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1. In order to convict someone of a criminal offense, the prosecution must prove that the defendant committed ______.
A. a voluntary act with a guilty state of mind
B. extensive harm to a person or significant damage to property
C. a violent act against the criminal code
D. extensive damage without just cause
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 7-1: Define criminal behavior and juvenile delinquency.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Chapter 7, Introduction
Difficulty Level: Medium
2. The chapter focuses on criminal behavior that is ______ and ______.
A. violent; antisocial
B. serious; persistent
C. glorified; untreatable
D. involuntary; punitive
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 7-1: Define criminal behavior and juvenile delinquency.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Chapter 7, Introduction
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. Running away and truancy are examples of ______.
A. social delinquency
B. psychopathy
C. criminal violations
D. status offenses
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 7-1: Define criminal behavior and juvenile delinquency.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Definition of Juvenile Delinquency
Difficulty Level: Medium
4. In legal terms, a juvenile delinquent is defined as a(n) ______.
A. individual under age 18 who engages in developmentally inappropriate behavior
B. individual who commits an act against the criminal code and is adjudicated delinquent by the court
C. minor who commits a violent act against another
D. minor who displays erratic behavior for a period of at least 6 months
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 7-1: Define criminal behavior and juvenile delinquency.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Definition of Juvenile Delinquency
Difficulty Level: Medium
5. Destruction of property and serious violation of rules are two DSM-V categories of ______.
A. antisocial behavior
B. conduct disorder
C. status offenses
D. antisocial personality disorder
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 7-2: Define antisocial behavior, conduct disorder, and antisocial personality disorder.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Chapter 7, Introduction
Difficulty Level: Medium
6. Which term is essential to the diagnosis of conduct disorder?
A. sporadic
B. disruptive
C. voluntary
D. habitual Ans: D
Learning Objective: 7-2: Define antisocial behavior, conduct disorder, and antisocial personality disorder.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Conduct Disorder
Difficulty Level: Hard
7. Evan is an 8-year-old boy who frequently sets small fires, is often aggressive toward his baby brother, and has difficulty communicating with others. Evan’s father is convinced his son has antisocial personality disorder. Why is Evan’s father wrong?
A. Evan is too young to be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder.
B. Evan is male and is therefore does not qualify for a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder.
C. Evan’s behavior is neither illegal nor habitual and therefore doesn’t qualify as antisocial personality disorder.
D. Evan’s behavior is normal for an 8-year-old boy and therefore doesn’t meet diagnostic criteria.
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 7-2: Define antisocial behavior, conduct disorder, and antisocial personality disorder.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Definition of Juvenile Delinquency
Difficulty Level: Hard
8. Which theorist formulated the developmental dual systems model?
A. Terrie Moffitt
B. Laurence Steinberg
C. Robert Hare
D. Scott Lilienfeld
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 7-5: Summarize theories of Terrie Moffett and Laurence Steinberg.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Adolescent Brain Development
Difficulty Level: Easy
9. All of the following are major categories of juvenile unlawful acts EXCEPT ______.
A. drug offenses
B. unlawful acts against oneself
C. offenses against the public order
D. status offenses
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 7-3: Review the offenses for which juveniles are most frequently charged.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Nature and Extent of Juvenile Offending
Difficulty Level: Medium
10. Which offense qualifies as a violent offense under the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reports?
A. burglary
B. robbery
C. arson
D. larceny-theft
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 7-3: Review the offenses for which juveniles are most frequently charged.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Nature and Extent of Juvenile Offending
Difficulty Level: Easy
11. Which statement about the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reports is correct?
A. It contains information about crimes unknown to law enforcement agencies.
B. It classifies serious crimes into sexual crimes and property crimes.
C. It is the sole method of recording police data on reported crimes and arrests.
D. It does not provide conviction data.
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 7-3: Review the offenses for which juveniles are most frequently charged.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Uniform Crime Reports (Crime in the United States)
Difficulty Level: Medium
12. One reason that juveniles are arrested in greater numbers than their proportions in the population is because they commit ______.
A. crimes in groups
B. mostly violent crimes
C. all status offenses
D. crimes not reported to law enforcement
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 7-3: Review the offenses for which juveniles are most frequently charged.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Uniform Crime Reports (Crime in the United States)
Difficulty Level: Medium
13. Which source of crime data was developed to address the shortcomings of the UCR?
A. National Incident-Based Reporting System
B. National Crime Victimization Survey
C. National Youth Survey
D. Monitoring the Future
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 7-1: Define criminal behavior and juvenile delinquency.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Uniform Crime Reports (Crime in the United States)
Difficulty Level: Easy
14. Which answer choice illustrates a reason that the juvenile psychopath label is so controversial?
A. The label has many negative connotations.
B. Juveniles labeled as psychopaths are more likely to be sentenced to death.
C. Juveniles labeled as psychopaths are more likely to have poor interpersonal skills.
D. Signs and symptoms of psychopathy are typically evident before birth.
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 7-9: Review research on adult psychopathy and juveniles with psychopathic characteristics.
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Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Juvenile Psychopathy
Difficulty Level: Medium
15. Which term refers to a cluster of traits characterized by high impulsivity, egocentricity, lack of empathy, and deficits in emotional expression?
A. impulsivity–egocentricity
B. conduct disorder
C. callous-unemotional
D. inconsistent regulation
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 7-9: Review research on adult psychopathy and juveniles with psychopathic characteristics.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Callous-Unemotional (CU) Traits
Difficulty Level: Easy
16. Which statement illustrates a difference between male and female psychopaths?
A. Female psychopaths recidivate more than male psychopaths.
B. Environmental and cultural influences play a greater role in the development of psychopathy in females than in males.
C. Incidents of violence and aggression are more common with female psychopaths compared to male psychopaths.
D. Male psychopaths tend to be more skillful and manipulative in their aggression compared to female psychopaths.
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 7-9: Review research on adult psychopathy and juveniles with psychopathic characteristics.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Female Psychopaths Compared to Male Psychopaths
Difficulty Level: Medium
17. According to Moffitt’s developmental theory, a boy who bites playmates at age 3, shoplifts at age 10, commits burglary at age 19, and rapes at age 26 would be considered a(n) ______.
A. life course–persistent offender
B. ADHD offender
C. adolescent limited offender
D. antisocial offender
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 7-5: Summarize theories of Terrie Moffett and Laurence Steinberg.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Moffitt Developmental Theory
Difficulty Level: Hard
18. Compared to life course–persistent offenders, low-level chronic offenders ______.
A. peak at around age 16 and then decline during late teens and early adulthood
B. begin antisocial behavior early and then remain at a high level throughout their lifetimes
C. exhibit a rise in offending through early adolescence, plateau, and then remain at the same offending level well past age 18
D. engage in no delinquency in early adolescence but then display high-level delinquent behavior throughout adulthood
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 7-5: Summarize theories of Terrie Moffett and Laurence Steinberg.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: The Moffitt Developmental Theory
Difficulty Level: Hard
19. Research on gendered pathways indicates that in adulthood, AL female offenders
______.
A. had poor economic outcomes
B. committed more violent crimes
C. had greater motivation to succeed in their careers
D. engaged in high levels of family conflict
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 7-5: Summarize theories of Terrie Moffett and Laurence Steinberg.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Moffitt Developmental Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium
20. The developmental dual systems model is based on empirical studies from the fields of developmental psychology and ______.
A. neuroscience
B. microbiology
C. forensic entomology
D. public policy
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 7-5: Summarize theories of Terrie Moffett and Laurence Steinberg.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Adolescent Brain Development
Difficulty Level: Easy
21. Steinberg’s 2016 study underscores the validity of the dual systems model in explaining risk-taking and offending behavior across ______.
A. the lifespan
B. the state of Texas
C. time
D. cultures
Ans: D
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Learning Objective: 7-5: Summarize theories of Terrie Moffett and Laurence Steinberg.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Adolescent Brain Development
Difficulty Level: Medium
22. All of the following terms can be used to describe juvenile firesetting EXCEPT ______.
A. undetected
B. unreported
C. unsubstantiated
D. unsolved
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 7-8: Identify those firesetting behaviors that are precursors to offending.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Juvenile Firesetting: An Illustration of the Developmental Perspective
Difficulty Level: Medium
23. Which individual would typically have the greatest influence on a 15-year-old girl?
A. her physician
B. her older sister
C. her friend
D. her father
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 7-5: Summarize theories of Terrie Moffett and Laurence Steinberg.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Adolescent Brain Development
Difficulty Level: Medium
24. Research suggests that children who continue to set fires after age ______ frequently demonstrate poor social skills and poor impulse control.
A. 5
B. 10
C. 15
D. 20
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 7-8: Identify those firesetting behaviors that are precursors to offending.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Developmental Stages of Firesetting
Difficulty Level: Easy
25. What do the Supreme Court cases Miller v. Alabama (2012), Jackson v. Hobbs (2012), and Roper v. Simmons (2005) all have in common?
A. They involved the death penalty for juvenile offenders.
SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019
B. They all involved juvenile psychopaths.
C. The decisions all involved research on cognitive abilities of adolescents.
D. The decisions all involved the provision of rehabilitative services.
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 7-4: Review the developmental approach to criminal behavior.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Neuroscience and Sex Differences in Adolescence
Difficulty Level: Hard
26. Which neurotransmitter is central to Laurence Steinberg’s model of adolescent risktaking?
A. dopamine
B. serotonin
C. amygdala
D. epinephrine
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 7-5: Summarize theories of Terrie Moffett and Laurence Steinberg.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Definition of Juvenile Delinquency
Difficulty Level: Easy
27. Excessive motor activity, impulsivity, and inattention are the three central behaviors of ______.
A. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
B. oppositional defiant disorder
C. juvenile psychopathy
D. executive function
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 7-7: Specify the relationship between ADHD and delinquency.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Delinquency
Difficulty Level: Medium
28. What is the leading psychological diagnosis for children living in the United States?
A. depression
B. conduct disorder
C. ADHD
D. OCD
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 7-7: Specify the relationship between ADHD and delinquency.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Delinquency
Difficulty Level: Easy
29. Which statement about the cause of ADHD is correct?
SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019
A. The cause of ADHD is unknown.
B. ADHD is caused by exposure to toxic substances in the preschool years.
C. The cause of ADHD likely involves childhood vaccinations.
D. ADHD is caused by genetic factors.
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 7-7: Specify the relationship between ADHD and delinquency.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Delinquency
Difficulty Level: Medium
30. What is the most common treatment for ADHD?
A. medication
B. cognitive behavioral therapy
C. multisystemic treatment
D. psychotherapy electroconvulsive therapy
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 7-1: Define criminal behavior and juvenile delinquency.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Delinquency
Difficulty Level: Easy
31. Childhood onset and adolescent onset are two subtypes of which diagnosis?
A. ADHD
B. antisocial personality disorder
C. conduct disorder
D. psychopathy
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 7-6: Identify developmental factors most relevant to criminal behavior.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Conduct Disorder
Difficulty Level: Medium
32. Tia has always been a capable student who is aware of her strengths and limitations. She is kind to her friends and family and shows empathy to others. Tia likely has high ______.
A. naturalistic intelligence
B. emotional intelligence
C. visual-spatial ability
D. attribution ability
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 7-6: Identify developmental factors most relevant to criminal behavior.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Intelligence
SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019
Difficulty Level: Hard
33. While walking through the halls of middle school, Vic accidentally bumps into a student named Jack. Vic is surprised when Jack responds by yelling profanity at Vic and punching him in the stomach several times. Which term best describes Jack’s reaction?
A. hostile attribution bias
B. visual-spatial deficit
C. callous-unemotional effect
D. reactive transference
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 7-6: Identify developmental factors most relevant to criminal behavior.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Intelligence
Difficulty Level: Hard
34. Which of the following is a form of intelligence measured by standard IQ tests?
A. naturalistic
B. interpersonal
C. linguistic
D. kinesthetic
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 7-6: Identify developmental factors most relevant to criminal behavior.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Intelligence
Difficulty Level: Medium
35. Interpersonal, deviant lifestyle, and deficient affective pertain to the ______.
A. three core factors of psychopathy
B. developmental trajectory of psychopathy
C. biopsychological influences of psychopathy
D. characteristics of female juvenile psychopathy
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 7-9: Review research on adult psychopathy and juveniles with psychopathic characteristics.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Core Factors of Psychopathy
Difficulty Level: Medium
36. Most firesetters are ______.
A. young males
B. runaway girls
C. troubled teenagers
D. pathological preschoolers
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 7-8: Identify those firesetting behaviors that are precursors to offending.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Developmental Stages of Firesetting
Difficulty Level: Medium
37. Which common childhood diagnosis is closely linked to poor executive functioning?
A. ADHD
B. substance abuse
C. psychopathy
D. schizophrenia
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 7-7: Specify the relationship between ADHD and delinquency.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Executive Functions
Difficulty Level: Easy
38. Which statement best summarizes the development of the social brain?
A. It rapidly develops through infancy and then slows down during the teenage years.
B. It lies dormant until early adulthood and then rapidly develops.
C. It slowly develops until the early to mid-40s and then stabilizes.
D. It rapidly develops through adolescence and stabilizes in the early to mid-20s.
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 7-3: Review the offenses for which juveniles are most frequently charged.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: The Social Brain and Peer Influence
Difficulty Level: Hard
39. Compared to violent offenders who are not psychopaths, criminal psychopaths engage in violent offenses that involve ______.
A. domestic disputes
B. extreme emotional arousal
C. revenge while drinking
D. a close family member
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 7-9: Review research on adult psychopathy and juveniles with psychopathic characteristics.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Offending Patterns of Criminal Psychopaths
Difficulty Level: Medium
40. Research suggests that all of the following are motives for juvenile firesetting
EXCEPT ______.
SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019
A. a wish to get back at authority
B. a need for excitement
C. a drive to harm others
D. a desire for status
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 7-8: Identify those firesetting behaviors that are precursors to offending.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Juvenile Firesetting: An Illustration of the Developmental Perspective
Difficulty Level: Medium
41. Factor 1 is to the ______ components of psychopathy, where Factor 2 is to the ______ components of psychopathy.
A. goals and ambitions; socioeconomic status and educational attainment
B. socioeconomic status and educational attainment; goals and ambitions
C. deviant lifestyle and antisocial attitudes; interpersonal and affective
D. interpersonal and affective; deviant lifestyle and antisocial attitude
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 7-9: Review research on adult psychopathy and juveniles with psychopathic characteristics.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Core Factors of Psychopathy
Difficulty Level: Medium
42. A 12-year-old boy who sets damaging fires in order to get attention is likely at which stage of firesetting behavior?
A. fire interest
B. fire experimentation
C. fireplay
D. firesetting
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 7-8: Identify those firesetting behaviors that are precursors to offending.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Developmental Stages of Firesetting
Difficulty Level: Medium
43. Kolko’s (2002) firesetter typology is based on the ______ of a firesetter.
A. criminal history
B. mental disorder
C. age
D. motivation
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 7-8: Identify those firesetting behaviors that are precursors to offending.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Firesetting Typologies
Difficulty Level: Medium
44. Which quality do sociopaths have that psychopaths lack?
A. criminal history
B. empathy
C. firesetting in childhood
D. callous-unemotional traits
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 7-9: Review research on adult psychopathy and juveniles with psychopathic characteristics.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: The Criminal Psychopath
Difficulty Level: Hard
45. According to Quay (1965), an important feature in the behavioral description of a psychopath is the ______.
A. ability to escape detection
B. neuropsychological need for excitement
C. range of crimes committed
D. poor judgment
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 7-9: Review research on adult psychopathy and juveniles with psychopathic characteristics.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: General Behavioral Characteristics of Psychopaths
Difficulty Level: Medium
True/False
1. An individual who engages in habitual criminal behavior and demonstrates a cluster of psychological, interpersonal, and neurological features that discriminate him or her from the general population is referred to as a psychopath.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 7-9: Review research on adult psychopathy and juveniles with psychopathic characteristics.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Criminal Psychopath
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. The most complete official nationwide compilation of juvenile offending is the FBI’s UCR.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 7-2: Define antisocial behavior, conduct disorder, and antisocial personality disorder.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Nature and Extent of Juvenile Offending
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. The terms antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy are synonymous. Ans: F
Learning Objective: 7-2: Define antisocial behavior, conduct disorder, and antisocial personality disorder.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Antisocial Personality Disorder and Psychopathy
Difficulty Level: Medium
4. The research has strongly supported the reliability and validity of the PCL-R for distinguishing criminal psychopaths from criminal nonpsychopaths and for helping correctional psychologists in risk assessments of inmates. Ans: T
Learning Objective: 7-9: Review research on adult psychopathy and juveniles with psychopathic characteristics.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Psychological Measures of Psychopathy
Difficulty Level: Medium
5. Historically, research on psychopathy primarily focused on postpartum females. Ans: F
Learning Objective: 7-9: Review research on adult psychopathy and juveniles with psychopathic characteristics.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Racial/Ethnic Differences
Difficulty Level: Easy
6. Criminality is one of the three central behaviors of ADHD. Ans: F
Learning Objective: 7-7: Specify the relationship between ADHD and delinquency.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Delinquency
Difficulty Level: Easy
7. Youths at the fireplay stage of firesetting often use fire to destroy property. Ans: F
Learning Objective: 7-8: Identify those firesetting behaviors that are precursors to offending.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Developmental Stages of Firesetting
Difficulty Level: Medium
8. The majority of juvenile offenders grow up to become chronic adult offenders. Ans: F
Learning Objective: 7-1: Define criminal behavior and juvenile delinquency.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Definition of Juvenile Delinquency
Difficulty Level: Medium
9. The majority of firesetters are young males. Ans: T
Learning Objective: 7-8: Identify those firesetting behaviors that are precursors to offending.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Juvenile Firesetting: An Illustration of the Developmental Perspective
Difficulty Level: Easy
10. Developmental psychologists typically view adolescents as less responsible for their behavior than adults.
Ans: T
Learning Objective: 7-4: Review the developmental approach to criminal behavior.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Developmental Perspective
Difficulty Level: Medium
11. ADHD causes antisocial behavior. Ans: F
Learning Objective: 7-7: Specify the relationship between ADHD and delinquency.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Delinquency
Difficulty Level: Medium
12. According to Moffitt, the majority of delinquents are life course–persistent offenders. Ans: F
Learning Objective: 7-5: Summarize theories of Terrie Moffett and Laurence Steinberg.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Moffitt Developmental Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy
13. During adolescence, face processing of the social cognition system becomes more specialized in line with the norms of the culture with which the person is most familiar. Ans: T
Learning Objective: 7-4: Review the developmental approach to criminal behavior.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Social Brain and Peer Influence
Difficulty Level: Medium
14. Research has found that treatment makes psychopaths more likely to recidivate. Ans: F
Learning Objective: 7-9: Review research on adult psychopathy and juveniles with psychopathic characteristics.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Treatment and Rehabilitation of Psychopaths
Difficulty Level: Medium
15. Preliminary diffusion tensor imaging results indicate that adolescent males tend to outperform females on emotion identification and nonverbal reasoning.
Ans: F
Learning Objective: 7-4: Review the developmental approach to criminal behavior.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Neuroscience and Sex Differences in Adolescence
Difficulty Level: Medium
1. Define the terms actus reus and mens rea. How do these terms pertain to juvenile delinquency?
Ans: Actus reus refers to a voluntary act and mens rea refers to guilty mind. To convict someone of a criminal offense, both must be proven.
Learning Objective: 7-1: Define criminal behavior and juvenile delinquency.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Chapter 7, Introduction
Difficulty Level: Hard
2. How does adolescent risk-taking behavior play a primary role in adolescent mortality?
Ans: Risk-taking during adolescence can include behavior such as reckless driving, binge drinking, smoking cigarettes, and engaging in spontaneous unprotected sex. Though teenagers “know” the dangers involved in their behavior, many still engage in risky behaviors. This risk-taking behavior plays a primary role in greater mortality.
Learning Objective: 7-6: Identify developmental factors most relevant to criminal behavior.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Adolescent Brain Development
Difficulty Level: Hard
3. Define delinquency from a legal perspective, a social perspective, and a psychological perspective.
Ans: The legal definition of delinquency is behavior against the criminal code committed by an individual who has not reached adulthood. Social definitions of delinquency
encompass a broad gamut of youthful behaviors considered inappropriate, but not all are technically crimes. These youthful behaviors include aggressive actions, truancy, petty theft, vandalism, drug abuse, sexual promiscuity, and even incorrigibility.
Psychological or psychiatric definitions of delinquency include the symptom-based labels of “conduct disorder” or “antisocial behavior.” The “delinquent” may or may not have been arrested for these behaviors, and some are not even against the criminal law.
Learning Objective: 7-1: Define criminal behavior and juvenile delinquency.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Definition of Juvenile Delinquency
Difficulty Level: Medium
4. Explain the controversy associated with the concept of juvenile psychopathy. What is your opinion on this issue?
Ans: Examples should include that there is debate about whether psychopathy can or should be applied to juveniles at all. Can features of adult psychopathy be found in children and adolescents in the first place? Second, even if psychopathy can be identified in adolescents, the label may have too many negative connotations. More specifically, the label implies that the prognosis for treatment is poor, a high rate of offending and recidivism can be expected, and the intrinsic and biological basis of the disorder means little can be done outside of biological interventions. A third debate contends that psychopathy assessments of youth must achieve a high level of confidence before they can be employed in the criminal justice system and may have important implications for the prevention of serious delinquency if clinicians can intervene and provide effective treatment.
Learning Objective: 7-9: Review research on adult psychopathy and juveniles with psychopathic characteristics.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: The Nature and Extent of Juvenile Offending
Difficulty Level: Hard
5. Describe the Uniform Crime Reports. Include the limitations of these data. Ans: The FBI’s Uniform Crime Reports is the most frequently cited source of U.S. crime statistics. The UCR is an annual document containing accounts of crime known to law enforcement agencies across the country, as well as arrests. The UCR tabulates information about age, gender, and race of persons arrested, as well as city and region of the country where crimes are reported and arrests occur. The UCR does not include conviction data; it is strictly law enforcement information and does not tell us anything about whether individuals arrested were found guilty.
Learning Objective: 7-3: Review the offenses for which juveniles are most frequently charged.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: The Uniform Crime Reports (Crime in the United States)
Difficulty Level: Hard
6. Compare and contrast a male psychopath and a female psychopath. Ans: Little research has been conducted on the extent to which psychopathy exists in females. Early studies report that female psychopaths may be less aggressive and violent than male psychopaths. Females may recidivate less often than male psychopaths. Recent research reports that female psychopaths tend to be more subtle and skillful in their aggression, exploitative relationships, and manipulation of others, which results in their harmful acts going largely unnoticed by the authorities. Female psychopaths are more likely than male psychopaths to target family, friends, or acquaintances rather than strangers. In contrast, male psychopaths rely on greater use of physical aggression, dominance, and status seeking, which makes their harmful actions more noticeable and more likely to be officially recorded. Female psychopaths suffer greater levels of environmental deprivation, victimization, and mental health problems compared to their male counterparts.
Learning Objective: 7-9: Review research on adult psychopathy and juveniles with psychopathic characteristics.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: The Female Psychopath
Difficulty Level: Hard
7. Discuss the reasons why many arsons set by youth go undetected and unreported. Ans: Reasons include that witnesses or caretakers may not consider the behavior dangerous. For example, if no loss of life or significant destruction of property occurred. Many people worry that charging juveniles with arson will give them a criminal record that will hamper their future careers.
Learning Objective: 7-8: Identify those firesetting behaviors that are precursors to offending.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Juvenile Firesetting: An Illustration of the Developmental Perspective
Difficulty Level: Medium