Human development a life span view 6th edition kail test bank

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Chapter 10—Becoming an Adult: Physical, Cognitive, and Personality Development MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Who is best classified as being in the state of emerging adulthood? a. Lo, who is 15 c. Audrina, who is 35 b. Whitney, who is 25 d. Spencer, who is 45 ANS: B OBJ: 10.1

DIF: Easy KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.1 MSC: Application

2. Kalya considers herself more than an adolescent but not yet fully an adult. This would qualify her as being in the state known as _____ adulthood. a. tween c. emerging b. passage d. formal ANS: C OBJ: 10.1

DIF: Easy KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.1 MSC: Application

3. Role transitions always a. occur at the same age for individuals within a given cultural population. b. involve family relationships. c. lead to significant increases in stress. d. involve the acquisition of new responsibilities.

ANS: D OBJ: 10.1

DIF: Moderate KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.1 MSC: Factual

4. The criteria for reaching adulthood are referred to as a role a. reversal. c. impedance. b. transition. d. reflection.

ANS: B OBJ: 10.1

DIF: Moderate KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.1 MSC: Factual

5. Yacef suddenly finds himself newly married and out of school with a new job. Yacef is experiencing a. role transitions. c. possible selves. b. reflective judgment. d. fluid intelligence.

ANS: A OBJ: 10.1

DIF: Easy KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.1 MSC: Application

287

6. Which best describes the marker for transition into adulthood in most Western societies? a. Markers that are loosely defined and can consist of any number of events b. No markers, as adulthood is not viewed as unique time of life in most Western cultures c. Markers that are specific and tied to marriage and/or having children d. Markers that are differ by sex, with female transition clearly defined and male transition loosely defined ANS: A OBJ: 10.1

DIF: Easy MSC: Conceptual

REF: 10.1

7. In most non-Western developing cultures, ____ is the most important determinant of adult status. a. completing college c. getting a job b. marriage d. having a child ANS: B OBJ: 10.1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Factual

REF: 10.1

8. As a female growing up in a developing nation, Ozemena’s transition to adulthood is most likely to be based on her ability to a. procreate. c. provide. b. protect. d. profit.

ANS: A OBJ: 10.1

DIF: Easy MSC: Application

9. A rite of passage is best classified as a(n) a. implicit stereotype. b. biological event.

ANS: D OBJ: 10.1

DIF: Easy KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.1

c. reflective judgment. d. ritual.

REF: 10.1 MSC: Factual

10. Smita is a young woman who has been dressed in an elaborate garment and is being separated from the rest of the community. After three days of various rituals, she will be allowed back into the group as an adult. Smita is most likely experiencing a. a social clock. c. a rite of passage. b. possible selves. d. implicit stereotyping.

ANS: C OBJ: 10.1

DIF: Easy KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.1 MSC: Application

11. The youngest age at which most colleges label an individual as a returning adult student is ____. a. 25 c. 45 b. 35 d. 55 ANS: A OBJ: 10.1

DIF: Moderate KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.1 MSC: Factual

288

12. Which of 26-year-old Tonya’s characteristics would qualify her as being a “returning adult student?” a. The fact that she is leaving a job b. Her age c. The fact that she is the first in her family to go to school d. Her sex ANS: B OBJ: 10.1

DIF: Moderate KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.1 MSC: Application

13. Which of the following statements about returning students is false? a. Returning students tend to be problem-solvers. b. Returning students tend to need more direction from instructors. c. Returning students tend to experience conflicts between school, work, and family. d. Returning students often have life experience relevant to coursework.

ANS: B OBJ: 10.1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Factual

REF: 10.1

14. The desire to live life more fully by experiencing physical and emotionally threatening situations is known as a. multidimensionality. b. a rite of passage. c. edgework. d. plasticity.

ANS: C OBJ: 10.1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Factual

REF: 10.1

15. Nicola is 18 years old and engages in many risky behaviors. For example, she drives very fast and recklessly, and does not use any protection when having sex. If Nicola is a typical adolescent, these behaviors will ____ when she gets older. a. significantly increase in frequency c. remain at the same frequency level b. slightly increase in frequency d. decrease in frequency ANS: D OBJ: 10.1

DIF: Easy MSC: Application

REF: 10.1

16. In what way is Cheyenne different from Ciara, her teenage daughter? a. Cheyenne is more likely to have unprotected sex . b. Cheyenne is less likely to speed while driving. c. Ciara is more likely to comply with social norms. d. Ciara is less likely to shoplift.

ANS: B OBJ: 10.1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Application

REF: 10.1

289

17. Erikson would argue that 30-year-old Rollie is currently experiencing a crisis involving a. trust versus mistrust. c. autonomy versus shame and doubt. b. identity versus role confusion. d. intimacy versus isolation.

ANS: D OBJ: 10.1

DIF: Moderate KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.1 MSC: Application

18. Who would Erikson say is most capable of true intimacy? a. Cindy, who is overdependent on her boyfriend b. Burt, who will go out with different people but finds it scary to go out with someone more than a couple of times c. Aileen, who has a clear sense of identity d. Harrison, who is 16 years old ANS: C OBJ: 10.1

DIF: Easy KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.1 MSC: Application

19. Identity is related to closeness for all groups except a. same-sex friendships for women. c. cross-sex friendships for women. b. same-sex friendships for men. d. cross-sex friendships for men.

ANS: C OBJ: 10.1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Factual

REF: 10.1

20. Erikson’s theory is least applicable in explaining the timing of identity and intimacy formation in a. career-oriented men. c. career-oriented women. b. noncareer-oriented men. d. noncareer-oriented women.

ANS: D OBJ: 10.1

DIF: Difficult MSC: Factual

REF: 10.1

21. Who is least likely to be considered an adult? a. A 16-year-old high school student b. A 22-year-old living with his or her parents c. A 22-year-old mother who works on a farm d. A 17-year-old college student ANS: A OBJ: 10-4

DIF: Easy MSC: Conceptual

REF: 10.1

22. Which of Brittney’s actions best exemplifies an attempt to achieve adult status? a. Deciding that she was not old enough to handle the rigors of college b. Her two marriages c. Singing a duet with her younger sister d. Her “wholesome” work as a young teen on the Disney channel ANS: B OBJ: 10-4

DIF: Easy MSC: Application

REF: 10.1

290

23. Who is most likely experiencing a “quarterlife crisis?” a. 82-year-old Dominica, whose spouse just died b. 62-year-old Kitt, who just retired c. 42-year-old Lucia, who just had a baby d. 22-year-old Aruba, who just graduated from college ANS: D OBJ: 10.1

DIF: Easy MSC: Application

REF: 10.1

24. Which statement by 25-year-old Flossie, who is typical for a person of her age, is most likely false? a. “I am as strong as I will ever be.” b. “I am a lot less coordinated than I used to be.” c. “My hearing is not quite as good as it used to be.” d. “My height has likely reached its peak.”

ANS: B OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Application

REF: 10.2

25. The most likely sensory change between age 25 and 50 would involve a. the loss of ability to taste sour foods. b. a diminished ability to experience pain. c. having trouble seeing things that are near. d. the inability to hear high-pitched sounds.

ANS: D OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Factual

REF: 10.2

26. Dr. Winslow is doing a health survey of 200 young adults. If this group is typical of young adults in the United States, ____ of them will say they are in good to excellent health. a. 188 c. 132 b. 164 d. 106 ANS: A OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Difficult MSC: Application

REF: 10.2

27. Kofi was a 27-year-old male living in the United States, who just died. What was the most likely cause of Kofi’s death? a. Cardiovascular disease c. Cancer b. Homicide d. An accident ANS: D OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Easy MSC: Application

REF: 10.2

28. Based on statistics, which of these 30-year-old adults is most likely to die within a year? a. Buster, a European-American male c. John, an Asian-American male b. Tamarick, an African-American male d. Nik, a Native-American male ANS: B OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Application

REF: 10.2

291

29. Which group of males in the United States has the lowest incidence of death during young adulthood (age 25-34)? a. Native Americans c. Latinos b. African Americans d. Asian Americans ANS: D OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Factual

REF: 10.2

30. Smoking represents a major medical problem in the United States with about ____ people each year dying from smoking-related disorders. a. 4,000 c. 400,000 b. 40,000 d. 4,000,000 ANS: C OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Easy MSC: Factual

REF: 10.2

31. Whose cancer was most likely related to smoking? a. Barbara’s, who has lung cancer b. Nora’s, who has cancer of the cervix c. Tim, who has cancer of the pancreas d. Daniel, who has brain cancer ANS: A OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Easy MSC: Application

REF: 10.2

32. Which statement concerning secondhand smoke is true? a. There is no evidence that secondhand smoke leads to any health problems b. Hundreds of thousands of children suffer from lung problems annually from secondhand smoke each year c. Less than one-fifth of Americans have been exposed to secondhand smoke d. Nonsmokers exposed to secondhand smoke are more likely to die from lung cancer than from cardiovascular disease ANS: B OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Factual

REF: 10.2

33. All four of these people successfully quit smoking. Which person’s method was most typical of successful quitters? a. Monette, who went to a treatment center b. Chuck, who went to a psychologist c. Mark, who went to his minister d. Wendy, who quit on her own ANS: D OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Easy MSC: Application

REF: 10.2

292

34. People who quit smoking after smoking for a long time a. may not get worse, but their overall health will remain bad. b. show significant improvements in their health. c. will continue to deteriorate but at a slower rate. d. will remain at risk for heart attack but not for cancer.

ANS: B OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Easy MSC: Factual

REF: 10.2

35. In the United States, about ____ percent of young adults ages 25 to 44 consume alcohol occasionally. a. 90 c. 30 b. 65 d. 15 ANS: B OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Easy MSC: Factual

REF: 10.2

36. Gallo drinks exactly two glasses of wine per day. As a result, Gallo can expect to a. end up in a treatment center for alcoholism. b. be at risk for cardiovascular disease. c. be labeled a binge drinker. d. experience some health-related benefits from his actions.

ANS: D OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Application

REF: 10.2

37. How is the consumption of alcohol related to the promotion of health? a. Abstainers have the greatest benefits b. Light drinkers have the greatest benefits c. Heavy drinkers have the greatest benefits d. Alcohol consumption has not been related to any health benefits ANS: B OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Conceptual

REF: 10.2

38. Jimmy goes to a party with his college buddies and has six beers in a row. Jimmy’s behavior would be best classified as a. alcoholism. c. binge drinking. b. light drinking. d. purge drinking.

ANS: C OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Easy KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.2 MSC: Application

39. Who could we classify as being a binge drinker? a. Sarah, who drank three shots of tequila in a row within the past two weeks b. Susan, who drank four beers in a row within the past two weeks c. Scott, who drank four shots of scotch in a row within the past two weeks d. Sarah, Susan, and Scott all reach the criterion for binge drinking ANS: B OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Difficult KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.2 MSC: Application 293

40. Surveys of binge drinking behaviors indicate that a. it has stayed the same in the general population. b. it has increased in the general population. c. it has stayed the same in the college population. d. it has increased in the college population.

ANS: C OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Difficult KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.2 MSC: Factual

41. Who is most likely to be a binge drinker? a. Jamaal, who is very emotionally expressive b. Ryan, who is a member of a fraternity c. Leslie, who works part-time d. Emily, who studies approximately five hours per day ANS: B OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Easy KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.2 MSC: Application

42. Jari is a frequent binge drinker. Which is he less likely to experience than his non-bingedrinking peers? a. Unprotected sex c. Good grades b. A hangover d. A sexually transmitted disease ANS: C OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Easy MSC: Application

REF: 10.2

43. Which approach to diminishing binge drinking on college campuses appears to be least effective? a. Student involvement in designing the intervention program b. Programs that focus on younger drinkers c. Changing the campus climate concerning alcohol consumption d. Efforts based on limiting access to alcohol ANS: D OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Factual

REF: 10.2

44. Amanda is physically dependent on alcohol and experiences withdrawal symptoms when she doesn’t drink. Amanda’s experience with alcohol would be best described as a. an addiction. c. binge drinking. b. a rite of passage. d. healthy behavior.

ANS: A OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Easy KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.2 MSC: Application

294

45. At a chemical level, alcohol addiction results in chemical changes that a. cause the body to crave alcohol. b. destroy all GABA receptors. c. reduce levels of serotonin and dopamine within the brain. d. increase cellular develop in the medulla oblongata.

ANS: A OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Difficult KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.2 MSC: Factual

46. Concerning treatment of alcohol abuse in young adults, a. only Alcoholics Anonymous has been found to show long-term benefits. b. the long-term effects for most programs are unknown. c. behavior modification programs do not work. d. cognitive therapies help males but are ineffective with females.

ANS: B OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Factual

REF: 10.2

47. Bernice is very interested in studying how the energy needs of the human body change through the life span. In other words, Bernice is interested in studying a. cholesterol. c. lipoproteins. b. metabolism. d. addiction.

ANS: B OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Easy KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.2 MSC: Application

48. Sixty-year-old Norbert says, “When I was a teenager, I could eat five big meals a day and still feel hungry. Now a couple of snacks can get me through the day.” What best accounts for this age-related change? a. Lower metabolic rate c. Drop in thiamine level b. Higher blood sugar d. Addition of muscle mass ANS: A OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Difficult KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.2 MSC: Application

49. Richard has just been told by his physician that he should cut back on the amount of fat in his diet. His physician is most likely concerned about the high amount of ____ in Richard’s blood. a. vitamin D c. low-density lipoproteins b. high-density lipoproteins d. carbohydrates ANS: C OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Difficult KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.2 MSC: Application

50. Low-density lipoproteins a. clear fat deposits from arteries. b. create sickle-shaped blood cells. c. cause fatty deposits that can lead to blocked arteries. d. are found in high concentrations in many green vegetables.

ANS: C OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Difficult KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.2 MSC: Factual 295

51. _____ help keep your arteries clear. a. Trans fats b. Serotonin ANS: C OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Difficult KEY: Key Term

c. High-density lipoproteins d. Steroids REF: 10.2 MSC: Factual

52. Which best describes the relationship between LDLs and HDLs? a. LDLs break down HDLs c. LDLs transform into HDLs b. HDLs break down LDLs d. HDLs transform into LDLs ANS: B OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Difficult KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.2 MSC: Factual

53. Who is at the greatest risk of a heart attack? a. Forrest, who has high levels of LDLs and low levels of HDLs b. Tucker, who has low level of LDLs and high levels of HDLs c. Sawyer, who has low levels of both LDLs and HDLs d. Gump, who has high levels of both LDLs and HDLs ANS: A OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Difficult KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.2 MSC: Application

54. Which combination would be a sign of good health? a. LDL level over 160 mg/dL and HDL level under 50 mg/dL b. LDL level under 160 mg/dL and HDL level under 50 mg/dL c. LDL level under 160 mg/dL and HDL level over 50 mg/dL d. LDL level over 160 mg/dL and HDL level over 50 mg/dL ANS: C OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Difficult KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.2 MSC: Factual

55. A doctor is most likely to recommend that you consume higher levels of ____ to increase your HDL level. a. fiber c. Sodium b. fat d. Yogurt ANS: A OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Easy KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.2 MSC: Factual

56. Sheryl’s physician Dr. Crow has just indicated that she needs to begin to take statins. If Dr. Crow is competent, you would know that Sheryl a. suffers from clinically depression. c. suffers from alcoholism. b. has just been diagnosed with ADHD. d. has a high level of LDL. ANS: D OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Moderate KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.2 MSC: Application

296

57. What is BMI? a. A measure of cholesterol in the blood b. A personality test ANS: D OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Easy KEY: Key Term

c. A device used to assess binge drinking d. An index related to total body fat REF: 10.2 MSC: Factual

58. A doctor is attempting to determine how healthy you are. She uses a formula that contains information regarding your height and weight. What is she most likely measuring? a. LDL c. HDL b. BMI d. ADA ANS: B OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Easy KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.2 MSC: Application

59. If Winchester weighs 100 kilograms (220 pounds) and is 2 meters tall (6 feet 5 inches), his BMI would be a. 25. c. 200. b. 50. d. 400.

ANS: A OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Difficult KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.2 MSC: Application

60. An individual with a BMI of ____ or less is considered healthy. a. 24 c. 44 b. 34 d. 54 ANS: A OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Moderate KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.2 MSC: Factual

61. Based solely on their BMI, how many of the following people are at risk for health-related diseases: Dick, BMI = 20; Flick, BMI = 40; Hick, BMI = 60; Nick, BMI = 80? a. 1 c. 3 b. 2 d. 4 ANS: C OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Difficult KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.2 MSC: Application

62. Socioeconomic status and _____ are the two most important social influences on health. a. education c. marital status b. occupation d. religious status ANS: A OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Factual

63. Who is likely to be the least healthy? a. Thales, who lives in poverty b. Jose, who is a college graduate ANS: A OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Application

REF: 10.2

c. Luzia, who is African American d. Fabio, who is very wealthy REF: 10.2

297

64. Who has the lowest risk of dying from a chronic disease? a. Gomez, who is a high school drop-out c. Wednesday, who is college drop-out b. Mortica, who is a high school graduate d. Fester, who is a college graduate ANS: D OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Easy MSC: Application

REF: 10.2

65. In the United States, the poorest health conditions are found in those living in a. inner-city neighborhoods. c. ethnic neighborhoods. b. the South. d. nursing homes.

ANS: A OBJ: 10.2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Factual

REF: 10.2

66. Kali has a theory of intelligence that views it as being a combination of several factors such as fine motor skills, cognitive ability, and emotional control. Kali’s theory is a. multidirectional. c. conventional. b. multidimensional. d. a life-span construct.

ANS: B OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Easy KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.3 MSC: Application

67. The biggest point of contention among theories who view intelligence as multidimensional concerns the debate over a. the number of abilities that underlie intelligence. b. the degree to which race determines intelligence. c. which single aspect of intellect specifically defines intelligence. d. whether an individual’s level of intelligence can be measured.

ANS: A OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Moderate KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.3 MSC: Conceptual

68. Intellectual multidirectionality is based on the premise that a. no two people develop the same way intellectually. b. there is more than one kind of intelligence. c. most aspects of intelligence cannot be modified. d. with age, some aspects of intelligence improve while others may decline.

ANS: D OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Easy KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.3 MSC: Factual

69. The fact that Molly’s spatial performance has declined while her verbal abilities have improved is support for the notion that intelligence a. is conventional. c. is multidirectional. b. has interindividual variability. d. is a life-span construct.

ANS: C OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Easy KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.3 MSC: Application

298

70. The fact that a specific aspect of intelligence can be modified at any time during the life span exemplifies the concept of a. interindividual variability. c. multidimensionality. b. plasticity. d. primary mental abilities.

ANS: B OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Conceptual

REF: 10.3

71. Lai and Mei are sisters. As they have gotten older, Lai’s cognitive skills have improved while Mei’s have declined. This is evidence for the __________ of abilities. a. multidimensionality c. interindividual variability b. multidirectionality d. Plasticity ANS: C OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Easy KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.3 MSC: Application

72. Evidence for interindividual variability in intelligence is best demonstrated when a. a single test of intelligence is based on assessing many different abilities. b. the same individual shows improvement in language skills while showing declines in math skills. c. an individual’s singing improves after taking singing lessons. d. one individual’s reasoning skills improve with age while another’s declines with age.

ANS: D OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Moderate KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.3 MSC: Application

73. A baseball coach tells a pitcher, “With a little training, I think that you could learn to throw a knuckleball.” This provides a good example of a belief in the _______ of an ability. a. multidimensionality c. multidirectionality b. plasticity d. fluid nature ANS: B OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Difficult KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.3 MSC: Application

74. After taking several college courses, Chuck’s short-term memory ability increased. This exemplifies the concept of a. plasticity. c. interindividual variability. b. multidimensionality. d. postformal thought.

ANS: A OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Moderate KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.3 MSC: Application

75. Dr. Ique has organized her lecture on intellectual ability around different skills that she has placed into meaningful groups. What would be the best title for Dr. Ique’s lecture? a. Plasticity Forever b. You and Your Primary Mental Abilities c. Rites of Passage Around the World d. Avoiding Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome ANS: B OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Difficult KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.3 MSC: Application 299

76. Which is not a “primary mental ability?” a. Number b. Inductive reasoning ANS: D OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Difficult KEY: Key Term

c. Spatial orientation d. Fluid intelligence REF: 10.3 MSC: Factual

77. Dr. Merchant points to a picture of elephants and asks you to describe what you see in the picture. Dr. Merchant is probably assessing a. verbal meaning. c. word fluency. b. number. d. inductive reasoning.

ANS: C OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Application

REF: 10.3

78. Mr. Brady’s talents as an architect are mostly due to his ability to visualize buildings in three-dimensions are they are being designed. This suggests that Mr. Brady has outstanding _____ abilities. a. inductive reasoning c. word fluency b. spatial orientation d. number ANS: B OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Easy MSC: Application

REF: 10.3

79. Brady has never seen an American football game. After watching about 20 plays, however, he is able to accurately describe the general premise of the game. This ability suggests that Brady is skilled at a. inductive reasoning. c. verbal meaning. b. number interpretation. d. spatial orientation.

ANS: A OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Application

REF: 10.3

80. Schaie’s influential study on intellectual change over time utilizes the _____ research design he invented. a. cross-sectional c. sequential b. longitudinal d. postformal ANS: C OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Factual

REF: 10.3

81. According to Schaie’s research, the fact that most 60-year-olds today would score higher on an intelligence test than a group of 60-year-olds would have in 1940 is best explained by a cohort effect involving a. age. c. heredity. b. educational experience. d. drop-out rate.

ANS: B OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Factual

REF: 10.3

300

82. Which is not a factor identified by Schaie as a variable that helps reduce the risk of cognitive decline in old age? a. Living in good housing c. Being satisfied with life b. Having a flexible personality style d. Being single ANS: D OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Factual

REF: 10.3

83. Who is most at risk for experiencing cognitive decline in old age? a. A 30-year-old factory worker b. A 30-year-old with hypertension c. A 50-year-old celebrating his 25th wedding anniversary d. A 50-year-old college student ANS: B OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Application

REF: 10.3

84. Primary mental ability is to secondary mental ability as a. crystallized intelligence is to fluid intelligence. b. child is to adult. c. specific is to general. d. conventional is to postconventional.

ANS: C OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Difficult KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.3 MSC: Conceptual

85. Which statement is true? a. Secondary mental abilities subsume primary mental ability. b. Primary mental abilities subsume secondary mental ability. c. Secondary mental abilities develop in childhood, and primary mental abilities develop in adulthood. d. Primary mental abilities develop in childhood, and secondary mental abilities develop in adulthood.

ANS: A OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Difficult KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.3 MSC: Conceptual

86. Fluid intelligence consists of abilities that a. allow for more flexible and adaptive thinking. b. are acquired throughout the life span. c. are considered primary mental abilities but not secondary mental abilities. d. include verbal skills but not inductive or abstract thinking.

ANS: A OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Moderate KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.3 MSC: Factual

301

87. Which type of task is best suited to assessing fluid intelligence? a. A trivial contest c. A test of cultural norms b. A timed maze completion d. A vocabulary test ANS: B OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Difficult KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.3 MSC: Factual

88. Crystallized intelligence is a. acquired across one’s life. b. best exemplified by sensory integration. c. not very useful in solving real-life tasks. d. best assessed on timed, standardized IQ tests.

ANS: A OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Moderate KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.3 MSC: Factual

89. Webster loves playing any game in which he can show off the large vocabulary that he has acquired. A competent psychologist would suggest that this skill provides the best example of a. crystallized intelligence. c. fluid intelligence. b. postconventional thought. d. preconventional thought.

ANS: A OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Moderate KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.3 MSC: Application

90. Someone who knows the answers to all the questions on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire would be exhibiting a. fluid intelligence. c. postformal thought. b. crystallized intelligence. d. reflective judgment.

ANS: B OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Moderate KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.3 MSC: Application

91. Even though Jennings is only 22 years old, he is already the “king of trivia.” If Jennings is typical, his ability to do well in trivia games will most likely a. decline with age. b. remain the same throughout his life. c. increase with age. d. increase until he is about 40, then decline dramatically.

ANS: C OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Application

REF: 10.3

92. Crystallized intelligence is to fluid intelligence as a. vocabulary size is to assembling a puzzle. b. a quiz is to an exam. c. genius is to smart. d. math is to language.

ANS: A OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Difficult KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.3 MSC: Conceptual

302

93. If you wanted to show that age decreases a certain type of intelligence, you should focus on testing participants’ a. general intelligence. c. crystallized intelligence. b. fluid intelligence. d. primary intelligence.

ANS: B OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Difficult KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.3 MSC: Application

94. At what point in an average woman’s life would her crystallized intelligence scores be most significantly greater than her fluid intelligence scores? a. Birth c. Menopause (around age 43) b. Puberty (around age 13) d. Retirement (around age 63) ANS: D OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Difficult KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.3 MSC: Factual

95. One of the most likely reasons for the typical developmental path for crystallized intelligence is that a. practice tends to improve performance. b. inherited skills tend to remain steady across the life span. c. neuron pruning leads to a significant reduction in mental flexibility. d. modern nutrition is better today than at any point in history.

ANS: A OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Moderate KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.3 MSC: Conceptual

96. Research suggests that the higher intelligence in young adulthood a. is related to lower mortality in middle age. b. does not provide a health advantage over the course of one’s life. c. is related to neuron pruning that significantly reduces mental flexibility. d. does not impact the organization of brain structures.

ANS: A OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Difficult KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.3 MSC: Factual

97. The theory that proposes that intelligence comes from a distributed and integrated network of neurons in the parietal and frontal lobes of the brain is called a. parieto-frontal integration theory. b. parietal distribution theory. c. lobe integration network theory. d. neuron network distribution theory.

ANS: A OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Easy KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.3 MSC: Conceptual

303

98. What is the main criticism of longitudinal research designed to determine when cognitive decline begins to occur? a. Longitudinal research does not retain enough participants in the sample to answer questions on cognitive decline. b. Longitudinal research does not take into account the different experiences of each generation. c. Retesting makes it difficult for participants to continue getting high scores on measures of cognitive functioning. d. Repeated testing masks the true point at which cognitive decline begins because participants improve with each round of testing.

ANS: D OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Easy KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.3 MSC: Conceptual

99. Postformal adult thinkers differ from adolescent formal operational thinkers in that the adults are more likely to a. use deductive logic. b. consider situational circumstances. c. be swayed by their own experience. d. make quick decisions on complex problems.

ANS: B OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Difficult KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.3 MSC: Conceptual

100. Helen has reached a point where she relies on the logical opinions of her professors to determine where she should stand on different issues. Helen is most likely a. at the end of her college career. b. in the middle of her college career. c. at the beginning of her college career. d. a returning adult student.

ANS: C OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Application

REF: 10.3

101. Which student is most likely to ask, “Are there any truths in the world?” a. Ekoka, who is at the end of his college career b. Farrell, who is in the middle of his college career c. DaVon, who is beginning his college career d. Zell, who is a returning adult student ANS: B OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Application

REF: 10.3

102. According to Perry (1970), by the end of college, the most advanced students a. acknowledge the right of others to hold opinions contrary to their own. b. think in terms of absolute right and wrong. c. prefer the ideas of others more than their self. d. have learned to reject reflective judgment.

ANS: A OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Factual

REF: 10.3

304

103. Which constitutes the highest level of thinking in adulthood? a. Conventional thought c. Postformal thought b. Sensorimotor thought d. Hypothetical-deductive thought ANS: C OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Easy KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.3 MSC: Factual

104. In order to qualify as a “postformal thinker,” you must be able to accept a. egocentric thought as a necessity. b. the existence of a single truth. c. experience as the source of all knowledge. d. contradiction as normal.

ANS: D OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Difficulty KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.3 MSC: Conceptual

105. When Satoru ponders the question, “How can light be both a wave and a particle?” he is engaging in a. a role transition. c. reflective judgment. b. a rite of passage. d. multidirectionality.

ANS: C OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Difficult KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.3 MSC: Application

106. When Lorenzo ponders the question, “How can women remain in abusive relationships?” he is engaging in a. a role transition. c. reflective judgment. b. a rite of passage. d. multidirectionality.

ANS: C OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Difficult KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.3 MSC: Application

107. Jason believes that gun control is absolutely wrong and that the right to possess guns is an absolute right. Jason would probably be closest to the ____ stage of reflective judgment. a. initial c. later b. halfway d. last ANS: A OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Moderate KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.3 MSC: Application

108. Ralphie believes that following school rules is important because a teacher’s authority should not be questioned. Ralphie would probably be closest to the _____ stage of reflective judgment. a. initial c. later b. halfway d. last ANS: A OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Application

REF: 10.3

305

109. The statement, “Nothing in life can be known for certain” is most likely to be uttered by someone at the _____ stage of reflective judgment. a. initial c. halfway b. second d. last ANS: C OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Application

REF: 10.3

110. When making a court decision, Judge Ito says, “I try to come to reasonable solutions based on the basis of the best arguments that I have available.” Judge Ito appears to be in the ____ stages of reflective judgment. a. initial c. halfway b. second d. later ANS: D OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Difficult KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.3 MSC: Application

111. Mature thinkers tend to a. view personal experience as the most critical element in decision-making. b. view rules as absolute. c. integrate emotion and logic in decision-making. d. realize that tolerance and ambiguity have no place in decision-making.

ANS: C OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Conceptual

REF: 10.3

112. The Blanchard-Fields (1986) classic study of dilemma-solving in high school students, college students, and middle-aged adults found that a. adult participants were most effective at integrating emotion into their thinking. b. high school participants were most effective at solving everyday dilemmas. c. college students thought at the most advanced levels on every type of dilemma. d. the ability to solve dilemmas did not differ by age.

ANS: A OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Factual

REF: 10.3

113. Which of the following individuals is most likely to effectively integrate emotion into their thinking? a. A female high school student b. A male college student c. A female in her mid 30s d. A male in his mid 40s ANS: D OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Easy KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.3 MSC: Factual

306

114. The strength of one’s beliefs about rules, beliefs, and attitudes is linked to a. specific situations. c. reflective judgment. b. personal control beliefs. d. crystallized intelligence.

ANS: A OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Moderate KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.3 MSC: Factual

115. When encountering a specific situation, which of the following does not occur in the process of thinking about the situation? a. A spiritual reaction c. Cognitive belief system activation b. An emotional reaction d. Social judgments ANS: A OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Difficult KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.3 MSC: Conceptual

116. The belief that “marriage is more important than a career” is most prevalent among which age group? a. Children c. Young adults b. Adolescents d. Older adults ANS: D OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Moderate KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.3 MSC: Factual

117. With regard to age, how did different age groups respond to the belief that “you can’t stop love”? a. Young people endorse this rule b. Middle-aged people endorse this rule c. Both young and old people endorse this rule d. Both young and old people reject this rule ANS: C OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Factual

REF: 10.3

118. Which of the following best describes the way middle-aged people think about a young couple that eloped over their parents’ objection? a. They emphasize the role that the parents should play in the situation. b. They focus on respecting the parents in this situation. c. They emphasize the pragmatic factors, such as age, in this situation. d. They focus on the importance of love in this situation.

ANS: C OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Factual

REF: 10.3

119. Which of the following impacts the development of social beliefs least? a. Generational differences b. Intellectual differences c. The challenges at particular life stages d. How emotion and cognition integrate ANS: B OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Moderate MSC: Conceptual

REF: 10.3

307

120. A graph of the research on the social rule “you can’t stop true love” by age would likely show a. a flat line. b. a steadily decreasing slope. c. a steadily increasing slope. d. a U-shaped curve.

ANS: D OBJ: 10.3

DIF: Difficult MSC: Factual

REF: 10.3

121. A life-span construct represents a a. unified sense of one’s past, present, and future. b. multidimensional conceptualization of intelligence. c. fear that when people act in negative ways expected by others, they are doing a disservice to all members of their sex. d. personal timetable concerning when someone else should experience some event.

ANS: A OBJ: 10.4

DIF: Easy KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.4 MSC: Factual

122. Costanzia has a firm sense of her childhood, who she is as a person today, and how she will live her life in the future. This constitutes Costanza’s a. possible selves. c. life-span construct. b. fluid intelligence. d. scenario.

ANS: C OBJ: 10.4

DIF: Moderate KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.4 MSC: Application

123. Omar is thinking about a time to come when he will be married and have a family. This is an example of a. an implicit stereotype. c. reflective judgment. b. a life story. d. a scenario.

ANS: D OBJ: 10.4

DIF: Difficult KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.4 MSC: Application

124. Harouna is thinking about graduating from graduate school and finding a job in which he can use his skills. This is an example of a. an implicit stereotype. c. a scenario. b. a life story. d. reflective judgment.

ANS: C OBJ: 10.4

DIF: Difficult KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.4 MSC: Application

308

125. Which best reflects a “social clock?” a. Donald, who wants to be a millionaire by age 30 b. Ivana, who has been married four times c. Melania, who can accurately remember her adolescent “coming-out” party d. Trump, who is presently going through puberty ANS: A OBJ: 10.4

DIF: Easy KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.4 MSC: Application

126. Darren wants to be out of graduate school by age 25, married by age 30, and retired by age 50. This is an example of a a. life-span construct. c. life story. b. personal control belief. d. social clock.

ANS: D OBJ: 10.4

DIF: Easy KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.4 MSC: Application

127. Gina is 40 years old and often reflects on her life. Special memories of childhood, high school, college, and her early career all seem to fit together. This is Gina’s a. life story. c. scenario. b. life-span construct. d. possible selves.

ANS: A OBJ: 10.4

DIF: Moderate KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.4 MSC: Application

128. According to McAdams, a person’s developing personality is best reflected by a. the emotions conveyed in his or her life story. b. a score on a standardized personality measure (e.g., MMPI). c. the ability to engage in postformal thought. d. the degree to which this person becomes reliant on rites of passage.

ANS: A OBJ: 10.4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Factual

REF: 10.4

129. According to McAdams, in Western society, coherent life stories are first formed in a. infancy. c. middle adulthood. b. early adulthood. d. old age.

ANS: B OBJ: 10.4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Factual

REF: 10.4

130. Which of the following would best reflect a life story goal of communion? a. Being a powerful CEO c. A lifelong love b. Winning a Nobel prize d. Being your own person ANS: C OBJ: 10.4

DIF: Difficult MSC: Conceptual

REF: 10.4

309

131. How many of the following could be elements of someone’s life story: emotions, main characters, a legacy? a. 0 c. 2 b. 1 d. 3 ANS: D OBJ: 10.4

DIF: Moderate KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.4 MSC: Conceptual

132. According to McAdams, a person’s life story is a. set in a single direction and uninfluenced by culture. b. set in a single direction and influenced by culture. c. fashioned, refashioned, and uninfluenced by culture. d. fashioned, refashioned, and influenced by culture.

ANS: D OBJ: 10.4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Conceptual

REF: 10.4

133. Gabriella often thinks of herself as a mother and dreams of herself as an actress, but is afraid she’ll end up suffering from alcoholism. These are examples of a. stereotype threats. c. reflective judgments. b. possible selves. d. life-span constructs.

ANS: B OBJ: 10.4

DIF: Easy KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.4 MSC: Application

134. Which requires the creation of possible selves? a. Postformal thought c. Crystallized intelligence b. Reflective thinking d. Projecting yourself into the future ANS: D OBJ: 10.4

DIF: Easy MSC: Conceptual

REF: 10.4

135. Research on possible selves development has shown that a. older adults believe that becoming both the hoped-for and the feared self is under their control. b. younger adults believe that becoming both the hoped-for and the feared self is under their control. c. older adults believe that becoming the hoped-for self is under their control, but they have little control over the feared self. d. younger adults believe that becoming the hoped-for self is under their control, but they have little control over the feared self.

ANS: B OBJ: 10.4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Factual

REF: 10.4

136. _____ tends to be most important domain for hoped- and feared-for self in older age. a. Intelligence c. Love b. Wealth d. Health ANS: D OBJ: 10.4

DIF: Easy MSC: Factual

REF: 10.4

310

137. Who is most likely to believe that she will achieve her hoped-for self? a. Allie, who is 25 years old c. Ashley, who is 65 years old b. Alison, who is 50 years old d. Abby, who is 85 years old ANS: A OBJ: 10.4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Application

REF: 10.4

138. Kate thinks that no matter what she does, she will not be able to do well in her developmental psychology class. This perception is a sample of Kate’s a. rite of passage. c. crystallized intelligence. b. life story. d. personal control beliefs.

ANS: D OBJ: 10.4

DIF: Moderate KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.4 MSC: Application

139. Merlin believes that he can get what he wants if he tries hard enough. This indicates that he has _____ sense of personal control. a. no c. a moderate b. a low d. a high ANS: D OBJ: 10.4

DIF: Moderate KEY: Key Term

REF: 10.4 MSC: Application

140. Jim believes that he can improve his financial situation by getting a second job. Jim is exercising a. primary control. c. implicit stereotyping. b. secondary control. d. skill acquisition.

ANS: A OBJ: 10.4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Application

REF: 10.4

141. Which statement best exemplifies the concept of secondary control? a. “When my job gets tough, I will succeed with effort.” b. “You can buy your way out of any situation.” c. “My friends help me when I need assistance.” d. “Always look to professionals for help.”

ANS: A OBJ: 10.4

DIF: Moderate MSC: Application

REF: 10.4

TRUE/FALSE 1. Emerging adulthood officially begins when you have your first child.

ANS: F

REF: 10.1

OBJ: 10.1

2. Cultures in the developing world tend to have specific practices for marking the transition from adolescence to adulthood.

ANS: T

REF: 10.1

OBJ: 10.1 311

3. Erikson saw young adulthood as involving the psychosocial conflict between generativity and stagnation.

ANS: F

REF: 10.1

OBJ: 10.1

4. Young adults who return to live with their parents after college increased the rate at which they become independent adults.

ANS: F

REF: 10.1

OBJ: 10.1

5. The “quarterlife crisis” involves challenges faced by individuals in their 20s.

ANS: T

REF: 10.1

OBJ: 10.1

6. Most individuals do not reach their physical peak until their mid-30s.

ANS: F

REF: 10.2

OBJ: 10.2

7. Over 90 percent of adults age 18-44 claim that their health is good to excellent.

ANS: T

REF: 10.2

OBJ: 10.2

8. Lung, mouth, bladder, and cervix cancer are all linked to smoking.

ANS: T

REF: 10.2

OBJ: 10.2

9. Moderate drinkers have higher risks for cardiovascular disease than abstainers and heavy drinkers.

ANS: F

REF: 10.2

OBJ: 10.2

10. Limiting access to alcohol appears to be the most effective means of reducing the incidence of binge drinking in college students.

ANS: F

REF: 10.2

OBJ: 10.2

11. An individual addicted to alcohol must demonstrate physical dependence on the drug.

ANS: T

REF: 10.2

OBJ: 10.2

12. Low-density lipoproteins cause fatty deposits to accumulate in the arteries.

ANS: T

REF: 10.2

OBJ: 10.2

13. Poverty and racism are key reasons for the poor health conditions found in inner-city neighborhoods.

ANS: T

REF: 10.2

OBJ: 10.2

312

14. The fact that your abilities can be altered with experience underlies the concept of plasticity.

ANS: T

REF: 10.3

OBJ: 10.3

15. Secondary mental abilities subsume primary mental abilities.

ANS: T

REF: 10.3

OBJ: 10.3

16. Fluid intelligence is acquired through life experience.

ANS: F

REF: 10.3

OBJ: 10.3

17. Perry found that first-year college students rely heavily on the expertise of authority figures, like their professors.

ANS: T

REF: 10.3

OBJ: 10.3

18. Most children use reflective judgment when reasoning out real-life dilemmas.

ANS: F

REF: 10.3

OBJ: 10.3

19. Real-life dilemmas usually have a correct solution.

ANS: F

REF: 10.3

OBJ: 10.3

20. Postformal thinking requires the acceptance of multiple solutions.

ANS: T

REF: 10.3

OBJ: 10.3

21. Young adults are the best at integrating emotions into their thinking.

ANS: F

REF: 10.3

OBJ: 10.3

22. Scenarios consist mostly of interpretations of a person’s past.

ANS: F

REF: 10.4

OBJ: 10.4

23. According to McAdams, a life story helps organize the past events in a person’s life into a coherent sequence.

ANS: T

REF: 10.4

OBJ: 10.4

24. Possible selves become more numerous and varied the older a person gets.

ANS: F

REF: 10.4

OBJ: 10.4

313

25. An individual with a high sense of personal control believes that his or her actions are controlled by environmental forces.

ANS: F

REF: 10.4

OBJ: 10.4

COMPLETION 1. _____ adulthood is the time when someone is more than an adolescent and less than a full adult.

ANS: Emerging

REF: 10.1

OBJ: 10.1

2. Rituals that mark the initiation to adulthood are known as rites of _____.

ANS: passage

REF: 10.1

OBJ: 10.1

3. People must be over age 25 to qualify as _____ adult students.

ANS: returning

REF: 10.1

OBJ: 10.1

4. According to Erikson, the major psychosocial conflict of young adulthood involves _____.

ANS: intimacy versus isolation

REF: 10.1

OBJ: 10.1

5. A female who drinks four or more drinks in a row is said to be _____ drinking.

ANS: binge

REF: 10.1

OBJ: 10.1

6. The amount of energy the body needs is called _____.

ANS: metabolism

REF: 10.2

OBJ: 10.2

7. _____ lipoproteins help clear your arteries.

ANS: High-density REF: 10.2

OBJ: 10.2

8. The ratio of body weight and height that is related to body fat is the _____ index.

ANS: body mass

REF: 10.2

OBJ: 10.2

9. The fact that some cognitive abilities improve with age and some decline with age illustrates the concept of _____.

ANS: multidirectionality

REF:

10.3

314

OBJ:

10.3

10. The ability to understand relationships between concepts and to respond adaptively to new situations is termed _____ intelligence.

ANS: fluid

REF: 10.3

OBJ: 10.3

11. The notion that truth varies by situation and ambiguity is the rule, not the exception, characterizes _____ thought.

ANS: postformal

REF: 10.3

OBJ: 10.3

12. _____ stereotyping is both automatic and unconscious.

ANS: Implicit

REF: 10.3

OBJ: 10.3

13. Tagging a future event to a specific age by which it will be completed creates a social _____.

ANS: clock

REF: 10.4

OBJ: 10.4

14. _____ selves represent who we could become, regardless of whether that person is good or bad.

ANS: Possible

REF: 10.4

OBJ: 10.4

15. Hillary’s confidence that she is capable of shaping her own career reflects a sense of strong _____ beliefs.

ANS: personal control

REF: 10.4

OBJ: 10.4

ESSAY 1. Describe “emerging adulthood” and how the “rite of passage” from adolescence into adulthood differs for people in Western and non-Western societies.

ANS: Answer not provided.

OBJ: 10.1

2. Discuss the special conflict that Erikson believed marked young adulthood. Then describe how an individual could best resolve this conflict.

ANS: Answer not provided.

OBJ: 10.1

3. Provide both supporting and refuting evidence for the statement, “Physical abilities peak in one’s 20s.” Be sure to discuss specific physical/sensory abilities, rates of death, and how the lifestyle factor of smoking impact health in middle age.

ANS: Answer not provided.

OBJ: 10.2

315

4. Alcohol consumption represents a major risk to health. First, describe how the amount of alcohol consumed influences its impact on health. Second, discuss the topic of binge drinking. Be sure to describe both its impact and ways of reducing this behavior.

ANS: No answer provided.

OBJ: 10.2

5. Lee is a 30-year-old poor, uneducated, African-American male. His friend Dee is a 31-yearold wealthy, college-educated Caucasian female. How would you expect that their education, sex/gender, and ethnicity would impact their health statuses?

ANS: Answer not provided.

OBJ: 10.2

6. Describe why the terms multidimensional, multidirectional, interindividual variability, and plasticity may be the most accurate way to describe intelligence in adulthood.

ANS: Answer not provided.

OBJ: 10.3

7. Compare and contrast primary versus secondary intellectual abilities and fluid versus crystallized intelligence. Then discuss the developmental path of each between adolescence and older adulthood.

ANS: Answer not provided.

OBJ: 10.3

8. Why is postformal thought considered to be the most advanced level of thinking? Does the stage theory of reflective thought fit with this notion?

ANS: Answer not provided.

OBJ: 10.3

9. Describe how the integration of emotion into thinking changes through the stages of reflective judgment.

ANS: Answer not provided.

OBJ: 10.3

10. Discuss your own development using the concepts of a life-span construct scenario, a social clock, a life story, and possible selves.

ANS: Answer not provided.

OBJ: 10.4

316

11. A friend hears that you are taking a course in human development and asks you to help her make sense of the nutrition-related terms metabolism, LDL, HDL, and BMI. Provide a written response in which you describe the role that each of these play in one’s health.

ANS: Metabolism refers to the amount of energy the body needs. Body metabolism slows with age. LDL and HDL are two types of cholesterol. LDL refers to low-density lipoproteins that are harmful as they cause fatty deposits to accumulate in arteries and result in impeded blood flow. HDL refers to high-density lipoproteins that are beneficial to health as they break down LDL and help clear the arteries. The key to good health is a low level of LDL and a high level of HDL. Your body mass index (BMI) is the ratio of body weight to height and reflects your total body fat. A BMI of less than 25 is considered healthy.

OBJ: 10.2 12. Describe the concept of personal control beliefs, both primary and secondary.

ANS: Personal control belief refers to the degree to which you believe your performance depends on something you do. An individual with a high sense of personal control believes that his performance is under his control. Primary control involves behaviors affecting one’s external world (e.g., working a second job to increase earnings). Due to its relationship to biological factors, the development of primary control is very low in childhood, high in middle age, and very low in later life. Secondary control involves behaviors or cognitions affecting the person’s internal world (e.g., believing that you can succeed when facing a challenge).

OBJ: 10.4

317