UNRAVELING THE IMPACT OF HISTORY ON MODERN FILIPINO SOCIETY
Written by: Jericho Dizon
CONNECTIONS AND CULTURE THAT SHAPED US THEN AND NOW
Written by: Chelzce Bautista
MODULE 3
REVISITING COLONIAL ROOTS: EXPLORING THE IMPRINTS OF OPPRESSION IN THE PHILIPPINES
Written by: Marc Wong & Tyrone Workman
MODULE 4
THE INVISIBLE HANDS: POLITICAL DYNASTIES IN THE PHILIPPINES
Written by: Jami Romulo
Photo by ARCHIE GEOTINA
Collage by JAMI ROMULO
BY JERICHO DIZON
In an ever-evolving world, the past is often overlooked, history stands as the medium that binds our past, present, and future. It is not merely a collection of dates and events but a profound inquiry into the collective human experience Based on Louis Gottschalk's writings, history is a blend of descriptions and narrations from the past, meticulously integrated through the lens of critical analysis to unearth what's close to the entire truth. It's a process similar to assembling a jigsaw puzzle by meticulously analyzing sources or the building blocks of history
In the present contemporary world, history can be a guiding compass. Without understanding our past, navigating the complexities of the present becomes an arduous task The importance of history is not just in academics; rather, it's a guide for those seeking to improve the present and shape a better future. A common saying is that "those who remain oblivious to history's lessons are destined to repeat their mistakes" Good history goes beyond the recitation of facts; it should offer solutions and consolations for the challenges of today. By tracing the roots of modern issues and understanding how societies of the past responded, history gives us numerous solutions to contemporary problems.
Photo from ExpediaAt the heart of history lies a triad of essential lessons that form the foundation of our understanding of the past. The Historical Method, as articulated by L. Gottschalk, embodies a rigorous process of investigating a subject by collecting all the probable sources of information, examining the genuineness of the sources, and extracting credible particulars This method transcends mere storytelling, delving deep into the core of events, critically examining every nuance, and weaving together a coherent narrative that unveils the truth.
Integral to this method is the Historical Sources. These sources come in two forms – Primary and Secondary Primary sources offer firsthand accounts of the distant past – the letters, artifacts, and accounts that have weathered the tides of time. Secondary sources, on the other hand, are interpretive contexts based on primary sources which provide analysis and interpretation of the subject matter These sources collaborate, enabling us to see the bigger picture of what happened in the past.
However, history is not merely a retelling of events but something that should be carefully examined. Here emerges the realm of Historical Criticism – both External and Internal External criticisms, assess the credibility, authenticity, and reliability of sources as well as the biases of sources On the other hand, Internal criticisms investigate the methodologies employed by historians themselves to see whether the document is accurate and trustworthy of the facts. These critical examinations form a process that constantly refines and hones the narrative of history.
In the landscape of social media filled with information and misinformation, using the lessons of history as a discipline becomes important. The Historical Method, characterized by the critical examination of records, offers valuable techniques against falsehoods. By subjecting claims to rigorous analysis and cross-referencing with established records or credible websites. This method encourages users to engage in a thoughtful evaluation of information before taking in the knowledge, instilling a culture of careful consideration and informed dialogue
Integrating history's primary and secondary sources emerges as another powerful tactic in dispelling misinformation Sharing firsthand accounts and citing respected secondary sources not only bolsters credibility but also empowers users to be discerning consumers of digital content. When confronted with questionable content users can check the sources of the information to know the credibility of the information and know the biases of the source
Furthermore, the adoption of internal and external criticisms can also be tools in the fight against misinformation. Internally, users can scrutinize the methodology employed to present data, unearthing potential biases and assessing the logical coherence of arguments. Externally, fact-checking claims against reputable sources and considering diverse viewpoints contribute to a holistic understanding. By weaving history's methodologies, sources, and criticisms into the digital fabric, individuals contribute to upholding accuracy and authenticity, effectively combating misinformation and fostering a more enlightened online community.
In today's magazine of Sinag, we will unravel the ancient hidden connections the Chinese had with us - the Philippines. As far as language is concerned, we seem to come from different worlds. However, our pasts may be more alike than we think, intertwined with strings of trade
Barter trade: an act of trade between trading goods or services between 2 or more parties without the use of money.
Chu Fan Chi stands as the earliest recorded account of this trade. Written in 1225, it explores why, what, and how barter trade was conducted between the Philippines and China. Unraveling our past, barter trade stands as an important aspect.
Around the world, barter trade was conducted worldwide, countries thrived and grew economically. At the peak of this, the silk road is a prime example The silk road was, according to national geography, “described the welltraveled pathway of goods between Europe and East Asia” People from Asia bartered items such as silk, jade, and porcelain for items from the West such as textiles and glassware The silk road played an important part in how the world become interconnected Despite the road providing means for the Black Plague to devastate more parts of the world, it also provided easy access to new knowledge and advancement in technologies from different sides of the Earth. This served as a medium for interactions more than trading, with the exchange of religion and traditions at its core. Barter relied on the sole perception of the value of the goods being exchanged, with no central monetary system used
In the past, with a need for native products, the Philippines was rich with, China barter traded their goods with us. In Chu Fan Chi, Chao Ju Kua particularly highlights points in our country that trade flourished with the Chinese, as a result of our strategic location
Ma’i (modern-day Mindoro) and Sansu (Present day Philippine Islands. The customs of the trade were underlined in this profound document that shed light on how the barter trade was conducted in the Philippines. Both locations have different customs with regard to barter trade. For Ma’i it was conducted in an official's place where the people did their trading activities When their trading was done, they would board their ships and sail to other destinations to conduct barter trade again and return to the Philippines to repay what they had bartered. For Sansu, the arrival of the traders would be sounded by the beating of the drums. When disagreements arise, the chief of local traders will settle the misunderstanding where natives may be held as captives When the bartering is accomplished, they will then be released.
Barter trade with the Chinese showed the advancements in our country, with the focus on aesthetic pleasure showing that Filipinos were comfortable enough not to value artistic expressions. As credible evidence, our progression as a country can be seen with regard to an affiliation to and having the time to appreciate contemporary arts. Barter trade also mutually benefited both countries, which sought after what each country was abundant in. In retrospect, it shows that we had our own economy and in fact thriving, even before we were colonized, hence displacing the myth that we were “uncivilized” and lacked hierarchical authority.
Tagalog is our national language and yet is starting to fade and disappear with the coming generations. What are the origins of this beautiful language?
Tagalog, as we know it now, was derived and evolved from Baybayin, a Brahmin script that was often used in the parts of Philippines known as present day Luzon. Baybayin was used by our ancestors in precolonial times as a writing system This ancient language used 3 vowels and 14 consonants, and was interpreted as a form of syllabic writing. Baybayin was used by Filipinos in writing personal letters, showing the national identity of the country was forged long before the Spanish and Americans came We had an efficient and effective way of communicating with each other, showing the structure and functioning of civilization even before colonial times. In our history, Baybayin played an important role in the spread of Christianity in the Philippines This can be attributed to the usage of Baybayin by Christian missionaries to create the “Doctrina Christiana”, in 1593 to aid the Spanish in spreading their Christian teachings. This is proven effective as Christianity is the dominant religion in present day society
Known as a sign of personal expression and a type of body art now looked down upon, tattoos and body piercings were once a show of courage, bravery, and valor in our culture Namely in the customs of the Kalinga and Visayas. As a result of their vibrant tattoos, the Spanish called the Visayans “Los Pintados”, which meant “The Painted Ones” Body art recognised as tattoos helped the Kalingas and Visayas to identify different points of a person's life, and the social status of a person depending on the location of the tattoo.
For example, warriors were given special tattoos on the face to signify the toughest warriors. With regards to your courage and accomplishments, you were given a specific tattoo at a specific milestone. Tattoos were something to be proud of, to show your bravery and contributions to the country
In addition to pride in your bravery, tattoos also marked important points in a person’s life. In Kalinga custom, tattoos were used to mark 3 important rites of passages These passages include Rite of Separation (in birth), Rite of Transition (during adolescent), and lastly Rite of Incorporation (going into adulthood). Importantly, they show the beliefs of Filipinos during pre colonial civilisation, with most patterns involving lines and arts with relation to nature and natural elements.
Just like the barangays and reigning classes identified from our past, tattoos have a profound effect in showing the social classes and organization during the pre colonial period In this sense, hierarchical positions can be seen with correspondence to the amount and types of tattoos the Visayans and Kalingas had The tattoos also highlight our pre colonial beliefs, before Christianity was introduced to us These beliefs consisted of spirits and Godly powers guarding nature, and natural elements. Sacrifices were made to these creatures and Gods, and wood or metal statues were made on their behalf. Remnants of these shrines and statues built by our ancestors can still be seen in untouched tribes today For example, these shrines were preserved in Tam-Awan village in Baguio, Philippines. Water buffalo skulls can be seen hung at the shrines that Igorots used to do sacrifices at
Photo by Dianne Magbanua-Negado
BY MARC WONG & TYRONE WORKMAN
The colonial period in Philippine history was a time of both positive advancements and grievous adversities. A comprehensive exploration of this era reveals enduring imprints of oppression that have deeply shaped the nation's trajectory. The Philippines became a canvas on which various colonizers painted their intentions, and underwent a transformation that shaped its present-day identity The nation’s collective memory is a patchwork of colonial influences, from the Spanish molding culture, to the American intervention that ushered both independence and subjugation, and the tumultuous Japanese occupation amidst the ravages of World War II
in the Philippines was characterized by a regime of oppression manifested through slave labor, classism, and censorship. Individuals of lower social status endured forced labor under the upper class, with Spanish authorities conferring more rights upon themselves than upon the Filipino populace. Favoritism toward the upper class further compounded the divide, granting them privileges in terms of lifestyle and education Dissent against Spanish rule was met with execution or exile, while the denial of law reforms to Filipinos in matters of rights fueled the revolutionary fervor Yet, the eventual fruition of the revolution secured a period of independence from Spanish colonization, leaving behind a legacy of a thriving economy and agricultural practices The opening of Manila's ports to the world market, followed by the subsequent opening of ports in various Philippine towns, had a profound impact on commercial and economic progress.
in the Philippines was marked by the policy of "benevolent assimilation," a subtle yet effective form of colonization This period saw the propagation of oppressive literary works such as "The White Man's Burden" and "Little Brown Brothers," which portrayed Filipinos as primitive and uneducated, fostering a sense of dependency on American benevolence The introduction of the American education system, still in use today, played a role in overshadowing nationalism. Instances of atrocities, including massacres, flag prohibition, and arbitrary killings by American forces, marred this period The implementation of parity rights further strained Philippine sovereignty, contributing to a sense of neo-colonialism. Although the American legacy included improvements in education, achieved through the adoption of their system, the Philippines' independence was only partial during this occupation
of the Philippines, which occurred amidst the tumult of World War II, was characterized by rampant violence, oppression, and harassment directed at the local populace In the backdrop of the Philippines' status as an American colony, it became a prime target for Japanese aggression Throughout their three-year rule, a multitude of war crimes, including sexual harassment, rape, torture, and various forms of violence, were inflicted upon Filipinos
Instances of such brutality are evident in events like the massacres within De La Salle University and the harrowing ordeals suffered by individuals such as Markova, who fell victim to torture and rape Despite these heinous atrocities, the Japanese purportedly aimed to counter Western influences and propagate the concept of PanAsianism, envisioning an "Asia for Asians " However, one might question the sincerity of this intention in light of their actions.
Throughout the colonial era, the Philippines bore the weight of oppression in varying forms, imposed by the Spanish, Americans, and Japanese. Each colonizer operated within distinct circumstances: the Spanish sought resources and religious influence over three centuries, the Americans aimed to expand their sway in Asia, and the Japanese targeted the country due to its status as a US colony during World War II While Japan's violent acts, including bombings, war crimes, and massacres, arguably qualify it as the most brutal of the three colonizers, a broader perspective reveals that both Spanish and American policies had profound, long-term detrimental effects. Physical violence was prevalent under both the Spaniards and Americans, the latter extending it even to the post-colonial era within military camps. Yet, their enduring legacies lay in policies that impeded the Philippines' self-growth and hindered its progress. The Filipinos' lack of rights and involvement during the Spanish era and the American influence over the actions of the so-called "independent government" represent just a few of the barriers that stunted the Philippines' development
BY JAMI ROMULO
Photo by DANILO ARAO | East Asia Forum
An individual, driven solely by the intention to advance his own interests, finds himself coordinating an unexpected outcome. In the pursuit of securing personal gain, the very actions taken to attain this end lead to an unforeseen advantage of a diverse nature, encompassing not only himself but also extending to the broader collective This is what Adam Smith meant by the invisible hand.
The interplay between Adam Smith’s invisible hand and the phenomenon of political dynasties highlights a complex relationship between economic principles and political realities. Smith's assertion that pursuing one's self-interest within an open market has the potential to result in positive consequences for society clashes with the persistence of power and influence within select families over generations in the political arena While the invisible hand suggests that competitive markets foster innovation, efficiency, and growth,
The potential distortion of resource allocation, hindered social mobility, and prevalence of rent-seeking behaviors in dynastic political systems underscore the challenges posed to the ideal of the invisible hand's unimpeded operation. In essence, the contrast between these concepts raises questions about how political dynamics can either enable or hinder the invisible hand's ability to drive positive economic outcomes and equitable social progress.
political dynasties, by concentrating power and favoring vested interests, can disrupt the natural workings of this economic mechanism.
The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines postulates that we are a democratic and republican State. At its core, governance draws its legitimacy from the populace, as every facet of governmental authority emerges from the collective will of the people. In principle, the Philippines is an inclusive country which provides equal opportunities for all. However, in reality, it may not seem like it The bedrock institutions that underpin our society, to varying degrees, reveal shortcomings that curtail these opportunities, reserving them for a privileged few. This dissonance is perhaps nowhere more evident than in the realm of political dynasties, where entrenched processes perpetuate inequality, notably in the distribution of political influence and power.
Throughout the Philippines' political history, the roots of dynastic families can be traced back to the pre-colonization period This era, characterized by the rise of the ruling elite specifically, the datus, maharlikas, and rajahs unveils the adoption of an ideology deeply entrenched in kinship bonds They adeptly harnessed the cohesive force of familial ties to strengthen their grasp on power and authority. This intricate and interconnected web of alliances and affiliations persisted, gaining further prominence during the eras of Spanish and American colonial rule Within this period, favored and influential families, possessing extensive land holdings, extended their influence into the realm of political governance This ultimately facilitated their ascension to positions of economic power, solidifying their role as pivotal architects of the nation's socio-political landscape
Over the years, dynastic political families have been deeply embedded in our system.Photo by MAGUINDANAO PRIDE
The entanglement of political power and economic interests within dynastic families fosters an environment rife with
ultimately paves the way for corruption to take hold. As influential political figures intertwine with business endeavors, opportunities for fair competition and market dynamics are stifled. This results in an uneven playing field, where family-controlled enterprises gain preferential treatment, skewing the economic landscape and hindering genuine growth. The concentration of power in the hands of a few dynasties further exacerbates wealth inequality, perpetuating a cycle where a privileged minority retains and accumulates resources at the expense of a marginalized majority.
The interplay between dynasties and economic development extends beyond preferential treatment. Dynastically-inclined policies, enacted to protect vested interests, impede essential structural reforms. Key reforms such as land redistribution, progressive taxation, and transparent governance face formidable resistance from dynastic elites who aim to preserve their status and economic dominance The resulting structural impediments curtail social mobility and hinder the creation of an environment that fosters entrepreneurial spirit, innovation, and sustainable growth.
In some cases, political dynasties have contributed to local economic development by leveraging their influence to channel resources towards their constituencies For instance, the Aquino family's leadership in Tarlac was marked by efforts to promote agrarian reform and rural development, potentially boosting agricultural contributions to GDP (Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2013) On the flip side, dynastic control can lead to skewed resource allocation, where projects are directed towards family-controlled regions or industries, neglecting broader national priorities This can hinder GDP growth by limiting investments in sectors with higher growth potential.
Consequently, dynastic families have utilized their influence to introduce policies that enhance price stability By addressing supply chain issues and promoting local industries, such as the Villar family's initiatives and influence in the agriculture sector (Galvez, 2016), they can mitigate inflationary pressures. Conversely, the concentration of power within dynasties can foster environments conducive to monopolistic practices or collusion, leading to price distortions and higher inflation rates. The Ampatuan clan's influence in Maguindanao may have contributed to an environment where cartel-like behavior influenced local commodity prices.
Further, some dynastic families have sought to alleviate unemployment by promoting local industries, generating job opportunities within their constituencies. The Osmenas of Cebu have historically championed the development of tourism, potentially contributing to job creation in the region However, the concentration of political power can lead to policy favoritism towards industries controlled by dynasties, potentially limiting diversification and innovation in the labor market. This can contribute to structural unemployment and hinder overall job creation efforts.
The rise of political dynasties subverts the essence of democratic principles, creating an imbalance of power that undermines the participatory nature of governance. Concentrated control within a few families leads to diminished political competition, as electoral processes become more about lineage than merit. This erosion of competitive democracy weakens accountability and diminishes the checks and balances essential for safeguarding citizens' rights and promoting effective governance Moreover, the persistence of dynasties fosters a culture of political entitlement and apathy among the populace. When individuals witness the same families controlling political affairs across generations, cynicism sets in, eroding trust in democratic institutions This disillusionment disengages citizens from active civic participation, weakening the democratic fabric and perpetuating a cycle of complacency.
The shadow cast by political dynasties on the Philippines' economic development and democratic ideals is a formidable obstacle to progress. These entrenched power structures perpetuate a cycle of economic inequality, hinder vital reforms, and compromise the vibrancy of democratic institutions. As the nation aspires to forge a path toward inclusive growth and flourishing democracy, addressing the impact of political dynasties becomes a crucial task. Through rigorous governance reforms, increased civic engagement, and a collective commitment to change, the Philippines can aspire to liberate itself from the grip of dynastic influences and pave the way for a more prosperous and democratic future.
The significance of Philippine history in guiding the nation towards progress is profound, encompassing a tapestry of cultural richness that predates even the era of colonization. Through the lens of history, the Filipino people gain a profound understanding of their cultural roots, fostering a sense of unity amidst diversity. The historical narrative extends beyond colonization, encompassing the vibrant tapestry of indigenous cultures and traditions that flourished across the archipelago By delving into the lessons of the past, the country equips itself with invaluable insights to navigate the complexities of the present, drawing from the wellspring of pre-colonial heritage that exemplified sophisticated societal structures, trade networks, and artistic achievements From the struggles of colonization to the triumphs of democracy, each chapter in Philippine history offers a wealth of knowledge that empowers citizens to critically analyze current social, political, and economic issues As the nation moves forward, this historical consciousness, enriched by the cultural legacy of pre-colonial times, serves as a compass, directing efforts towards inclusive development, cultural preservation, and informed decision-making By embracing its history, the Philippines illuminates a path towards a brighter future, where the resilience of its pre-colonial heritage converges with the aspirations of progress
SINAG Magazine is produced by Group 2 of GERPHIS-Z21, Term 3, AY 2022-2023, as their Final Course Output
BAUTISTA, Chelzce | DIZON, Jericho | ROMULO, Jami WONG, Marc | WORKMAN, Tyrone
Photo by MARFIL AQUINO
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Gottschalk L (nd) The problem of Authenticity, or External Criticism (Module 1 readings)
Gottschalk L (nd) The problem of Credibility, or Internal Criticism (Module 1 readings)
Gottschalk L (nd) What are “History” and “Historical sources”? (Module 1 readings)
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