DOUBLE-DOUBLE GLAZING WINTER (NO SUN, 0°C EXTERIOR)

Value Units 0 °C 20 °C 14.1342 °C

Value Units 0 °C 20 °C 7.70181 °C

Value Units 0 °C 20 °C 11.1319 °C

Temperature exterior Temperature interior Temperature atrium

Variable Value Units Te 0 °C Ti 20 °C Ta 10.8123 °C

Solar heat gain

Qsun

0W

0W

0W

0W

Surface Area

As

43.3 m2

43.3 m2

43.3 m2

43.3 m2

I rradiation G-v alue

Ir g

0 W/m2 0.86 -

0 W/m2 0.86 -

0 W/m2 0.86 -

0 W/m2 0.86 -

Heat loss outside Heat transmission coefficient external façade Area exterior façade

Ue Fe

W 5.6 W/m2k 43.3 m2

W 2.7 W/m2k 43.3 m2

W 5.6 W/m2k 43.3 m2

W 2.7 W/m2k 43.3 m2

Internal heat gain People Lighting

Qm -

276 W 138 W 138 W

276 W 138 W 138 W

276 W 138 W 138 W

276 W 138 W 138 W

Ui

5.6 W/m2k

Heat loss inside Heat transmission coefficient internal façade Area interior façade

W

W

W

5.6 W/m2k

2

W

2.7 W/m2k

2

2.7 W/m2k

2

43.3 m2

Fi

43.3 m

Ventilation from outside

V

0.0096 m3/s

Thermal air capacity

pc

Temperature weighing factor (The closer to 0, the more it is like inside)

a a

Transmission heat loss with atrium

Qt2

2424.8 J

*

2424.8 J

*

1169.1 J

*

1169.1 J

*

Ventilation heat loss with atrium

Qv 2

115.2 J

*

115.2 J

*

115.2 J

*

115.2 J

*

Ventilation loss

Heat loss from heated zone (from int to atrium)

W

W 0.0096 m3/s

*

W 0.0096 m3/s

*

W

1200 J/m3k

0.54061 0.5 (desired)

0.70671 0.5 (desired)

0.38509 0.5 (desired)

9.18772 °C

5.86582 °C 51.4512 W/m2

10.8123 °C

1422.34 W

112 W/m2

1652.43 W

1437.78 W

0.5566 0.5 (desired)

8.86806 °C 33.2051 W/m2

7.70181 °C 38.1623 W/m2 71.0109 W/m2

1867.54 W

*

1200 J/m3k

12.2982 °C 32.8486 W/m2

14.1342 °C 60.5488 W/m2

0.0096 m3/s

*

1200 J/m3k

2621.76 W

58 | SWAT

43.3 m

1200 J/m3k

2227.84 W Heat loss from heated zone (from atrium to ext)

43.3 m

1036.76 W

23.9438 W/m2

11.1319 °C 43.1302 W/m2 76.3353 W/m2

1301.44 W

30.0562 W/m2 54 W/m2

E | SKIN i | CLIMATE APPROACH WIND + WATER 1 LAYER UPPER FACADE EFTE CUSHIONS (1 LAYER, DEINFLATED)

TEMPERATURE WIND + WATER

2 LAYER INTERMEDIATE

1 LAYER LOWER FACADE

SINGLE + CURTAINS (SLIDING)

SINGLE GLAZING (OPERABLE)

TEMPERATURE + LIGHT 3 LAYER INNER

SLIDING

OPAQUE PANELS (SLIDING) PIVOT

SUMMER SCENARIO SINGLE GLAZING SUMMER (SUN, 30°C EXTERIOR)

STEADY STATE HEAT BALANCE MODEL

DOUBLE-SINGLE GLAZING SUMMER (SUN, 30°C EXTERIOR)

Variable Value Units Te 30 °C Ti 20 °C Ta 23.8624 °C

Solar heat gain

Qsun

5585.7 W

5585.7 W

5585.7 W

5585.7 W

Surface Area

As

43.3 m2

43.3 m2

43.3 m2

43.3 m2

I rradiation G-v alue

Ir g

150 W/m2 0.86 -

150 W/m2 0.86 -

150 W/m2 0.86 -

150 W/m2 0.86 -

Heat loss outside Heat transmission coefficient external façade Area exterior façade

Ue Fe

W 5.6 W/m2k 43.3 m2

W 2.7 W/m2k 43.3 m2

W 5.6 W/m2k 43.3 m2

W 2.7 W/m2k 43.3 m2

Internal heat gain People Lighting

Qm -

158 W 138 W 20 W

158 W 138 W 20 W

158 W 138 W 20 W

158 W 138 W 20 W

W

W

W

W

Ui

5.6 W/m2k

5.6 W/m2k

2.7 W/m2k

2.7 W/m2k

Heat loss inside Area interior façade

Fi

Ventilation loss

220-SHADI NG

2

Value Units 30 °C 20 °C 24.8741 °C

DOUBLE-DOUBLE GLAZING SUMMER (SUN, 30°C EXTERIOR)

Temperature exterior Temperature interior Temperature atrium

Heat transmission coefficient internal façade

Value Units 30 °C 20 °C 29.8509 °C

SINGLE-DOUBLE GLAZING SUMMER (SUN, 30°C EXTERIOR)

2

43.3 m

2

43.3 m

W

43.3 m2

43.3 m

W 0.1 m3/s

Value Units 30 °C 20 °C 33.3469 °C

W 0.1 m3/s

W 0.1 m3/s

Ventilation from outside

V

0.1 m3/s

Thermal air capacity

pc

1200 J/m3k

1200 J/m3k

1200 J/m3k

1200 J/m3k

Temperature weighing factor (The closer to 0, the more it is like inside)

a a

0.61376 0.5 (desired)

0.01491 0.5 (desired)

0.51259 0.5 (desired)

-0.3347 0.5 (desired)

Transmission heat loss with atrium

Qt2

-1212.4 J

*

-1212.4 J

*

-584.55 J

*

-584.55 J

*

Ventilation heat loss with atrium

Qv 2

-600 J

*

-600 J

*

-600 J

*

-600 J

*

Heat loss from heated zone (from int to atrium)

-3.8624 °C -936.55 W

Heat loss from heated zone (from atrium to ext)

*

-9.8509 °C -21.629 W/m2

-6.1376 °C -1488.3 W

*

-2388.6 W

-4.8741 °C -55.165 W/m2

-0.1491 °C -34.371 W/m2 -56 W/m2

-17.434 W

*

-569.83 W

-13.347 °C -13.16 W/m2

-5.1259 °C -0.4026 W/m2 -55.568 W/m2

-1242.9 W

*

-1560.4 W

-36.037 W/m2

3.34693 °C -28.705 W/m2 -41.865 W/m2

391.289 W

9.03671 W/m2 -27 W/m2

59 | SWAT

20

39 38

E | SKIN

37 36 35

19

ii | INTEGRATION 18 17

Complementing with the material research previously shown, the layers were defined.

The outer layer is divided in two different treatments: the lower and the upper. The lower features a sliding & pivoting single glazing system that provides enough protection against wind and rain. An extra layer in the form of a thermal curtain is added, to help regulate the temperature in winter. The medium layer follows the

34

33 32 29

same logic: according to the calculation a double glazing should be applied, but instead, layering a single glazing with low-E coatings and a thermal curtain reproduces the same thermal resistance. The innermost layer consist of the opaque multimedia panels which regulate light, and which will be discussed more in depth in the following section.

TRANSPARENT MATERIALS EFTE

GLASS

POLYCARBONATE

U-VALUE (W/m2K)

17 16 33 32 31 30

15 14 13 12

LAYER MENU

LAYERS...

COATINGS

COATINGS

2 LAYERS...

1 LAYER

LOW-E GAS FILLS CURTAINS

DOUBLE

0.0

SINGLE

3.0

LOW-E CURTAINS

6.0

*SHADING WAS NOT AN OPTION

42 41

STUDIED IN CALCULATIONS

OUTER LAYER SINGLE GLAZING SLIDING DOOR & EFTE + THERMAL CURTAIN

INNER LAYER

SLIDING PANELS + THERMAL CURTAIN

OPAQUE “MULTIMEDIA” PANELS

LAYER CONFIGURATION

60 | SWAT 11.1 11 10

MEDIUM LAYER

6 5 4

29 28

41 28

E | SKIN ii | INTEGRATION The following section goes more into detail of the facade properties and the various possibilities it offers. The one shown in this page represents the buffer facade facing the secret garden, in one of its possible configurations.

1 LAYER UPPER FACADE EFTE CUSHIONS (3 LAYERS, INFLATED)

WIND + WATER

1 LAYER LOWER FACADE SINGLE GLAZING + CURTAINS (CLOSED)

TEMPERATURE 2 LAYER INTERMEDIATE SINGLE + CURTAINS (CLOSED)

TEMPERATURE + LIGHT 3 LAYER INNER OPAQUE PANELS (CLOSED)

CREATION WORKSHOPS

TOILETTES

LOBBY

CREATION WORKSHOPS

BUFFER FACADE 61 | SWAT

E | SKIN ii | INTEGRATION When compared to the summer situation, the greater number of layers is evident, as the thermal curtains unfold and protect the interior. The EFTE panel has also an extra layer to bring more insulation

STEEL STRUCTURE

COLT LOUVERS

CLOSED LOUVERS

AIR SUPPLY PIPE

TENSAFORM

EFTE SEAL SYSTEM ETFE MEMB. PROFILE

1 LAYER UPPER FACADE EFTE CUSHIONS (3 LAYERS, PATTERNS OFF)

WIND + WATER

1 LAYER LOWER FACADE

TENSAFORM

LAYERS

FRAME SYSTEM

SINGLE GLAZING + CURTAINS (CLOSED)

LACATON & VASSAL THERMAL CURTAINS

TEMPERATURE 2 LAYER INTERMEDIATE SINGLE + CURTAINS (CLOSED)

TEMPERATURE + LIGHT

SOLARLUX COMFORT FACADE

LACATON & VASSAL THERMAL CURTAINS

3 LAYER INNER CREATION WORKSHOPS

OPAQUE PANELS (CLOSED)

TOILETTES

LOBBY

CREATION WORKSHOPS

BUFFER FACADE | WINTER SITUATION 62 | SWAT

LUCEM LICHTBETON MULTIMEDIA PANEL

E | SKIN ii | INTEGRATION

STEEL STRUCTURE

OPENED LOUVERS

COLT LOUVERS

AIR SUPPLY PIPE TENSAFORM

EFTE SEAL SYSTEM

According to the calculations, the summer situation demands single glazing in the two outermost layers, without any curtains. In the most extreme cases, the sliding doors are open to allow for ventilation, which would help on the adaptive indoor comfort.

ETFE MEMB. PROFILE

1 LAYER UPPER FACADE

TENSAFORM

EFTE CUSHIONS (2 LAYERS, PATTERNS ON)

WIND + WATER

1 LAYER LOWER FACADE

LAYERS

FRAME SYSTEM

SINGLE, NO CURTAINS (OPEN, SLIDING)

LACATON & VASSAL THERMAL CURTAINS

TEMPERATURE 2 LAYER INTERMEDIATE SINGLE, NO CURTAINS (OPEN, SLIDING)

TEMPERATURE + LIGHT

SOLARLUX COMFORT FACADE

LACATON & VASSAL THERMAL CURTAINS

3 LAYER INNER OPAQUE PANELS (OPEN, SLIDING)

LUCEM LICHTBETON MULTIMEDIA PANEL

CREATION WORKSHOPS

TOILETTES

LOBBY

CREATION WORKSHOPS

BUFFER FACADE | SUMMER SITUATION 63 | SWAT

E | SKIN ii | INTEGRATION (EXTRA) Even though the main developed façade was the buffer façade facing the secret garden, there are other facades that are interesting and are worth showing. The first, shown in this page, is the lobby façade, which features a pivot system in the lower level. This allows a more direct connection to the garden, even though there would be a thermal bridge due to the exposed metallic structure. The upper façade still follows the EFTE treatment,

which surrounds the whole building. The third façade type is shown in the next page, which faces the street. Following the rules established since the beginning, this façade would serve as a showcase of what’s happening inside, so a two-storey panel system is included. It might be transparent if needed, but otherwise it would include artwork from the users that can attract more people inside.

1 LAYER UPPER FACADE EFTE CUSHIONS (3 LAYERS)

WIND + WATER

1 LAYER LOWER FACADE SINGLE GLAZING PIVOT + CURTAINS

LOBBY SECRET GARDEN

LOBBY FACADE 64 | SWAT

E | SKIN ii | INTEGRATION (EXTRA)

1 LAYER UPPER FACADE EFTE CUSHIONS (3 LAYERS)

WIND + WATER

TEMPERATURE

2 LAYER INTERMEDIATE

SHOW

SINGLE WITH PATTERNS + CURTAINS

CREATION

STREET

INSPIRATION

MURAL FACADE 65 | SWAT

E | SKIN iii | PRODUCTS Some of the products that are featured in the described layers can be found in the following descriptions. They were adapted

and put into the model and detailing (shown in the next sections). The main producst then include:

SL 179 LIFT AND SLIDE SYSTEM Heat insulation Uw= 1,0 W/m2K to EN ISO 100772 Air permeability C2 according to EN 12207 Protection against driving rain 9A to EN 12208 Resistance to wind load according to DIN EN 1220

HORIZONTAL SLIDING WALL SL 60-HSW Thermally insulated horizontal sliding wall made of aluminium profiles U-value = 1.51 W/m²K Glazing with heat-absorbing glass Ug = 1.1 W/m² K with 2 x 4 mm float Overall depth 59 mm The park position of the individual panels can be either inside or outside the room in separate parking stations.

LUCEM LICHBETON PANELS LUCEM is a light transmitting panel. LUCEM is very robust and completely weather-insensitive, similar to natural stone. It is suitable for indoor and outdoor use, for walls and floors, for furniture, and other uses. *Image display is still under development.

66 | SWAT

E | SKIN iii | PRODUCTS

RIDEAU THERMIQUE (THERMIC CURTAINS) Thermal insulation helps keep summer heat and winter chill out of your home Energy efficient design reduces energy lost through windows by up to 35% Noise reduction up to 35%

ETFE FOIL SYSTEMS

60 WATT ROLLABLE SOLAR PANEL (R-60) Electric specifications Wattage: 60W Operating Voltage: 15.4V Current: 3.9A Dimensions (in) Rolled: 26.5 x 3.0 Unrolled: 85.7 x 26.5

67 | SWAT

PRODUCED BY AN A

E | SKIN iv | DETAILS: BUFFER FACADE, SOUTHERN 39 40

23 22 21 20

39 38 37 36 35

19

18 17

34

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

33 32 29

17 16 33 32 31 30

15 14 13 12

42 41

CREATION WORKSHOPS

TOILETTES

LOBBY

CREATION WORKSHOPS

11.1 11 10 9 8 7

6 5 4

29 28 27

41 28

68 | SWAT

TUDENT VERSION

E | SKIN

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

iv | DETAILS: BUFFER FACADE, SOUTHERN 1.Structural foundation, reinforced concrete 2.Steel frame, 15 cm height (web), 10 cm width (flange) 1. Structural foundation, reinforced concrete 3.Existing concrete slab, 10 cm thick 2. Steelunderfill frame, 15 height (web),110 4.Concrete forcm proper levelling, cmcm width (flange) 5.Expanded cork rigid insulation, 5 cm 6.Floor finishing, recycledslab, timber, 1 cm 3. Existing concrete 10 cm thick 7.Concrete support to receive pivot glass system 4. Concrete underfill for proper levelling, 1 cm 8.L-shape metallic profile 5. Greensulate rigid insulation, 5 cm 9.EPDM waterproof membrane 10.Aluminium railing receiving door system 6. Floor finishing, recycled pivot timber, 1 cm 11.Sliding door system SL 179 Lift and Slide System, 7. Concrete support to receive pivot glass system Solarlux 8. L-shape a.Railing and metallic thermic profile curtains (options: opaque or transparent) 9. EPDM waterproof membrane

23 22 21 20

10. Aluminium railing receiving pivot door system 12.Metallic frame system, PTR profiles 11. Sliding door system 179 Lift and Slide Systemto , 13.L-shape metallic profile SL and connectors, attached Solarlux main frame system 14.Dense wool (fire-stopping) between steel 11.1. mineral Railing and thermic curtains (options: elements opaque or transparent) 15.1.8 cm corrugated polycarbonate sheet faรงade, or fibrecement sheet 12. Metallic frame system, PTR profiles 16.Lid profile, base seal and cap seal for EFTE holding in 13. L-shape metallic profile and connectors, place attached to main frame system 17.EFTE membrane, cushion 18.Pipe air distribution of EFTE panels, 5 cm radius.

14. for Dense mineral wool (fire-stopping) between a.Flexible pipe from main pipe to cushion steel elements 19.Operable metallic grill/louvres for ventilation, (summer 15. 1.8 cm corrugated polycarbonate sheet comfort)

19

18 17

faรงade, or fibre-cement sheet

20.EPDM waterproof membrane 16. Lid profile, base seal and cap seal for EFTE holding in place 21.Custom metallic profile for water collection 22.PV thin-film cells, dark coloured 17.system, EFTE membrane, cushion 23.Metallic fixing system based in L-shapes and clips to Pipe for air distribution of EFTE panels, 5 cm main18. farming system 24.Lid radius. profile, base seal and cap seal for EFTE holding in place a.Flexible pipe from main pipe to cushion 25.EFTE membrane, cushion 19. Operable metallic grill/louvres for ventilation, 26.Pipe for air distribution of EFTE panels, 5 cm radius. (summer comfort) a.Flexible pipe from main pipe to cushion

17 16

15 14 13 12

11.1 11 10 9 8 7

6 5 4

27.Metallic grillwaterproof (transition, membrane outside, inside) 20. EPDM 28.Concrete support to receive sliding glass wall system 21. Custom metallic profile for water collection 29.Glass sliding panels or polycarbonate, transparent.

22.glazing PV system, thin-film cells, e-coating dark coloured Single and low-emittance for major solar gain23. andMetallic low heatfixing loss system based in L-shapes and 30.Dense (fire-stopping) between steel clipsmineral to main wool farming system elements 24. Lid profile, base seal and cap seal for EFTE 31.I-beam, main steel structural system holding in place 32.Railing for extra layers 25. EFTEand membrane, 33.Railing thermic cushion curtains (options: opaque or transparent) 26. Pipe for air distribution of EFTE panels, 5 cm 34.Acoustic radius.ceiling, mineral fibre and insulated with mineral wool a.Flexible pipe from main pipe to cushion 35.Concrete underfill for proper levelling, 1 cm 36.Expanded cork rigid insulation, 5 cm 37.Floor finishing,grill recycled timber, 1 cm inside) 27. Metallic (transition, outside, 38.Metallic rail, 5 cm thickness 28. Concrete support to receive glass wall 39.Ceiling system based in circular steelsliding profiles system 40.Fabric ceiling system (operable for summer comfort) 29. Glass sliding panels or polycarbonate,

transparent.

Single glazing and low-emittance 41.Multimedia screen panels, sliding e-coating for major solar gain low heat 42.Steel stud farming system filled withand mineral woolloss 30. Dense mineral wool (fire-stopping) between

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

3 2 1

43.Concrete wall steel elements 44.Metallic frame system, PTR profiles 31. I-beam, main steel(fire-stopping) structural system 45.Dense mineral wool between steel elements 32. Railing for extra layers 46.1.8 corrugated polycarbonate faรงade, or fibre33.cm Railing and thermic curtainssheet (options: opaque cement sheet 47.

Metallic rail 48.

Opaque/transparent screen panels, sliding.

Art/patterns on display towards the street

69 | SWAT

E | SKIN iv | DETAILS: BUFFER FACADE, SOUTHERN

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VER

39 38

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

37 36 35

34

33 32 31 30 42 41

29 28 27

41 28

CED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

CREATION WORKSHOPS

TOILETTES

LOBBY

CREATION WORKSHOPS

70 | SWAT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

E | SKIN

iv | DETAILS: MURAL FACADE, NORTHERN 1. Structural foundation, reinforced concrete

1.Structural foundation, reinforced concrete 2. Steel frame, cm height (web), 10 cm width 2.Steel frame, 15 cm15 height (web), 10 cm width (flange) (flange) 3.Existing concrete slab, 10 cm thick 4.Concrete underfill for proper levelling, 1 cm 3. Existing concrete slab, 10 cm thick 5.Expanded cork rigid insulation, 5 cm 4. Concrete proper 6.Floor finishing, underfill recycled for timber, 1 cmlevelling, 1 cm 7.Concrete support to receive pivot glass system 5. Greensulate rigid insulation, 5 cm 8.L-shape metallic profile 6. Floor finishing,membrane recycled timber, 1 cm 9.EPDM waterproof 10.Aluminium railing receiving pivot door system 7. Concrete support to receive pivot glass system 11.Sliding door system SL 179 Lift and Slide System, 8. L-shape metallic profile Solarlux 9. EPDM waterproof a.Railing and thermic membrane curtains (options: opaque or transparent) 10. Aluminium railing receiving pivot door system

25 24 21 20

19

18 17

11. Sliding door system 179 Lift and Slide System , 12.Metallic frame system, PTRSLprofiles Solarlux 13.L-shape metallic profile and connectors, attached to main11.1. frameRailing systemand thermic curtains (options: 14.Dense opaque mineral wool (fire-stopping) between steel or transparent) elements 15.1.8 cm corrugated polycarbonate sheet faรงade, or fibre12. Metallic cement sheet frame system, PTR profiles 16.Lid profile, base seal and cap and seal connectors, for EFTE holding in 13. L-shape metallic profile place attached to main frame system 17.EFTE membrane, cushion 14. Dense mineral wool (fire-stopping) between 18.Pipe for air distribution of EFTE panels, 5 cm radius. steelpipe elements a.Flexible from main pipe to cushion 19.Operable metallic grill/louvres for ventilation, (summer 15. 1.8 cm corrugated polycarbonate sheet comfort) faรงade, or fibre-cement sheet 16. Lid profile, base seal and cap seal for EFTE

20.EPDM waterproof membrane holding in place 21.Custom metallic profile for water collection 17.system, EFTE membrane, cushion 22.PV thin-film cells, dark coloured 23.Metallic fixing system based in L-shapes and clips to 18. Pipe for air distribution of EFTE panels, 5 cm main farming system radius.

24.Lid profile, base seal and cap seal for EFTE holding in place a.Flexible pipe from main pipe to cushion 25.EFTE membrane, cushiongrill/louvres for ventilation, 19. Operable metallic 26.Pipe for air distribution (summer comfort) of EFTE panels, 5 cm radius. a.Flexible pipe from main pipe to cushion

17 16

6 5 4

system

41.Multimedia screenpanels panels,or sliding 29. Glass sliding polycarbonate, 42.Steel stud farming system filled with wool transparent.

Single glazing andmineral low-emittance

e-coating for major solar gain and low heat loss

43.Concrete wall 30. Dense mineral wool (fire-stopping) between 44.Metallic frame system, PTR profiles steel elements 45.Dense mineral wool (fire-stopping) between steel elements 31. I-beam, main steel structural system 46.1.8 cm corrugated polycarbonate sheet faรงade, or fibre32. Railing for extra layers cement sheet andrail thermic curtains (options: opaque 47. 33. Railing Metallic 48.

Opaque/transparent screen panels, sliding.

Art/patterns on display towards the street

71 | SWAT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

43

27.Metallic grillwaterproof (transition, outside, inside) 20. EPDM membrane 28.Concrete support to receive sliding glass wall system 21. Custom metallic profile for water collection 29.Glass sliding panels or polycarbonate, transparent.

Single and low-emittance for major solar 22. glazing PV system, thin-film cells,e-coating dark coloured gain and low heat loss 23. Metallic fixing system based in L-shapes and 30.Dense mineral wool (fire-stopping) between steel clips to main farming system elements 24.

Lid profile, base seal and cap seal for EFTE 31.I-beam, main steel structural system holding in place 32.Railing for extra layers 33.Railing and thermic curtains (options: opaque or 25. EFTE membrane, cushion transparent) 26. Pipe for air distribution of EFTE 5 cmwith 34.Acoustic ceiling, mineral fibre andpanels, insulated radius. mineral wool 35.Concrete underfill for proper levelling, cmcushion a.Flexible pipe from main pipe1to 36.Expanded cork rigid insulation, 5 cm 37.Floor finishing, recycled timber, 1 cm 38.Metallic rail, 5grill cm thickness 27. Metallic (transition, outside, inside) 39.Ceiling system based in circular steel profiles 28. Concrete support to receive sliding glass wall 40.Fabric ceiling system (operable for summer comfort)

E | SKIN iv | DETAILS: MURAL FACADE, NORTHERN

CREATION WORKSHOPS

TOILETTES

LOBBY

1.Structural foundation, reinforced concrete 2.Steel frame, 15 cm height (web), 10 cm width (flange) 3.Existing concrete slab, 10 cm thick 4.Concrete underfill for proper levelling, 1 cm 5.Expanded cork rigid insulation, 5 cm 6.Floor finishing, recycled timber, 1 cm 7.Concrete support to receive pivot glass system 8.L-shape metallic profile 9.EPDM waterproof membrane 10.Aluminium railing receiving pivot door system 11.Sliding door system SL 179 Lift and Slide System, Solarlux a.Railing and thermic curtains (options: opaque or transparent)

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

12.Metallic frame system, PTR profiles 13.L-shape metallic profile and connectors, attached to main frame system 14.Dense mineral wool (fire-stopping) between steel elements 15.1.8 cm corrugated polycarbonate sheet faรงade, or fibrecement sheet 16.Lid profile, base seal and cap seal for EFTE holding in place 17.EFTE membrane, cushion 18.Pipe for air distribution of EFTE panels, 5 cm radius. a.Flexible pipe from main pipe to cushion 19.Operable metallic grill/louvres for ventilation, (summer comfort)

CREATION WORKSHOPS

48 47

32 33

20.EPDM waterproof membrane 21.Custom metallic profile for water collection 22.PV system, thin-film cells, dark coloured 23.Metallic fixing system based in L-shapes and clips to main farming system 24.Lid profile, base seal and cap seal for EFTE holding in place 25.EFTE membrane, cushion 26.Pipe for air distribution of EFTE panels, 5 cm radius. a.Flexible pipe from main pipe to cushion

27.Metallic grill (transition, outside, inside) 28.Concrete support to receive sliding glass wall system 29.Glass sliding panels or polycarbonate, transparent.

Single glazing and low-emittance e-coating for major solar gain and low heat loss 30.Dense mineral wool (fire-stopping) between steel elements 31.I-beam, main steel structural system 32.Railing for extra layers 33.Railing and thermic curtains (options: opaque or transparent) 34.Acoustic ceiling, mineral fibre and insulated with mineral wool 35.Concrete underfill for proper levelling, 1 cm 36.Expanded cork rigid insulation, 5 cm 37.Floor finishing, recycled timber, 1 cm 38.Metallic rail, 5 cm thickness 39.Ceiling system based in circular steel profiles 40.Fabric ceiling system (operable for summer comfort) 41.Multimedia screen panels, sliding 42.Steel stud farming system filled with mineral wool 43.Concrete wall 44.Metallic frame system, PTR profiles 45.Dense mineral wool (fire-stopping) between steel elements 46.1.8 cm corrugated polycarbonate sheet faรงade, or fibrecement sheet 47.

Metallic rail 48.

Opaque/transparent screen panels, sliding.

Art/patterns on display towards the street

72 | SWAT

48 47

32 33

E | SKIN v | SCENARIOS: CREATIVE WORKSHOP

CREATIVE WORKSHOP | WINTER

CREATIVE WORKSHOP | SUMMER

73 | SWAT

E | SKIN v | SCENARIOS: INSPIRATION BOXES

INSPIRATION | WINTER

74 | SWAT

INSPIRATION | SUMMER

F | ROOF i | CLIMATE APPROACH Following the definition of the skin, the cover was the last thing to define. Going back to the main goals set at the beginning, the building should be energy neutral, being at least selfsufficient. This goes in line with the goals set by the municipality of achieving a carbon neutral Amersfoort by 2030.

After analysing the climatic conditions in the region, a clear focus came into being.

The comfort temperature, which oscillates between 20-25°C, is only reached in a small portion of the year, and the rest is mostly too cold to be comfortable. There is a clear need of heating, which makes a phenomenon relevant to address. The cover then would be optimized to react to a winter situation, in which the maximum solar energy is captured.

The optimisation deals directly with the shape of the roof, which would secure the maximum solar energy to be used later for heating.

Besides, the graph also shows the radiation per month. It is clear how the total radiation, both direct and diffuse, is larger during the summer months and much lower in the inter months. This also justifies the optimisation process focusing in winter, as in summer there is enough radiation that the shape of the cover wouldn’t matter much. Even more so, the energy consumption for cooling would be lesser as the building integrates numerous strategies that would help in the process.

POINT 1

POINT 2 POINT 4 POINT 3

TEMPERATURE (°C) Dry bulb Comfort zone RADIATION (Wh/m2) Global horiz Direct normal Diffuse

RADIATION AND TEMPERATURES

75 | SWAT

F | ROOF i | CLIMATE APPROACH VARIABLES

SHAPE EXPLORED

TABLES WITH RESULTS

REPEAT

VARIABLES

OPTIMIZATION PROCESS

76 | SWAT

F | ROOF i | CLIMATE APPROACH The graphs below show the correlation between the two points used to alter the overall shape of the cover, resulting in different amounts of radiation. At the end Point 2, resulted in 6 meters and Point 4 in 4 meters.

When comparing the production in the morning and in the afternoon in a single day (around 550 kWh and 850 kWh, respectively),

one of the most balanced outcomes came with the mentioned combination of points.

Actually, there were more optimal results from other combinations, but a decision was made balancing the architectural needs (not be too imposing for the neighbouring buildings) and the obvious sustainability need of neutrality.

OPTIMIZATION USING THE WINTER SCENARIO

77 | SWAT

G | ANALYSIS i | SIMULATIONS After finalizing the design, defining the layers and the also establishing the specific areas to be conditioned, a model in Design Builder was done. A simplified model was done in the software but keeping the main idea of having enclosed zones that are conditioned, and a more open space that connects all of the rest and is essentially unconditioned.

Even though some of the elements could not be literally translated into the Design Builder (such as the thermic curtains behind the glazed surfaces), this was translated with other layers in a way that the same thermal conductivity was achieved. So, the U-value helped on imitating the situation already defined by the hand calculations, reinforcing the model.

Thicknesses of the materials and other basic aspects were input in the software, as well as the location and external conditions.

The conditions for the activity were set by using presets of workshops, which simplified the work. The only significant modifications were the setback temperatures when it comes to heating and cooling, and the material properties as already mentioned.

SIMPLIFIED MODEL IN DESIGN BUILDER

78 | SWAT

G | ANALYSIS i | SIMULATIONS

A

B

The results showed interesting information.

Actually, a first run without any conditioning was made to test the model, and the energy consumption was so low when compared to the other scenarios that it made sense rely on the results given by the program. When comparing the “original” or passive building consumption, the final energy is 103 kWh/m2, which is high considering the goal of having 50 kWh/m2

by Dutch regulations. In this case, a passive building is a very energy-consuming one.

That’s why an “improved” model was simulated, with wider setpoint temperatures for heating and cooling, and a double-glazing situation.

The consumption goes almost to half the original, to 66 kWh/m2. The results show how a passive building is not the most energy efficient, at least based in the simulation.

C A

B

C

A | UNCONDITIONED BUILDING B | CONDITIONED BUILDING C | IMPROVED BUILDING ENERGY RESULTS FOR THE WHOLE BUILDING, ANUAL

79 | SWAT

G | ANALYSIS ii | IS COMFORT ACHIEVED? So, is comfort achieved? If the specific boxes enclosing the inspiration and creation areas are taken into account, having as the base the initial conditions set in the handcalculations, it is achieved. That means having an indoor operative temperature of 20°C, with 0.1 m/s of air speed, and humidity of 50%. The activity inside is reflected in a 1.7 metabolic rate, and summer clothes can be worn inside (0.5 clo). However, if the

temperature begins to fluctuate, and reaches a higher one, an adaptive comfort method can be applied by regulating the layering of clothing. Actually, the activities performed inside dictate much of the strategy to be followed. As already discussed, the defined boxes have less activity than the main lobby or transition zones, which would require a higher temperature for operation.

SCENARIO 1

PMV METHOD OPERATI VE TEMPERATURE AI R SPEED HUMIDITY METABOLI C RATE CLOTHI NG LEVEL PMV PPD SENSATI ON SET

80 | SWAT

20 0.1 50 1.7 0.5

°C m/s % met clo

-0.29 7% NEUTRAL 23.6 °C

*COMFORT ACHIEVED WITH 1.7 MET (PEOPLE WALKING AROUND) AND SUMER CLOTHES

G | ANALYSIS ii | IS COMFORT ACHIEVED? SCENARIO 2

PMV METHOD OPERATI VE TEMPERATURE AI R SPEED HUMIDITY METABOLI C RATE CLOTHI NG LEVEL PMV PPD SENSATI ON SET

23.2 0.1 50 1.2 0.5

°C m/s % met clo

-0.29 7% NEUTRAL 23.6 °C

* WHEN INCREASING TEMP TO 23.2°C COMFORT IS ACHIEVED WITH 1.2 MET (PEOPLE STANDING, RELAXED) AND SUMER CLOTHES

81 | SWAT

G | ANALYSIS iii | IS ZERO-ENERGY STATUS ACHIEVED? kWh/m2

So, after knowing the indoor comfort is achieved by setting specific parameters (included in the previous page), the next and final step was to check the energy status of the building. Seen from the previous simulations done in Design Builder, a total consumption of 162,734 kWh annually was obtained. This included all the building, both the conditioned and the unconditioned spaces. To able to match it with the energy production, the total annual radiation was obtained from the optimisation previously done in Grasshopper. The exact quantity was 1,002,500 kWh. So, if the radiation is multiplied by an efficiency of 0.2 coming form the PV systems, the total production from the building cover reached 200,500 kWh. This means the total production cover the consumption in the building, having an energy positive building at the end, that can feed the extra energy to the municipality grid.

0.94

0.47

0.00 RADIATION IN WINTER, SINGLE DAY 556

333

0.00 RADIATION IN FROM SUMMER-WINTER EQUINOX 1070

TOTAL RADIATION WINTER DAY MORNING AFTERNOON SUMMER-WINTER EQUINOX 6 MONTHS WINTER-SUMMER EQUINOX 6 MONTHS ALL-YEAR LONG 12 MONTHS

641 kWh 415 kWh

642

484,446 kWh 522,843 kWh 1,002,500 kWh

0.00 RADIATION ALL YEAR LONG

82 | SWAT

G | ANALYSIS iii | IS ZERO-ENERGY STATUS ACHIEVED?

PASSIVE CONSUMPTION 103 kWh/m2

TOTAL CONSUMPTION 162,734 kWh (annual)

ENERGY PER BUILDING AREA 103 kWh/m2

As already mentioned, the consumption from this model proved to be high, specially when compared to the consumption goal of 50 kWh/m2 set by Dutch Regulations (compared to the 103 kWh/m2 consumed).

This was the main reason to develop the second model that had some improvements over the first. The idea was to keep the same principles and concept of passiveness. The setpoint temperatures were changed so it could get colder in winter and hotter in summer, before using any mechanical ventilation or floor heating. , the overall configuration of the glass material was changed to emulate a double glazing thermal resistance. This resulted in half of the final consumption (to 66 kWh), which means the energy exported from the PV cover to the municipality would be greater, contributing to the goal of energycommunity.

“IMPROVED” CONSUMPTION 66.65 kWh/m2 PV COVER PRODUCTION

*TEMPERATURE SETPOINTS EDITED **DOUBLE GLAZING

ENERGY PER BUILDING AREA 66 kWh/m2

TOTAL PRODUCTION 200,500 kWh (annual) RADIATION OF 1.0025e+06 kWh

83 | SWAT

H | FURTHER DEVELOPMENT FLOWS

PRODUCED BY AN AUT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

The electricity and water flows would have to be further developed, as the time constraint was narrow. Understanding how the building will handle the different resources and make with them is vital to get the big picture of its performance. The diagram illustrates schematically the flows that might be more relevant for the transparent workshop, but the solutions would have to be worked out in detail.

Rainwater gutter

nels PV pa

39 40

23 22 21 20

39 38 37 36 35

19

18 17

34

33 32 29

Natural ventilation

Rainwater pipes 17 16 33 32 31 30

15 14 13 12

11.1 11 10 9 8 7

42 41

6 5 4

29 28 27

41 28

3 2 1

84 | SWAT

Water pump

Grid K STUDENT VERSION

Water storage

Potential geothermal heat pump

H | FURTHER DEVELOPMENT FLOWS

TODESK STUDENT VERSION

NELS

PV PA

25 24 21 20 19

18 17

48 47

32 33

48 47 17 16

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Natural ventilation

32 33 46 45 44

43 6 5 4

1

KEY WATER FLOW ELECTRICITY FLOW OTHER SYSTEMS

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODE

Heat pump

Boiler

Tank

Grid

85 | SWAT

I | CONCLUSIONS IS THE HYPOTHESIS ACCEPTED? In conclusion, a transparent building that strives to be the most passive, is possible.

It is possible in the sense that passive techniques and methods can be integrated to a building and render it functional. It demands a definition of specific spaces to be conditioned, just the necessary rooms that need a special indoor condition. It also demands the people being active users, so they can control the façade themselves, adjusting it to their own comfort. So, it actually requires a good amount of coordination from the users. But then, if the “passive” building term is defined as one that requires a small amount of energy to function, this building concept is not successful. It was proven how it actually consumes more than double the standard building. It was also proven that a building that has a more generous layering

IF TOTALLY PASSIVE TECHNIQUES....

86 | SWAT

will result in a less consuming building, at a cost of having more materials and resources going in.

So no, at the end the hypothesis of a passive building being as well-performing as an active one is not accepted, but there is a bigger picture to take into account that might benefit other aspects from the building cycle.

It is not only about finding the right balance between the energy consumption and the indoor comfort, but also the spatial qualities that are necessary to achieve, the materials going in the building, the ways of using it and appropriating it… This exercise helped in understanding those relationships in an actual product, through various methods and resources, resulting in an integral approach to design more consciously.

MORE DOUBLE GLAZING WOULD BE NEEDED

EXPECT A HIGH ENERGY CONSUMPTION

VIEW OF THE LOBBY AND SHOW SPACES

J | LIMITATIONS The main limitation this approach had was the way of designing it, in a passive was namely. Doing hand calculations considering moving layers that can be adjusted or added posed a problem since a real outcome would be difficult to calculate. Also, for the simulations, trying to input similar components in the model was complex as not all the materials are present. In the end an adjustment of the U-values gave the layers similar characteristics, but it would never really embody the final intended design. The variability of the design and the way users can adapt it is then difficult to assess, so it is suggested o test it physically or conduct experimentations that allows a more comprehensive understanding of the effect of such layers. From the computer or hand-design everything might seem flawless, but once it is constructed the flaws

UNCONDITIONED ZONES

begin to appear, which would make testing more appropriate.

Now, talking more about the brief itself, the time frame to fulfil the tasks was considerably reduced. As the project to be developed comprised several different scales and disciplines, the depth achieved is understandable. If having a larger time frame, more specific details about the faรงade and the specific climate repercussions it might have would have been developed even more.

The current exercise is limited to a decent overall understanding of the behaviour of the building, but further exploration could be made by the experimentation already mentioned above. I would like to personally thanks the tutors involved in the project, Eric van den Ham and Alejandro Prieto, who were very patient and enlightening.

PASSIVE APPROACH

BROAD HAND CALCULATIONS

EXPERIMENTATION TO TEST OUTCOMES

ASSESS ACCEPTANCE OF USERS

GENERAL SIMULATIONS

LIMITATIONS IDENTIFIED

87 | SWAT

K | REFERENCES Baker, P. (2008, corrected 2010) Thermal performance of traditional windows (Historic Scotland).

Ballif, C., & Perret, L. (2013, January).

Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV): Review, Potentials, Barriers and Myths.

Retrieved April, 2019, from https://www. researchgate.net/profile/Christophe_ Ballif/publication/272528840_Building_ Integrated_Photovoltaics_BIPV_ Review_Potentials_Barriers_and_Myths/ links/56a20f7108ae984c449ba086/ Building-Integrated-Photovoltaics-BIPVReview-Potentials-Barriers-and-Myths. pdf?origin=publication_detail Bessey, R. P. (2012). Structural Design of Flexible ETFE Atrium Enclosures Using a Cable-Spring Support System. Brigham Young University - Provo. Retrieved from https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Bokel, R. (2015a). Glazing properties and their effect on the insulation and heat admittance in a building. Delft: Delft University of Technology.

Bokel, R. (2015b). Heating up a building with earth ducts, solar collectors and other time-independent mass flows. Delft: Delft University of Technology.

History. (2019). Retrieved from https:// www.vvvamersfoort.nl/en/culture/discover/ discover-amersfoort/history Kim, H.-K., Kang, G.-C., Moon, J.-P., Lee, T.S., & Oh, S.-S. (2018). Estimation of Thermal Performance and Heat Loss inPlastic Greenhouses with and withoutThermal Curtains. Energies 11.

Lacaton, & Vassal. (2011). 53 habitations

88 | SWAT

HLM, Saint Nazaire. Retrieved from https:// www.lacatonvassal.com/index.php?idp=58 Richardson, A. (2018). ETFE Foil: A Guide to Design. Architen Landrell. Retrieved from http://www.architen.com/articles/etfe-foila-guide-to-design/ Walker, C. (2014). Arupâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Latest Solar Panels Produce Energy From Algae. Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com/514018/arup-slatest-solar-panels-produce-energy-fromalgae Weller, B., Hemmerle, C., Jakubetz, S., & Unnewehr, S. (2010). Photovoltaics: Technology, Architecture, Installation (1st ed., Vol. 1). Retrieved April, 2019.

Wood, Bordass & Baker (2009) Research into the thermal performance of traditional windows: timber sash windows (English Heritage). _____________________________________ *Climate info from Climate Consultant, 2019 **Demographics and Energy mapping from Statline ***Material Assessment in CES Edupack

K | REFERENCES LINKS TO PRODUCTS OTHERS Blijstra, R. (1963). Amersfoort. Krommenie: Nederlandsche Linoleumfabriek.

Cramer, M. (1996). Amersfoort : architectuur en stedenbouw 1850-1940 : monumenten inventarisatie project. Zwolle: Bureau Monumentenzorg.

Duijve, M. (2012). Comparative assessment of insulating materials on technical, environmental and health aspects for application in building renovation to the Passive house level. University of Utrecht.

Garrido, F. (n.d.). “Envolvente, aplicación y funcionamiento de energía fotovoltaica en edificación”. Retrieved April, 2019, from https://riunet.upv.es/bitstream/ handle/10251/12367/TFC entero bueno. pdf?sequence=1 Hasselt, J. F. B. van. (1948). Amersfoort rondom zijn toren (1st ed.). Amsterdam: De Lange.

López, C. (n.d.). Guía de Integración Solar Guía de Integración Solar Fotovoltaica Fotovoltaica.

Retrieved April, 2019, from http://www.madrid.org/bvirtual/ BVCM005913.pdf Maturi, L. (n.d.). Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) in Trentino. Retrieved April, 2019, from https://books.google.nl/ Monumental trees, 2019. https://www. monumentaltrees.com/en/nld/utrecht/ amersfoort/ Statline, 2019. https://opendata.cbs. nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/navigatieScherm/ thema?themaNr=52000

https://www.solarlux.com/com/slidingsystems/tilt-and-turn-system-sl-179.cfm https://www.solarlux.com/com/ horizontally-sliding-wall/horizontallysliding-wall-sl60.cfm http://www.morethangreen.es/en/solarleafsolar-leaf-algae-bio-reactive-facade/ https://www.archdaily.com/514018/arup-slatest-solar-panels-produce-energy-fromalgae https://rideaux.ooreka.fr/astuce/ voir/726941/rideau-thermique https://www.tensaform.com/en/products/ etfe-foil-systems/connection-details/ https://solarinnovations.com/our-products/ doors-windows/ https://solarinnovations.com/our-products/ aluminum-doors/folding-glass-walls/ https://archello.com/product/fritsjurgensrpivot-door-system http://www.architen.com/articles/etfe-foila-guide-to-design/ https://gcpat.com/en/solutions/products/ perm-a-barrier-air-barrier-system/perm-abarrier-vps https://www.powerfilmsolar.com/products/ rollable-solar-panels/60-watt-rollable-solarpanel https://www.solliance.eu/shared-research/

89 | SWAT

L | APPENDIX DESIGN BUILDER SIMULATION RESULTS- UNCONDITIONED

90 | SWAT

L | APPENDIX DESIGN BUILDER SIMULATION RESULTS- UNCONDITIONED

91 | SWAT

L | APPENDIX DESIGN BUILDER SIMULATION RESULTS- PASSIVE

92 | SWAT

L | APPENDIX DESIGN BUILDER SIMULATION RESULTS- PASSIVE

93 | SWAT

L | APPENDIX DESIGN BUILDER SIMULATION RESULTS- IMPROVED

94 | SWAT

L | APPENDIX DESIGN BUILDER SIMULATION RESULTS- IMPROVED

95 | SWAT

L | APPENDIX INSULATING MATERIAL MATRIX table 2.1 overview of insulating materials and their properties

Material

Base materials

Inorganic: fibrous

Thermal Conductivity (λ) [W/m∙K]

Density

[kg/m3]

Water va Fire Class

resistance fa NEN‐EN13501 [‐]

Glass wool

Cullet, quartz sand, dolomite

0.030‐0.040

12‐150

A1

≥1

Rock wool

Diabase, basalt

0.030‐0.040

25‐200

A1

1‐5

Inorganic: cellular

Calcium Silicate

Chalk, sand, cellulose fibres

0.059‐0.065

200‐240

A1

6‐20

Foam glass

Cullet, feldspar, dolomite

0.038‐0.055

100‐200

A1

∞

Perlite

Silicon dioxide, aluminium oxide

0.040‐0.060

32‐176

A1

3‐5

Vermiculite

Magnesium‐aluminium silicate

0.040‐0.064

64‐130

A1

3‐5

Organic‐petrochemical: cellular

Expanded polystyrene (EPS) Benzene, ethylene, pentane

0.032‐0.045

10‐80

E‐F

20‐10

Extruded polystyrene (XPS)

Benzene, ethylene, pentane

0.025‐0.040

15‐85

E‐F

80‐30

Phenol formaldehyde (PF)

Phenol, formaldehyde

0.020‐0.021

35‐40

B‐D

30‐50

Polyurethane (PUR)

Isocyanate, (polyether)polyol

0.022‐0.035

30‐160

D‐F

50‐10

Polyisocyanurate (PIR)

Polyester polyol, MDI

0.020‐0.035

28‐40

D‐F

50‐10

Urea formaldehyde (UF)

Urea formaldehyde

0.045

15

D‐E

1.5‐2.4

Organic – renewable: fibrous

Cellulose (paper wool)

Recycled paper, wood fibre

0.038‐0.040

30‐70

E

2‐3

Coconut

Coconut fibres

0.040‐0.045

140

E

1‐10

Flax (flax wool)

Flax fibres, support fibres

0.035‐0.040

28

C

1‐2

Hemp (hemp wool)

Hemp fibres, support fibres

0.038‐0.040

30‐42

E

1‐2

Recycled cotton

Recycled clothing, support

0.038

18

E

1‐5

Sheep wool

Sheep wool, support fibres

0.035‐0.40

25‐60

E

1‐2

Wood wool

Waste wood or virgin wood

0.038‐0.058

55‐140

E

5

Organic – renewable: cellular Expanded cork

Cork oak bark

New technology materials: foil Thermosheets Thermos cushions

0.037‐0.043

Polyester, aluminium

Aerogel

Silicon alkoxide

Expanded polylactic acid Vacuum insulating panels

100‐120

0.038‐0.045

Polyester, aluminium

New technology materials: cellular

E

F

68,000

2

F

68,000

17g/m

0.013‐0.021

100‐150

A1

2‐5.5

Sugarcane, cassava

0.034

35

E‐F

20‐10

Fumed silica, metalized polymer

0.008

180‐210

A2

∞

From thesis of: Duijve, M. (2012). Comparative assessment of insulating materials on technical, environmental and health aspects for application in building renovation to the Passive house level. University of Utrecht.

96 | SWAT

5‐30

2

17g/m

0.038‐0.045

L | APPENDIX INSULATING MATERIAL MATRIX

Water vapour Price when used in Rc=3.5 resistance factor (µ) cavity wall 01 [‐] [€/m2]

Flocks

Panels

Rolls

Injectable foam

Granules

≥1

9.30‐14.70

X

X

X

‐

‐

1‐5

12.25‐20.05

X

X

X

‐

‐

6‐20

‐

‐

X

‐

‐

‐

∞

46.46‐62.37

‐

X

‐

‐

‐

3‐5

38.25‐42.41

‐

X

‐

‐

X

3‐5

‐

‐

X

‐

‐

X

20‐100

8.60‐17.35

‐

X

‐

‐

X

80‐300

18.00‐23.10

‐

X

‐

‐

‐

30‐50

23.00

‐

X

‐

‐

‐

50‐100

24.91

‐

X

‐

X

‐

50‐100

20.51‐23.50

‐

X

‐

‐

‐

1.5‐2.4

‐

‐

‐

‐

X

‐

2‐3

24.60

X

X

‐

‐

‐

1‐10

84.35

‐

X

‐

‐

‐

1‐2

15.18

‐

X

X

‐

‐

1‐2

15.13‐19.45

‐

X

X

‐

‐

1‐5

19.32

X

X

X

‐

‐

1‐2

24.00

‐

X

X

‐

‐

5

26.60‐37.83

‐

X

‐

‐

‐

‐

X

‐

5‐30

25.58‐44.68

‐

X

68,000

‐

‐

‐

X

‐

‐

68,000

‐

‐

‐

X

‐

‐

2‐5.5

61.50‐111.12

‐

‐

X

‐

X

20‐100

‐

‐

X

‐

‐

X

∞

90‐172.5

‐

X

‐

‐

‐

From thesis of: Duijve, M. (2012). Comparative assessment of insulating materials on technical, environmental and health aspects for application in building renovation to the Passive house level. University of Utrecht.

97 | SWAT

17