ARCHITECTURE AND ECOLOGY 2015
Art, Architecture and Design, University of South Australia
SOCIO-‐CULTURAL SUSTAINABILITY OF HOUSING RECONSTRUCTION IN RURAL NEPAL, FOLLOWING THE 2015 EARTHQUAKE Janai Lemar Student ID 110112913
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THEME: Social Sustainability ABSTRACT: This paper examines the potential architects have to promote socio-‐cultural sustainability through the reconstruction process of rural Nepalese housing, following the 2015 earthquake. Firstly, a brief exploration of Nepal’s different cultures, climates and resulting vernacular architecture is provided to demonstrate the complexity and importance of a culturally sensitive approach. The typical donor-‐lead post-‐disaster reconstruction (DPR) process is then evaluated by analysing socio-‐cultural implications of the reconstruction of rural housing in Haiti following the 2010 earthquake. This is then compared to owner-‐driven reconstruction (ODR), of the Urban Poor Linkage’s (UPLINK) reconstruction of 3 500 houses in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, following the 2001 tsunami. It is found that DPR is socio-‐culturally unsustainable as architects and local communities are rarely involved. DPR usually produces identical houses that disregard vernacular architecture and therefore the communities’ cultural identity, traditional lifestyles, and availability of local resources and skills. Furthermore, DPR does not encourage community empowerment and ownership in the reconstruction process of their built environment; whereas ODR aims to enable homeowners to direct reconstruction. ODR should utilise architects to provide support and guide local communities by interpreting their needs and facilitating their design ideas. Empowerment is not only crucial in the physical rebuilding of disaster-‐stricken communities, but also in the psychological, cultural and societal sense. It is recommended that ODR be employed in reconstructing rural houses in Nepal to empower local citizens, and to efficiently address the great variation in the vernacular architecture of different Nepalese communities. These variations cannot effectively be understood by outsiders in the context of disaster response. Although ODR is resource intensive and requires time, it inevitably results in a built and social environment which is more environmentally, socially and culturally sustainable in the long-‐term.
On April 25 2015, a 7.8 magnitude earthquake struck Nepal killing over 8 500 people and destroying 450 000 rural homes. Being a developing country, foreign humanitarian aid organisations rushed into Nepal to provide immediate emergency relief and reconstruct homes and villages. Architecture has the potential to give hope and promote community resilience (Lee 2013, 224). The reconstruction process is not only important in rebuilding the physical environment but it is also an opportunity to empower vulnerable communities, helping them to psychologically recover from crisis. Historically, foreign aid agencies rarely involve architects, prompting this author to examine architects’ potential to promote social and cultural sustainability in the post-‐ earthquake reconstruction process of rural Nepalese houses. Social sustainability is the maintenance or improvement of people’s well-‐being by increased social cohesion, stability and improvement in quality of life (Chiu 2006, 66). Cultural sustainability is a pre-‐ condition of sustainable development, and is defined as the sustainability of culture itself through the consideration of shared values, perceptions and attitudes (Chiu 2006, 68). This paper begins by briefly exploring Nepal’s different cultures, climates and resulting vernacular architecture to demonstrate the complexity and importance of a culturally sensitive reconstruction approach. Current standards of Donor Led Reconstruction (DLR), where all funding and decisions are controlled by foreign organisations, is then considered by analysing the social and cultural implications of the 400% Housing Reconstruction Project in Zoranje, Haiti after the 2010 earthquake. Newspaper articles and independent reports are used to analyse the 400% Project, as there is a lack of published or peer reviewed information specific to DLR projects in Haiti. DLR is then compared to Owner Driven Reconstruction (ODR), which is a community participatory process that gives owners more control over the designs and use of funds. Books and journal articles are used to analyse Urban Poor Linkage’s (UPLINK) reconstruction of rural homes in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, following the 2004 tsunami, as an ODR case study. Reconstruction of Nepalese housing cannot be undertaken with a ‘one-‐size-‐fits-‐all’ attitude, due to the wide variations in vernacular architecture in different communities. Vernacular architecture is an expression of a community’s identity and relation to place. These variations are due to Nepal’s numerous ethnic groups (Fig. 1) and five climatic zones (Fig. 2), factors which influence living traditions, resource availability and therefore vernacular architecture.
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