Section 1 Physical Development
Test Item File
Multiple Choice Questions
1. By the end of his or her first year, the typical infant ____.
a. weighs 20% less due to the loss of baby fat
b. remains the same weight during the second six months
c. doubles his or her body weight
d. triples his or her body weight
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Page: 128
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
2. If an infant is born weighing 7 pounds, one can expect he or she to weigh about ____ by 12 months.
a. 14 pounds
Incorrect. Birth weight triples by the end of the first year.
b. 22 pounds Correct. Birth weight triples by the end of the first year.
c. 28 pounds
d. 35 pounds
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 128
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 4.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
3. In the first year of life, infants accumulate fat. This helps the infant ____.
a. maintain a constant body temperature
Correct. At 6 months, a well-nourished baby looks on the plump side, but by 1 year children lose much of their “baby fat.”
b. maintain high energy levels
Incorrect. The accumulated fat helps the infant to maintain a constant body temperature.
c. build muscle
d. create brain cells
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 128
Skill: C
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Learning Objective: 4.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
4. Height during the first year of life increases ____.
a. very quickly in the beginning and slows down
b. slowly in the beginning and increases very quickly
c. at a slow, even rate
Incorrect. Height increases unevenly in spurts rather than at a constant rate.
d. unevenly in spurts
Correct. Height increases dramatically but unevenly.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 128
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 4.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
5. Growth and development in infancy proceeds from the head downward, which is known as the ____.
a. head first, body second principle
b. cephalocaudal principle
c. proximodistal principle
d. top-down principle
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 129
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
% correct 88 a = 0 b = 88 c = 12 d = 0 r = .65
6. Which of the following describes a head to tail progression of growth?
a. proximodistal principle
b. cephalocaudal principle
c. thoracictorso principle
d. phalange-metacarpal principle
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 129
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
7. Growth and development proceed from the middle of the body outward, which is known as the ____.
a. head first, body second principle
b. cephalocaudal principle
c. proximodistal principle
d. top-down principle
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Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 129
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
8. Lorenzo first develops the ability to control his chest, then his arms, then his hands, and finally his fingers. This progression of motor development is called the ____.
a. cephalocaudal principle
Incorrect. The proximodistal principle is the principle of biological development in which growth proceeds from the middle of the body outward.
b. thoracic torso principle
c. phalange-metatarsal principle
d. proximodistal principle
Correct. This means, for example, the trunk and arms grow faster than the hands and fingers.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 129
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 4.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
% correct 74 a = 17 b = 4 c = 4 d = 74 r = .43
9. Helena first develops the ability to control her head. She then could sit up unassisted, and eventually could walk. This progression of motor development is called the ____.
a. cephalocaudal principle
Correct. The proximodistal principle is the principle of biological development in which growth proceeds from the middle of the body outward.
b. thoracic torso principle
c. phalange-metatarsal principle
d. proximodistal principle
Incorrect. This means, for example, the trunk and arms grow faster than the hands and fingers.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 129
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 4.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
10. Compared to other animals, the human brain is very large at birth, but it is also ____.
a. well developed
Incorrect. The human brain is relatively large at birth, but it is also relatively immature compared to the brains of other animals.
b. malformed
c. relatively immature
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Correct. Consequently, much of the basic brain development that takes place prenatally for other animals takes place in the first year for humans.
d. nearly adult-like
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 129
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 4.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
11. In animals, quite a bit of brain development occurs prenatally. When does this same brain development occur in human infants?
a. prenatally as well
Incorrect. This rapid brain development in human infants occurs during the first year of life.
b. during the first year of life
Correct. For example, other animals are mobile at birth or within a few days or weeks, but humans cannot even crawl for about 6 months.
c. only during the fetal period
d. after the first year of life
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 129
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 4.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
12. At birth, the size of an infant’s brain is ____% of an adult’s brain, and by age 2 it is ____% of an adult’s brain.
a. 5%; 50%
b. 15%; 60%
c. 25%; 70%
d. 35%; 80%
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page: 130
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
13. Approximately how many neurons are there in the average infant’s brain?
a. 100,000 to 200,000
b. 100 million to 200 million
c. 100 billion to 200 billion
d. 100 trillion to 200 trillion
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 130
Skill: F
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Learning Objective: 4.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
14. Neurons communicate between each other chemically across small gaps. What are these gaps called?
a. synapses
b. neuronal gaps
c. transmitter nodes
d. myelin
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 130
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
% correct 93 a = 93 b = 2 c = 4 d = 1 r = .31
15. ____ is a tiny gap between neurons.
a. A neurotransmitter
b. The synapse
c. A dendrite
d. Myelin
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 130
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
16. Chemicals that are used to communicate between neurons are ____.
a. neurotoxins
b. neurocommunicators
c. neurotransmitters
d. neurochems
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 130
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
17. Neurotransmitters are ____.
a. the cell body of a neuron
b. a layer of insulation that surrounds axons
c. chemicals that are released into the synapse
d. tiny gaps between neurons
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 130
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Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
18. What part of a neuron releases the neurotransmitters?
a. dendrites
b. soma
c. axons
d. myelin
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 130
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
19. What part of a neuron receives the neurotransmitters?
a. soma
b. axons
c. myelin
d. dendrites
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 130
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
20. By age 2, the number of neurons in the brain ____.
a. decreases to a quarter as many as were present at birth
b. decreases to half as many as were present at birth Correct. Although the brain continues to grow, it does not involve the production of new neurons.
c. increases by twice as many as were present at birth Incorrect. Through pruning, the number of neurons in the brain decreases by half.
d. increases by four times as many as were present at birth
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 130
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 4.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
21. At birth, the neurons have only a few connections. By age 2, each neuron is connected to ____.
a. about as many as at birth
b. hundreds or thousands of other neurons
c. millions of other neurons
d. billions of other neurons
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Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 130
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
22. What is the name of the sheath that encases axons to protect them and increase the speed of communication between neurons?
a. neuronal sheath
b. dendritic sheath
c. synaptic sheath
d. myelin sheath
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 130
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
% correct 84 a = 2 b = 4 c = 11 d = 84 r = .37
23. When does the process of myelination end?
a. age 10
b. age 30
c. age 50
d. age 70
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 130
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
24. When neuronal connections that are used become stronger and faster and the neuronal connections that are not used wither away, what is happening?
a. brain death
b. axonal withering
c. synaptic pruning
d. intellectual development
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 130
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
% correct 82 a = 0 b = 8 c = 82 d = 9 r = .35
25. Which of the following analogies is similar to synaptic pruning?
a. stocking up on one of everything to make sure you always have the proper tool
Chapter 4, Section 1 Test Item File 333
b. transplanting a tree to a place where there is more sunlight
c. over-growing seedlings and then weeding out ones that are not needed Correct. “Use it or lose it” is the principle that applies to synaptic pruning.
d. watering a flower twice a day so it does not dry out Incorrect. “Use it or lose it” is the principle that applies to synaptic pruning.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 130
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 4.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
26. Between early childhood and adolescence, the brain eliminates about how many of its synapses?
a. one-third
b. one-fourth
c. one-tenth
d. one-twentieth
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 130
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
27. The _________ is the outermost portion of the forebrain, containing the four regions with distinct functions.
a. frontal cortex
b. cerebral cortex
c. thalamus
d. hypothalamus
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 131
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
28 The band of neural fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the _________.
a. cerebral callosum
b. corpus connection
c. corpus callosum
d. neural connection
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Page: 131
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.2
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Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
29. The _________ lobe is responsible for processing bodily sensations.
a. frontal
b. parietal
c. occipital
d. temporal Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 132
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 4.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
30. The _________ lobe is responsible for processing auditory information, including language.
a. frontal
b. parietal
c. occipital
d. temporal Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 131
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 4.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
31 What is the term that describes the brain’s high responsiveness to environmental circumstances?
a. plasticity
b. sensitivity
c. growth
d. pruning Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 132
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
32. While providing solace to a family who have just been told that their infant sustained brain damage in a car accident, Dr. Doofenschmirtz tells them that the good news is that the infant is young and his brain is not fully mature. As compared to an adult, the infant’s brain has not been shaped or formed but is still highly responsive to the environment and the prognosis is good. Which of the following describes the topic of Dr. Doofenschmirtz’s discussion?
a. cognitive neurology
Incorrect. Because the infant’s brain is not as specialized as it will be later in development, it is high in plasticity, meaning that it is highly responsive to environmental
Chapter 4, Section 1 Test Item File 335
circumstances. If a part of the brain is damaged in infancy due to accident or disease, other parts of the brain can often take over the functions of the damaged portion, whereas this is less possible later in development once greater specialization has taken place.
b. brain plasticity
Correct. Because the infant’s brain is not as specialized as it will be later in development, it is high in plasticity, meaning that it is highly responsive to environmental circumstances. If a part of the brain is damaged in infancy due to accident or disease, other parts of the brain can often take over the functions of the damaged portion, whereas this is less possible later in development once greater specialization has taken place.
c. biological physiology
d. neural psychology
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 132
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 4.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
33. If the infant’s brain has been damaged due to injury or illness, what is likely to happen?
a. The functions that are associated with the damaged areas are permanently lost.
b. Other parts of the brain can assume the functions of the damaged area. Correct. This is known as brain plasticity.
c. The affected areas will grow new neurons and then resume functioning. Incorrect. Generally, other areas of the brain will assume the functions associated with the damaged areas.
d. The damaged areas will begin infecting other areas until complete brain death occurs.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 132
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 4.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
34. Your neighbor’s infant daughter has epilepsy. They are considering surgery to help with the seizures, but they are worried that permanent brain damage will result. What should you tell them?
a. At that age, the brain is “plastic,” so that a different part of the brain can likely take over the functioning of the damaged area. Correct. This plasticity diminishes steeply over the first few years of life.
b. They should carefully consider this option in that any damage will be permanent.
c. It will be difficult to tell if there will be brain damage because infants do not really do much.
d. They should proceed with caution in that, if there is any brain damage on the left hemisphere, their daughter might never learn to speak. Incorrect. Since the brain is “plastic” during this time, it is likely that a different part of the brain will assume the lost area’s functioning.
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Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 132
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 4.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
35. “Experience-expectant brain functions” refers to the idea that ______.
a. typical human babies anywhere in the world will develop similar brain functions
b. brain functions require specific experiences to develop
Incorrect: answer b refers to “experience-dependent brain functions”
c. the brain is highly responsive to environmental circumstances
Incorrect: answer c refers to “plasticity”
d. the two hemispheres become specialized for certain functions
Incorrect: answer d refers to “lateralization”
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 132
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
36. The principle that typical human babies in the world will develop similar basic brain functions is known as .
a. experience-expectant brain functions
b. experience-dependent brain functions
c. plasticity
d. lateralization
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 132
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
37. “Experience-dependent brain functions” refers to the idea that ______.
a. typical human babies anywhere in the world will develop similar brain functions
Incorrect: answer a refers to “experience-expectant brain functions”
b. brain functions require specific experiences to develop
c. the brain is highly responsive to environmental circumstances
Incorrect: answer c refers to “plasticity”
d. the two hemispheres become specialized for certain functions
Incorrect: answer d refers to “lateralization”
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 132
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
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38. The principle that the specific experiences an infant has influence certain connections in the brain to develop is known as ______.
a. experience-expectant brain functions
b. experience-dependent brain functions
c. plasticity
d. lateralization
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 132
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
39. Learning language in general is considered to be ________, whereas exposure to a specific language is considered to be ______.
a. an experience-expectant function; an experience-dependent function
b. an experience-dependent function; an experience-expectant function
c. an experience-expectant function; a lateralization function
d. a plasticity function; an experience-dependent function
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 132
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
40. Children in higher socioeconomic families may hear _____ more words by age 3.
a. 1 million
b. 10 million
c. 30 million
d. 50 million
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Page: 132
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
41. The text describes orphanages in Romania in which all of the infants had been seriously deprived. The children were later adopted and recovered dramatically in physical development. It was found that the recovery in cognitive development ____.
a. recovered rapidly for all children
Incorrect. All the children recovered dramatically in physical size after a year or two in their new homes, but cognitive recovery depended strongly on age at adoption.
b. was dependent on the age in which the children were adopted
Correct. In general, the younger the children’s age at adoption, the higher their rate of cognitive development.
c. did not occur for any of the children
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d. not only recovered quickly, but the children outperformed other children very rapidly
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 133
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 4.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
% correct 92 a = 3 b = 92 c = 02 d = 4 r = .28
42. The text describes orphanages in Romania in which all of the infants had been seriously deprived. What was found regarding cognitive development for the children who were adopted when they were older than six months of age?
a. They had a rate of cognitive impairment several times higher than the children adopted less than six months of age.
Correct. Romanian children adopted at 6–24 months old had a rate of cognitive impairment several times higher than children adopted earlier than six months old. This indicates that after about six months of age, the damage to the brain due to early deprivation often could not be entirely undone even by years of exposure to a more stimulating environment.
b. They recovered extremely quickly.
Incorrect. Romanian children adopted at 6–24 months old had a rate of cognitive impairment several times higher than children adopted earlier than six months old. This indicates that after about six months of age, the damage to the brain due to early deprivation often could not be entirely undone even by years of exposure to a more stimulating environment.
c. They were initially impaired, but recovered by the time they were two years old.
d. They recovered very slowly, but by the time they were 20 were similar to others their age.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 133
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 4.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
43. Neonates, on average, sleep ____ hours a day, and of that time, ____ is spent in REM.
a. 18–20; 40%
b. 16–17; 50%
c. 14–15; 60%
d. 12–14; 70%
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 134
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
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44. At 6 months of age, American infants sleep about 14 hours a day, whereas infants who are the same age in Kenya sleep about 12 hours a day, and infants in the Netherlands sleep about 16 hours a day. This variation is best described by ____.
a. reflexive responses
b. cultural practice
Correct. For example, Dutch cultural beliefs emphasize rest and early bedtimes for young children.
c. innate preprogramming
d. biological influence
Incorrect. By age 6 months, cultural practices influence how much infants sleep.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 134
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 4.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
45. ____ describes when an infant who does not have any apparent illness or disease simply falls asleep and never wakes up.
a. Activation synthesis
b. Sudden infant death syndrome
c. Nocturnal enuresis
d. Neurological plasticity
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 134
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
46. What is the leading cause of death for infants between birth and one year of age in developed countries?
a. accidents
b. SIDS
c. AIDS
d. genetic disorders
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 134
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
47. What is a risk factor for SIDS?
a. sleeping right-side-down
b. sleeping left-side-down
c. sleeping stomach-down
d. sleeping back-down
Answer: C
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Difficulty: 1
Page: 134
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
48. Which of the following is a known factor that increases the probability of SIDS?
a. the family having pets
b. sleeping stomach-down instead of flat on the back
c. having average birth weight and a high Apgar score
d. the infant being born in the morning
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 134
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
49. What is a risk factor for SIDS?
a. maternal diabetes
b. maternal smoking during pregnancy
c. paternal asthma
d. paternal chromosomal disorders
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 134
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
50. Which the following are known factors related to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome?
a. a high Apgar score, low irritability, and colic
b. a family history of SIDS and high irritability
c. soft bedding, sleeping stomach down, and low birth weight
d. hard bedding, sleeping back down, and low irritability
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 134
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
% correct 94 a = 0 b = 6 c = 94 d = 0 r = .70
51. Lipsitt (2003) extensively examined SIDS and found that infants were most vulnerable to succumb to SIDS between 2 and 4 months. Why?
a. They still have not fully developed their immune systems. Incorrect. The time represents a transition from reflex behavior to intentional behavior.
b. Many women stop breast-feeding at this time and the protection stops.
c. This time represents a transition from reflex behavior to intentional behavior.
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Correct. Some are unable to make the transition, perhaps due in part to respiratory and muscular vulnerabilities.
d. Weight poses a problem for infants during this time.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 134
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 4.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
52. When you are visiting friends who just had a newborn, you notice that the baby is lying face-down in her crib. What do you tell your friends?
a. That their daughter looks peacefully asleep.
b. That this is the best position for an infant to be in. Incorrect. This is the worst position for a baby to be in and is a risk factor for SIDS. They should have their baby lying on her back.
c. That they need to have her on her back because lying face-down puts her at risk for SIDS.
Correct. SIDS deaths declined by nearly one-half after the “BACK to Sleep” campaign was introduced and the prevalence of stomach sleeping dropped to 20%.
d. Their daughter might grow up with a flat nose from being laid on her stomach.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Page: 134
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 4.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply % correct 96 a = 0 b = 4 c = 96 d = 0 r = .24
53. During the “BACK to Sleep” campaign, stomach sleeping went from 70% to 20%. What happened to the rate of SIDS deaths?
a. It declined by approximately 90%.
b. It declined by approximately 50%.
c. Unfortunately, it made no difference.
d. Unfortunately, it increased by 20%.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 134
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
54. What term describes the situation in which the infant sleeps with the parents?
a. parental sleeping
b. cosleeping
c. communal sleeping
d. familial sleeping
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
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Page: 135
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
55. You and your pediatrician get into an argument regarding where the infant should sleep. You strongly believe that she should sleep with you, while your pediatrician insists that it can be dangerous for her not to sleep in her own crib. What would be your argument?
a. There is no medical reason that your infant cannot sleep with you, it is just a cultural opinion.
Correct. Outside of the West, nearly all cultures have some form of cosleeping during infancy.
b. Pediatricians do not care as much about infants as you do.
c. There is scientific evidence that infants who sleep in cribs in different rooms grow up developmentally deprived.
Incorrect. Although many prominent pediatricians and health authorities in the United States and other Western countries warn against cosleeping, nearly all cultures outside of the West have some form of cosleeping during infancy.
d. You love your infant too much to have him or her in a different room!
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 135
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 4.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply % correct 92 a = 92 b = 0 c = 7 d = 2 r = .22
56. How do non-Western cultures view the belief that infants should sleep in a crib in a room of their own?
a. They agree that this should be the way that infants sleep.
b. They view it as a form of child neglect.
Correct. In a study headed by Morelli (1992), for example, Mayan mothers were appalled when they heard how American infants typically sleep alone, and regarded this practice as cold and cruel.
c. They view it as way to increase independence.
Incorrect. Non-Western cultures view the situation in which infants sleep in a crib in a room of their own as child neglect.
d. They view it as punishment.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 135
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 4.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
57. SIDS is almost unknown in cultures where ____.
a. cosleeping is the norm
Correct. There are many reasons for this pattern, including differences in types of bedding in these cultures and length of time that children breast-feed.
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b. corporal punishment is discouraged
c. infants sleep in their own cribs in their own rooms
d. there are low rates of obesity
Incorrect. SIDS is rare in cultures in which infants and parents cosleep.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 136
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 4.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
58. Infants need more ____ in their diets than at any later point in life, for the growth of their bodies and especially their brains.
a. fluoride
b. fat
c. folic acid
d. iron
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 137
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
59. In addition to breast milk or formula, most infants begin to eat solid foods during their ____.
a. first year
b. second year
c. third year
d. fourth year
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 137
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
60. At 4–5 months old, infants still have a(n) ____ that causes them to spit out any solid item that enters their mouths.
a. aversion to solid foods
b. gag reflex
c. defiant temperament
d. preference for fat
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 137
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
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61. Cameron is an infant and has just recently begun to chew and swallow his food in a fashion that more closely resembles the true eating process and not infantile suckling. Cameron is probably close to ____ of age.
a. 2 months
b. 4 months
c. 5 months
Incorrect. The ability to chew and swallow does not develop until the second half of the first year.
d. 8 months
Correct. The ability to chew and swallow does not develop until the second half of the first year.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 137
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 4.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
62. Erika lives in the United States and takes her infant to the pediatrician’s office, where she is advised to begin introducing solid foods. It is safe to assume that Erika’s daughter is close to ____.
a. 5 or 6 months old
Correct. In the West, pediatricians generally recommend introducing solid food during the fifth or sixth month.
b. 9 or 10 months old
c. 11 or 12 months old
d. at least a year old
Incorrect. In the West, pediatricians generally recommend introducing solid food during the fifth or sixth month.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 137
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 4.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
63. WIC supplementation programs have been found to help combat infant malnourishment and have been shown to make a difference in children’s later ______.
a. verbal and spatial skills
b. athletic and school performance
c. language development
d. IQ and school performance
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 138
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
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64. Malnourished infants are at risk for ____, a disease in which the body wastes away from lack of nutrients.
a. HIV
b. marasmus
c. Stockholm syndrome
d. ADHD
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 138
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
65. What disease occurs in malnourished infants in which their bodies stop growing, muscles atrophy, and they become lethargic?
a. failure to thrive
b. human growth hormone deficiency
c. marasmus
d. progeria
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Page: 138
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
66. Most infant mortalities occur during the ____.
a. first month of life
b. second month of life
c. third month of life
d. fourth month of life
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 139
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
67. ____ are the leading cause of neonatal mortality.
a. Parental neglect and abuse
b. Accidents and injuries
c. Accidental poisoning and drowning
d. Severe birth defects and low birth weight
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 139
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.5
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Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
68. ____ is a major killer of infants, responsible for about one million infant deaths per year, mainly in Africa.
a. Malaria
b. Dysentery
c. Asthma
d. Eczema
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 139
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
69. ____ is the number one source of infant mortality beyond the first month but within the first year.
a. Diarrhea
b. Dysentery
c. Cholera
d. Iron deficiency
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 139
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
70. ____ involves having infants with diarrhea drink a solution of salt and glucose mixed with clean water.
a. Oral rehydration therapy
b. Hydro replacement therapy
c. Saline-based hydration
d. Electrolyte replenishment
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 139
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
71. What percentage of children typically get the major infant vaccinations in Africa and South Asia?
a. 40%
b. 50%
c. 60%
d. 70%
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
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Page: 139–140
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
72. Although rumors have circulated on the Internet that some immunizations may actually cause harm to children, for example by triggering autism, scientific studies have found
____.
a. a link to ADHD
b. no basis for these claims
c. a link to boys
d. a link to girls
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 140
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
% correct 88 a = 6 b = 88 c = 6 d = 0 r = .54
73. According to public health experts, not vaccinating a child _____ the risk of expected severity if the child contracts particular diseases.
a. increases
b. decreases
c. does not influence
d. nullifies
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 140
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
% correct 88 a = 6 b = 88 c = 6 d = 0 r = .54
74. In traditional Bali, it is believed that infants should be treated like gods, since they have just arrived from the spirit world, where the gods dwell. Consequently, infants should be held constantly and should never touch the ground, out of respect for their godly status. If an infant dies, this is often interpreted as indicating that the infant was not shown the proper respect and so decided to return to the spirit world. This describes how cultures developed ____.
a. biological explanations for their physical world
b. practices to protect their infants
Correct. Observations today in places with little access to medical care offer many poignant examples of the cultural practices that have developed to try to protect infants.
c. a moral code that is incongruent with modern society
Incorrect. This is an example of a cultural practice that has been developed to try to protect infants.
d. laws and values that are consistent with modern medicine
Answer: B
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Difficulty: 2
Page: 140–141
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 4.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
75. The Fulani people of West Africa believe infants should be given unattractive nick-names (such as “Cow Turd”) because the belief
a. it will prevent the infant from becoming a conceded child
b. it will increase the parent-child bond
c. evil spirits will think the baby is not worth taking
d. the nick-name is a sign of respect toward the infant
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 141
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
76. What type of development includes balance and posture as well as whole-body movements?
a. cephalocaudal motor
b. whole-body motor
c. fine motor
d. gross motor
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Page: 141
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
% correct 82 a = 6 b = 0 c = 12 d = 82 r = .60
77. What type of development includes more skilled movements of the hands, such as grasping and manipulating objects?
a. fine motor
b. gross motor
c. cephalocaudal motor
d. whole-body motor
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 143
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
78. Ache babies are carried nearly every minute of the day and do not walk until around age 2 years. This is partly because Ache children prefer to be carried. What are the
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differences in gross motor development at age 6 years between Ache children and children who are not carried exclusively for so long?
a. Ache children are much less active.
b. Ache children are considerably less coordinated.
c. There are no differences.
d. Remarkably, Ache children are more advanced.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Page: 143
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
79. From research that compares gross motor development of infants from various cultures, it is clear that environment has _____.
a. a large effect on gross motor development
Incorrect. It appears that cultural practices can slightly speed up or slow down the ontogenetic timetable for gross motor development in infancy, but the influence of the environment is relatively small and transient for this particular area of development.
b. no effect on gross motor development
c. a substantial effect on gross motor development
d. a relatively small effect on gross motor development
Correct. It appears that cultural practices can slightly speed up or slow down the ontogenetic timetable for gross motor development in infancy, but the influence of the environment is relatively small and transient for this particular area of development.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 141–143
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 4.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
80. One of the evolutionary developments that make humans anatomically distinctive among animals is the _____.
a. advanced brain stem
b. triple arch of the foot
c. mammary gland
d. opposable thumb
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Page: 144
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
81. Which of the following is the basis of fine motor development?
a. binocular vision
b. fast speed
c. opposable thumb
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d. muscular build
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 144
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
82. ____ is the basis of fine motor development, the deft movements of our hands that enable us to make a tool, pick up a small object, throw a weapon, or thread a needle.
a. Binocular vision
b. Bipedal motion
c. The opposable thumb
d. The vertical stance
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 144
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
% correct 87 a = 5 b = 6 c = 87 d = 0 r = .18
83. What is the term that describes the actions that neonates take when they extend their arms awkwardly toward an interesting object?
a. primordial grasping
b. prereaching
c. plantar reflex
d. palmar reflex
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 144–145
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
84. By 9 to 12 months of age, infants can hold a small object between their thumb and forefinger, such as marbles, coins, and crayons. What is the name of this ability?
a. the plantar grasp
b. the pincer grasp
c. the drawing grasp
d. the palmar grasp
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 144
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
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85. You have an infant who is 11 months old. She can hold small objects between her thumb and forefinger, such as marbles, coins, and crayons. You are amazed at this ability and believe that she is highly advanced. What is your pediatrician likely to say?
a. She is highly advanced; children generally do not do this until two years of age. Incorrect. This is typical behavior for a child this age and demonstrates the pincer grip.
b. She is engaging in the pincer grasp, which most children do around this age. Correct. This allows them to begin feeding themselves small pieces of food.
c. She should be doing quite a bit more, so she is actually less developed.
d. She is likely to be an artist.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 144
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 4.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
86. If infants can hear generally well at birth, why do they not encode all auditory aspects of a situation?
a. They can only hear stimuli above certain decibels.
b. Infant attention, memory, and processing speed are limited.
c. The sensory cortex is not yet developed.
d. The auditory cortex is not yet developed.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 145
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
87. Some researchers have proposed that infants use _____ to encode and learn about the world by extracting regularities in information.
a. sensorimotor learning
b. observational learning
c. statistical learning
d. satirical learning
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Page: 145
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
88. From 4 to 8 months of age, hearing infants shift their attention from looking at the ___ to the ___ as they are learning language.
a. eyes; mouth
b. mouth; eyes
c. forehead; mouth
d. periphery of the face; mouth
Answer: A
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Difficulty: 1
Page: 145
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
89. Infants typically have the earliest ability to see color .
a. at birth
b. after 1 month
c. after 3 months
d. after 5 months
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 145
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
90. The ability to discern the relative distance of objects in the environment is called ____.
a. binocular vision
b. distance vision
c. depth perception
d. far-sightedness
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Page: 145–146
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
91. The key to depth perception is ____, the ability to combine the images of each eye into one image.
a. retinal disparity
b. myopic vision
c. monocular vision
d. binocular vision
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 146
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
92. The ability to combine the images of each eye into one image is called ____.
a. distance vision
b. depth perception
c. binocular vision
d. far-sightedness
Answer: C
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Difficulty: 1
Page: 146
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
93. ____ in infants was first demonstrated in a classic experiment by Eleanor Gibson and James Walk (1960) with their use of a table called the “visual cliff.”
a. Depth perception
b. Fine motor skills
c. Attachment
d. Temperament
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 146
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
% correct 98 a = 98 b = 0 c = 0 d = 1 r = .15
94. Later studies utilizing the visual cliff paradigm showed the importance of disentangling depth perception from the emotion of ______.
a. surprise
d. fear
c. desire
d. interest
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 146
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
95. Researchers who used the visual cliff paradigm to study emotional development found infants use ____ to interpret situations.
a. body positions
b. vocal pitch
c. facial expressions
d. depth perception
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Page: 146
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
96. The integration and coordination of sensory information is called ____.
a. intermodal perception
b. binocular vision
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c. depth perception
d. gross motor skills
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 147
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
97. Infants first use _____ to understand emotions in others before the rely on recognizing emotions from facial or vocal expressions alone.
a. intermodal perception
b. binocular vision
c. depth perception
d. gross motor skills
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 147
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
98. In regards to the development of intermodal perception, which of the following is the most complex task an 8-month-old infant can perform?
a. An infant can walk, run, jump, and kick a soccer ball.
b. An infant recognize objects they have put in their mouths but have not seen before.
c. An infant looks longer at a video of a puppet jumping up and down in time with music than at the same puppet when the jumping does not match the music. Incorrect. By 8 months, infants can match an unfamiliar person’s face with the correct voice when the faces and voices vary on the basis of age and gender, indicating a developing ability to coordinate visual and auditory information.
d. An infant can match an unfamiliar person’s face with the correct voice when the faces and voices vary on the basis of age and gender. Correct. This indicates a developing ability to coordinate visual and auditory information.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3
Page: 147
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 4.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
99. 5-month-old infants show _____ neural processing when events presented show intersensory consistency than when events presented do not show intersensory consistency.
a. less efficient
b. more efficient
c. similar
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Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 147
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
Short Answer Questions
100. Describe the cephalocaudal principle of growth. Is this unique to babies born in developed countries?
Answer: This refers to the baby’s head being large in proportion to the rest of her body. This is a universal principal of growth.
Page: 129
Learning Objective: 4.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
101. Are there sex differences in length and/or weight at birth? Does this pattern continue? Explain.
Answer: Boys tend to be longer and heavier at birth, a sex difference that is seen throughout childhood until puberty, when girls briefly surpass boys in height.
Page: 129
Learning Objective: 4.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
102. What is meant by plasticity? Give an example.
Answer: Plasticity of the brain refers to adaptability. Because young children’s brains are not as specialized in function as they will be in adulthood, different parts of the brain can take over if there is damage. An example would be that, if a child had brain tissue death due to a trauma in utero, perhaps to the occipital lobe, there is a better chance that her vision will still be intact than if she had an accident causing damage later in life.
Page: 132
Learning Objective: 4.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
103. Describe 3 risk factors for SIDS.
Answer: (1) Sleep position (on back decreases risk), (2) low birth weight, and (3) a hot room with fluffy blankets and pillows.
Page: 134
Learning Objective: 4.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
Essay Questions
Chapter 4, Section 1 Test Item File 356
d. zero
104. A childless couple interviewed on TV is just about to pick up their three-year-old toddler from an orphanage in Romania known for its terrible conditions. They comment that “love conquers all” and go on to say that “by the time he goes to kindergarten, people will think he has grown up here all his life.” Based on the research, is this an accurate prediction? Explain.
Answer: One of the main findings from the research on institutionalized children is that age of adoption had a significant impact on various outcomes: the earlier the better. Specifically, those adopted after about six months showed lower cognitive ability than their counterparts who were adopted earlier. An enriching environment certainly can help to make up for earlier disadvantages, but brain plasticity decreases over the first year, so the optimal benefits occur early.
Page: 133
Learning Objective: 4.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
105. In cultures where medical remedies for infant illness are scarce, parents and caregivers go to great lengths to protect them. Describe at least one of these practices used to ensure survival that is based on magic rather than medical evidence.
Answer: Answers will vary. In West Africa, a sharp knife is kept near the baby to ward off evil spirits. They give the baby an undesirable nickname to trick these evil spirits into thinking the baby is not worth taking.
Page: 140
Learning Objective: 4.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
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Section 2 Cognitive Development
Test Item File
Multiple Choice Questions
1. An infant between the ages of birth and 2 would be in which of Piaget’s cognitive stages?
a. sensorimotor
b. preoperational
c. concrete operations
d. formal operations
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 149
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
2. Cognitive development in this stage involves changing from reflex behavior to intentional action and the attainment of object permanence.
a. sensorimotor
b. pre-operations
c. concrete operations
d. formal operations
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 149
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
3. Because they are a way of processing and organizing information, reflexes are a type of ____.
a. accommodation
b. scheme
c. assimilation
d. active processing
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 149
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
4. Infants in this sensorimotor substage learn to repeat bodily movements that occurred initially by chance; they then repeat this chance behavior intentionally.
a. substage 1: simple reflexes
b. substage 2: first habits and primary circular reactions
Chapter 4, Section 2 Test Item File 359
c. substage 3: secondary circular reactions
d. substage 4: coordination of secondary schemes
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 149–150
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
5. Secondary circular reactions involve activity in relation to the ____.
a. infant’s own body
b. parent
c. external world
d. siblings
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 150
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
6. When an infant’s actions are intentional and goal-directed, he or she is in sensorimotor substage ____.
a. 1: simple reflexes
b. 2: first habits and primary circular reactions
c. 3: secondary circular reactions
d. 4: coordination of secondary schemas
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 150
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
7. Six-month-old Aisen is playing on his back. He accidentally grabs a toy when his hand touches a toy. He likes the noise that it makes, so he grabs the toy again and tries to shake the toy. According to Piaget, what substage of the sensorimotor stage is Aisen experiencing?
a. 1: simple reflexes
b. 2: first habits and primary circular reactions
Incorrect. Primary circular reactions involve the infant’s own body.
c. 3: secondary circular reactions
Correct. Secondary circular reactions involve accidentally interacting with objects outside of the body and repeating the behavior due to pleasurable experiences.
d. 4: coordination of secondary schemas
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page: 150
Skill: A
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Learning Objective: 4.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
8. During what substage does the infant’s behavior, for the first time, occur not as accidents but as intentional, goal-directed behavior?
a. substage 1: simple reflexes
b. substage 2: first habits and primary circular reactions
c. substage 3: secondary circular reactions
d. substage 4: coordination of secondary schemes
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 150
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
9. ____ is our awareness that objects continue to exist even when we are not in direct sensory or motor contact with them.
a. A not B error
b. Object permanence
c. Egocentrism
d. Accommodation
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Page: 150
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
% correct 88 a = 0 b = 88 c = 12 d = 0 r = .54
10. It is between ____ months that most infants will show a developing awareness of object permanence.
a. 2 and 4
b. 4 and 8
c. 8 and 12
d. 12 and 16
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2 Page: 150
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
11. What did Piaget call the error that infants made when an object was hidden under blanket B but the infants stopped looking for the object after they looked under blanket A?
a. the A-and-B error
b. the A-or-B error
c. the A-not-B error
d. the A, B, Cs of infant memory
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Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 150
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
12. The A-not-B error illustrates which of the following Piagetian principle?
a. accommodation
b. assimilation
Incorrect. The A-not-B error illustrates a child’s understanding of object permanence.
c. egocentrism
d. object permanence
Correct. To Piaget, this error indicated that the infants believed that their own action of looking under blanket A was what had caused the object to reappear.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 153
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 4.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
13. Your niece loves to play peek-a-boo. The way that you like to play is to put your blanket over your face and after a few seconds abruptly remove the blanket. Each time that you remove the blanket, your niece acts like she is very surprised to see you. According to Piaget, what concept does your niece lack?
a. object continuance
b. object permanence
Correct. Infants love peek-a-boo because to them, given their limited understanding of object permanence, the other person’s face seems to disappear when it is obscured, then suddenly, magically reappears.
c. object memory
Incorrect. Infants love peek-a-boo because to them, given their limited understanding of object permanence, the other person’s face seems to disappear when it is obscured, then suddenly, magically reappears.
d. object discovery
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 150
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 4.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
% correct 88 a = 6 b = 88 c = 6 d = r = .24
14. Originally Piaget believed person permanence _____ object permanence, but current research suggests there are _____ differences between developing person permanence and object permanence.
a. preceded; no
b. preceded; many
Chapter 4, Section 2 Test Item File 362
c. followed; no
d. followed; many
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 151
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
15. In recent decades, research has determined that Piaget’s theory was very useful in terms of ____.
a. its ability to completely understand infant cognitive development
Incorrect. Studies have generally concluded that Piaget’s theory was correct in its overall description of infant cognitive development. However, some critics argue that the theory may have underestimated infants’ cognitive abilities, especially with regard to object permanence.
b. its overall description of infant cognitive development
Correct. However, some critics argue that the theory may have underestimated infants’ cognitive abilities, especially with regard to object permanence.
c. its theoretical explanation of infant cognitive development
d. its explanation of object permanence
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Page: 151
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 4.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
16. Which of the following is a major criticism of Piaget’s theories of cognitive development?
a. he overestimated the cognitive abilities of children
Incorrect. Studies have generally concluded that Piaget’s theory was correct in its overall description of infant cognitive development. However, some critics argue that the theory may have underestimated infants’ cognitive abilities, especially with regard to object permanence.
b. his theories are not supported by modern research
c. his sample size was too large and over-representative
d. he underestimated the cognitive abilities of infants
Correct. Studies have generally concluded that Piaget’s theory was correct in its overall description of infant cognitive development. However, some critics argue that the theory may have underestimated infants’ cognitive abilities, especially with regard to object permanence.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 151
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 4.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
% correct 76 a = 6 b = 12 c = 6 d = 76 r = .57
Chapter 4, Section 2 Test Item File 363
17. What is one criticism mentioned in the text regarding Piaget’s explanation of object permanence? Infants’ mistakes were due to ____.
a. difficulties with cognitive immaturity
b. methodological issues
c. a lack of understanding of the permanence of objects
Incorrect. Some critics of Piaget’s sensorimotor theory argue that mistakes regarding object permanence may reflect memory development rather than a failure to understand the properties of objects.
d. memory development
Correct. Some critics of Piaget’s sensorimotor theory argue that mistakes regarding object permanence may reflect memory development rather than a failure to understand the properties of objects.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3
Page: 151–152
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 4.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
18. To test the hypothesis that infants often fail object permanence tasks because their motor development is immature, Renée Baillargeon and colleagues designed the _____ method.
a. confirmation of expectations
b. violation of expectation
c. test of primary reflexes
d. assessment of motor skills
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 152
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
19. A key assumption to the violation of expectations method is that
a. infants will become upset when an expectation is violated
b. infants will laugh when an expectation is violated
c. infants will stop looking at an event when an expectation is violated
d. infants will look longer at an event when an expectation is violated
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Page: 152
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
20. Renée Baillargeon and colleagues’ method of violation of expectations assesses object permanence without requiring _____ from infants.
a. motor movement
b. visual attention
Chapter 4, Section 2 Test Item File 364
Incorrect This method measures looking time.
c. the ability to hear Incorrect Baillargeon and colleagues specifically designed the method to not require motor movements.
d. the ability to speak Incorrect Baillargeon and colleagues specifically designed the method to not require motor movements.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 152
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
21. Habituation is the gradual _____ in attention to a stimulus after repeated presentations.
a. increase
b. decrease
c. accumulation
d. intensification
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 152
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
22. You and your sister are watching your nephew. Initially he seems to be very interested in a recently appeared stimulus, but seems not to be very interested in it after a few seconds. Your sister thinks that he might not have a very long attention span. What do you tell her? Your nephew is actually displaying ____.
a. boredom
Incorrect. Habituation is the gradual decrease in attention to a stimulus after repeated presentations.
b. sensitivity
c. dishabituation
d. habituation
Correct. Habituation is the gradual decrease in attention to a stimulus after repeated presentations.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 152
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 4.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
% correct 71 a = 0 b = 30 c = 0 d = 71 r = .34
23. Baillargeon concluded that infants as young as _____ were capable of understanding object permanence, by showing their surprise when a drawbridge passed through the path where they previously saw a box.
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a. 1 ½–2 ½ months old
b. 2 ½–3 ½ months old
c. 3 ½–4 ½ months old
d. 4 ½–5 ½ months old
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Page: 152
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
24. Having only used his own children as subjects, Piaget greatly underestimated the influence of ____ on cognitive development.
a. culture
Correct. Piaget’s theory was based on his own three Swiss children, and nearly all subsequent research has been on children in the West. However, one of the few nonWestern studies, of infants in Ivory Coast, found that infants there developed through the sensorimotor stages earlier than Piaget had described, perhaps because their parents encouraged them to develop motor skills.
b. genetics
Incorrect. Piaget’s theory was based on his own three Swiss children, and nearly all subsequent research has been on children in the West. However, one of the few nonWestern studies, of infants in Ivory Coast, found that infants there developed through the sensorimotor stages earlier than Piaget had described, perhaps because their parents encouraged them to develop motor skills.
c. the id
d. school
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 153
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 4.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
25. What term refers to the revival of attention when a new stimulus is presented following several presentations of a previous stimulus?
a. boredom
b. sensitivity
c. dishabituation
d. habituation
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Page: 153
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
26. Dishabituation is defined as ____.
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a. the knowledge that an object is still present even though sensory or behavioral information is no longer present
b. an overall measure of an infant’s developmental progress
c. the gradual decrease in attention to a stimulus after repeated presentations
d. the revival of attention when a new stimulus is presented following several presentations of a previous stimulus
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Page: 153
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
27. What happens to an infant’s heart rate when a new stimulus is presented?
a. It remains the same.
b. It gradually rises.
c. It declines, then gradually rises.
d. It initially rises and then sharply decreases.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 153
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
28. Other than using an infant’s gaze during a habituation-dishabituation study, researchers can also monitor an infant’s ____.
a. reflexes and fine motor movements
Incorrect. Habituation and dishabituation can be studied by monitoring infants’ looking behavior, but infants rarely lay still for long, even if they are paying attention to something, so two other methods have been frequently used: heart rate and sucking rate.
b. heart rate and the rate in which the infant sucks on a pacifier
Correct. Habituation and dishabituation can be studied by monitoring infants’ looking behavior, but infants rarely lay still for long even if they are paying attention to something, so two other methods have been frequently used: heart rate and sucking rate.
c. blood pressure and capillary refill
d. fMRI and CT scan images
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 153
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 4.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
29 What happens to infant’s sucking rate during dishabituation?
a. It remains the same.
b. It increases.
c. It decreases.
d. It is erratic.
Chapter 4, Section 2 Test Item File 367
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 153
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
30. What measure positively predicts memory ability on other tasks in infancy?
a. speed of retention
b. speed of responding
c. speed of dishabituation
d. speed of habituation
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 153
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
31. Which of the following correlates with an infant’s ability to habituate to a new stimulus very quickly?
a. difficulties on other cognitive tasks
Incorrect. Speed of habituation positively predicts memory ability on other tasks in infancy, as well as later performance on intelligence tests.
b. difficulties with decoding social cues
c. performance on intelligence tests
Correct. Speed of habituation positively predicts memory ability on other tasks in infancy, as well as later performance on intelligence tests.
d. performance on social-emotional scales
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 153
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 4.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
32. Between ____, an infant’s attention becomes more socially driven.
a. 6–12 months
b. 12–18 months
c. 18–24 months
d. 24–32 months
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 154
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
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33. During the second half of an infant’s first year, he or she directs his or her attention not just to whatever is most stimulating, but also to ____.
a. what he or she is imagining
Incorrect. In the second half of the first year, infants direct their attention not just to whatever sensations are most stimulating, but to what the people around them are attending to, engaging in joint attention.
b. what other people around him or her are attending to Correct. This shows that infants are engaging in joint attention.
c. several stimuli at once
d. an auditory and a visual stimulus at the same time
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 154
Skill: C
Learning Objective: 4.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
% correct 65 a = 0 b = 65 c = 6 d = 29 r = .34
34. You are watching your next-door neighbor’s 8-month-old infant. You notice that he is getting quite a bit more mature. A few months ago, anytime a new stimulus was presented, he would take a close look at it. Now, he seems to be very interested in ____.
a. what he is imagining
Incorrect. In the second half of the first year, infants direct their attention not just to whatever sensations are most stimulating but to what the people around them are attending to, engaging in joint attention.
b. what other people around him are attending to Correct. This shows that infants are engaging in joint attention.
c. several stimuli at once
d. an auditory and a visual stimulus at the same time
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 154
Skill: A
Learning Objective: 4.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
35. What is joint attention?
a. when two adults pay attention to an infant
b. when several infants look at the same stimulus
c. when an infant pays attention to what others are attending to
d. when an infant pays attention to another infant
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 154
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 4.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
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