The Wall_Jasper Nijveldt_Urbanism

the wall

墙城

The re-discovery of ordinary public places in an alternative urban architectural model for Chinese cities – The case of Chengdu Jasper Nijveldt

P5 3-2-2012

Top 50 cities 2025 |Urban economic clout moves east

And 400 million farmers then moved in?

And what if they also want an Ipad?

And a new car?

How will the cities look like?

How will cities grow?

How will you move around?

Can you breathe normally?

Would it be dense?

Chinese?

Or will everybody live in sprawled suburbs?

fingermodel

doomsday

THE WALL

156 KM2

THE WALL on every scale

the wall

theory and zoom in neighborhood reflection

context |URBAN POPULATION

Millions of people

Megacities (10+) Big cities (5–10) Midsized cities (1.5–5) Small cities (0.5–1.5) Big towns (<0.5)

926

Compound annual growth rate, 2005–25 % 2.4

120

6.9

104

1.1

316

3.4

233

2.2

145

154

0.3

2005

2025

572 32 84

161 150

49

Source: McKinsey Global Institute China All City model; McKinsey Global Institute analysis

context |URBAN POPULATION

1.000.000.000 2030

context |URBAN POPULATION

1/8

of the world will live in a Chinese city

context |URBAN POPULATION

One New York every two years

context |SUGGESTED GROWTH PATTERN

ECONOMY Exhibit 7

RESOURCES

Exhibit 7

but also higher efficiency

per capita GDP

Exhibit 7

2005

2005 2005

573

Urban GDP

Exhibit 8

Exhibit 8 Concentrated growth would entail higher energy consumption Concentrated growth would entail higher energy consumption Concentrated growth would entail higher energy consumption but also higher efficiency but also higher efficiency

Exhibit 7 Concentrated growth scenariosgrowth would generate highest Concentrated scenariosthe would generate the highest Concentrated growth scenarios would generate the highest per capita GDP per capita GDP

Urban population Million people

12

2005

21

1212

Distributed growth

930 Hub and and spoke spoke Hub Distributed

Distributed 944 growth growth

Townization

Townization935

2005Townization

68

930 930

935 573

54

+26%

+26%

62

12

+23%

Generate highest per capita GDP 944

Townization

935

62

Townization

Townization2,278

Townization

21

1,926 1,926

2,317 2,278

59

12

8

68

60

54 +26%

Source: McKinsey Global Institute China All City Model; McKinsey Global Institute analysis

125

59

59

2,317

68 60

2005 2,278 54

68 60 54

68

142

142

139

139

60 54

123

123

4,917 95 123

115

115

Loss Loss 2005–2025, % 2005–2025,

1,926 9

105

95

Urban110 GDP

Renminbi 105 trillion, 2000

Concentrated

Central government Central government Central government target minimum for 2010 target minimum for 2010 target minimum for 2010 –7 –7 Hub Hub and and spoke spokeHub and spoke Supercities –8 –8 Supercities Supercities

Urban energy demand QBTUs

–20–20 Distributed growth Distributed growth Distributed growth

100

12

59

Townization Townization

95

68

9

Distributed growth

2,317

Townization

2,278

9

2025

8

–20

120

131

contain loss of arable142 land 68 60

–7 China total ara –8 Million hectares

125 –22

–22–22 Townization

10

10

115 10

110 105

139

100 54

123

95 0 2005

+15%

+23%

Loss 2005–2025, % Exhibit 9

%

0 0 02010 2005 2015 2020 2025 +15% 2005 2010 20052015 20102020 20152025 2020

higher efficienct use of energy, 2,088 More Hub and spoke 75 effective control of pollution 62

125

139 100 100

+15%

+20%

65

125

110142 110

Urban energy intensity 105 BTU per renminbi

Supercities

76 8

8

Concentrated urbanization would contain the loss of arable land

Concentrated growth would entail higher 120 energy consumption 120 120 131 68 68efficiency131 131 but68also higher 115

+15%

68

917

Distributed growth

4,917 4,917 12 8 Exhibit

+23%

Source: McKinsey Global Institute China All City Model; McKinsey Global Institute analysis

930

12

+23%

Source: McKinsey Global Institute China All City Model; McKinsey Global Institute analysis Source: McKinsey Global Institute China All City Model; McKinsey Global Institute analysis

Hub and spoke

growth

65

62

Exhibit 9 Concentrated urbanization would contain the loss of arablethe land Concentrated urbanization would contain loss of arable land

China total arable land China total China arable total land arable land Million hectares Urban energy demand Million hectares Urban GDP Urban energy demand Million hectares

+20% +20% +20% Hub and spoke Hub and spoke 2,088 2,088 2,088 Hub and spoke 75 75

75

60

54

935 54

1,926 Supercities Supercities

Urban GDP Urban GDP/capita Distributed Distributed Distributed 2,317 Renminbi trillion, 2000 2000 growththousand, growth Renminbi 65 60 65

944

+26%

Supercities

68 68

Urban population Million people 944 60

4,917

2005 2005

21 21

Concentrated growth scenarios would generate the highest Supercities 68 Supercitiesper capita 917 76 76 68 68 76 Supercities 917 GDP Supercities 917

Hub and spoke

Exhibit 9

Urban energy intensity Urban GDP Urban energy intensity Urban energy intensity Urban GDP Urban energy demand BTU per renminbi Renminbi trillion, 2000 QBTUs per renminbi trillion, 2000 QBTUs BTU perBTU renminbi RenminbiRenminbi trillion, 2000 QBTUs

Urban GDP/capita

Urbanpopulation population Urban GDP Urban GDP/capita Urban Urban GDP Urban Renminbi trillion, 2000 Renminbi thousand, 2000GDP/capita Millionpeople people Renminbi trillion, 2000 Renminbi Renminbi thousand, Million Renminbi trillion, 2000 thousand, 20002000 573 573

ENVIRONMENT Exhibit 9

Exhibit 8

9

context |URBAN CHINA

Shenyang Beijing

Zhengzhou Xiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;an

Tianjin Xuzhou Shanghai

Chengdu

Wuhan

Chongqing 1 in 2010 Chinese cities population > 5 mln

population > 7 mln

population > 10 mln * including agglomerations Dongguang and Foshan

Shenzhen Guangzhou

Hong Kong

context |2-5-2000

context |1-5-2003

context |26-7-2006

context |4-8-2009

context |2011

context |2011

context |2011

context |2011

context |FDI ACCELERATES GROWTH Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is highly active in Chengdu last five years, five times more than Chinese average.

Chengdu: 5 times more than Chinese average â&#x20AC;˘ In 2009, Chengdu utilised USD 2.8 billion in FDI, with an annual growth rate of 24.4 percent. The utilised FDI from 2005 to 2009 has been growing at a CAGR of 50.2 percent each year, compared to the national rate of 10.5 percent

FDI generates far more growth than earlierAREA, formsChengdu of industrialization URBAN (sqkm) 400 350

X 1,5

300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1980

economic reform

1985

1990

industrialization, export, manufacturing 1995

2000

Global, FDI 2005

2010

?

problem| POLLUTION

Chengdu

(NASA)

“The haze in Chengdu is pervasive.

It is said that if a dog sees the sun, he will bark at the intruder.”

problem| POLLUTION

problem| NEXT STEP

problem |AREA NEEDED

2010 12.2

2030 16.7

2050 27X27 KM 2030 20X20 KM

2050 20.3

POTENTIAL THE WALL 27.5

problem |DOOMSDAY FINGER MODEL

2010 12.2

2050 20.3

2030 16.7

URBAN AREA, Chengdu (sqkm) 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1980

economic reform

1985

industrialization, export, manufacturing

1990

1995

2000

Global, FDI 2005

2010

AVERAGE SPEED city centre, Chengdu (kmph) 25

20

biking

15

10

5

0

2005

2006 average

2007

2008

during rush hour

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

POTENTIAL THE WALL 27.5

proposal |THE WALL

2010 12.2

2050 20.3

2030 16.7

POTENTIAL THE WALL 27.5

URBAN AREA, Chengdu (sqkm) 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1980

economic reform

1985

industrialization, export, manufacturing

1990

1995

2000

Global, FDI 2005

2010

AVERAGE SPEED city centre, Chengdu (kmph) 25

20

biking

15

156 KM2

10

5

0

2005

2006 average

2007

2008

during rush hour

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

짜

proposal |THE WALL | unroll the wall

2010 12.2

2030 16.7

2050 20.3

POTENTIAL THE WALL 27.5

max potential 100.000 p/sqkm

Den Helder

+ 15.600.000 156km2

Maast

Den Helder

312km

312km Maastricht

56km2

x

their impact on pollution.

Because of severe NOcould problems a supercities scenario, fuel-cell buses become in relevant despite the fact that x scenario, fuel-cell buses couldsavings become relevant despitesecure the fact that miss the the bar to justify energy that these would would

proposal |THE WALLenergy | savings air pollution sources that these would secure would miss the bar to justify the

investments on a purely economic basis under all energy-price scenario investments on a purely economic basis under all energy-price scenarios.

Exhibit 6.10 Exhibit 6.10 Exhibit 6.10

Aggressive transport policies and emission standards could mitig air-quality issues SHENZHEN E Aggressive transportsupercities’ policies emission standards mitigate their impactand on pollution.

Because of severe NO could problems in a supercities x scenario, fuel-cell buses could become relevant despite the fact that the Estimated NOx concentrations* supercities’ air-quality issues SHENZHEN EXAMPLE Exhibit 6.10

AGRICULTURE

OTHER

3, 2025 mgenergy per msavings that these would secure would miss the bar to justify the Estimated NOx concentrations* 3 investments on a purely economic basis under all energy-price scenarios. mg per m , 2025

2.89

COMMERCIAL AND RESIDENTIAL HEATING

Exhibit 6.10

2.89

Exhibit 6.10

- 40%

CONSUMER AND COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS

- 40% Aggressive transport policies and emission standards could mitigate supercities’ air-quality issues SHENZHEN EXAMPLE 2.89

- 40%

52% 27%

-90%

Estimated NOx concentrations* mg per m3, 2025

-90% - 50%

-90%

- 50%

0.29

- 50%

TRANSPORT

source: EPA 2008

0.29 0.29

INDUSTRY

Base forecast

Tightened Base Expanded emissions forecast public transit, Target (Level Base Expanded Tightened TargetTightened (Level Expanded density, fleet industry III standard) forecast public transit, emissions IIIfleet standard) public transit, emissions density, industry density, fleet industry

Target (Level III standard)

* Assuming a constant concentration factor; includesfactor; only transportation-related measures; further potential may * Assuming a constant concentration includes only transportation-related exist in, e.g., NOx scrubbers on power plants in addition to SO2 scrubbers. exist in, e.g., NOx scrubbers on power plants in addition to SO2 scrubbers.

Source: Literature search; McKinsey Global Institute analysis

* Assuming a constant concentration includes only transportation-related Source: factor; Literature search; McKinsey Global Institutemeasures; analysis further potential may exist in, e.g., NOx scrubbers on power plants in addition to SO2 scrubbers.

Exhibit 6.11 analysis Source: Literature search; McKinsey Global Institute Exhibit 6.11

measures; further potentia 88

88

Exhibit 6.11in construction can cut PM10 significantly and help bring Measures Exhibit 6.11

megacity Exhibit 6.11

pollution under control

Measures in construction can cut PM10 significantly and help brin Shenzhen’s estimated PM PM emissions from construction concentration as a supercity megacity pollution under control , 2025 help bring Million tonne,cut 2025 PM10 significantly mg/m Measures in construction can and 116 megacity pollution under control 0.29 Exhibit 6.11

10

10

3

0.06

Shenzhen’s estimated PM10

TRANSPORT TRANSPORT

proposal |THE WALL | air pollution sources DENSITY

DENSITY LOCALISED FEEDER SYSTEM

LOCALISED GREEN FEEDER SYSTEM HOUSES

GREEN HOUSES

DENSITY LOCALISED FEEDER SYSTEM

LOCALISED GREEN FEEDER SYSTEM HOUSES

GREEN HOUSES

TRANSPORT TRANSPORT GROWING CITY URBAN RELIESSPRAWL ON CAR USE

URBAN SPRAWL

GROWING CITY RELIES ON CAR USE

DENSITY

New transport system

URBAN SPRAWL

GROWING URBANCITY GROWING CITY RELIES SPRAWL ON CAR USERELIES ON CAR USE

?

?

O2

O2 CO2

CO2

?

?

EXISTING METRO SYSTEM

O2

EXISTING METRO SYSTEM

EXISTING SEPERATED EXISTING SYSTEM SEPERATED SYSTEM EXISTING METRO SYSTEM

EXISTING SEPERATED EXISTINGSYSTEM SEPERATED SYSTEM

CO2 CARBON EXISTING CAPTURE METRO SYSTEM

UNDERGROUND CARBON PARKING CAPTURE

UNDERGROUND PARKING

O2 CO2 EXISTING METRO SYSTEM

THE WALL - CLUSTERED THE WALLSYSTEM - CLUSTERED SYSTEM EXISTING METRO SYSTEM

UNDERGROUNDCARBON PARKING CAPTURE

UNDERGROUND PARKING

CARBON EXISTING CAPTURE METRO SYSTEM

EXISTING METRO SYSTEM

THE WALL - CLUSTERED THE WALL -SYSTEM CLUSTERED SYSTEM

INDUSTRY INDUSTRY New industry system

INDUSTRY

DWELLINGS

INDUSTRY

INDUSTRY INDUSTRY INDUSTRY B

A

DWELLINGS

INDUSTRY A

C

B D

C

EXISTING DWELLINGS INDUSTRY

GREEN EXISTING INDUSTRY GREEN HOUSESINDUSTRY HOUSES

INDUSTRY

GREEN EXISTING GREEN INDUSTRY HOUSES INDUSTRY HOUSES

INDUSTRY

DWELLINGS EXISTING INDUSTRY O2

O2 WASTE

B

A

CO2

A

C

B

D

C

D

C D

E

WASTE

CO2

COHEAT 2

O2 B

E COLD HEAT

F

C DO2

A

EXISTING SEPERATED EXISTING SYSTEM SEPERATED SYSTEM

B COLD

CO2 B

DWELLINGS

D A

A

DWELLINGS

F

G

WASTE

A

B

CO2

COLD

G

WASTE

E

CO2

E COLD

COTHE WALL THE WALL - CLUSTERED SYSTEM - CO CLUSTERED SYSTEM 2

C

2

C

HEAT

HEAT

F

F

DWELLINGS

DWELLINGS

design |THE WALL | generic becomes specific

design |THE WALL | forest wall

design |THE WALL | forest sand wall

design |THE WALL | river wall

design |THE WALL | water wall

design |THE WALL

Reflection|critique linear city

Soria y Mata, Linear City, 1882

Reflection|critique linear city

Malcolmson, Metro-linear project, 1957

Miljutin, Tractorstoi, 1930

Reflection|critique linear city

Le Corbusier, The Industrial Linear City 1932

Reflection|critique linear city

Argumentation: - Limited extension of the city; - Efficiency in building; - A fordist mass production.

- Best of both worlds (city and landscape); - Orientation on transport.

Reflection|critique linear city

- Remains a scheme - Ignores existing context - Repetition and ratio - Birds eye perspective - Ignores everyday live

239

Figure 2. Plan for street widening overlaid on existing street network in Beijingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s West City District,

Haussmann and Le Corbusier in China

Reflection|superimposing le corbusier

ordinary public space under pressure

other Asian cities with large-scale land-assembly-dependent development, such as in Hong Kongâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s new towns or in it is rather rare in China. Despite Reflection|superimposing leSingapore, corbusier William Whyteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s findings that buildings and open spaces that are adjacent to streets but level-separated from them inhibit public access, the higher density

Figure 6. Model showing the street fac¸ade of the Xin Fu San Cun project by Joe Carter.

“

Reflection|placelessness

‘the capitalized modernization of China leads to a decline of ordinary public places, and to a feeling that cities are becoming ‘placeless’

Reflection|placelessness

Reflection| placelessness

Reflection|placelessness

Ignoring existing topography, Shanghai, (Miao, 20

Theory|ordinary public places ‘The new city, is based on a ‘disappearance of stable relations with a physical and cultural geography of a place’

Augé

Sorkin

Cacciari

Theory|ordinary public places â&#x20AC;&#x153;I argue that human beings originate in an alienated condition, and define themselves, through their social spatial environment. Therefore meaningful places are crucial for everyday life!â&#x20AC;?

Heidegger

Theory|ordinary public places

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Placelessness is the inevitable destiny of the urban condition.

These generic cities are located in Asia. â&#x20AC;&#x153;

Koolhaas

Theory|ordinary public places

how to design places meaningful for everyday life in a radically transforming, and generalizing Chinese city?

Theory|ordinary public places

â&#x20AC;&#x153;The world is what we perceive. The way people use and value places is highly influenced by their perception of space.â&#x20AC;?

Merleau-Ponty

Theory|ordinary public places

Therefore the perceptual experience of space is crucial in the success of any urban design.

Perception of space|linearity china

west

small scattered places and streets

yamen

central and static nodes

Perception of space|hierarchy china

west

yamen

church

hierarchical system similarity in volumes

non-orthogonal system individual volumes

Perception of space|unity china

collective inward focus on family

church

west

public outward focus on individual

Perception of space|human scale china

small scattered private spaces horizontal city

west

large pieces in the centre of blocks vertical city

Perception of space|enclosure

space is perceived as a series of walled enclosures presenting space little by little form meaningful places by enclosing spaces local context determines outcome

Perception of space|enclosure

Perception of space|enclosure

Zoom in neighborhood|parameters

Zoom in neighborhood|valley taking existing as a basis to develop

Zoom in neighborhood|valley taking existing as a basis to develop

Zoom in neighborhood|bamboo hills and ponds taking existing as a basis to develop

Zoom in neighborhood|main arteries taking existing as a basis to develop

yamen

Zoom in neighborhood|main arteries taking existing as a basis to develop

yamen 23

7

15

7

23

- symetrical profile - continuity facade - no setback - transparency 1st floor - max 5 stories - land use mix - max 12 m between each entrance - max 25% open space on plot

Zoom in neighborhood|secondary arteries taking existing as a basis to develop

yamen

Zoom in neighborhood|secondary arteries taking existing as a basis to develop

yamen

- transition zone 5 m ( porches, verandaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, frontyard - 3-4 stories - asymetrical profile - height differences - max 7 m. between each entrance - sitting elements - land use mix - vendors and street stalls - planting as spacemakers

Zoom in neighborhood|building plots

Zoom in neighborhood|zoning

Zoom in neighborhood|plot development

Zoom in neighborhood|plot development

Zoom in neighborhood|plot development

Zoom in neighborhood|plot development

Zoom in neighborhood|plot development

1st floor min. 4 m.

max. height 18.00

At least one side accessible to public One side at least a Wall max. 80% build

min. 7 m.x 7m. court

at least 5 m. distance on 50% max 23 m. max. 6 m.setback from street.

5m

max. 5 plots per developer

6m

Zoom in neighborhood|plot development

Zoom in neighborhood|plot development

Zoom in neighborhood|plot development

Zoom in neighborhood|plot development

Zoom in neighborhood|plot development

Zoom in neighborhood|specials

Zoom in neighborhood|framework

Zoom in neighborhood|series of enclosed worlds

Zoom in neighborhood|series of enclosed worlds

Zoom in neighborhood|series of enclosed worlds

series of enclosed worlds | water

series of enclosed worlds |water

Water Gravelbed

Prefab concrete with constructed gutter

CRUCIAL DETAIL Prefab concrete Coated steel gutter

Helophytes

Concrete Gravel

series of enclosed worlds |water

- toned down materials - stones baked by local soil - only plantation, water and concrete elements stand out - gravel in watercascade to increase sound

series of enclosed worlds | water cleaning

Storage + first filter Clean air

Wall water transport system Black water

Chinese citronella grass Water tank

Clarification plant

hylophytes and gravel

Storage ponds

Grey water

Clean gutter Helophytes

Primary sedimentation

Planted trench filter Chengdu water system

result|CHINA 2030 URBAN AREA By 2013 loss of arable land will go below governments minumum of 120million ha

1990

2010

2030

result|CHINA 2030 URBAN POPULATION By 2030 urban population will almost double from 572 m in 2005 to one billion

1990

2010

2030

result|CHINA 2030 MIGRANTS 70% will be migrants

1990

2010

2030

result|CHINA 2030 BIODIVERSITY By 2030 7 to 20% of the landscape will be lost

1990

2010

2030

result|CHINA 2030 WATER By 2030 3 billion cubic meters of water is short

1990

2010

2030

result|CHINA 2030 ENERGY By 2030 energy demand will triple

1990

2010

2030

result|CHINA 2030 AIR POLUTION By 2030 35 million cars will be sold annually

1990

2010

2030

result|CHINA 2030 TRANSPORT By 2030 the current subway system need to expand eight times

1990

2010

2030

result|CHINA 2030 FOOD By 2030 meat consumption will double

1990

2010

2030

result|CHINA 2030 WASTE By 2030 solid waste will increase by 150%

1990

2010

2030

result|Technical

urban

the Wall

rural

result|Psychological

result|INTEGRAL WALL

result|NEW CHINESE WALLS

the wall

墙城

The re-discovery of ordinary public places in an alternative urban architectural model for Chinese cities – The case of Chengdu Jasper Nijveldt