Listoffigures
Fig.1.1Amodelofadsorptionofthe“in-register”type—e.g. chemisorption,epitaxy. 6
Fig.1.2Modelsoftwotypesofphysisorption:(A)gas-likeand (B)liquid-like. ● beforeencounter, afterencounter, hatchedisduringencounter. 7
Fig.1.3TypeIisotherm(asharperandb). 11
Fig.1.4TypeIIisotherm(a !,boffset ). 11
Fig.1.5TypeIIIisotherm. 12
Fig.1.6TypeIVisotherm(anoloopandb). 12
Fig.1.7TypeVisothermwithdesorptionnearlyvertical. 13
Fig.1.8TypeVI(a)isotherm. 13
Fig.1.9Anillustrationofwhythe“B”pointmethodisnot reliable.Thepositionofthe“B”pointdependsupon theabscissascaleused. 15
Fig.1.10Asimulationillustratingtheinflectionpointmethod.17
Fig.1.11TypeH1hysteresisloop. 19
Fig.1.12TypeH2hysteresisloop. 19
Fig.1.13TypeH3hysteresisloop. 20
Fig.1.14TypeH4hysteresisloop. 20
Fig.1.15TypeIisothermexpressedasastandardplotora χ plot.Asimulationofan Ea distributionhasbeenadded here. 22
Fig.1.16TypeIIisothermexpressedasastandardplotofa χ plot.Noenergydistributionisassumed. 22
Fig.1.17TypeIIIisothermexpressedasastandardplotor χ plot.Asimulationofan Ea distributionhasbeenadded here. 23
Fig.1.18TypeIVisothermexpressedasastandardplotor χ plot. 23
Fig.1.19TypeVisothermexpressedasastandardplotor χ plot.24
Fig.1.20AstandardplotofanalternateVIAisotherm.Thisis theresultoftwosurfaceswithdiffering Eas. 24
Fig.1.21NormalTypeVIisothermexpressedasastandardplot or χ plot. 26
Fig.1.22ThenormalisothermforthealternateTypeVI isotherm(VIA).Stepsduetodifferent Eas. 27
Fig.1.23A χ plotorstandardplotofatypeIisotherm. 44
Fig.1.24Databy(S-A,S-A,LR-R)illustratingthe“Log-Law,” whichisoftenobserved. 47
Fig.1.25A χ plotorastandardplotofeitheraTypeIVorV isotherm. 48
Fig.1.26Illustrationofthedefinitionsor Ao areaofpore opening, Aw outside“wall”areaexcluding Ao, rp pore radius, l porelength,and Ap surfaceareaofthesides ofthepores. 50
Fig.2.1Schematicofthevolumetricsystem. 61
Fig.2.2Adrawingofthegravimetricmethodsamplearea showingthebafflearrangement. 70
Fig.2.3Anoverviewofthesystemusedforthegravimetric method. 71
Fig.2.4Consequencesoferrorsintemperature measurement/controlintheisotherm. 76
Fig.2.5Aschematicofaliquidnitrogencooledadiabatic calorimeter. 78
Fig.2.6AschematicoftheHarkinandJuracalorimeterto measurethesurfaceareaofapowder. 80
Fig.2.7Aschematicofhowtheadsorbedfilmisdestroyed whenthepowderisimmersedintheliquidphasethus releasingitssurfaceenergy.
Fig.2.8SchematicofthedifferentialcalorimeterbyRouquerol etal.
80
82
Fig.2.9ThevacuumflowsystemdevelopedbyArnold. 83
Fig.2.10Suggestedarrangementforasamplechamber. 85
Fig.2.11Schematicofthesignalobservedfortheflowsystem.86
Fig.2.12Thediffusion-sinksituationthatoneexpectsfromthe isothermtypeshownontheright.Slabs1,2,3,etc. arefilledcompletelyupto nf.beforethefrontmoves on.
Fig.2.13ThecontrastofaTypeIIIisothermwiththeTypeII. Theunitstepfunctionisnotallowedbutrathersmall incrementsofincreasehappensatthesametimethat diffusionispresent.
88
89
Fig.3.1Sometypicaladsorptionisothermfornon-porous materialsillustratingtheproblemofidentifyingthe “knee”duetoscaling.96
Fig.3.2ThetransformedBETplottodeterminesurfacearea typicalofsilicamaterial.Linearrangeisassumedtobe 0.05to0.35of Pvap.98
Fig.3.3ThetransformedBETplotforanorganicmaterial.The 0.05–0.35rangeyieldsaverypoorlinearfit,thusa highrangeshouldbeselected. 98
Fig.3.4AlinearfittotheDRKrepresentationoftheadsorption isothermforanon-poroussurface.Thefitcovers about2/3oftheln2 range. 99
Fig.3.5Simulated2energy χ -plotandthemeaningoftheSs andIs. 102
Fig.3.6AschematicofthemethodusedforDFT(NLDFTand QSDFT). 104
Fig.3.7Modelofthe χ methodofanalysisforphysical adsorptionisotherm. 105
Fig.3.8AtypicaltypeIadsorptionofpossiblymicroporosity isotherm. 110
Fig.3.9Thetransformedplotusingastandardcurveto changethe x axis. 110
Fig.3.10Preliminaryparametersobtainedfromtheisothermto analyzesurfaceareaandporosity. 113
Fig.3.11ExamplesofLangmuirisothermsandtheposition ofthe“knee”asitvarieswithadsorption energy. 119
Fig.3.12DatabyYahiaetal.ofCH4 onMgOat87.4Kasa χ -plot.139
Fig.4.1Illustrationoftheerrormadebyassuminganinfinite potentialwelldepthversusafinitepotentialwell depth. 151
Fig.4.2Diagramofthesurfacepotentialwellandtheenergy definitions. 151
Fig.4.3ASchematicofthelayeringoftheadsorbatemolecule andthevacancies, v,demonstratinghowthe adsorbedliquidstatedimensionsareexpandedinthe planeoftheadsorbentbutnotinthenormaldirection.166
Fig.4.4Thearrangementofanadsorbatemolecule“rolling over”anotherandthedistancesdefinedforthe treatmentoftheenergycorrection. 167
Fig.4.5Thefunctionalityofsurfaceexcessenergy, Φ(Γ),with coverage, Γ 172
Fig.4.6Adsorbatemoleculesbetweentwoplatestoaccount forthesizeoftheforcebetweenthem. 175
Fig.4.7Adsorbatemoleculesbetweentwoplatestoaccount forthesizeoftheforcebetweenthem. 175
Fig.4.8 χ plotofN2 adsorbedonVulcanCwithtwo E a straight linefits. 178
Fig.4.9 χ plotN2 adsorbedonSterlingFTCwithtwo E a straightlinefits. 179
Fig.4.10Chiplotofnitrogenadsorbedonhighfiredthoria indicatingtwoenergiesofadsorptionandanother featurebythemultiplestraightlinefits. 179
Fig.4.11DependenceofcalculatedisostericheatfromtheBET equationforvariousinputenergies. 184
Fig.4.12Theindividualmonolayercoveragesforlayers1 through5. 191
Fig.4.13Argondepthprofilesagainstahard-wallofan unlimitedsurfacefilm. 192
Fig.4.14Theprofilesoftheadsorbate“layers”asafunctionof Δχ 192
Fig.4.15Simulatedprofilefittedtoanequation(insideline).193
Fig.4.16Densityprofileinaslitporewallsseparatedby10nm at3Δχ s 194
Fig.4.17Densityprofileinacylindricalporewith r ¼ 5nmat 3Δχ s 195
Fig.4.18Denistyprofileinacylindricalporewith r ¼ 2nmat 3Δχ s 195
Fig.4.19Amplitudeofthefirstpeakasafunctionofthe calculated. 196
Fig.4.20Arnold’sadsoptivemixtureonanataseofO2 : N2 ¼ 15%:85% 202
Fig.4.21Arnold’sadsoptivemixtureonanataseofO2 : N2 ¼ 30%:70% 202
Fig.4.22Arnold’sadsoptivemixtureonanataseofO2 : N2 ¼ 50%:50% 203
Fig.4.23Arnold’sadsoptivemixtureonanataseofO2 : N2 ¼ 30%:70% 203
Fig.4.24Arnold’sadsoptivemixtureonanataseofO2 : N2 ¼ 85%:15% 204
Fig.4.25 χ -plotsfortheadsorptionofpureN2, n,andO2, ×,on anatasebyArnold. 204
Fig.4.26Acomparisonofthe χ theoryenergydistributionand Dubinin-Polanyi(DP)distribution.DP k valuesused were,startingfromtheoutside,1,1.5,and2. 210
Fig.5.1StandardtcurveconstructedbyCranstonandInkley. Thedatapointbytheauthors.Thelineistheleast squares χ fit.
218
Fig.5.2Standard t-curvedatabydeBoeretal.Thedataare thecirclesandthelineisthe χ plotleastsquaresfit.219
Fig.5.3AdsorptionofI2 onCaF2 showingthe χ plotaccording todeBoer. 219
Fig.5.4AdsorptionofAronSnOaccordingtodeBoerand Zwikker.Theroundoffintheupperportionisprobably duetosomeporosity. 220
Fig.5.5N2 onMgOaerosilaccordingtodeBoeretal. 220
Fig.5.6N2 onNiantigoriteaccordingtodeBoeretal. 221
Fig.5.7AronSiO2 data α-splotasa χ plot.—istheleast squaresfitto χ plot. 222
Fig.5.8N2 onSiO2 data α-splotasa χ plot.—istheleast squaresfitto χ plot.222
Fig.5.9N2 adsorptiononthorianormalizedto0.4 P/Pvap.224
Fig.5.10Aradsorptiononthorianormalizedto0.4 P/Pvap.224
Fig.5.11Adsorptionofwaterat25°Cafterseveralprior adsorptioncycles.Dataisnormalizedto0.4 P/Pvap.225
Fig.5.12N2 adsorptiononlunarsoil.
Fig.5.13Aradsorptiononlunarsoil.
Fig.5.14COadsorptiononlunarsoil.
Fig.5.15O2 adsorptiononlunarsoil.
226
226
226
227
Fig.5.16N2 adsorptiononSiO2 byNicolanandTeichner.228
Fig.5.17AradsorptiononSiO2 byNicolanandTeichner.228
Fig.5.18N2 adsorptiononNiObyNicolanandTeichner.229
Fig.5.19AdsorptionofAronCuSO4 accordingtoBradley.Inset isdataset#1.229
Fig.5.20AdsorptionofAronAl2(SO4)3 accordingtoBradley. Insetisdataset#1 230
Fig.5.21GraphofBradley-derivedvan-Hoffplotto determine qst. 231
Fig.5.22The χ plotrepresentationoftheadsorptionofSO2 on SiO2 gelaccordingtoMcGavackandPatrick.Three successiverunswithidenticalconditionsbutwith differentsamples. 232
Fig.5.23TheeffectwatercontaminationoftheSO2 atthree levels.ItappearsthatthehighertheH2Olevelthe higheristheapparent Ea 233
Fig.5.24TheRMBMstandard α-scarboncurve. 234
Fig.5.25 E a versustheenthalpyofformationofvariousoxides.237
Fig.5.26PcobservationfromdatabyGPGwithmicroporous carbon. 238
Fig.5.27DRplotoftheGPGdatashowingthedifference betweeneithertheDRfitorthelog-lawfittothedata.238
Fig.5.28N2 onTakedaACFcarbonbyNguyenandDo.The "dog-leg"isnotevidentbeforethethresholdpressure.239
Fig.5.29Aradsorptiononpolytetrafluoroethylene(Teflon®) withthenormal P/Pvap axisbyThompson.Inthis experimentthethresholdpressureisevidenteven withouttransformingtoa χ plot. 241
Fig.5.30 χ plotofAradsorptiononpolytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon®)byThompson.The χ plotmakesthe thresholdpressuremoreobvious. 242
Fig.5.31Variousadsorptionisothermson polytetrafluoroethylene(Teflon®)withN2,Ar,andO2.242
Fig.5.32 χ plotofargonadsorptiononH2 cleaneddiamondby Thompson. 243
Fig.5.33NitrogenadsorptiononH2 cleanedalumina. 244
Fig.5.34High-resolutionN2 adsorptionisothermsat77.4Kan activatedcarbonLMA233onalogarithmicscale.245
Fig.5.35High-resolutionN2 adsorptionisothermsat77.4Kan activatedcarbonDD52onalogarithmicscale. 245
Fig.5.36 χ plotofIUPAClab“H”adsorptionofN2 onSterlingFT carbon. 247
Fig.5.37ComparingDPisothermwith χ -plotwith σ ¼ 1and r F ¼ 1(Henry’sLaw).248
Fig.5.38ComparingDPisothermwith χ -plotwith σ ¼ 1and r F ¼ 0.5(Freundlich).249
Fig.5.39ComparingDRisothermwith χ -plot.
249
Fig.5.40ComparingTothT-equationwithAr χ -plot. 249
Fig.5.41ComparingTo ´ thT-equationwithN2 χ -plot.250
Fig.5.42Theenergyofadsorptionwithamountadsorbed.257
Fig.5.43 χ -plotoftheH2OadsorptionisothermbyHJto Fig.5.42. 257
Fig.5.44 χ plotofdatabyBerg.Parametersobtainhereare constantstocalculatethelinesinFig.5.45. 259
Fig.5.45The E ofadsorptionwithamountadsorbedfrom thedatabyBerg.Linesarefromthe χ -plotanalysis.259
Fig.5.46 χ plotandheatofadsorptionKradsorbedonrutileat 126KbyDennis.
Fig.5.47HeatsofadsorptionbyKingtonetal.Thelinesarethe leastsquaresfits.
Fig.5.48 χ plotofthepurenitrogenandpureoxygenadsorption onanatasebyArnold.
260
261
262
Fig.5.49Themolesofnitrogenadsorbedversusmolesof oxygenadsorbedfora50%mixofgasses. 263
Fig.5.50aplotof exp( θ )forboth θ sillustratingthe linearityexpectedatlowpressure.50%O2 +50%N2 dataonanatasebyArnold. 263
Fig.5.51Adsorptionofagasmixof15%O2 75%N2 onanatase byArnold. 264
Fig.5.52Adsorptionofagasmixof30%O2 70%N2 onanatase byArnold. 264
Fig.5.53Adsorptionofagasmixof50%O2 50%N2 onanatase byArnold. 265
Fig.5.54Adsorptionofagasmixof70%O2 30%N2 onanatase byArnold. 265
Fig.5.55Adsorptionofagasmixof85%O2 15%N2 onanatase byArnold. 266
Fig.5.56Relativemolarvolumeasafunctionofcoveragein termsofmonolayerequivalenceonaflatsurface or Δχ . 269
Fig.5.57AdsorptionofCO-N2 mixon5Azeoliteat1atm.271
Fig.5.58IsothermofCOon5Azeolitetoextracttheconstants χ c and χ (1bar).271
Fig.5.59AdsorptionofCO-O2 mixon5Azeoliteat1atm.273
Fig.5.60PhasediagramofN2-COin5Azeolite.
274
Fig.5.61PhasediagramofCO-O2 in5Azeolite. 274
Fig.5.62AgraphicalcomparisonoftheBET, χ ,andDPtheories respectivelyfromtoptobottom.Datapointsarethose ofthesilica αsstandard.
275
Fig.6.1N2 isothermonLMA233activatedcarbonbySSLR.286
Fig.6.2N2 isothermonDD52activatedcarbonbySSLR.286
Fig.6.3N2 isothermonSBA-15silicabySSLR.
Fig.6.4Theamountadsorbedasmonolayerequivalents versusthe“loglaw”forvariousslitsizes.
Fig.6.5Theamountadsorbedasmonolayer equivalentsversusthe“loglaw”forvariouscylindrical pores.
Fig.6.6Theamountadsorbedasmonolayerequivalents versus Δχ forvariousslitsizes.
Fig.6.7Theamountadsorbedasmonolayerequivalents versus Δχ forvariouscylindricalpores.
Fig.6.8TheBDDTequationforvariousvaluesof NBET.The C constantusedforthiswas20.
287
289
290
290
291
292
Fig.6.9AnexampleofaDAplotillustratingthestraightlinefit. ThedataisN2 adsorptionin5AzeolitebyDannerand Wenzel. 294
Fig.6.10AdsorptionofCO,N2,andO2 on10XzeolitebyDanner andWenzel. 297
Fig.6.11AdsorptionofCO,N2,andO2 on5AzeolitebyDanner andWenzel. 298
Fig.6.12AdsorptionofethyletheroncarbonbyGP. 302
Fig.6.13AdsorptionofethylenechlorideoncarbonbyGP.302
Fig.6.14Adsorptionofn-pentaneonbyGoldmannandPolayni.303
Fig.6.15AdsorptionofCS2 oncarboncarbonbyGoldmannand Polayni. 303
Fig.6.16 χ plotofwateradsorptiononY-zeolitesat298K accordingtoWW.
Fig.6.17 χ plotofwateradsorptiononY-zeolitesat298K accordingtoWW.
Fig.6.18TheBroekhoff-deBoermodelforadsorptionina cylindricalpore.Theadsorbate-gasinterfacecreates ahydrostaticpressurewhichchangesthechemical potentialoftheadsorptive.
307
307
313
Fig.6.19TheBdBmodelofporefillingandporeemptying. Noticethereisnoform“E”intheadsorptionbranch.315
Fig.6.20TheisothermsforadsorptiononporousSiO2 accordingtotheBroekhoff-deBoertheory.
Fig.6.21TherelationshipbetweentheporeradiusinSiO2 as thecriticalthicknessandthecriticalrelativepressure accordingtotheBroekhoff-deBoertheory.Thelines correspondtothe XsinFig.6.20.
Fig.6.22ComparisonoftheBroekhoff-deBoertheorywiththe Kelvin-Cohancalculationfortheswitchtocapillary filling. F(t)usesthe α - s fornitrogenonSiO2 asthe modelisotherm.
Fig.6.23Generatedstandardplotusingthemodelingthat includesmesoporestoillustrationthetransitionfrom “micropores”to“mesopores.”
Fig.6.24DataandfitforN2 adsorptiononMCM-41byQBZ(offsetby nads).
Fig.6.25DataandfitforN2 adsorptiononMCM-41byQBZ(offsetby χ s).
Fig.6.26DetailsoftheadsorptiononC-10byQBZ.
315
316
317
322
325
325
326
Fig.6.27Methodstocalculatethepore“radius”versustoX-ray measurements.
Fig.6.28 χ plotandporedistributionofAradsorbedonMCM41andthemesoporefit.
Fig.6.29ThehysteresisloopforthedatabyQiaoetal.showing theoriginaldataandthepostulatedenergycorrection fortheadsorptiondata.
Fig.6.30n-layer χ simulationwhichshowtheisotherm“jump” asafunctionofdiameter.
Fig.7.1NLDFTattempttosimulatethenon-porousportionof theisotherm.CalculationbyLGN.
326
327
329
330
337
Fig.7.2Demonstrationofthemismatchbetweenastandard curveandtheNLDFT.NLDFTbyLGN. 337
Fig.7.3Probabilitiesforthenumberoflayerstobe1,2,3,etc. forthehardrodcalculationasafunctionoflayer thickness.
Fig.7.4Numberdensity(total)forthehardrodcaseasa functionofthickness.
Fig.7.5One-dimensionalpressureforthehardrodsasa functionofthickness.
347
347
348
Fig.7.6Numberdensityasafunctionofslitwidthforonetype ofrodwithalengthof a 349
Fig.7.7Theeffectofanextemalfieldonthenumber distribution.
350
Fig.7.8AcomparisonoftheCarnahan-Starlingapproximation withtheReeandHooverhardspherecalculation.352
Fig.7.9ResultsoftheNLDFTcalculationbyTarazona(solid line)andresultsofharmonicoscillatorapproximation from χ theory(dashed). 356
Fig.A.1TheerrorinprecisionoftheBETequationinsidethe BETrange(0.5–3.5).
Fig.A.2ErrorsthattheBETequationmakewithrespecttothe monolayerequivalentdeterminedbyBET.
Fig.A.3AbsoluteerroroftheBETmethodintermsoftheratio θ BET/θ actual
379
379
379
Fig.A.4DetaileddatatablefromthearticlebyGreggand Jacob. 381
Listoftables
Table1.1Somedefinitionsneededtocomprehendthefirst partsofthisbook 4
Table1.2Classificationsofphysicaladsorptionisotherms 14
Table1.3Correctionfactorfor nm obtainedbyleastsquares 18
Table1.4Characteristicsandinterpretationofhysteresisloop types 21
Table1.5Non-linearfeaturesofthe χ plot 25
Table1.6Differentadsorptionisothermequations 30
Table1.7LinearcorrelationofthedatabyVTMOP—reactivity versusBETsurfacearea 35
Table1.8Areaparametersforsomepotentialadsorbates 40
Table2.1Valuesfor λ,andminimum D requiredat25°C 67
Table3.1Specificormolarparametersobtainablefromthe isotherm 93
Table3.2Parametersfromsimplemesoporeanalysis 113
Table3.3Geometricanalysiscomparingthesimpleand advancedmesoporeanalyses 114
Table3.4DataanalysisofN2 α-scurvesonSiO2,Fransil-I,by BCST 128
Table3.5The α-scurveforthedatabyBCSTreferencedto P/ Pvap ¼ 0.4 129
Table3.6Datafor α-scurvesbyPayneetal. 130
Table3.7Smoothed α-scurveonsilicanormalizedto V0.4 as listedbyGreggandSing 131
Table3.8Dataandsmooth t-curve-N2 onaluminabyLippens etal. 132
Table3.9IUPACsilicaisotherms 133
Table3.10IUPACcarbonsamples 133
Table3.11StandardisothermforactivatedcharcoalbyRMBM 134
Table3.12KFGcoefficientsforastandardcurveextracted fromcarbons 134
Table3.13 α-scurveusingcoefficientsfromTable3.12 134
Table3.14StandardNitrogenisothermsoflowtemperature out-gassedthoria 135
Table3.15Standardcurvetowateradsorptionofthoria 135
Table3.16Argonadsorptionon25°Cout-gassedthoria 136
Table3.17N2 adsorptionofnon-porouslunarsoil 136
Table3.18Argonadsorptiononnon-porouslunarsoil 137
Table3.19AdsorptionofO2 onnon-porouslunarsoil 137
Table3.20COadsorptiononnon-porouslunarsoil 138
Table4.1ErrorexpectedfromtheQMforthe χ equation 155
Table4.2Densitiesoftheliquidandsolidstateforsome potentialadsorbates 164
Table4.3IUPACvsLJ6–12calculatedmoleculararea 165
Table4.4Parameterstodeterminespacinganddistribution of“layers” 188
Table4.5ComparisonofO2 vsN2 slopeforadsorptionversus bulkliquid 204
Table5.1N2 onMgOandNiantigorite—A3rdpower χ fit 221
Table5.2Datafromthe α-scurvesbySingetal.ofArandN2 onSiO2 223
Table5.3Thestatisticsfortheadsorptionofgasseson25°C out-gassedthoria 225
Table5.4Thestatisticsfortheadsorptionofgassesonlunar soil 227
Table5.5Resultsofthe χ plotfitfordatabyNicolanand Teichner 229
Table5.6TheanalysisofthedatabyBradleyofAron crystallineCuSO4 231
Table5.7TheanalysisofthedatabyBradleyofAron crystallineAl2(SO4)3 231
Table5.8DatafortheadsorptionofAron polytetrafluoroethylene(Teflon®) 241
Table5.9ParametersextractedfromdatabyHarkinsand Jura 258
Table5.10Analysisoftheparametersforbinaryadsorption versusthepureadsorbates 272
Table5.11StatisticscomparingtheBET,DP,and χ theories 276
Table5.12StatisticscomparingtheBET,DPand χ theories 276
Table6.1DAanalysis:N2 on5Aand10X 294
Table6.2FittoEq.(6.12)forthedatabyDannerand Wenzel—uninterpreted 299
Table6.3FittoEq.(6.12)forthedatabyDannerand Wenzel—interpreted 299
Table6.4DatafromGoldmannandPolanyi 304
Another random document with no related content on Scribd:
Fishes of the British Islands, London, 1896; M‘Intosh and Masterman, Life-Histories of the British Marine Food-Fishes, London, 1897; also numerous papers by Cunningham, Holt, Garstang, and Allen, in the Journ. Marine Biol. Assoc. Plymouth, vols. i.-vi.
[489]
See Chapter XVII.
[490] Cunningham, op.cit. p. 69.
[491]
Guitel, Arch.Zool.Expér.etGén. (3), i. 1893, p. 611.
[492] Garman, Mem.Mus.Comp.Zool. xix. 1895, No. 1, p. 11.
[493] Cunningham, op.cit. p. 358.
[494] H. v. Jhering, Zeitschr.wiss.Zool. xxxviii. 1883, p. 468.
[495]
See p. 592.
[496] Olt, Zeitschr.wiss.Zool. lv. 1893, p. 643.
[497] Cf. p. 584.
[498]
Budgett, Trans.Zool.Soc. xvi. Pt. ii. 1901, p. 130.
[499]
See Chap. XVII. p. 434.
[500]
Eigenmann, Bull. Fish Comm. (U.S.), 1892, p. 381; Arch. Entwickelungsmech. iv. 1896, p. 125; Cunningham, op. cit. p. 356, etseq.
[501]
For a general account of Sexual Dimorphism in Fishes, see Cunningham's SexualDimorphismintheAnimalKingdom, London, 1900, pp. 178-227. Some of the more striking examples of Sexual Dimorphism are mentioned in the chapters dealing with the different families of Fishes.
[502]
Holt, "On the Breeding of the Dragonet (Callionymuslyra)," P.Z.S. 1898, p. 281.
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Howes, Linn. Soc. Journ. Zool. xxiii. 1891, p. 539, where references are given to the literature of the subject.
[504]
The American Hags probably belong to a distinct species, M. limosaGirard; Bashford Dean, Science(N.S.), xvii. 1903, p. 433.
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Bashford Dean, Kupffer's "Festschrift," Jena, 1809, p. 227 etseq.
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Journ.Morph. xvii. 1898, p. 213.
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Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 47; The Fishes of NorthandMiddleAmerica, Pt. i. 1896, p. 6.
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B. Dean, op.cit. p. 230 etseq.
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Jordan and Evermann, op.cit. p. 9 etseq.
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Plate, Sitzungsb. d.Gesellsch.Naturforsch. Freunde Berlin, No. 8, 1897, p. 137.
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Bashford Dean and F. B. Sumner, Trans. N.Y . Acad.Sci. xvi. 1897, p. 321.
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Dohrn, Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel, vi. 1886, p. 59; Shipley, Quart. Journ.Microsc.Sci. xxvii. 1887, p. 325.
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R. Alcock, Journ.Anat.andPhys. xiii. (N.S.), 1899, p. 623.
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Day, FishesofGreatBritainandIreland, Lond. ii. 1880-84, p. 360.
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DenDanskeIngolf-Expedition, ii. No. 2, Copenhagen, 1898.
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Cunningham, MarketableMarineFishes, London, 1896, p. 64.
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Wood-Mason and Alcock, Proc.Roy.Soc. 49, 1891, p. 359.
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Leydig, Mikrosk. Anat. u. Entwick. d. Rochen u. Haie, Leipzig, 1852, p. 90 etseq.
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T. J. Parker, Trans.NewZealandInstit. xxii. 1889 (1890), p. 331.
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Smith Woodward, Vertebrate Palaeontology, Cambridge, 1898, p. 32.
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B. Dean, Journ.Morph. ix. 1894, p. 87. Trans.NewYorkAcad.Sci. xiii. 1894, p. 115.
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Traquair, Geol.Mag. (3), v. 1888, p. 81; Trans.Geol.Soc.Glasgow, xi. 1897, p. 41.
[523]
For references see Zittel's Text-BookofPalaeontology(Eng. trans. ed. by C. R. Eastman), London and New York, ii. 1902, pp. 22-23.
[524]
See also restoration of Pleuracanthus gaudryi from the CoalMeasures of Commentry, Allier, France, by C. Brongniart; Zittel, op. cit. p. 23.
[525]
A. Fritsch, Fauna der GaskohleinBöhmen, ii. Prague, 1889; Kner, SB. Akad. Wiss. Wien Math.-Naturw. Cl. lvii. Pt. i. 1868, p. 290; Traquair, Geol.Mag. (3), v. 1888, p. 511, and (4) i. 1894, p. 254.
[526]
Günther, StudyofFishes, Edin. 1880; BritishMus.Cat.Fishes, viii. 1870; Müller and Henle, Syst. Beschr . d. Plagiost. Berlin, 1841. Hasse, Natürl. Syst. d. Elasmobr. Jena, 1879. Goode and Bean, Oceanic Ichthyology, Washington, 1895. Jordan and Evermann, Fishes of North and Middle America, Washington, 1896, Pt. i. Smith Woodward, Vertebrate Palaeontology, Cambridge, 1898; id. Brit.Mus.Cat.Foss.Fishes, i. 1889, ii. 1891; Zittel, op.cit.
[527]
Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, xii. No. 1, 1885, p. 1; Günther, Chall.Rep.Zool. xxii. 1887, p. 2.
[528]
Smith Woodward, Nat.Science, i. 1892, p. 671.
[529]
Günther, StudyofFishes, p. 328.
[530]
Goode and Bean, op.cit. p. 23.
[531]
Müller and Henle, op.cit.
[532]
Boulenger, Ann.Mag.Nat.Hist. (7), x. 1902, p. 51.
[533]
Day, BritishFishes, London, 1880-84, ii. p. 294.
[534]
Cantor, quoted by Günther, op.cit. p. 318.
[535]
T. J. Parker, P.Z.S. 1887, p. 27.
[536]
D. S. Jordan, California Acad. Sci. (3), Zool. i. 1898; Bashford Dean, Science(N.S.), xvii. 1903, p. 630.
[537]
Smith Woodward, Ann.Mag.Nat.Hist. (7), iii. 1899, p. 487.
[538]
Kershaw, Victorian Natural. xix. 1901, p. 62; Waite, Rec. Austral. Mus. iv. 1901, p. 263.
[539]
Alcock, Ann.Mag.Nat.Hist. (6), iv. 1889, p. 379.
[540]
Day, op. cit. p. 324. See also Stead, Journ.Mar. Biol.Ass. iv. 189597, p. 264.
[541]
VertebratePalaeontology, Cambridge, 1898, p. 32.
[542]
I am indebted to Mr. Boulenger for these observations.
[543]
Alcock, Ann.Mag.Nat.Hist. (6), iv. 1889, p. 380.
[544]
Jordan and Evermann, op.cit. p. 76.
[545] Day, op.cit. p. 336.
[546]
Zittel, op.cit. p. 41.
[547]
Jordan and Evermann, op.cit. p. 85.
[548]
Günther, op.cit. p. 348.
[549]
Duméril, quoted by Jordan and Evermann, op.cit. p. 92.
[550] Rohon, Verhandl.k.Min.Ges.Petersburg, xxxiii. 1895, p. 1.
[551] Smith Woodward, Proc.Zool.Soc. 1886, p. 527; and 1887, p. 481.
[552]
Id., Ann.Mag.Nat.Hist. iv. (6), 1889, p. 275.
[553]
Günther, Ann.Mag.Nat.Hist. (6) iv. 1889, p. 415.
[554]
See also an account of the egg-case of a Chimaeroid dredged from a depth of 516 fathoms in the Bay of Bengal (Wood-Mason and Alcock, Ann.Mag.Nat.Hist. (6) viii. 1891, p. 21).
[555]
Goode and Bean, op.cit. p. 32.
[556]
Mitsukuri, Zool.Mag.Tokyo, 1895, quoted in Nat.Sci. viii. 1896, p. 10.
[557]
Günther, Chall.Reports,Zool. xxii. 1887, p. 12.
[558]
Bashford Dean, Mem. New York Acad. Sci. ii. Pt. i. 1899, p. 28; Biol.Bull. iv. 1903, p. 270.
[559] E. T. Newton, Mem. Geol. Surv. Monogr. iv. 1878; Riess, Palaeontogr. xxxiv. 1887, p. 1; Smith Woodward, Brit. Mus. Cat. Foss. Fishes, ii. 1891, p. 52; Zittel, Text-Book of Palaeontology, English ed., London and New York, ii. 1902, p. 46.
[560]
Hence the name "Teleostomi" or "perfect-mouthed" Fishes.
[561]
Boulenger, Poissons du Bassin du Congo, Bruxelles, 1901, p. 2. Smith Woodward (Brit. Mus. Cat. Foss. Fishes, ii. 1891, p. 317; and Vert. Palaeont. Cambridge, 1898, p. 78), following Cope, recognises four sub-orders, the Haplistia, Rhipidistia, Actinistia, and Cladistia. The first sub-order is reserved for the Tarrasiidae, a family which includes only the little known Tarrasiusproblematicus from the Lower Carboniferous of Scotland.
[562]
Traquair, Trans.Roy.Soc.Edinb. xxvii. 1875, p. 383.
[563]
Whiteaves, Trans.Roy.Soc.Canada, vi. 1888, p. 77.
[564]
Traquair, Trans.Roy.Soc.Edinb. xxx. 1881, p. 169.
[565]
Traquair, Proc.Roy.Soc.Edinb. xvii. p. 388.
[566]
Reiss, Die Coelacanthinen, Palaeontogr. xxxi. 1888, p. 1; Smith Woodward, Brit.Mus.Cat.Foss.Fishes, ii. 1891, p. 394.
[567]
See also Kurtusindicus, p. 688.
[568]
Smith Woodward, op.cit. p. 412.
[569]
Boulenger, Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 10. For a list of the more important papers, see pp. 18-19 of that work.
[570]
Mr. Boulenger informs me that he regards these spines as modified ridge scales or fulcra. The latter are median spine-like or Λ-shaped scales in relation with the anterior margins of the median fins in some Crossopterygii (e.g. Osteolepidae) and in many Chondrostei and Holostei.
[571]
Boulenger, op. cit. p. 20 etseq.; id. Ann.Mus.Congo, Zool. (1), i. Fasc. 4, Bruxelles, 1899, p. 61; ii. Fasc. 2, 1902, p. 23.
[572]
Proc. Camb. Phil.Soc. x. 1900, p. 236; Trans. Zool.Soc. xvi. Pt. ii. 1901, p. 115.
[573]
Amer.Nat. xxxiii. 1899, p. 721; Science(2), ix. 1899, p. 314.
[574]
Budgett, Trans.Zool.Soc. xv. Pt. vii. 1901, p. 330.
[575]
Trans.Zool.Soc. xvi. Pt. ii. 1901, p. 118; also footnote on p. 317.
[576] p. 290.
[577]
Traquair, Journ.Geol.Soc.Ireland(2), 1871, p. 249.
[578]
Boulenger, Les Poissons du Bassin du Congo, Bruxelles, 1901, p. 27.
[579]
Traquair, Monogr . Palaeont. Soc. 1877; Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. xxxiii. 1877; Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xxx. 1883, p. 22; Ann. Mag. Nat.Hist. (4) xv. 1875, p. 237; Smith Woodward, Mem.Geol.Surv. N.S.Wales,Palaeont. No. 4, 1890, and No. 9, 1895.
[580]
Traquair, Trans.Roy.Soc.Edinb. xxix. 1879, p. 343.
[581]
Smith Woodward, Brit.Mus.Cat.Foss.Fishes, iii. 1875, p. 7.
[582]
Traquair, Geol. Mag. (3) iv. 1887, p. 248; Smith Woodward, Brit. Mus.Cat.Foss.Fishes, iii. 1895, p. 23.
[583]
Jordan and Evermann, "Fishes of North and Middle America," Bull. U.S.Nat.Mus. No. 47, Pt. i. 1896, p. 101.
[584]
Jordan and Evermann, op.cit. p. 102.
[585] Day, FishesofGreatBritainandIreland, ii. 1880-84, p. 282.
[586] Id., op.cit. p. 279.
[587]
Brit.Mus.Cat.Foss.Fishes, iii. pp. 48, 415.
[588]
Bashford Dean, Q.J.M.S. xxxviii. p. 413.
[589]
This genus also occurs in the Cretaceous of Brazil (Smith Woodward, A.M.N.H.(7) ix. 1902, p. 87.)
[590]
It is possible that a similar articulation is present in Lepidotus (Smith Woodward, Brit.Mus.Cat.Foss.Fishes, iii. p. 79).
[591]
Jordan and Evermann, op.cit. p. 108, etseq.
[592]
Alex. Agassiz, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sc. xiii. 1878, p. 65; Mark, Bull.Mus.Comp.Zool.Harvard, xix. 1890, p. 1.
[593]
Mark, op.cit. p. 3.
[594]
Pander, Ueber die Ctenodipterinen des Devonischen Systems, St. Petersb. 1858.
[595]
Traquair, Ann.Mag.Nat.Hist. (5), ii. 1878, p. 1; Geol.Mag. (3), vi. 1889, p. 97; Smith Woodward, Brit. Mus. Cat. Foss. Fishes, ii. 1891, p. 235 etseq.
[596]
Traquair, Journ. Roy. Geol. Soc. Ireland (N.S.), iii. 1873, p. 41; Proc.Roy.Soc.Edinb. xvii. 1890, p. 393.
[597]
Kner, SB.k.Akad.Wiss.Math.-Naturw.Cl. lvii. Pt. ii. 1868, p. 279.
[598]
See Chaps. XI. XII. and XIV.
[599]
Miall, Palaeont.Soc. 1878; Teller, "Ueber Ceratodus sturi," Abh.k. k.Geol.Reichsanst. Wien. xv. 1891.
[600]
Günther, Phil.Trans. 161, 1871, p. 511.
[601]
Semon, Zool.Forsch.imAustralien, i. Jena, 1893, p. 13 etseq.
[602]
Semon, op.cit. p. 115.
[603]
For a list of the more important papers on Protopterus, see Boulenger, Les PoissonsduBassinduCongo, Bruxelles, 1901, pp. 40-42.
[604]
Traquair, Rep. Brit. Ass. 1871 (2), p. 143; Boulenger, P.Z.S. 1891, p. 147.
[605]
Newton Parker, Trans.Roy.IrishAcad. xxx. 1892, p. 201.
[606]
Trans.Zool.Soc. xvi. Pt. ii. 1901, p. 119.
[607]
Bohls, Gött.Nachrichten, 1894, p. 84; Lankester, Trans. Zool.Soc. xiv. Pt. i. 1896, p. 11; Goeldi, xiv. Pt. vii. 1898, p. 413; Graham Kerr, Phil.Trans. (B), 192, 1900, p. 299.
[608]
Hunt, P.Z.S. 1898, p. 41.
[609]
Lankester, Nature, 49, 1894, p. 555; id. Trans. Zool.Soc. xiv. Pt. i. 1896; Graham Kerr, op.cit. p. 306.
[610]
For further information about the development of Lepidosiren, see Graham Kerr's valuable paper, op.cit.
[611]
Dollo, SurlaPhylogéniedesDipneustes, Bruxelles, 1895.
[612]
For critical remarks, see Traquair, Brit. Ass. Reports, 1900, p. 776 etseq.
[613]
Compare Figs. 301 and 304.
[614]
It is worthy of note that Protopterusdolloiapproaches Lepidosiren in the more Eel-like shape of its body, and in the large number of
pairs of ribs (54) which it possesses (Boulenger, op.cit. p. 37).
[615]
Traquair, Ann.Nat.Hist. (6) vi. 1890, p. 485; Proc.Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb. xii. 1893, p. 87; ibid. p. 312; P.Z.S. 1897, p. 314; Bashford Dean, Trans. New York Acad. Sci. xv. 1896, p. 101; Mem. New YorkAcad.Sci. ii. 1900, p. 1.
[616]
In a recently published and important contribution to our knowledge of Palaeospondylus, by Professor and Miss Sollas (Phil. Trans. 196, 1903, p. 343), they describe structures on the ventral surface of the head, which they maintain to be branchial arches, as well as others which, in their view, may represent hyomandibular and mandibular elements.
[617]
Graham Kerr, Proc.Camb.Phil.Soc. x. 1900, p. 298.
[618]
Lankester, Nat.Sci. xi. 1897, p. 45.
[619]
Traquair, Trans.Roy.Soc.Edinb. xxxix. 1899, pp. 595 and 828.
[620]
Id. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xxxix. 1899, p. 844; Geol. Mag. vii. 1900, p. 153; ix. 1902, p. 289; Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xl. Pt. iv. 1903, p. 723.
[621]
Lankester, Monogr . Palaeont.Soc. 1868, 1870; Geol.Mag. x. 1873, p. 241; Smith Woodward, Brit.Mus.Cat.Foss. Fishes, ii. 1891, p. 159.
[622]
Traquair, Trans.Roy.Soc.Edinb. xxxix. 1899, p. 834.
[623]
Lankester, Monogr . Palaeont. Soc. 1868 and 1870; Smith Woodward, Brit.Mus.Cat.Foss.Fishes, ii. 1891, p. 176.
[624]
Traquair, Proc.Roy.Phys.Soc.Edinb. xii. 1894, p. 269.
[625]
Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xxxix. p. 843 etseq.; Rep. Brit.Ass. 1900, p. 768.
[626]
See critical remarks by Smith Woodward, Geol.Mag. vii. 1900, p. 66.
[627]
Lankester, Nat.Sci. xi. 1897, p. 46.
[628]
Traquair, op.cit. p. 837.
[629]
Smith Woodward, Ann.Nat.Hist. (7), v. 1900, p. 416.
[630]
Traquair, Monogr.Palaeont. Soc. 1894.
[631]
Traquair, Ann.Nat.Hist. (6), ii. 1888, p. 485.
[632]
Traquair, Proc.Roy.Phys.Soc.Edinb. xi. 1891-92, p. 283.
[633]
Traquair, Ann.Nat.Hist. (6), v. 1890, p. 125.
[634]
Traquair, Geol. Mag. (3), vii. 1890, p. 55; Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb. x. p. 227.
[635]
Id. Geol.Mag. (3), vi. 1889, p. 1.
[636]
Newberry, ThePalaeozoicFishesofNorthAmerica,Mon.U.S. Geol. Survey, xvi. 1889; Bashford Dean, Fishes,Living and Fossil, New York, 1895, p. 129 etseq.; NewYorkAcad.Sci.Mem. ii. 1901, p. 87; Eastman, Amer . Journ. Sci. (4), ii. 1896, p. 46; Amer . Geol. xviii. 1896, p. 222; Bull.Mus.Comp.Zool. xxxi. 1897, p. 19.
[637]
Rept.Brit.Assoc. 1900, p. 779.
[638]
The natural position of the Teleostei in the series of Fishes is indicated on p. 149.
[639]
This exists in Dapedius, as pointed out by A. S. Woodward. But this genus should certainly be removed from the vicinity of Lepidotus, and it seems to bear affinity with the Pholidophoridae.
[640]
A synopsis of the classification followed in this work has been published in the Annals andMagazine of NaturalHistory (7), xiii. 1904, p. 161. Some corrections have been introduced, chiefly due to the investigations of Dr. W. G. Ridewood.
[641]
See p. 553, Fig. 333, B.
[642]
Cf. Boas, Morph.Jahrb. vi. 1880, p. 527, who has found the conus, but in a still more rudimentary condition, and with a single row of valvules, in Heterotisand Notopterusalso.
[643]
For a general account of the Fishes of this family, cf. Boulenger, P.Z.S. 1898, p. 775, and Poissons du Bassin du Congo, p. 49 (1901), where a bibliographical index to the principal anatomical and physiological publications will be found.
[644]
Trans.Zool.Soc. xvi. 1901, p. 126.
[645]
Journ.Linn.Soc. xxvii. 1900, p. 503.
[646]
On the Anatomy, cf. Agassiz, in Spix, "Pisc. Brasil." p. 32; Hyrtl, Denkschr . Ak. Wien, viii. 1855, p. 73; Hemprich and Ehrenberg, "Symb. Phys." Zootom. pls. viii. and ix.; Bridge, P.Z.S. 1895, p. 302.
[647]
I have not been able to convince myself of the existence of an intergular plate in this genus, but I am satisfied that the postclavicle rests on the outer side of the clavicular arch. The bone that has been regarded as a small intergular plate in Spaniodonis, in my opinion, the glossohyal.
[648]
On the life-histories of the British Clupeids, cf. Heincke, "Naturgeschichte des Herings" (Abh. Deutsch. Seefisch. Ver. ii. 1898); J. T. Cunningham, "Life-History of the Pilchard" (J. Mar . Biol. Ass. [2] iii. 1894, p. 148), and the manuals of the latter author (MarketableFishesofGreat Britain, 1896) and of M‘Intosh and Masterman (BritishMarineFood-Fishes, 1897).
On the accessory branchial organs of some genera, see p. 294.
[649]
For important contributions to our knowledge of European and American Salmonids since the publication of Günther's account in the British Museum Catalogue, cf. F. Day, British and Irish Salmonidae (1887), Smitt, Krit. Förteckn. Riksmus. Salmonider (1886), Fatio, Faune des Vertébrés de la Suisse, v. (1890), and Jordan and Evermann, Fish.N.America, i. (1896).
[650]
In Anomalopterus, however, a sort of adipose fin exists, as a fold or cushion on the back, but infrontof the rayed dorsal.
[651]
A detailed description of the skull of Alepocephalus rostratus has been given by Gegenbaur, Morphol.Jahrb. iv. Suppl. 1878, p. 1.
[652]
As pointed out by Gegenbaur. These forms are, however, placed by Gill in a division characterised by the atrophy or absence of the
mesocoracoid.
[653]
See above, p. 178.
[654]
Zool.Jahrb.Anat. xviii. 1903, p. 58.
[655]
Morphol.Jahrb. x. 1885, p. 22.
[656]
For the nomenclature of these ossicles, cf. Bridge and Haddon, Proc.Roy.Soc. xlvi. 1889, p. 310.
[657]
On the anatomy of the Characinidae, cf. Sagemehl, Morphol. Jahrb. x. 1885, p. 102, and xii. 1887, p. 307, and Rowntree, Tr. Linn.Soc. ix. 1903, p. 247.
[658]
The end of the tail, when injured, is easily reproduced. As in Lizards, the axis of the regenerated part is an undivided calcified tube.
[659]
Cf. Reinhardt, Arch.f.Naturg. 1854, p. 159.
[660]
For the anatomy and physiology, cf. C. Sachs's posthumous work, Untersuchungen am Zitteraal, edited by E. du Bois-Reymond (Leipzig, 1881).
[661]
For an illustrated account of the principal types of pharyngeal teeth, cf. Heckel, Russegger's Reisen, i. p. 1001, pl. i. (1843). On their variations in certain European species, cf. Heincke, Leuckart Festschrift, p. 85 (1892).
[662]
Cf. Baudelot, Ann. Sci. Nat. (5), vii. 1867, p. 339, and Leydig, "Unters. Anat. u. Histol. d. Thiere" (1885).
[663]
Cf. Noll, Zool. Gart. 1869, p. 257, and 1877, p. 351; Olt, Zeitschr . wiss.Zool. lv. 1893, p. 543; Cuénot, Bull.Soc. Zool.France, 1898, p. 53.
[664]
Boulenger, Ann.andMag.Nat.Hist. (7), viii. 1901, p. 186.
[665]
Watase, Journ.Coll.Sci.Japan, i. 1887, p. 247.
[666]
On the anatomy of the Cyprinids, cf. Sagemehl, Morphol. Jahrb. xvii. 1891, p. 489.
[667]
Cf. Boulenger, "Poissons du Bassin du Congo," p. 238 (1901).
[668]
In Exostomathese bones are two in number and so elongate as to resemble the condition characteristic of the Pediculati.
[669]
Proc.Canad.Inst. (2) ii. 1884, p. 376.
[670]
Cf. Bridge and Haddon, Phil.Trans.R.Soc. clxxxiv. 1893, p. 65.
[671]
The absence of these fishes from the United States west of the Rocky Mountains is very remarkable. Amiurus nebulosus was introduced about 1877 into some parts of California, where it is said to be now excessively abundant.
[672]
Cf. Sörensen, C.R. Ac.Sci. lxxxviii. 1879, p. 1042, and "Lydorgane hos Fiske" (Copenhagen, 1884); Bridge and Haddon, P.R.S. lv. 1894, p. 439.
[673]
Cf. Hancock, Zool.Journ. iv. 1829, p. 242.
[674]
Cf. G. Fritsch, "Die Elektrischen Fische, I. Malopterurus" (Leipzig, 1887); E. Ballowitz, "Das elektrische Organ des Afrikanischen Zitterwelses" (Jena, 1899).
[675]
Cf. Eycleshymer, Amer.Nat. 1901, p. 911.
[676]
Zool.Journ. iv. 1829, p. 245.
[677]
P.Z.S. 1836, p. 330.
[678]
Bull.Soc.Zool.France, 1880, p. 288.
[679]
Zool. Forsch. Austral. v. ii. 1895, p. 273. See also Wyman, Amer . Journ.Sci. (2) xxvii. 1859, p. 12; Hensel, Arch.f. Nat. 1870, p. 70; Turner, J.Anat.andPhysiol. i. 1867, p. 78.
[680]
Cf. H. v. Ihering, Biol.Centralbl. viii. 1888, p. 298.
[681]
Cf. Boulenger, P.Z.S. 1891, p. 148.
[682]
Cf. Day, Fish.Ind. 1878, p. 456.
[683]
Cf. Boulenger, P.Z.S. 1897, pp. 901 and 920; Jobert, Arch. de Parasitol. i. 1898, p. 493.
[684]
Vidensk.Meddel. (Copenhagen), 1858, p. 79.
[685]
A monograph of these Fishes, by Mr. C. T. Regan, will shortly appear in the TransactionsoftheZoologicalSociety.
[686]
Cf. Moritz Wagner, Abh. Akad. Münch. x. 1866, p. 101, and Whymper, Trav.AndesEcuador, 1892, p. 251.
[687]
Cf. Wyman, Amer . Journ. Sci. (2) xxvii. 1859, p. 9, and Vaillant, C. R.Ac.Sci. cxxvi. 1898, p. 544.
[688]
Cf. Taylor, Edinb. Journ. Sci. v. 1831, p. 33; Hyrtl, Denkschr . Ak. Wien, xiv. 1858, p. 39. On the osteology, cf. Gill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. 1890, p. 299.
[689]
Cf. L. Jacoby, Zeitschr.Ges.Naturw. 1867, p. 257.
[690]
The biology of the Eel embraces an enormous literature. The following general recent accounts should be consulted:—L. Jacoby, Die Aalfrage (Berlin, 1880), translated in Rep. U.S. Fish Comm. 1882, p. 463; H. C. Williamson, Rep. Fish. Board Scotl. xiii. 3, 1895, p. 192; G. B. Grassi, Proc. R. Soc. lx. 1896, p. 260, and Mon. Zool. Ital. viii. 1897, p. 233; C. H. Eigenmann, Trans. Amer . Micr . Soc. xxiv. 1902, p. 5. For a summary of our knowledge of the larval forms of European species, cf. J. T. Cunningham, Journ.Mar. Biol.Ass. (2) iii. 1895, p. 278.
[691]
Forming, with the bases of the neurapophyses, the cross-shaped arrangement which has been described in the Pike as well as in Amia.
[692]
Cf. Raffaele, Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neap. ix. 1889, p. 179; Lütken, "Spolia Atlantica," ii. 1892; Goode and Bean, "Ocean. Ichthyol." p. 70 (1895).
[693]
K.spekii has been described as from Central Africa, but the only known specimens were obtained by Speke in Uzaramo, a district on the coast of German East Africa, just south of Zanzibar.
[694]
The most recent account of the Cyprinodonts, with much information on the habits, development, and anatomy, is by S. Garman, Mem.Mus.Comp.Zool. xix. No. 1, 1895.
[695]
On the history and habits of the Blind Fishes of the Mammoth Cave, cf. Putnam, Amer . Nat. 1872, p. 6, and Proc. Boston Soc. xvii. 1875, p. 222. For a recent account of the eyes of the Amblyopsidae, cf. C. H. Eigenmann's paper in Arch. f. Entwickelungsmech. viii. 1899, p. 545, to which is appended a complete bibliographical index to the subject.
[696]
Vaillant was inclined to take a different view, but with considerable diffidence, owing to his inability actually to trace an open duct. I believe Günther to be right on this point, as well as in his account of the suspension of the pectoral arch in Notacanthus, which I have been able to verify. Besides, Mr. W. S. Rowntree, who has great experience in these matters, has kindly examined at my request a well-preserved example of Halosauropsismacrochir, and informs me that "the air-bladder passes anteriorly into a tapering band of tissue which ends in a thread-like ligament attached to the stomach near its posterior end and in the mid-dorsal line—not to the oesophagus; no trace of an open communication could be found."
[697]
Faunau.Florad.Golf.v.Neap. ii. 1880.
[698]
Quart.Journ.Micr.Sci. xlv. 1902, p. 503.
[699]
Ann.Sci.Nat. (8), xiv. 1902, p. 197.
[700]
Ann.Mag.Nat.Hist. (7) x. 1902, p. 147.
[701]
E. C. Starks, in an important paper on "The Shoulder Girdle and Characteristic Osteology of the Hemibranchiate Fishes" (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxv. 1902, p. 619), has shown that the so-called infraclavicle of Sticklebacks and allies does not exist as a distinct element. The definition of the Catosteomi, as I had originally drawn it up, has accordingly had to be modified.
[702]
Proc.U.S.Nat.Mus. xxvi. 1903, p. 915.
[703]
On the nesting habits, cf. Coste, Mém.Acad.Sci.Paris, x. 1848, p. 575, Pl.; Warington, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) x. 1852, p. 276; Prince, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xvi. 1885, p. 487, Pl. xiv. On the spinning organ: Möbius, Arch. Mikr . Anat. xxv. 1886, p. 554, Pl. xxii.
[704]
Dr. Sauvage has described a Gastrosteus texanus, but the locality is probably incorrect, as recent American works do not mention the occurrence of Sticklebacks in Texas.
[705]
Protaulopsis, from Monte Bolca, appears to me to belong to the Scombresocidae. The anterior vertebrae are equal in size; long, slender ribs are present, the body is scaly, and the so-called infraclavicles are absent. The rostrum is so much crushed that no opinion can be formed as to its structure.
[706]
Swinnerton (Quart.J. Micr . Sci. xlv. 1902, p. 554) has pointed out that the skull of the Scombresoces belongs to what he terms the Acrartete type (i.e. in which the attachment of the palatine cartilage or its derivates is confined to the pre-ethmoid cornua), whilst the other Percesoces examined by him, as well as the Cyprinodonts are Disartete (the attachment being at the parethmoid and pre-ethmoid cornua); but the character is so indistinctly defined in some adult Cyprinodonts that I feel some diffidence in making use of this character for systematic purposes in the present state of our knowledge.
[707]
Kükenthal, Abh. Senck. Ges. xxii. 1896, p. 9; Möbius, Zeitschr . wiss. Zool. xxx. Suppl. 1878, p. 343, and Arch. Physiol. (Leipzig), 1889, p. 348; Jordan and Evermann, Fish.N.Amer. p. 730.
[708]
A revision of these fishes has recently been published by C. T. Regan in Ann.Mag.Nat.Hist. (7) x. 1902, p. 115.
[709]
Rec. Austral.Mus. iv. 1901, p. 40. Cf. also S. Garman, Bull.Labor . Univ.Iowa, iv. 1896, p. 81.
[710]
Ann.Mag.Nat.Hist. (7), x. 1902, p. 295.
[711]
Ibid. (7), xi. 1903, p. 460.
[712]
In the very aberrant Hake (Merluccius) ribs are absent on the vertebrae bearing the strongly expanded, plate-like parapophyses.
[713]
The increased number of pectoral pterygials has been regarded by Sagemehl (Morphol. Jahrb. x. 1885, p. 17) as indicating generalisation, and has been a great stumbling-block in his discussion of the affinities of Gymnotus with the other Ostariophysi, and especially the Characinidae. The fact that the same feature is repeated in three such distinct families as the Gymnotidae, Anguillidae, and Muraenolepididae, and occurs in genera which are in all other respects more specialised than their neighbours, goes far to prove that Sagemehl was mistaken in his interpretation of this character.
[714]
SibogaExpedition, Introd. 1902, p. 108.
[715] Poissonsvenimeux(Paris, 1889), p. 169.
[716]
For recent accounts of the anatomy, embryology, and ethology, cf. C. H. Eigenmann, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. for 1892, p. 381, and Arch.Entwickelungsmech. iv. 1896, p. 125.
[717]
It has recently been ascertained, on a large number of specimens, that in the African species the female alone performs the buccal nursing duties.
[718]
Cf. Monograph by J. Pellegrin (Paris, 1904).
[719]
Gerbe, Rev.etMag.deZool. xvi. 1864, p. 255.
[720]
Zool.Garten, 1867, p. 148. See also Verrill, Amer . Journ.Sci. (4) iii. 1897, p. 136.
[721]
Naucrates. In this genus most of the epipleurals of the praecaudal region are inserted on the ribs, but the hinder ones are on the centra.
[722]
Cf. Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. ix. 1807, p. 473; F. J. F. Meyen, Reise umdieErde, i. p. 56 (1834).
[723]
For a detailed account of these fishes and of Xiphias, cf. Brown Goode, Proc.U.S. Mus. iv. 1881, p. 415, and Rep. U.S. FishComm. f.1880, 1883, p. 289.
[724]
Monographs by Lunel, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève, xviii. 1865, p. 165, and by Lütken, SpoliaAtlantica, i. 1880, p. 491.
[725]
Troschel, Sitzb. Ver. Preuss.Rheinl. xx. 1863, p. 51 (Bramaraiiand B.longipinnis).
[726]
Cf. Thilo, Zool.Anz. 1902, p. 305.
[727]
Cf. Boulenger, Ann.Mag.Nat.Hist. (7), 1902, p. 295, and C.R.Ac. Sci. cxxxvii. 1903, p. 523.
[728]
Cf. Steenstrup, Vid.Selsk.Skr. 1863, p. 253, Ann.Mag.Nat.Hist. xv. 1865, p. 361, and Overs. Selsk. Skr. 1876, p. 174; Malm, Svensk.Vet.Ak.Handl. vii. 1868, No. 4, p. 28; A. Agassiz, P . Amer. Ac. xiv. 1878, p. 1; Emery, Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neap. iv. 1883, p. 413; Facciola, Natural.Sicil. iv. 1885, p. 261, and vi. 1887, p. 74; Ehrenbaum, Wiss. Meeresunters. (2), ii. 1897, p. 255; Nishikawa, Annot.Zool.Japan, i. 1897, p. 73.
[729]
On the morphology and classification, cf. Traquair, Tr. Linn. Soc. xxv. 1865, p. 263; Jordan and Goss, Rep. U.S. FishComm.f. 1886 (1889); Kyle, Rep. Fish. Board Scotland, 1900, p. 335. Also the Monographs of the Sole, by J. T. Cunningham (Plymouth, 1890, 4to), and of the Plaice by Cole and Johnstone, Liverpool M.B.C. Memoirs, viii. 1901.
[730]
On the breeding habits and eggs, cf. F. de Filippi, "Mem. s. sviluppo del Ghiozzo" (Ann. Univ. Med. Milano, 1841); Holt, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6); vi. 1890, p. 34; Petersen, Vid. Meddel. 1891, p. 243; Guitel, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) viii. 1891, p. 407, and Arch.Zool.Expér. (2), x. 1892, p. 499, and (3) iii. 1895, p. 263.
[731]
Cf. W. E. Ritter, Bull.Mus.Harvard, xxiv. 1893, p. 51.
