Introduction to Texture Analysis
Macrotexture, Microtexture, and Orientation Mapping
Third Edition
Olaf Engler, Stefan Zaefferer, and Valerie Randle
MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB® software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® software.
Third edition published 2024 by CRC Press 2385 Executive Center Drive, Suite 320, Boca Raton, FL 33431 and by CRC Press 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
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© 2024 Olaf Engler, Stefan Zaefferer, and Valerie Randle
Second edition published by CRC Press 2010
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PART II Macrotexture Analysis
5.2.1
PART III Microtexture Analysis
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4
6.2.6
6.3.1
6.3.2
Chapter 7 Procedures for Orientation Determination from Electron
7.2.1
Chapter 8 Practice
Preface
Most solid-state materials, including metals, ceramics, and minerals, have a polycrystalline structure in that they are composed of a multitude of individual crystallites or “grains.” This book is concerned with a specific aspect of such materials—the crystallographic orientation of its components or the crystallographic texture, or simply texture, of the polycrystalline compound. The significance of texture lies in the anisotropy of many material properties; that is, the value of this property depends on the crystallographic direction in which it is measured. In most cases, grain orientations in polycrystals, whether naturally occurring or technologically fabricated, are not randomly distributed and the preference of certain orientations may indeed affect material properties by as much as 20%–50% of the property value. Therefore, the determination and interpretation of texture are of fundamental importance in materials technology. Furthermore, analysis of the texture changes during the thermomechanical treatment of materials yields valuable information about the underlying mechanisms, including deformation, recrystallization, or phase transformations. In geology, texture analysis can provide insight into the geological processes that led to rock formations over geological ages.
Nowadays there is a selection of techniques available to analyze the texture of materials. Besides the well-established techniques based on x-ray or neutron diffraction, known as macrotexture methods, there are a number of techniques that bridge the gap between microscopic mechanisms of formation of textures and microstructures and the resulting macroscopic properties. The latter are based on measurements of individual orientations in transmission or scanning electron microscopes and directly related to the microstructure, which has given rise to the term microtexture. Microtexture practice has grown principally through the application of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and it is now possible to measure orientations automatically from predetermined coordinates in the microstructure, which is known generically as orientation mapping. From the full range of texture techniques now available, insights can be gained into material processing, corrosion, cracking, fatigue, grain boundary properties, and other phenomena with a crystallographic component.
Over the past 70 years, a large number of publications on texture analysis have appeared in the literature. However, there are only a few monographs on the subject, many of which are highly specialized with a strong focus on the mathematical aspects of texture. We have written the present book to provide comprehensive coverage of the range of concepts, practices, and applications of the techniques for determining and representing texture. The mathematics of the subject has been kept to the minimum necessary to understand the scientific principles. For a more complete treatment, a comprehensive bibliography directs the reader to more specialized texts. The text is inclined toward microtexture analysis, reflecting both the growing emphasis on this modern approach to texture analysis and the greater requirement for detailed explanation of the philosophy, practice, and analysis associated with microtexture. The book is intended for materials scientists, physicists, and geologists—both nonspecialists,
including students, and those with more experience—who wish to learn about the approaches to orientation measurement and interpretation or to understand the fundamental principles on which measurements are based to gain a working understanding of the practice and applications of texture.
The sequence of the book is as follows. Part I, Fundamental Issues, addresses the descriptors and terminology associated with orientations and texture and their representation in general. This part concludes with an introduction to the diffraction of radiation, since this phenomenon forms the basis of almost all texture analysis. Part II, Macrotexture Analysis, covers both data acquisition and representation. Part III, Microtexture Analysis, provides experimental details of the transmission or scanning electron microscope-based techniques for microtexture analysis, followed by a description of how microtexture data are evaluated and represented. The innovative topics of orientation microscopy and orientation mapping are introduced, and more advanced issues concerning crystallographic aspects of interfaces and connectivity are treated.
The present third edition of Introduction to Texture Analysis is written about 15 years after the second edition. In these years EBSD has become the standard tool for microtexture measurements and microstructure characterization. The EBSD technique has developed a lot of different applications, including measurement on crystallographically more complex materials, stress and strain measurements, in-situ measurements of materials processes, and three-dimensional measurements. This is mainly because accuracy, crystallographic versatility, and acquisition speed of EBSD are steadily increasing. On the other hand, EBSD even begins to challenge the classical X-ray macrotexture measurements. Also in the field of transmission electron microscopy (TEM)-based orientation mapping significant progress has been made and one standard technique has developed for texture and microstructure mapping at highest resolution. The new edition of this book, therefore, now focuses more on the theoretical fundaments and on standard and new analysis techniques of the EBSD- and TEM-based methods. Among others, we have added sections on the theory of electron diffraction for spot-type and Kikuchi-type diffraction patterns. The description of the microtexture measurement techniques is terminated with an example chapter illustrating the wide field of applications of these techniques and discusses which technique should be employed for which kind of applications.
Closely related to the determination of microtextures is the measurement of microstructures by the orientation mapping techniques. Characterization of microstructures is indispensable for the correct interpretation of microtextures, firstly because microstructures and the related thermodynamic and kinetic conditions are the final reason for texture formation. Secondly, microstructure—maybe even more than texture—determines the final properties of a material and, thus, textures cannot not be considered independently of microstructures. We, therefore, address several microstructural features in some details, in particular deformation structures, grain boundaries and their crystallographic interpretation, and phase boundaries and the related orientation relationships. For all these topics the focus is laid on the description of these features by crystallographic orientations and their spatial arrangement.
We are indebted to a large number of colleagues from whom we have learned, with whom we have discussed and interacted, or who have provided thoughtful
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The story of legumes. W. C. Frazier. (Wisconsin university. College of agriculture. Extension service. Circular 125) 19p pa ’20 Madison, Wisconsin
Lumber
Production of lumber, lath and shingles in 1918. Franklin H. Smith. (U.S. Agriculture dept. Bul. 845) 47p pa ’20
Machinery
Industrial machinery in France and Belgium. Charles P. Wood. (U.S. Bur. of foreign and domestic commerce. Special agents ser. 204) 61p pa ’20
Malaria
What can a community afford to pay to rid itself of malaria? L. M. Fisher. (U.S. Public health service. Reprint 595) 7p pa ’20
Manganese
