Graduate Architecture + Urban Design Portfolio

ARCHITECTURE + URBAN DESIGN PORTFOLIO

JAMES R. LENNON KENT STATE UNIVERSITY CLEVELAND URBAN DESIGN COLLABORATIVE COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN

1| REINTEGRATION MASTER PLAN OPPORTUNITY CORRIDOR MASTER PLAN

2| HOLISTIC WELLNESS TOWER WAREHOUSE DISTRICT MIXEDUSE HIGH RISE

3| URBAN TRANSIT USAGE INVESTIGATIVE URBAN RESEARCH AT CITY SCALE

4| GREAT LAKES MEGAREGION URBAN RESEARCH AT MACRO SCALE

5| CLEVELAND BLUFFS 2100 A.D. FUTURISTIC URBAN PLANNING EXPLORATION

6| GRAY TO GREEN MASTER PLAN MIDTOWN MIXED USE TOD MASTER PLAN

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YEAR: Summer 2015 - graduate school

PROFESSOR: David jurca

AWARDS: Cleveland Chapter aia - honor award Achievement in academic excellence 2015

Project Brief: The Cleveland Opportunity Corridor Project will create an urban "boulevard" connecting the University Circle neighborhood to I-490 through Cleveland's "Forgotten Triangle". Due to the outward migration of economic opportunities, decreasing population and high crime rates, a once booming industrial neighborhood of Cleveland has become deserted with only a few residents left. Our task is to explore methods of development along the Opportunity Corridor utilizing principles of urban design to spur new development, while also basing that design in the urban fabric of the surrounding communities.

With thousands of individuals released from incarceration each year including both juveniles and adults, designing a space dedicated to Reintegration is crucial. Many people who are released from correctional facilities have minimal support when returning home, causing a relapse into recidivism.

The goal is to leverage existing anchors on site and provide transitional spaces that allow participants to ďŹ nd that support through close interaction with different members of the community. Specially designed "Social Condensers" will encourage interaction throughout all steps of the process from hardship through reection. This support system, in conjunction with programming that provides community service opportunities, job training & placement, behavior therapy, transitional housing and recreational amenities will provide people with resources that they need, and encourage a reduction in recidivism. Design interventions such as improved walkability, integrated social spaces, access to green space, and access to public transportation will overcome physical and social site boundaries to target a multitude of people in need.

REINTEGRATION MASTER PL AN OPPORTUNITY CORRIDOR | CLEVELAND, OH

Conceptual development ROOTED IN SOCIETY: Understanding the journey that a recently incarcerated individual living in poverty must take to "right his wrongs" is key in beginning to understand what kinds of spaces can help facilitate the journey to success. Ideally, these spaces will assist in reducing recidivism by temporarily removing those individuals from a toxic environment, and provide them the freedom and skills necessary to live the life they have always envisioned.

COMMUNITY SERVICE | PAY FINE

TEMPORARY RESIDENCE | TRANSITIONAL HOUSING

RECREATION | RELAXATION | HELPING OTHERS

Often after a person experiences hardship, they are sentenced to incarceration time, community service, or paying fines. This site aims to provide people with the opportunity to pay their debts on site, in a productive manner, instead of committing other crimes to pay debt.

The space is designed to prevent people who are trying to make a change from moving back into their old neighborhoods and falling back into the same cycle of crime. They must be enrolled in the improvement program and abstain from drug use and crime.

Creating interactive spaces that people can access for reflection, relaxation, and interaction with other diverse group of people is crucial to creating a collaborative space of improvement and community driven success. People want to succeed they don't want to struggle.

PROGRAM INCLUDES: Community housing, Work to pay , or low income housing

PROGRAM INCLUDES: Park spaces, reflection overlooks, community centers, any previous program in this process

PROGRAM INCLUDES:

HARDSHIP

CORRECTION

IMPROVE

TRANSITION

SUCCEED

INCARCERATION | LACK OF JOB | SUBSTANCE ABUSE

JOB TRAINING | THERAPY | CLASSES

JOB PLACEMENT | BUSINESS OWNERSHIP

The space for this site includes, but is not limited to the justice center. The process can apply to anyone who has been incarcerated, suffers from drug abuse, or does not have a job and seeks to improve their life.

The space for the improvement section is dedicated to giving people the proper training and resources necessary to get where they want to go in life. Where many jobs will not hire, these spaces specialize in creating opportunity for people in need.

Working with businesses in the local community to place people in long- term employment is a major goal of this program. Allowing these people to attain a job, have skills, and no longer participate in crime is the end goal. The connections needed will be provided in this program.

PROGRAM INCLUDES: Justice Center, Homeless shelter

SITE ANALYSIS: CONTEXTUAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

PROGRAM INCLUDES: Job training warehouse, Classes, Therapy offices ,training facilities.

PROGRAM INCLUDES: Local Retail, Offices, commercial or Industrial buildings

SITE ANALYSIS: PROBLEMS & OPPORTUNITIES

Cuyahoga co. juvenile facility

gcrta service facility

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REFLECT

PROGRAM analysis: Creating new spaces that will promote unanticipated user Interaction

Typology mesh through program interaction: Shown above is a public plaza located in front of a community center designed to provide industrial job training.

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Using program placement as a social condenser: "The programmatic layering upon vacant terrain to encourage dynamic coexistence of activities and to generate through their interference, unprecedented events." - Rem Koolhaas

Encouraging the mix of local users throughout the site is made possible by programming the space in a location that will encourage unanticipated interactions.

Currently unintegrated users

Future integration desired

Points of convergence 09

Site design process:

1. Conceptual application: Each part of the reintegration process has the ability to interact within the site as well as with the community. Transitioning juveniles and incarcerated individuals from incarceration into a position of success is key.

3. Urban link: Connecting local amenities that are currently disconnected by the site is imperative to reintegration. Utilizing rotated "train track" design cues will suggest connection within the site.

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2. Historical context: Historically, this site was home to auto production, hinting at brownďŹ eld conditions. Railroad tracks, and remnants of previous industry still exist on the site. This will be considered throughout the site design process to heal both the land and the people using the land.

4. Plan Development: Extending existing development and strategically developing for "Social Condensers" allows a vegetative green-way to ow through the site.

Nodes of activity will activate the space.

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Understanding the masterplan: Green Spaces

Building design

Zoning

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Rail-View Lawn & path: Connect conicting program through a "Green-way of landscape and people will transverse a challenging, disconnected site.

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Combating recidivism through community & neighborhood level design: Statistically, more than 3 in 10 people will relapse into recidivism, thus explaining why it is key to provide those individuals with the resources and community needed to .

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YEAR: Spring 2014 - undergrad senior

PROFESSOR: PETER MARKS

PARTNER: Andrew foster

AWARDS: Kent State University CAED 2014 Integrated Design Studio - Finalist & Merit Award Recipient

Project Brief: Tasked with creating a high rise building containing a public wellness tenant, and an office tenant, our proposal challenges the standard high rise building typology through the conceptual tectonic shift of a typical floor plate. The Holistic Wellness Tower physically and programatically responds to the need for community growth and interaction.

Our goal was to make public wellness space a highly visible amenity for both the neighboring tenant, and the general public as they pass by the site. The idea of a standard highrise office building typology clashing with active public space is evident in plan, section, envelope, and formal design of this building.

HOLISTIC WELLNESS TOWER WA R E H O U S E D I ST R I C T | C L E V E L A N D , O H

TENANT

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PUBLIC1

PUBLIC1

1. Standard split

2. Vertical split

3. Integrated split

Understand how a high rise building typically functions

Encourage interaction, and challenge the standard tenant split

Implement a tectonic shift to exaggerate activity and providing security between tenants

Split FLOOR plan:

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WELLNESS

WELLNESS6 WELLNESS5 WELLNESS4 WELLNESS3 WELLNESS2 PUBLIC1

WELLNESS

TENANT10 TENANT9 TENANT8 TENANT7

TENANT

Challenging existing typologies:

Conceptual development: The conceptual diagram to the left shows the relationship between standard tenant space and an active wellness space. The tectonic shift concept is further applied to the architecture of the building and its systems. Decisions made throughout the initial design process allowed us to determine where visual connections can be made, and how the egress stair can provide a physical connection between tenants, while also creating a secure method of separation when desired.

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Formal development:

1. Urban block

2. Community plaza

Typical development will maximize space by constructing a "box".

Functional, but not desirable for building inhabitants.

Creating a plaza opens the corner Pull back the corner of the building to adjacent streets, encouraging to maximize sun angles bring users to enter and provide a central daylight inside. meeting place within the WH district.

Site plan

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3. Sun penetration

4. Wind & activity Undulation allows for passive wind penetration while evoking a formal expression of movement.

Facade development: Inspired by physical movement, the perforated screen idea challenges the contextual brick architecture throughout the warehouse district. A tectonic shift is also visible through the exterior building facade as well, separating a contextual brick ofďŹ ce building from an active facade through materiality and formal expression. Outdoor terraces encourage interaction between the public realm and the interior of the building.

Transparency of the perforated screen will become back-lit at night, highlighting movement of people inside.

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Integrated design - mep & structure: Throughout the course of this project, our team was tasked with creating a version of construction documents, choosing mechanical systems, designing electrical loads and layouts, understanding plumbing impacts, and designing complex structural supports throughout the building. This allowed us to gain a better understanding of the required coordination and effort that goes into the design process for each and every building. The integrated design studio was an excellent learning process that undoubtedly prepared us to enter the professional ďŹ eld of architecture.

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YEAR: Spring 2015 - GRADUATE SCHOOL

PROFESSOR: DR. ADIL SHARAG-ELDIN

Project Brief: In an ever urbanizing world, with a growing focus placed on alternative transportation methods, this study is concerned with the development of Public Transportation and its effects on Urban Density. According to the US census bureau, 86.7 percent of Americans travel to work via automobile, due in part to the popularity of the American automobile after WWII. This popularity has changed the character of our cities, as well as the way in which our cities function as a whole. It is commonly accepted that the correlation between relatively low- density sprawl and auto-centricity is inversely related to high- density urban conditions and increased public transportation use. These assumptions are generally accepted, however not without discourse of their validity between scholars and researchers. Cleveland proves to be a different situation where access to public transit does not always result in higher density. Using analysis and theoretical calculations, this research project makes an argument for the dynamic relationship of urban densities and public transportation usage.

URBAN TRANSIT USAGE H E A LT H L I N E P U B L I C T R A N S P O R TAT I O N | C L E V E L A N D , O H

METHODOLOGY: Previous research has provided a common threshold of population density required in order for public transportation to be successfully implemented. These thresholds will first be applied and assessed for the City of Cleveland in evaluating relevance of ridership data compared to overall population. The dichotomy of traffic analysis zones (TAZ) and population density levels will then be dissected, proving generalities true. A more in depth statistical analysis of Cleveland’s public transportation system involving population density will disprove previous assumptions of a directly proportional relationship thus proving a dynamic relationship. Quantitative data will be further analyzed to unearth the true cause of population usage in Cleveland

ACCEPTED GENERALIZATIONS: A widely accepted study by D. Pickrell in 1999 examines the relationship between density and feasibility of transit usage. His study found that cities with densities below 20 people per hectare will not experience a significant increase in transit use with manipulation of small scale population density increases. This is significant because Cleveland currently has a population density of 19.719 p/ha thus falling into the “low density” category with less than 30 p/ha.

Ridership data does not account for round trip usage. The calculation assumes riders will use public transit going to and from a destination with a 50 percent reduction. ( 160,533 (50%) =80,266.5 Riders per day) According to the latest figures by the U.S. Census bureau, Cleveland’s current population is 390,113. This means that 20.58% of Cleveland’s population is currently using public transit on a daily basis.

IMPORTANCE OF RELATIVE SCALE: Cleveland is a relatively large city with sprawling area overtaking 82.47 square miles of expanded land. There is a significant difference in density gradient between a bustling downtown and sprawling suburban neighborhoods. The relationship between public transportation usage and urban density can be altered based on the scale of the study area. Previous studies examine a larger area to understand the overall functionality of a city. This study aims to gain more intimate knowledge of the correlation between density transit usage. The relationship becomes less static and more dynamic when involving a section of an urban environment compared to a sprawling metropolis. This research is concerned with that intimate relationship.

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ANOMALIES IN DATA: Many dynamic conditions influence the ridership data, which in turn, displays the inaccuracy of such broad generalities assumed with a static relationship.

Land use, cost, access, distance, entertainment nodes, and transportation hubs all give false representation of density based purely on ridership data.

The relationship was tested by analyzing ridership numbers for each stop along the healthline and comparing them to population density in a 1/4 mile catchment radius. The results shown in the graph below depict no significant relationship between public transit ridership and population density. With abnormally high ridership, another factor must be causing this phenomenon to occur.

PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION AND POPULATION DENSITY DESIGN: In today’s world, most transportation planners use population density as a means of designing and preparing for new transit systems to be put in place. On the contrary, urban designers utilize public transportation ridership numbers to gauge the amount of traffic that will cross a development. This relationship is unique, however troubling when understanding that the two do not relate directly as though previously assumed. There are additional socioeconomic factors in play that must be taken into account.

CONCLUSIONS: Evident from comparison with accepted standards, Cleveland is not a typical case. It has somewhat successful public transportation usage for a low density city. This raises some questions when stating that population density and public transportation usage have a directly proportional relationship.

Examining the healthline shows that there is no direct relationship, hinting that other factors must influence ridership. Investigation concluded that underlying socioeconomic conditions are the cause of increased ridership numbers.

CAUSES OF INCREASED RIDERSHIP: When analyzing the catchment area of public transportation stops as compared to household income, vehicle ownership, and jobs, it is obvious that the surrounding areas are experiencing a level of poverty. This shows that increased ridership is because people can not afford to own cars, so their only option is to use public transportation, making it a necessity rather than a luxury. Success for Cleveland’s transit system is measured in terms of providing mobility those who need it the most.

**See original paper for more in-depth explanation, and bibliography of sources used**

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YEAR: FALL 2014 - graduate school

PROFESSOR: JEFFREY KRUTH

PARTNER: Andrew foster

Project Brief: As cities begin to exponentially expand due to urban sprawl, the relationship between neighboring cities at a macro scale becomes increasingly important. Urban design is often discussed at the city or district level, failing to recognize key opportunities that the neighboring metropolitan communities may offer them. Analyzing how cities within a mega-region currently function will offer insight on leveraging those opportunities, especially when studying the great-lakes mega-region.

In this study, we will focus specifically on Detroit and the current problems the city is facing involving border crossing, logistics and infrastructure. Conceptually remediating these problems by pinpointing areas of development and urban design could lead to a more successful economic community.

Taking advantage of the traffic coming across the Canada/ US border will be key, since Detroit currently watches all of that trade and traffic pass right through the city. It is considered one of the world’s busiest commercial border crossings.

GREAT LAKES MEGAREGION M AC R O S C A L E U R B A N ST U DY

Making the connection - Analysis of the great lakes mega-region: As metropolitan regions continue to expand exponentially, their boundaries begin to blur, creating a new scale of geography now known as the megaregion. Interlocking economic systems, shared natural resources, ecosystems, and common transportation systems link these population centers together. A key growth area is in the Great Lakes Megaregion. This specific megaregion is reminiscent of the historical “rust belt” where steel, iron and manufacturing was once the driving economic factor. After the automotive industry was outsourced and the steel industry slowed, these cities were forced to reinvent themselves. Much of the infrastructure and economic relationships still exist. The cities that were able to adapt have thrived, while others experienced an unprecedented decline. The “heart” of the Great Lakes megaregion is a combination of high population cities where an industrial heartland route links Montreal, Toronto, Detroit/Windsor and Chicago. The geographic connection between these super cities are key to economic prosperity within the region.

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Great lakes trans-border usage: Locally, Detroit is located in a region with unparalleled potential to capitalize on international trade and economic investment. In 2011, $49 billion of commodity was transported through the Detroit area making the total export value fourth in the nation. Through all great lakes international borders, Detroit ranked ďŹ rst in semitruck cargo imports, and second in rail imports. Detroit was also second in both bus and automotive trafďŹ c crossing. Even with this staggering trade statistic, Detroit today still faces economic despair, vacancy and poverty.

In order for Detroit to begin its economic incline, the city needs to capitalize on its geographical location and realign its existing assets.

TRANS-Border usage diagram: Detroit, Michigan Port Huron, Michigan Sault ste. marie, Michigan Grand portage, Minnesota Buffalo-Niagara falls, new York

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How a mega-region approach could revitalize Detroit: Detroit has great potential to capitalize on its infrastructural assets. With the amount of trade moving through the city, it is important to pinpoint the area with the highest potential to benefit from infrastructural improvements. Capturing traffic from highways, railroads, and shipping are key in stimulating economic development.

Infrastructural improvements in the Southwest region will increase trade efficiency, and provide an opportunistic location for urban design and development. Leveraging innovative ideas from proposed transportation and distribution hubs will create opportunities for economic growth in specific nodes. Ideally, once these nodes begin to develop, surrounding districts will begin to take advantage of the economic uplift and continue to spread into local neighborhoods. With these improvements, Detroit will conceptually be in better position to seize the economic opportunities driving right through the city.

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YEAR: SPRING 2015 - graduate school

PROFESSOR: JAYME SCHWARTZBERG

Project Brief: The year is 2100, the world is much different than it once was 85 years ago. Generations of the past had used the earth's natural materials as if they were everlasting. In a fragile global ecosystem, drought related to climate change has dried up much of the west, and heat has become unbearable in much of the south. Millions of people have migrated north to the great lakes region, where fresh water and proximity to fertile farmlands have been the backbone of a booming Cleveland population. Millions of migrants have sought refuge in numerous Midwestern cities, causing land values to be at a premium. The population density of downtown Cleveland has surpassed the population density of New York in the early 2000s. With such high densities, in addition to automotive trafďŹ c becoming obsolete, value has been placed on the access to public and regional transit.

Recreational facilities and public space is hard to come by, especially with artiďŹ cial intelligence reducing the average workweek down to 25 hours a week. Due to masterplanning efforts, The Flats have been reserved as low density area dedicated to providing open public space and recreational facilities. Integrating inhabitants into the hillside celebrates the importance of public space, while also providing spectacular views to the Cuyahoga River.

CLEVELAND BLUFFS  2100 A.D. F L ATS N E I G H B O R H O O D | C L E V E L A N D , O H

CLEVELAND 2100 - what lead to this?

A city who once turned its back on the Flats has now reversed that trend. Utilizing topography to create housing that is integrated into landscape forces its inhabitants to face the Cuyahoga River. Greater focus toward the local natural resources not only celebrates the River, but also allows people to feel at ease due to the psychological benefits of nature. The flats provides an escape from the overcrowded atmosphere of Downtown Cleveland.

Designing the flats - the SOLUTION: Exploring a new approach to neighborhood structure presents many challenges and opportunities. Each "step" in topography represents a self contained "neighborhood" with both a public space and residential component. Each unit will have a vast amount of outdoor area shared as a "boardwalk" with nodes of activity throughout. Specific access points will provide transportation to the city above and region beyond.

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Site plan:

REAL ESTATE ALONG THE WATER: A promenade located along the river provides instant interaction with the water.

Housing located along the Water becomes a coveted place to live and relax.

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What the Cleveland flats could look like - 2100 a.d.

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YEAR: FALL 2014 - graduate school

PROFESSOR: DAVID JURCA

PARTNER: CLARISSE GATES

Project Brief: When traveling along Euclid through the Health-tech corridor, the sense of being in a location branded by health. The existing conditions do not compliment the institutions and namesake of the surrounding areas. From Grey to Green exempliďŹ es how this connection can be made stronger, facilitating healthy spaces and growth throughout the corridor and surrounding neighborhoods. The seven aspects of a healthy community serve as a means of understanding what makes a place desirable for its inhabitants. We believe that translating each of these aspects into programmable spaces will provide a framework for designing the urban realm in a holistic manner.

GRAY TOM I DGREEN MASTERPLAN TOW N N E I G H B O R H O O D | C L E V E L A N D , O H

Conceptual development: A HOLISTIC COMMUNITY Our goal for Midtown is to create an identity of a holistic community, implementing all aspects of health and wellness through urban design.

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

PHYSICAL HEALTH

Occupational wellness is seeking for and having a career that is interesting, enjoyable, meaningful and contributes to the larger society.

Physical Wellness is the maintenance of a healthy body through good nutrition, regular exercise, and avoidance of harmful habits.

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

SPIRITUAL HEALTH

Environmental wellness is the recognition of interdependence with nature.

Spiritual wellness is the process of self-understanding, based on a set of beliefs, principles or values that give guidance to one's actions.

Such wellness can cultivate a sense of direction, thankfulness or appreciation for life.

SOCIAL HEALTH

EMOTIONAL HEALTH

Social wellness is the ability to build personal connections with others, deal with conflict and to be a part of a positive social network.

Emotional wellness is having a positive attitude, high self-esteem, a strong sense of self and the ability to recognize and share a wide range of feelings with others in a constructive way.

INTELLECTUAL HEALTH Intellectual Wellness is the openness to new concepts and ideas.

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Wellness along THE HEALTHLINE: BOOK STORE ROCKEFELLER PARK

FITNESS WELLNESS SPA CAMPUS DISTRICT

BALL FIELD

CLEVELAND CLINIC

LEAGUE PARK MALLS

BARS

CASE WESTERN

PUBLIC SQUARE ST. VINCENT

HEALTH TECH PARK

HEALING GARDEN

FAIRFAX PARK UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS

How each neighborhood compares

Downtown

Midtown

Fairfax

University Circle

A closer look at midtown: While looking at the presence of healthy spaces along the "Health-tech corridor" the urban realm does not evoke the same sense of health that it's name does. When looking speciďŹ cally at midtown, all of the neighborhoods are in disrepair, there is minimal access to healthy food, greenspace, and limited amenities. The midtown neighborhood is even located within a food desert, stressing the need for spaces that evoke a sense of health and wellness.

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Translating the Concept to designed urban spaces:

EXERCISE C OR IR DO

T UI

PED BUILD ING SCA ND

OU T

Basketball Courts, Running & Bicycle Paths, Outdoor Exercise Circuit, Playgrounds, etc.

Healing Garden, Meditation Lawns, etc.

Public Plaza, Outdoor Dining, Social Halls, etc.

Reading Garden, Life Size Chess, Public Puzzles, Inspirational features evoking thought, etc.

Healing Garden, Reflecting Ponds, Memorials, etc.

Great Lawn, Hills, Walking Paths, Landscaped Buildings, Landscaping, etc.

Buildings with access to amenities, Views of active space, Views of Green Space, etc.

ING GARDEN AD RE

S

LA

PHYSICAL SPACES: SPIRITUAL SPACES: SOCIAL SPACES: INTELLECTUAL SPACES: EMOTIONAL SPACES: ENVIRONMENTAL SPACES: OCCUPATIONAL SPACES:

BIKE PATHS

ITY PLAYG UN R M

WN HUB PLA ZA DTO MI G GARD EN ALIN HE

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ND OU

NITY GA MU

EN RD

COM

T LAWN GREA

COM

TEWAY GA

Encouraging wellness through sustainable architecture practices:

Encourage wellness through activated streetscape and urban infill:

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Midtown district masterplan goals: Connect to key anchors of the community with improved walkability Strategically densify, focusing on existing nodes while increasing f.a.r. ratios for improved site dynamic Introduce healthy greenspace along the healthline with constant interaction and visual activity encouraging personal connection Encourage a holistic understanding of health available to all supported by community integrated programming

Sustain healthy buildings, sustain longevity of residency, sustain sense of community

Legend: NEW CONSTRUCTION

RENOVATIONS

1 OFFICE BUILIDING

11 MIXED USE/ OFFICE

2 REC CENTER

12 MIXED USE/ RESIDENTIAL

3 LIBRARY

13 RESTAURANT

4 PARKING GARAGE

14 GROCERY

5 MIXED USE/ OFFICE 6 MIXED USE/ RESIDENTIAL

GREENSPACE

7 TOWNHOMES 8 APARTMENT BUILDING

15 GREAT LAWN

9 COMPLIMENTARY COLLEGE

16 POND

10 ENTERTAINMENT

17 FITNESS CIRCUIT 18 READING GARDEN 19 PUBLIC PLAZA 20 DUNHAM TAVERN 21 PLAYGROUND 22 BASKETBALL COURTS 23 HEALING GARDEN 24 RESTAURANT PLAZA

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Central

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