Architecture as the manifestation of culture In indian context : Dissertation

GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN SONIPAT 131001

DISSERTATION REPORT -I August 2018

ARCHITECTURE AS THE MANIFESTATION OF CULTURE IN INDIAN CONTEXT

SUBMITTED BY: JASMINE KAKKAR (GCAD/14/315)

GUIDED BY: AR. ASHOK GROVER

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GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN

DECLARATION

I, JASMINE KAKKAR, Roll Number, GCAD/14/315 hereby declare that the dissertation titled ARCHITECTURE AS THE MANIFESTATION OF CULTURE IN INDIAN CONTEXT submitted by me, in partial fulfilment of the requirement of the curriculum of Bachelor of Architecture as per the university norms, to Gateway College of Architecture and Design, is a record of my original work with credits given for information collected from any other source.

_________________________________ (Name of the Candidate)

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GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN

CERTIFICATE

This

is

to

certify

that

the

dissertation

titled

ARCHITECTURE

AS

THE

MANIFESTATION OF CULTURE IN INDIAN CONTEXT, submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement of the curriculum of Bachelor of Architecture is the work of, JASMINE KAKKAR, Roll Number GCAD/14/315, who carried out research work under our supervision in Gateway College of Architecture and Design, Sonipat, Haryana.

We recommend that the dissertation report be placed before the examiners for their consideration.

______________________________

______________________________

(Name of the Guide)

(Ar. Bikramjit Chakraborty)

Signature of the Guide

Signature of the Coordinator

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Abstract Architecture and culture are two fine and subtle principles that represent the identity of the society. The domestic architecture is the key reflector of the culture of that region. Many developing nations witnessed a drastic change in architecture during the 20th century. With the new development, the prevailing traditional design approaches were replaced rather than adapting the existing trends. Thus, the local architectural practices that have been responding to the needs of the society for years seems to be abandoned.

In many countries the lack of development has led the designers to imitate designs that are dominant in developed nations thereby jeopardizing the architectural identity of the region.

Focusing just on development and technology result in unfamiliar buildings that are also called architecture but can damage cultural identity of the society because they cannot offer fundamental foundation of the architecture related to socio-cultural values of each society based on these values. Therefore, there is a need to study cultural elements of different spaces whose cultural expression is elaborated on the built form in order to revive hidden characteristics of culture in reviving the connection between people and architecture.

KEYWORDS - Architecture, Culture, Society, socio-cultural values, cultural elements.

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Dedication

I am extremely grateful to my parents for their love, prayers and sacrifices for educating and preparing me for my future.

Lastly, I owe my thanks to all my friends who helped me in different ways during the course of this study.

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Acknowledgements

I express my deep sense of gratitude to my research supervisor, Ar. Ashok Grover and Prof.

Bikramjit Chakraborty for his valuable guidance, constant encouragement and precious supervision throughout the course of this study. Their dynamism, vision, sincerity and motivation have deeply inspired me. They have taught me the methodology to carry out the research and to present the research works as clearly as possible. It was a great privilege and honor to work and study under his guidance. I am extremely grateful for what they have offered me.

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Prelude

This segment of research is an explanation of various aspects of this topics. The reason for settling down for this topic is because religion and culture in Indian society are the two supreme forces that served in determining the face of India and always inspired the author in realizing the importance of these two determinants in building the architecture of the nation. It is suggested by the author that there is lack of understanding and acceptance in people regarding the topic. The idea was to understand the relation between Architecture and Culture.

Both being an outcome of man and nature interactions and have a common ground for human race to ponder. Nature has always inspired the professionals. Inspired by delicacy of living forms many designers philosophy about a space also inculcate the moral values and ethics of the user. The user behavior of a region can be well analyzed by the interpretation of the dominant culture. One's culture is one's routine. The art of architecture plays an important role in understanding the role of culture in daily lives.

The initial phase of understanding the concept of 'Architecture as the manifestation of culture' explains establishments of various masses which have been derived by the principles laid by culture that are established on the built form and are actually cultural in nature. Through case studies and proceeding the concept is explained along with the erratic thoughts of the author.

This work aims to revive the morals of people in understanding the importance of what is lost and can help in regenerating it for a better future. This particular piece of work might encourage young architects to inculcate their cultural values in their designs.

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Table of contents

Abstract....................................................................................................................................IV Dedication..................................................................................................................................V Acknowledgements..................................................................................................................VI Prelude....................................................................................................................................VII Table of contents...................................................................................................................VIII List of figures…………………………………….………………………….............…….....IX

CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION............................................................................................1

1.1

The Introductory Note - background of the research 1.1.1 Culture and Architecture

1.2

The Definitions And Meanings

1.3

The Rationale For The Selection Of The Topic

1.4

The Relevance Of The Study

1.5

The Research Questions

1.6

The Aims and Objectives of the Research

1.7

The Scope of the Research

1.8

The Limitation of the Research

CHAPTER-2: CULTURAL PROJECTIONS......................................................................12

2.1

The Cultural Background Of India

2.2

The Cultural Influences On Architecture

2.3

The Cultural Of The Ruling Power

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CHAPTER-3: PHYSICAL EXPRESSION OF CULTURE ; ARCHITECTURE.............8

3.1

The Cultural gives identity to Architecture

3.1.1 Jaipur : The pink city 3.2

Architecture as the reflection of culture

CHAPTER-4: CONCEPT OF ARCHITECTURE IN CULTURE.....................................24

4.1

Architecture of the Elites

4.2

Cultural Architecture of the Poor

CHAPTER-5: SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CULTURAL ELEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE........................................................................................ 29

5.1

Culture as an anchor

5.2

Nature and Architecture

5.3

People and Architecture

CHAPTER-6: Conclusion......................................................................................................36

6.1

Key argument

6.2

Recapitulation of Research Questions

6.3

Research inferences

6.4

The future Research possibilities

6.5

The Final Conclusion

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Plagiarism Check Report .......................................................................................................42 Bibliography.............................................................................................................................43 Books and Publications Internet Sources

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List of Figures FIGURE NO. 1

2

3

4

5 6

7

8

9

10

11

DESCRIPTION

PAGE NO. AS 2 OF

SOURCE

13

AUTHOR

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https://www.sahapedia.org/the-qutbcomplex-overview

16

https://www.sahapedia.org/the-qutbcomplex-overview

16

https://www.sahapedia.org/the-qutbcomplex-overview https://www.sahapedia.org/the-qutbcomplex-overview

ARCHITECTURE AN OUTCOME CULTURE CULTURE IS THE DRIVING FORCE FOR ALL THE MATERIAL EXPRESSIONS .

THE FAMED QUTUB MINAR TOMB OF IMAM ZAMIN ACROSS THE ARCH,QUTUB COMPLEX,DELH TEMPLE PILLARS REUSED FOR THE MOSQUE IN QUTUB COMPLEX,DELHI IRON PILLAR AT QUTUB COMPLEX ALAI DARWAZA IN QUTUB COMPLEX,DELHI JAIPUR PLANNING ON THE BASIS OF HINDY SYSTEM OF TOWN PLANNING AS PER 'SHILPA-SASTRA'.

JAIPUR ETHNICITY EXPRESSED ON THE ENGRAVINGS OF THE FACADE OF EVERY BUILDING JODHPUR;THE BLUE CITY

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AUTHOR

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http://theindiancities.com/blogs/jaipur-ayoung-architects-travelogue/

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http://theindiancities.com/blogs/jaipur-ayoung-architects-travelogue/

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https://www.urbanghostsmedia.com/2013/ 02/jodhpur-history-india-enigmatic-bluecity/ https://www.urbanghostsmedia.com/2013/ 02/jodhpur-history-india-enigmatic-bluecity/

VEIW FROM THE 23 MEHRANGARH FORT,WHICH DOMINATES THE JODHPUR SKYLINE ILLUSTRATING 25 HEIRARCHY BASED ON MAN AND NATURE

AUTHOR

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12

13

14

15

16

17

RELATIONSHIP AS AN INTEGERATED FEATURE OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT FREE STANDING STRUCTURE AT KAILASH TEMPLE THE KAILASH TEMPLE AT ELLORA IS AN ENSEMBLE OF ROCK-CUT ,SCOOPED-OUT AND FREE STANDING STRUCTURES. KAILASH TEMPLE;LORD SHIVA'S ABODE IN ELLORA.SHIVA TEMPLE FROM THE TOP ROCK SHOWING THE BUILT AND UNBUILT RELATIONSHIP ILLUSTERATION OF ELEMENTS IN CULTURAL BUILDINGS DERIVED FROM FIVE ELEMENTS IN CULTURAL BUILDINGS DERIVED FROM FIVE ELEMENTS OF NATURE ARCHITECTURAL ESTABLISHMENTS BASED ON FIVE SENSES OF MAN CORRESPONDING TO THE FIVE ELEMENTS OF NATURE. WITHIN THE SAME CAMPUS, ALSO IS THE VERY RECENTLY CONSTRUCTED 78 FT MAHAVEER STHAMBH AT THE HUTHEESING TEMPLE,AHMDABAD,

27

27

https://www.freeimages.com/premium/ca ve-16-the-kailasa-temple-in-ellora-india391434 https://www.freeimages.com/premium/ca ve-16-the-kailasa-temple-in-ellora-india391434

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https://www.freeimages.com/premium/ca ve-16-the-kailasa-temple-in-ellora-india391434

32

AUTHOR

33

AUTHOR

34

http://travel.bhushavali.com/2013/12/huth eesingh-jain-temple-ahmedabad.html

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18

GUJARAT. WITHIN THE SAME 35 CAMPUS, ALSO IS THE VERY RECENTLY CONSTRUCTED 78 FT MAHAVEER STHAMBH AT THE HUTHEESING TEMPLE,AHMDABAD, GUJARAT.

http://www.myowncity.in/2306/hutheesin g-jain-temple-ahmedabad/

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Chapter 1 Introduction

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1. Introductory Note; Background Of The Research

What makes historical monuments astonishing? Even after centuries and functional obsolescence, these architectural masterpieces have preserved their dynamism. The spatial qualities and firm principles have rendered them for eternity and these qualities can be deciphered and reinstated. This essay talks about how culture influences architecture and explains architectural manifestations of culture. Culture decide the spatial characteristics of a city and is the most important element. People obtain their distinctive identity by rendering their own sense of a place and that provide psychological and functional meaning to their lives. The essay aspires to uncover the qualities of cultural elements in architecture in terms of its physical characteristics based on human needs and to establish the relevance of these qualities in contemporary Indian architecture. Culture is intrinsic trait of a society, it establishes itself in architectural qualities and can provide better interpretation of human behavior.

Figure 1: ARCHITECTURE AN OUTCOME OF CULTURE SOURCE 1:AUTHOR

Since childhood one has been fascinated by various culture around the world. To travel around the borders, one would notice each region is different from another. And answer to these existing differences comes down to different geographical and living conditions . The amalgamation of these factors with ongoing time have blended to determine an identity to the architecture of that region. Culture and Architecture together form a society . Everything in this world is designed as per human need and comfort. The fundaments that governs human life are the traditional norms imposed by the society. "Anthropology has shown us how the space occupied by any particular 'primitive' group corresponds to the hierarchical classification of the group's members, and how it serves to render that order always actual, 2

always present. The members of archaic societies obey social norms without knowing it - that is to say, without recognizing those norms as such. Rather; they live them spatially ; they are not ignorant of them, they do not misapprehend them, but they experience them immediately.

In other words, for every native citizen the first images and understanding of a place are given by the principles learnt in the space he/she lives in, crossing over every day beginning with the first years of life, or the ones to come, changing the level of view with age and scaling differently the places by comparing built objects with important highlights from surroundings."[ 1] Architecture is not merely a structure or a building. Architecture is beyond a living box, It gives people a sense of belonging by propagandizing the community where they can interact and socialize. It has a major impact on one's life by defining the habitat around us. Hence, foreign interventions can damage cultural identity of the society because they cannot offer fundamental foundation of the architecture style.

1.1.1 Culture and Architecture

The manifestation of physical expression of culture, Architecture is a celebration of life.

Architecture is an exhibit of different-different cultures, so it must blend and adapt the need of the society with which it interacts. Every society or country has its own culture, upon which its foundation of architecture was established. Culture always establishes itself in design, regardless of time and space. Culture is a living thing, it imprints on people and is passed down from one generation to another. Culture is a way of living. Climatic and geographical condition decide people's lifestyle. Architecture as a matter of fact is a building or structure that gives human habitat to support their functions and activities. When group of people are socially associated they for m a society. Society works on architecture. In a nutshell, Culture and Architecture are two faces of same coin. The discipline of architecture is on the verge of transformation because of globalization trends. Countries who lack to develop their own architecture style blindly copy the architectural trends of the developed nations without counting the repercussions. This essay includes some logical explanation to the mentioned problems and relevance of culture in the past as well as in the present.

1.

1

Lefebvre Henri ,"The production of space",(1974). p.230.

3

Culture is the basic concept behind all the architectural forms. Architecture is the manifestation of all the cultural settings in which it resides. The expression of culture over the built form will help to preserve the architectural integrity of the afflicted region and thereby bridging the gap between people and architecture. Qualities of Architecture influence human spiritual wellbeing. The different cultural elements enhance the image of the city and surrounding.

1.2 DEFINATIONS AND MEANINGS

The words enlisted below have been used frequently throughout the research and their meanings are provided for a better understanding.

1.2a Architecture

Architecture is scientific- artistic activities to create space and organize it; crystallization of the culture of a community over time; and clear mirror of the society in different periods.

Architecture is apart from a building or building, but also how to build it and not related to construction materials, However, it is related to the way a house or city is built in order to meet non-material human needs. Architecture is both formed and has continued to the present time since the old time when building and trimming were popular, and its variety has been created (Parhizgar, 2003).

1.2b Culture

"Culture" originates from the term "cultivation," implying that one has "grown" through knowledge or experience. To be cultured can also mean one is knowledgeable in the arts, or that one is refined.

"The whole way of life, material, intellectual and spiritual, of a given society." [kenny,1994][2]

2.

Ipaul Edwards, ed.. The Encvclopedia of Philosophv (New York: The MacmillanCompany & The Free Press, 1967), 273.

2

4

Similarly, Webster's New International Dictionary defines culture as "the complex of distinctive attainments, beliefs, traditions [which constitute] the background of racial, religious, or social group."[2] Culture, therefore, should be understood as involving more than the values and needs of a group of people but the entire "way of life" of that society. That is to say culture is concerned with more than a collection of values, it is a system or complex of distinctive attainments and traditions. Culture should be understood as a system of interconnected beliefs and values. Culture is an interlocking concept including science, religion, art, ethnic, customs and any kind of capability.

" The term culture has different meanings and has many meanings in its historical travel including: politeness, upbringing, knowledge, cognition, tradition, scientific and literature works of a nation, dictionary, art, goodness, power, education, training, schools and ideology.

Blonette, one of the intercultural sociologists, introduces culture as: a special type of cognition which is used by members of a society in order to give meaning to their behavior. They make their behavior acceptable and explainable in this way. Culture reveals in compromising interaction. Culture has mutual elements. Culture is conveyed over different periods of different generations. Values are the essence of culture. Culture is life structure and life index thinking. Culture is a tradition for all the people of a society and doesn't belong to a special group, therefore this activity is different in different groups. Culture is changing. One of the reasons of this changing is the relation of cultures whose aim is cultural revolution."[ 3]

1.2c Folk Groups

All of us belong to many overlapping groups of people who share common language, worldviews, beliefs, interests, customs, and identities." Examples include our immediate and extended families, neighborhoods, communities, regions, religious affiliations, occupations, age groups, genders, ethnic groups, language groups, hobby enthusiasts, on and on. By

3. 3 ^Wilham

Allan Neilson, Ph.D., ed., Webster's New International Dictionarv ofthp English Language (Springfield, Massachusetts: G&C Merriam Company 5

interacting with people with whom we share identities, we are interacting within a folk group."[4]

1.2d Society

"This term has been derived from a Latin word 'socious' that means association or companionship. Thus society means 'A larger group of individuals, who are associative with each other'. A society can enable its members to benefit in ways that would not otherwise be possible on an individual basis; both individual and social benefits, or in many cases found to overlap. A society can also consist of like-minded people governed by their own norms and values within a dominant, larger society."[5]

1.2e Elements of Architecture

Elements like line, shape, color and texture do not exist in isolation on a building. They are combined to make formal compositions in an architectural design, creating pattern, rhythm, symmetry, balance, contrast, proportion, theme, and unity. It is important that the variety of elements used for a building blend together well so that the design appears unified.

1.2f Monumentality

It may be defined as a quality, a spiritual quality inherent in a structure which conveys the feeling of its eternity that cannot be added to or changed.

1.2g Human well-being

It is the recognition that everyone that around the world, regardless of geography, age, culture, religion or political environment, aspires to live well.

4.4 An educators guide to explore our communities and traditions, http://www.louisianavoices.org/Unit1/edu_unit1.htm 5.5 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society 6

1.3 Rationale for the selection of the topic

Since childhood one has been fascinated by different people and their contrasting culture. To travel around the world crossing different countries and borders, one would notice each region is disparate to another. And answer to these existing differences comes down to culture and Architecture. Culture and Architecture together form a society, the amalgamation of these factors with ongoing time have blended to create an identity to the architecture of that region.

Man and nature share an inseparable bond. Nature is an ultimate resource which provide and sustain human life. Culture is derived from man's relationship with nature, thus art of making buildings was established and architecture came in shape.

People adapt to a space and society without realizing it, it is though their experience and surroundings one becomes a part of the society and its norms. Group of people when share common traditions and customs forms a society, Architecture is a way of life not merely a structure or a building. Architecture is beyond a living box, It gives people a sense of community where they can interact and has a major impact on one's life by defining the environment around us. Architecture is a noble principal and architect who wears the banner of this noble profession faces hindrance in contemporary times. The western influence over people has altered the society. People are more inclined towards foreign architectural style and constructional techniques to match the standards of developed nation. Due to the foreign influences, nations are growing but their culture suffers which is directly reflected over the architecture of the nation. The major influences of western culture is visible in other form of physical expression of culture be it Art ( Movies, Paintings, Dance , Music) or technology one use. With transition of time culture has transformed itself to the surroundings one witness today. Architecture is the symbol of nation's prosperity and harmony. Architecture leaves an imprint on human psychology. Studying about the cultural elements of architecture and their effects on different kinds of buildings will act as a catalyst in order to understand the human sense and need for such spaces.

This essay also describes 'Architecture' as the medium of transformation of the envelope (our surroundings) where material and construction techniques forms a projection of culture and society's understanding about their environment and its realm. Qualities of architecture will influence the human spiritual wellbeing. By exploring the various cultural architecture 7

dimensions and by understanding the effect of space, building materials, light and the spiritual experience of architecture on humans. The purpose of this paper is to understand the importance of various elements of architecture that will influence the human spiritual well being. It also explains how the expression of culture over the built form will help preserve the architectural integrity of the suffering nation by giving suitable and logical explanation about the issue.

1.4 Relevance of the study

The purpose of this essay is to study and analyze the paramount importance of architectural identities in our life and societies. It is through architecture one can recover the history. Every architecture is a story , one only see the final product of extravagant facade but the real story starts how the architecture was created, it lies between its construction and design elements.

Story unfolds with the details and design elements. And the end of the story lies in the grandness of the building. It is in these details and elements which makes the most successful architecture. But in true sense the most successful architecture in history are buildings or environments that have done so much more in a variety of ways be that innovation in buildings and construction or advancement of the society. In the past, Architecture was dominated by the caste, racial and ethnic differences, Socio-economic factors, climate, land, resources and religion which resulted in forming different patterns of the life styles, dwellings, construction making of buildings. But the revolutions of the present decade creates differences in some of the life views and social situation of the society. Architecture has no time match with culture of the region. Some regions suffers in the development of original architecture style whose foundation still dig deep in the cultural implications and ideologies of the past.

This essay embraces the awe-inspiring glory of Indian monuments and explains the sole reason behind the grandness of some of Indian monuments. This essay aims to find a relationship between culture and architecture, using previous studies about concept of space in culture and provide logical reasoning in the explanation of ' Architecture as the manifestation of culture'.

"Accomplishment of an

architect

includes development of relationship between the

"situation", namely, surroundings, climate, land form, view, topography, light and its manifestations, color , reflections, etc. and the "medium", namely, materials and construction 8

techniques. Design is a learning process. Man, surroundings and methods are integral to each other and, therefore, any design action is relative and requires holistic, meditative and creative processes. "[6] The present scenario of life of the people is so hectic, complicated, illogical and contradictory that any attempt to sort it will complicate it even more. It is through architecture one can design the way of life by changing the environment of the surroundings. As Architect not only design the buildings but design the life-style of the user and hence forms the society.

The intent of this essay is to find answer to the question as why there is a need to synchronies Architecture with culture.

Culture of people is their roots, it connects them with nature and surroundings. The Vedic era based on 'truth' and scientific reasoning shows how people are close to nature and know the art of meaningful and fruitful living aided by architectural role. Architecture is a phenomenon that defines the quality of the built environment whilst accommodating various functions.

Architecture is not simply the 'design of buildings' that are mere physical enclosures. on the contrary, it is an elaborated physical expression of preferences, perception, thoughts, beliefs and emotions manifested in the built form, symbolically communicating with its users.

Architecture expresses the situations of being-in-the world and strengthens our senses of reality and self. It does not make us dwell in worlds of sheer falsehood and fantasy. It must and should embrace one's moral values and ethics.

6. 6 Dr. B.B Puri, "A book on Vastu-Shastra Vedic Architecture and Art of living," (1995), p.x 9

1.5 The Research Questions

What : 1. What is the relationship between architecture and culture ?

2. What is the role of culture in promoting architecture identity?

3. What are the effects of culture on architectural expression?

Why : 1. Why expressing architecture differs in different societies?

How : 1. How architectural elements be favorable for cultural practices?

2. How culture of a region is reflected in architecture?

3. How do the man senses and perception of nature contribute to the architecture of a place?

1.6 The Aims and the Objectives Of The Research

The intent of the research is to examine the unconscious effort of an architect in his design synched with cultural identity. And how the ruling power emphasize their cultural values and manifest them in architecture and henceforth procured by the society.

•

To analyze the physical and historical conditions of a man takes as a reference in his civilization from his culture.

•

To study the relationship between culture and architecture.

•

What are the social and cultural factors which evokes the need to merge culture and architecture.

•

To derive architecture from culture.

•

To analyze and interpret relation between Man-Nature-Culture-Architecture.

•

To study the character of ruling power in shaping the architectural style of a nation.

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1.7 The Scope of The Research

The scope of my study is to define conceptual relationship between Architecture and cultural values.

To understand and study different parameters that influence architecture of the society and various methods of cultural representation in the cities of India.

To study different building materials and architectural elements which are cultural in nature.

1.8 The Limitation of the Research

This study is restricted to the study of built form and space, not function of the space.

The research is talking about the dichotomy of the society and is restricted to the changes in culture promoted by the dominant part of the society.

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CHAPTER - 2 CULTURAL PROJECTIONS

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2.0 Cultural projections

Human is a social animal. When one socialize with others one becomes the part of the social culture. Becoming a part of a society is a sign of cultural projection. Human interaction cause exchange of ideas and observations which results in discovery of new ideas that shaped different cultures and the built environment one reside in. The man-made environment is an outcome of mixed culture and ideologies. Architecture is physical manifestation of culture with art and technology. Architecture gives the face to the culture. Through its facade one can peep in to the cultural values, economic status, beliefs and traditions of the user. Culture and traditionalism in architecture does not imply to turn the clock backward. On the contrary it is a progressive and consistent process of updating the old with the new that can be seen in the creative fusion of contrasting cultures by blending different ideologies and methodology adapted by different cultures. Cultural associations and shared values while designing a building keeps the building alive as a living history of monuments, as at the Taj Mahal in Agra, India. The culture of any country is not confined to historic accounts of events where as its projections can be seen in the objects frozen in their own time and space, perpetuated as cultural and architectural traditions. The legacies of the past and ambitions for the future effectively combine with the situations of the present. Therefore, shapes the architecture trends of contemporary times.

ART

TECHNOLOGY

ARCHITECTURE

Figure 2 : Culture is the driving force for all the material expressions.

SOURCE 2 : AUTHOR

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2.1 The Cultural background of India

"The culture of India refers collectively to the thousands of distinct and unique cultures of all religions

and

communities

present

in India.

India's languages, religions, dance, music, architecture, food, and customs differs from place to place within the country, often labeled as an amalgamation of several cultures, spans across the Indian subcontinent and has been influenced by a history that is several millennia old."[ 7] Many

elements

of

India's

diverse

religions, philosophy, cuisine, languages, martial

cultures,

such

as Indian

arts, dance, music and movies have

a

profound impact on the identity of Indian architecture over the world. India has a rich history.

India is invaded by many rulers. It is well known as 'Incredible India' because of its diversity in people, culture and religion. From Chandragupta Maurya to Britishers, many rulers from all over the world came to India, ruled and went. Thereby mixing their cultures to Indian folk culture." India has 29 states with different culture and civilizations and one of the most populated countries in the world.[4]" The Indian culture, often labeled as an amalgamation of several various cultures, spans across the Indian subcontinent and has been influenced and shaped by a history that is several thousand years old.[7] Throughout the history of India, Indian culture is heavily influenced by Dharmic religions of the ruling dynasty and political parties.

2.2 The influence of Indian culture on Architecture

The face of India changed after the advent of mughal era. With the advent of Islamic influence from the west, Indian architecture adapted to allow the rules and regulations of the new religion. The new architectural style was established out of conflicting ideologies and culture of two disparate religions. Fatehpur Sikri, Taj Mahal, Gol Gumbaz, Qutub Minar, Red Fort of Delhi are creations of this era, and are often used as the stereotypical image of India.

The colonial rule of the British Empire witnessed the emergence of Indo-Saracenic style, and mixing of several other styles, such as European Gothic. The Victoria Memorial or

7.7 John Keay (2011), India: A History, 2nd Ed – Revised and Updated, Grove Press / Harper Collins, ISBN 978-0-8021-4558-1, see Introduction and Chapters 3 through 11.

14

the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus are notable examples.[8] India has developed its own history in developing architectural language therefore people from south, east, west and north have developed their own architectural response to maintain balance between mans need and climate.

Indian architecture has influenced eastern and southeastern Asia, due to the spread of Buddhism. A number of Indian architectural features such as the temple mound or stupa, temple spire or shikhara, temple tower or pagoda and temple gate or torana, have become famous symbols of Asian culture, used extensively in East Asia and South East Asia. The central spire is also sometimes called a vimanam. The southern temple gate, or gopuram is noted for its obscurity and magnidicence. Contemporary Indian architecture is more cosmopolitan. Metropolitan

Cities are extremely compact and densely populated. City

planning and design is highly influenced by the contrasting culture and people. Recent creations such as the Lotus Temple and Akshardham, and the various modern urban development of India like Delhi, Bhubaneswar and Chandigarh, are notable examples of multiculturalism in Indian architecture.

2.3 The culture of the ruling power

Indian history witnessed all the historical events and emergence of all the art forms. Buildings is a living legacy of the nation. Indian architecture is developing a new face. India has always been a paramount source of resources and attracted exchange of trades. People from all over the world came to India to trade and acquired land. Many great lords from East, West and North invaded India and conquered. The culture and ideologies of the rulers was reflected on the built environment and shaped the architecture trends that prevails till date.

8.8 Wikipedia,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_India.

15

Talking about qutub complex one of the heritage site of India, Qutub-ud-din Aibak was the sultan of Hindustan. " He first of all began construction of a mosque , the masjid Kuwwat-ul-Islam, out of gratitude towards the almighty, as such miracle could not have place unless he had so wished. The construction was begun in 1193, the year Qutub-ud-din took sultanate's charge and was hurriedly completed by 1198 before the ambitious project of constructing the great Minar was undertaken .

The inscriptions on lintel slabs above the eastern and northern gateway indicate that for their material 27 Hindu or Jain temples were demolished and their material was re-used the plinth level structure of a Hindu or Jain temple , in Mosque's

construction,

perhaps to save

labour , time and cost involved in mining , chiselling and sculpturing. The material recuperated from

these

demolished temples was redeployed in the new structure Figure3:The famed Qutub Minar and tomb of Imam Zamin across the arch in as it had been originally. Though it did not fit in Qutub Complex, Delhi Mosque's architectural design or in Mosque's concept, yet SOURCE3: https://www.sahapedia.org/the-qutbcomplex-overview

the legendary Iron pillar, the Garuda-dvaja of some Vishnu Temple, was accommodated in Mosque'smain court-yard just axially with the central arch of the great screen.

Figure4:Temple pillars reused for the mosque in Qutub Complex, Delhi

Figure 5: Iron pillar at Qutub Complex, Delhi

SOURCE4; : https://www.sahapedia.org/the-qutb-complex-overview SOURCE5; : https://www.sahapedia.org/thequtb-complex-overview

https://www.sahapedia.org/thequtb-complex-overview https://www.sahapedia.org/the-

16

The designs

that

framed

inscriptions carved on great screen's various panels contain

numerous Hindu motifs, as the artisans who worked on them were skilled only in Hindu traditions. The prevalence of so much of Hindu element was not its acceptance in mosqueconcept, or an indication of its builder's sectarian tolerance. However, in it there was a new beginning . The two architectural ideologies were seen conciliating to bear the new IndoIslamic architectural style on Indian soil." [9]

Figure 6 : Alai Darwaza in Qutub Complex ,Delhi SOURCE6; : https://www.sahapedia.org/the-qutb-complex-overview

9 9 Dr. Daljeet & Prof.

P.C Jain India;Delhi,Agra,Khajuraho,Jaipur".(2000), p.16,17.

,"

Monuments

of 17

CHAPTER-3 PHYSICAL EXPRESSION OF CULTURE; ARCHITECTURE

18

3.0 Physical Expression of Culture ; Architecture

Culture gives identity to architecture. Architecture was and is a true measure of a nation 's culture. "The culture of the community is responsible for the ways spaces get formed.

Architecture is similar to the perception which changes with time, and has his roots in culture which will never get a fixed form. Buildings are, in fact, matrices for social structure. Several anthropologists believe that architecture can be read to describe the "whole way of life" of a society."[ 10] Encompassing much more than just the basic needs of a particular society, the architectural form responds to a far more complex system. Joseph Esherick, Fellow of the American Institute of Architects, of Esherick, Homsey, Dodge and Davis in San Francisco states that, "Real" architecture has an attachment to a larger reality that goes beyond architecture itself. Characteristics of the land, the attributes of the people, the economic basis of the building environment, range of uses, climate, culture-all are the real determinants of form.[ 11] The fundamental cultural and artistic factors in building changes an ordinary building into a perfect and architecture.

3.1 Culture gives identity to the Architecture

"Architecture is the portray of nation's culture integrated with all aspects of human life and has a profound impact on it. Architecture is the results of the culture of the society".[Parvizi, 2009]

"The Nature-Man-Architecture transfer process explains If man is a reflection of nature, Architecture reflects Man and his total personality ( Purusha). If human body and mind complex are instruments which communicate, expand and get consumed in the nature, Architecture and habitat also pulsate, absorb, expand and get consumed into man. Nature, Man and Architecture are the natural evolutionary extensions of one another, forming a complete

10. 10 Dr. Thomas Greaves, "Messages in the Stones: An Anthropologist Looks at Architecture." An Exploration of a Common Legacy: The Proceeding.s , 29.

11. 11 38 janice Fillip, "Standing up for California in Monterey," Architecture (May1991, vol. 80, no. 5), 24 19

whole".[12] Culture and architecture are two faces of the same coin. Culture has always been inspiration for developing the civilization. For a user to find connection in their surroundings the architecture of the space must reflect his cultural values. Architecture never changes its path from culture, it adapts and merges with the layers of abstraction and exist in transition with the dramatic paradigm shifts in the way people live.

3.1.1 Jaipur ; The pink city

Elaborated form of cultural expression on the built form can be seen in Jaipur, the city globally known as pink city.

"Jaipur is an enduring city with a timeless quality. Everything in Jaipur is strongly characterized as jaipuri. This fabled pink city capable of casting its spell the moment one enters it. This city has retained it aristocratic elegance but has allowed folk traditions to viberate."

[13]

Jaipur stands distinguished from the

other states in its glory and harmony. It is a fine example of unique fusion of the principles and ideas of town planning, Figure 7:Jaipur planning on the basis of Hindu system practiced both in Rajasthan and Mughal of town planning as per 'Shilpa-Shastra'. traditions.

SOURCE 7:http://theindiancities.com/blogs/jaipur-a-young-architectstravelogue/

"In the construction of buildings red stone was used most extensively, however, the use of other varieties of colours, specially grey with white bordering it, were also used. It was later in 1876 that the entire city was washed pink, the colour traditionally symbolising warmth of

12. Yatin Pandya." concepts of traditional Indian Architecture", p.14,p.24 p.58.

20

human heart and the zeal of hospitality, to mark the welcome of the Prince Albert of Wales visiting Jaipur." [14] Jaipur is the first planned city in India which is based on Hindu system of town planning and followed principles prescribed in the Shilpa - Shastra, and Indian treatise on architecture.

According to this shastra the site should be divided into grids or mandalas ranging from 2x2 to 10x10.

Figure 8: Jaipur ethnicity expressed on the engravings of the facade of every building.

SOURCE 8:http://theindiancities.com/blogs/jaipur-a-young-architects-travelogue/

13.

Dr. Daljeet & Prof.

P.C Jain India;Delhi,Agra,Khajuraho,Jaipur".(2000), p.16,17.

14.

Ibid 13.

,"

Monuments

of

21

3.2 Architecture as the reflection of culture

Architecture as a matter of fact is a mirror to human life that reflects the culture in every society associated closely with structural, historical, political, economical and psychological realms of the society. People in every country try to inculcate their values in making of architecture by applying the material things. There is a direct effect of culture on architecture, it is natural that cultural changes cause transformation in effective concepts and theories in the appearance of the architecture and consequently, and therefore different ideas of architecture comes into existence.Architecture is a human fact, and even with the most severe physical constraints and limited technology man has built in ways so diverse that they can be attributed only to choice, which involves cultural values.[15] In today's multi-cultural society there are so many possible solutions to problems that the sheer degree of choice is overwhelming. As a result, creating meaningful architectural form is difficult due to this lack of constraints.[ 16] The future of architecture will surely involve even less constraints as technologies develop further.

Architecture enhances itself with time, it continues to excel and take a new form with modern outlook.

Architecture in its purest sense is a habitat which provide human with everything. Through ages architecture is linked with beautiful buildings of striking proportions, rich in material and profoundly ornamented in design.

But in real sense, Architecture for people is shaped on people's need which have been chosen intellectually in order to withstand natural disaster and maintain their cultural and rituals of their society.

15.

16.

Figure 9:Jodhpur: the blue city.

SOURCE9;https://www.urbanghostsmedia.com/2013/02/jodhpur-historyindia-enigmatic-blue-city/

McCaffrey, 165; and Greeley, The Irish Americans. 146.

Greeley, The Irish Americans. 147 22

Figure 10:View from the Mehrangarh Fort, which dominates the Jodhpur skyline.

SOURCE 10;https://www.urbanghostsmedia.com/2013/02/jodhpur-history-india-enigmatic-blue-city/

In India cities like Jaipur, Jodhpur, Udaipur, Delhi and Varanasi are rich in their cultural history and are the sites of historical heritage. These cities have the architecture of historical significance, the buildings speaks about the beliefs and culture of the folk group of that region. "Many dwellings in Jodhpur are painted a vivid blue, making the city look like the sky or sea as the hot sun beams down on the area. The visual contrast between the Blue City and the ‘Great Indian Desert’ is truly striking. The people of Jodhpur may paint their homes blue to keep them cool but they’re more likely following tradition. The practice is thought to have begun when Brahmins (a priestly group in the Indian caste system) began painting their homes to signify their own high status. "[17]

17.

17

https://www.urbanghostsmedia.com/2013/02/jodhpur-history-india-enigmatic-blue-city/ 23

CHAPTER-4 CONCEPT OF ARCHITECTURE IN CULTURE

24

4.0 Concept of Architecture in culture

Architecture and human manners have a close relationship and they have prominent effect on each other. Architecture can shape manner of living and mutual transmission of resources among users and it displays the historical and profound role of culture in combining these factors. By just looking at the built form of a region one can study lifestyle and traditions of the community living in the respective region. Architecture has become one of the paramount source to trace and identify the cultural patterns and social constitution prevalent during the time. Architecture theory and history conventionally are the study of monuments. But now, the interest shifted a while ago from temples, palaces, and tombs to the whole city as an expression of a culture and a way of life.

Figure 11: Illustrating hierarchy bases on man and nature relationship as an integrated feature of built environment.

SOURCE11; AUTHOR

The physical environment of a man included the built environment is still not dominated by the designer. The unplanned built environment resulted in two standards- 'important buildings' ( especially those built by skilled craftsmen and artisans ; Forts, Castle, Temples, Monuments) and 'unimportant buildings' ( Buildings made by folk groups ; settlements). This suggests that in the past architecture was only seen in the grandness of the monuments. If only one consider the whole built environment that includes the dwelling units of majority, it suggest that vernacular buildings are considered unimportant and consequently neglected physically and constantly deteriorates.

25

4.1 Architecture of the elites

Architecture was only seen in the grandness of the monuments. The construction of such magnificent monuments required artisans, workmanship, craftsmanship, skilled labor and materials. It is only the elites who could afford trades rest used traditional techniques which were popular amongst the folk group.

Through monuments one can see the glorious past and visualize the culture and traditions prevailing during that time. Many forms of monuments like temples, tombs and forts constructed by the most powerful and wealthy people of the civilization are often the source of information about the beliefs and cultures of those societies. Most of the rulers back then constructed stepwell or baoli to harvest water for

Figure 12;Free-Standing structures the public. Spaces like this evokes interactive and social at Kailash temple. conjunctions which serve the ruler in sustaining his power over the kingdom.

SOURCE 12; https://www.freeimages.com/premium/cave-16the-kailasa-temple-in-ellora-india-391434

Figure 13;The kailash Temple at Ellora is an ensemble of rock-cut, scooped -out and free standing structures.

SOURCE; https://www.freeimages.com/premium/cave-16-the-kailasa-temple-in-ellora-india-391434

26

Kailash Temple the famous Hindu shrine is the most divine single rock structure temple of the world that best describes the beliefs and culture of the ruling dynasty. .

"The kailash temple at Ellora - an entire precinct consisting of both free-standing and hollowed out forms carved out of the living rock of an entire hillside-is the epitome of rockcut architecture in India and the most aggrandized manifestation of the technique. A phantasmagoric composition of mysterious spaces, sculpted surfaces and mythical monsters.

The temple is treasure-house of visual treats the spatial experiences, apart from ritual overlays and symbolic significance. Built in the reign of Dantidurga and Krishna I, between A.D. 757 and 773 and dedicated to Lord Shiva, the main deity of the precinct, it draws freely from references of the Virupaksha Temple at Hampi and other Pallava temples. Unlike the smaller varieties of the built-up architecture of the period, this magnificent example of the Dravidian style of architecture is the largest monolithic temple in India." [18]

Figure 14;Kailash Temple: Lord Shiva’s Abode in Ellora.Shiva temple from the top rock showing the built and unbuilt relationship.

SOURCE14; https://www.freeimages.com /premium/cave-16-thekailasa-temple-in-elloraindia-391434

18.18 Yatin Pandya." concepts of traditional Indian Architecture", p.14,p.24 p.58.

27

4.2 Cultural Architecture of the poor

In the past the ideal environment of people and culture are expressed in buildings and settlements where there is no architect, designer or artisans to design and plan a building. The traditions of the locals express the culture of the majority and life as it was lived than. These traditions allows them to construct built forms which support their day to day functions and designed Spaces that provide shelter to them

and

their cattle, and work places that

contributes to the society. The local people of certain society were capable of building their own dwellings, they had all the necessary knowledge about the locally available material and technical knowledge to built it. Though building material was available but only elites could trade it. "The principles laid down for the construction of dwellings, even today, seem amazingly scientific. The religious mystery given to the whole process gave birth to superstitions, that generally arise from exaggerating a logical reasoning. The religious connotation was probably employed to keep the law makers (kings) and the brahmins (priests) from being transparent. Rituals gave the whole process a sacred dimension, which saw to it that every little details was efficiently carried out."[ 19] While the grand design tradition of monuments is characterized by a greater degree of institutionalization and specialization. The folk traditional architecture is much more closely related to the culture of the majority and manners of life as it was really lived than, where as the grand design tradition represents the culture of the elites.

Culture and architecture is seen as bond which unites us together. In architecture the presence of culture is also identified in the use of traditions while designing a space. It can be seen in different materials, vernacular construction techniques, use of different material inside or outside the building in form of paintings, sculptures and functional elements which are the part of their culture and religious belief. The use of different-different cultural elements and materials in a space which are partially replaced or added with the time, represents the existence of different culture at various time. Such manifestations of culture depicts the nature of the space and the form of architecture depicts the living conditions of the people.

19.19 Dr. B.B Puri, "A book on Vastu-Shastra Vedic Architecture and Art of living," (1995), p.x 28

CHAPTER-5 SIGNIFICANCE OF CULTURAL ELEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE

29

5.0 Significance of cultural elements in Architecture

The different architectural element which are cultural in nature enhance the multicultural image of the city. The different factors can be the materials, elements, art forms, etc. are the tools to express multicultural image of the city belonging to particular tradition of the people or to that particular era. "Architecture is a celebration of life. The manifestation of an idea, it encodes message and emotes feelings. Architecture communicates through spatial tools, whether they be the space sequences and their organization."[ 20]

Architectural spaces can nourish emotions and spirituality in a space. The notion of spirituality is best illustrated in Hindu temple. "In the hindu notion the act of prayer is very personal and a one-to one connection is sought between the devotee and the deity. In order to facilitate such a notion the architecture of the temple must be complementary. In a temple, the sequence of gopurams (entrance gates) , the series of ascending steps and platforms. The rising volumes of domes and shikharas of steeples, the increasing degree of enclosure, and the transition from semi-open , multi-directional pavilions to uni-directional dark sanctum enclosed by solid-wall, all heighten the progression from the corporeal to the spiritual as one progresses from gopuram to the grabagriha. This sense of transcendence from the worldly to the metaphysical, from the terrestrial to the celestial, from the matter to the mind is further enhanced by the culmination of the horizontal planes of the platform into a vertical axis through tall pointed shikharas symbolically reaching towards the heavens. In this manner, the elements of a building, its scale, size, volume, degrees of enclosure, levels of illumination as well as its motifs and decorations instill and evoke in the observer the ethos appropriate to the place."[ 21.]

5.1 Cultural elements as an anchor

Elements seems to be the strongest part of architecture which gives meaning to a space. The contemporary trends in Delhi, most of the people preferred to live in buildings facing the road for commercial benefits. One has to sit in 160 decibel noise and enjoy view of traffic from 20.20 Yatin Pandya." concepts of traditional Indian Architecture", p.14,p.24 p.58.

21.21 Ibid 19.

30

their balcony. Whereas homes with a tulsi plant in the well-laid courtyard, which is the meeting place of neighborhood in the evenings and natural source of light and ventilation never faces noise pollution problems and tulsi plant brings a spiritual aspect to the space.

"The courtyard is a characteristic device of Indian architecture that is the most effective in creating a world within a world. It is a natural means of ventilation and natural light. The courtyard surrounded by the built mass creates an introverted response. Becoming a focus in itself, it allows for activities to spill into it and thrive without being disturbed by external conditions. "[22] This architectural element is visible in royal palaces where design respected the privacy in the form delineated hierarchy of courts. One such example is The Jambukeshwara Temple, Srirangam in part of southern India, Quite aptly demonstrates the concept of a 'world within a world' through concentric layers of walls and gates, where each proceeding layer becomes more secured and sacred.

5.2 NATURE AND ARCHITECTURE

" Those who look for the laws of nature as a support for their new works collaborate with the creator. "- Antoni Gaudi Human questioned nature. The built environment is the result of this interaction. Livings forms has always inspired human to discover phenomena's that are beyond imagination. The inventions inspired by nature are the reasons which make human a supreme race. Human are forward-looking, still have their origins in traditions deeply rooted to culture and their history. Human always work in harmony with the natural surroundings. Rivers inspired them to conduct agricultural practices. Trees inspired them to construct shelter and supported them with food, shade and resources. Buildings are built around trees, in trees, as trees and with trees.

Nature dominates the way of living of a space. Nature is the basis of every matter and every physical form. The foundation of architecture is based on the geographical, climatic conditions and natural resources. Nature is the fundament that form the traditions and the norms of any culture. Culture is the direct outcome of human interpretation of nature and 22.22 Yatin Pandya." concepts of traditional Indian Architecture", p.14,p.24 p.58.

31

the same is reflected in architecture. Architecture is conglomeration of nature and its elements. The relationship between nature and architecture is also about survival and safety. Nature gives human a vision. The formulas of nature and hidden characteristics of the natural concepts can be used to interpret the functions of living organisms which can be the inspiration of future cultural expressions and technology. Many expressions of nature can be seen in the built form. The pious elements and geometry one see in built forms are derived from the five element of nature that are ; Jal (Water), Vayu (Air), Agni (Fire), Bhumi (Earth) and Aakash (Aether).

Figure 15: Illustration of elements in cultural buildings derived from five elements of nature.

SOURCE 15; AUTHOR

32

Figure 16; Architectural establishments based on five senses of man corresponding to the five elements of nature.

SOURCE16 ; AUTHOR

33

5.3 People and Architecture Human spent 3/4 th of their day in some building or the other. The notion of ‘spirituality in a place’ to seek out the qualities of the built environment that contribute to places which, through their physical design, allow users to find greater meaning in their surroundings.

The Hutheesing Temple is another example

of

'movement

guiding

perception and exalting the physical journey

into

a

personal

intuitive

experience'. " The Hutheesing Jain Temple in Ahmedabad creates a spatial sequence

attaining

a

one-to-one

dialogue with the divine through the spatial organization and juxtaposition of space-making elements. At Hutheesing Temple, the victory tower becomes the first visual reference and the focus from a distance. The next sequence of spaces begins

from the

aligned

entrance

extended, axially pavilion

with

ascending steps, a getaway and the first floor mass. The entrance getaway brings one en-face the main shrine but this is Figure 17:Within the same campus, also is the very recently constructed 78 ft Mahaveer Sthambh at The where the circumambulatory takes over. Hutheesing Temple,Ahmdabad, Gujarat.

After circumambulation , the journey SOURCE17; further is axial, where the ascending http://travel.bhushavali.com/2013/12/hutheesinghjain-temple-ahmedabad.html steps, rising shikhara profiles, decreasing intensity of light aided by religious sculptures help create a gradual sense of withdrawal from the corporeal world. The passage here also passes through the three stage filters of the sabhamandapa,

34

goodha-mandapa and the garbhagriha."[ 23]

Figure 18:Within the same campus, also is the very recently constructed 78 ft Mahaveer Sthambh at The Hutheesing Temple,Ahmdabad, Gujarat.

SOURCE18;http://travel.bhushavali.com/2013/12/hutheesingh-jain-temple-ahmedabad.html

23.23 Yatin Pandya." concepts of traditional Indian Architecture", p.14,p.24 p.58.

35

CHAPTER-6 CONCLUSION

36

6.0 Conclusion

6.1 Key Argument

Indian culture is highly influenced by religion and customs of the ruling dynasty. The Indian architecture adapted and allowed the traditions of new religion to follow. Throughout the advent of different rulers. India developed its own history and architectural language.

Architectural language of any region is highly effected by the user pattern, socio-cultural determinants of the user and geography of the region. And all these factors are governed by the culture of the region. Every country is different from another ; Every Indian state is different from another ;Every space is different from another. All the answers to this disparity comes down to culture and architecture. Architecture and culture are the litmus test of the nation who represents prosperity and development of the nation. They are reliable indicators of performance of the society. Architecture is the cultural ingredient of the society. Art, Architecture and technology are the physical

manifestation of culture. Establishment of

culture over a built form gives identity to the built form. Cultures gives identity to the architecture of a region.

Architecture of a place, speaks in volume about the people residing in that region. It is through architecture one can trace and identify the living pattern of the society, the living conditions of people, locally available material, Construction techniques and .technological advancement of the region. It is through architecture one can study the way of life of a civilization. In a nutshell architecture and culture are the two faces of the same coin. Architecture is like a mirror of human thoughts about space, aesthetics and culture. Architecture is the manifestation of the culture.

History speaks for itself the magnificent monument commemorate a person or a event. Kings built forts and palaces for their comfort and luxury. Temples, mosques and tanks were the structures meant for public activity. These public spaces despite being the place of pilgrimage also meant to demonstrate the power, wealth and strength of the ruler. With the emergence of new dynasties, Kings wanted to proclaim their territory and overpower other rulers by the richness of the stone in their monuments. Many dynasties that ruled India, attempted to transform their capitals and cities into great cultural centre that embraced their way of life and 37

brought fame to their rule and realm. The monuments was a physical imitation of the ruler's believes and faith. If one consider the built environment as a whole one will observe the real story of culture and built environment is hidden in the dwelling units of local people. The culture of the region was elaborated on the built form of folk groups. The local architecture expressed culture in true sense, as there was no concept of architecture and design. It is through their experience and availability of resources people brought best out of their circumstances. It is the circumstances through which local people developed knowledge and skill to construct their own dwelling units. Though building material and modern techniques was prevailing in the world but only riches could trade it.

The contemporary architectural trends is going through a transformation. The present day scenario in the profession is dwelling between the roots of past and technology advancement of the future. It is the projections of the past over the present that decides the present storyline of culture and thus architecture of the region. The greed to become a super power has jeopardized the culture of the country. Buildings lack their ethnicity , they no longer demonstrate the richness of culture in their shining facade. Buildings no longer depict the morals of their history and origins. It is through culture one can proclaim their closeness to god. Because without belief in higher powers culture is not possible. Culture gives identity to an architecture. For a prosperous nation the new development must incorporate the prevailing traditional design patterns rather following the the trends. The traditional design approaches that responded to the needs of the society for years must be revived.

38

6.2 Recapitulation of research questions and its significance

The research findings provide comprehensive literature regarding the issues mentioned in this dissertation . The main question posed in this research was the determining architectural qualities that will be necessary in creating an identity of that society. The intent of this essay is to give inferences on architecture as the denouement of culture. The objective of this dissertation is to source the qualities of culture that established into the built environment one lives in by conducting thorough literature study related to culture and architecture to establish contextual and

critical understanding of

the

issues faced by developing

nations in

flourishing their own architectural style whose foundation underpinning on the cultural history of that nation. Climatic, physical and social conditions of the environment shapes the architecture and influences its users lifestyle. The engagement of different elements with nature can be used to create a poetic essence of a place in the form of art. The users experience involves a sense of touch in contrast to the visual touch. By adding the culture aspect to a space in terms of design, building material, planning, sculptures creates a sense of expression is created that involves the evolution of the beings. Hence, scope of innovation increases and ideas are generated to respond to the transformation of human experience.

Furthermore, the role of culture in arranging the elements of architecture for creating the stamping ground for the folk group mentioned in the research questions have been studied by analyzing the approach presented by the serene qualities of culture which is associated with the holistic approach of the surrounding architecture and built environment of the society.

This research also includes the study of fine architecture or built environments who has contributed to the human spirit in variety of ways based on the cultural values of that region thereby reviving the hidden significance of culture in building a connection between people and architecture.

6.3 Research inference and its significance

Throughout the research process there have been various assured documents that have been referred and taken inference from. These research documents have helped in generating inferences which have helped in validating the entire research . The aim was to study the qualities of architecture that will influence the

human well being towards establishing 39

architectural guidelines that will embrace culture and will facilitate traditional practices .The focus of the research is on cultural architecture. The literature review carried out, focused on these aspects and the studies that have been extracted from books, concepts, theories, journals, was able to determine

that

space requires

a physical element which is the

manifestation of culture of that region.

In architecture a space becomes a place as its physical attributes allow it to be identifiable since it develops a character based on functional, spatial and environmental factors. The research has been able to determine the application of various architectural qualities like study of culture, nature, human behavior , phenomenology ,

holistic and spiritual environment

which help in determining architecture as the outcome of culture and social needs of the society.

6.4 The future research possibilities

The main aim of the research is to study about the different ways of expressing culture at one place which are enough to define the culture of a particular time and different communities.

Not only the architecture different material and art forms has also been identified and compared to find out the most suitable means of expressing culture of a place. Some elements are identified which express culture through their appearance and design factor. The conclusion of the research can be incorporated in the design of different buildings or can be referred as a solution to the problem of 'lack of original architecture style' which can be solved by adapting new techniques but cultural ideologies. The folk architecture practices that have been responding to the needs of the society for years can also help in preserving the identity of the nation's architecture.

The research on such multicultural elements can be incorporated in present day buildings such as schools, college, residences, cultural hubs, shopping complexes, etc. These buildings are capable to change the outlook of people towards their culture and through their spaces these spaces can built a relationship between the user and a building.

Further studies may be required to investigate the relation of culture with nature. In a more detailed research , the origin of culture and how it was brought in religion in prehistoric times 40

might be a future study where aspects of gods and their relation to humans may be tackled in an aim to develop architecture. Further study can also claim at devising architecture that is accepted by the folk culture and folk groups of the society which embraces their beliefs, their gods, religion and supports their lifestyle.

6.5 Final Conclusion

To conclude , this document comprises study that have been researched primarily to the optimum capabilities of the researcher whilst considering certain constraints that may have prevented the broader studies indicated. Throughout this dissertation , various aspects of architecture have been researched and analyzed . These aspects are needed to create a sustainable environment that counters the needs of all. The spatial, functional , tactile, sensory and natural elements contribute in connecting man to his environment. These qualities will be used in the design stage by the architect and other professionals complemented by the concepts and theory studied during this research.

Culture determine the spatial characteristics of a city and its the most important element in determining the image of the city. This essays talks about how architecture is the manifestation of culture and also explains architecture as the identification marker of the society. It also explains the intangible relation between culture and architecture. Architecture is a means

to trace and identify the human behavior, culture, lifestyle and ideologies

prevailing during that time . Just by merely looking at the building one can unfold the story behind the construction of the marvel.

41

Plagiarism Check Report

42

BIBLIOGRAPHY

43

Books and Publications •

Yatin Pandya." concepts of traditional Indian Architecture",2005

•

Dr.

Daljeet

&

Prof.

P.C

Jain

,"

Monuments

of

India;Delhi,Agra,Khajuraho,Jaipur".(2000)

•

John Keay, India: A History, 2nd Ed – Revised and Updated, Grove Press / Harper Collins. (2011)

•

Dr. B.B Puri, "A book on Vastu-Shastra Vedic Architecture and Art of living," (1995)

•

Lefebvre Henri ,"The production of space",(1974)

•

Dr.

Daljeet

&

Prof.

P.C

Jain

,"

Monuments

of

India;Delhi,Agra,Khajuraho,Jaipur".(2000) •

Amos Rapoport, "House Form and Culture".(1969)

•

Fathi, H, Watson & Guptill, Architecure for People.(1997)

•

Mohammada, Malika , The foundations of the composite culture in India,(2007)

•

Eli Franco, Karin Preisendanz. Beyond Orientalism: The Work of Wilhelm Halbfass and Its Impact on Indian and Cross-cultural Studies. Motlilal Banarsidass. (1997)

44

•

Research Paper on Evaluation of the Relationship Between Culture and TraditionalArchitecture and its Effects on Design Quality Improvement., By Gholamali Karimi Hessam Master of Architecture Qeshm International Branch,Islamic Azad University, Qeshm, Iran. (2016)

45

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•

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Accessed on ; 10 July,2018.

URL:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320243373_Cultural_Expressions_In_Architecture__A_Case_Of_Manapad_In_The_Coastal_Stretch_Of_Tuticorin

•

Culture and its expression in Design by Rohit Mandal. Accessed on ; 10 July,2018 URL:https://www.zingyhomes.com/latest-trends/architecture-and-culture-relation-influence/

•

An educators guide to explore our communities and traditions. Accessed on ; 10 July,2018.

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•

Architecture and Culture: A Villages and Globalization Issue, by Ben Stringer .Accessed on : 21 July 2018.

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•

Cultural Influences on Architecture by Stephen F. Kenny. Accessed o n ; 22 July 2018.

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46