Introducing physical geography 5th edition strahler test bank

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Chapter: Chapter 8: Biogeographic Processes

Multiple Choice

1. At each level in a food chain or food web, energy is lost through: A) decay B) respiration C) metabolism D) net photosynthesis E) gross photosynthesis Ans: B Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

2. Detritus is associated with which of the following processes?

A) decay B) respiration C) metabolism D) net photosynthesis E) gross photosynthesis Ans: A Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

3. A deer grazing on grasses and shrubs would be said to occupy which level in a food chain?

A) Producers B) First order consumers C) Second order consumers D) Third order consumers E) Decomposers Ans: B Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

4. Algae floating at the surface of a freshwater pond would be said to occupy which level in a food chain?

A) Producers B) First order consumers C) Second order consumers D) Third order consumers E) Decomposers Ans: A Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

5. Generally, how much energy stored in organic matter at one level can be passed up the chain to the next level?

A) 1 – 5% B) 5 – 10% C) 10 – 50% D) 70 – 90% E) 90 – 100% Ans: C Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

6. Which of the following is a consequence of the loss of energy as passes up the levels in a food chain?

A) increasing gross photosynthesis B) decreasing gross photosynthesis C) decreasing net photosynthesis D) decreasing biomass E) increasing respiration Ans: D Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

7. The amount of net carbohydrate remaining after respiration has broken down sufficient carbohydrate to power a plant is the: A) primary production B) net primary production C) biomass D) gross photosynthesis E) net photosynthesis Ans: E Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

8. The rate at which carbohydrate is accumulated in the tissues of plants within a given ecosystem is the: A) primary production B) net primary production C) biomass D) gross photosynthesis E) net photosynthesis Ans: B Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

9. Which of the following environments would have the highest net primary production on average?

A) agricultural land B) tropical rainforest C) midlatitude grasslands D) open ocean E) lakes and streams Ans: B Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

10. Which of the following environments would have the lowest net primary production on average?

A) agricultural land B) tropical rainforest C) midlatitude grasslands D) open ocean E) lakes and streams Ans: D Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

11. The dry weight of living organic matter in an ecosystem within a designated surface area is the: A) primary production B) net primary production C) biomass D) gross photosynthesis E) net photosynthesis Ans: C Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

12. Which of the following climate types would generally have the highest levels of primary

productivity?

A) dry tropical semi-arid B) wet-dry tropical C) Mediterranean D) boreal forest E) moist continental Ans: B Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

13. Which of the following climate types would generally have the lowest levels of primary productivity?

A) dry tropical semi-arid B) wet-dry tropical C) Mediterranean D) boreal forest E) moist continental Ans: D Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

14. Which of the following factors is responsible for higher productivities in marine coastal areas?

A) rate of decomposition B) day length C) upwelling D) light intensity E) temperature Ans: C Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

15. Which of the following statements best describes the process of pyrolysis?

A) burning of any type of biomass such as wood or crop residues

B) controlled partial burning of biomass in an oxygen deficient environment C) complete burning of biomass with freely available oxygen D) controlled burning of biomasss with freely available oxygen E) controlled complete burning of biomass in an oxygen deficient environment Ans: B Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

16. Which of the following is the fuel used in pyrolysis?

A) natural gas B) coal C) wood D) biogas E) charcoal Ans: E Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

17. Which of the following processes is used to produce biogas as an energy source?

A) burning of fossil fuels B) burning of wood and crop residues C) accumulation of gases from the production of charcoal D) digestion of wastes by bacteria E) conversion of agricultural wastes to alcohol Ans: D Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

18. Which of the following is not an example of a macronutrient?

A) nitrogen B) copper C) aluminum D) sulfur E) iron

Ans: B Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

19. Which of the following occurs in the lowest concentration in global living matter?

A) phosphorous B) hydrogen C) carbon D) nitrogen E) calcium Ans: A Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

20. Of the total carbon available, in which of the following pools would you find the most carbon?

A) oceans B) atmosphere C) carbonate sediments D) hydrocarbon E) soils Ans: C Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

21. Which of the following forms of carbon dominates it storage in fossil fuels?

A) carbon dioxide B) carbon monoxide C) hydrocarbons D) calcium carbonates E) carbohydrates Ans: C Difficulty: easy

Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

22. Which of the following forms of carbon dominates it storage in organic matter?

A) carbon dioxide B) carbon monoxide C) hydrocarbons D) calcium carbonates E) carbohydrates Ans: E Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

23. Which of the following processes does not remove oxygen from the atmosphere?

A) sedimentation of mineral carbonates B) respiration C) combustion D) mineral oxidation E) all of the above processes remove oxygen Ans: E Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

24. What proportion of the Earth's atmosphere is comprised of nitrogen?

A) 24% B) 35% C) 49% D) 78% E) 87% Ans: D Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

25. The process whereby nitrogen is removed from the atmosphere and incorporated into soils is referred to as: A) denitrification B) nitrogen fixation C) denudation D) outgassing E) combustion Ans: B Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

26. The process whereby nitrogen is removed from the soil and returned to the atmosphere is referred to as: A) denitrification B) nitrogen fixation C) denudation D) outgassing E) combustion Ans: A Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

27. Which of the following cycles is responsible for moving elements that do not have a dominant gaseous phase?

A) nitrogen cycle B) oxygen cycle C) sedimentary cycle D) carbon cycle E) phosphorous cycle Ans: C Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

28. Which of the following elements is not recycled using a gaseous biogeochemical cycle?

A) oxygen B) calcium C) carbon D) nitrogen E) hydrogen Ans: B Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

29. Which of the following forms of interaction between species is responsible for the important role of legumes in the recycling of nitrogen in the soil?

A) succession B) predation C) herbivory D) parsitism E) symbiosis Ans: E Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

30. Which of the following elements is found in excessive concentrations in lakes and rivers and causes excessive algal growth?

A) oxygen B) calcium C) carbon D) nitrogen E) hydrogen Ans: D Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow Ecosystems

31. 31. At each level in a food chain or food web, energy is lost through: A) decay

B) respiration C) metabolism D) net photosynthesis E) gross photosynthesis Ans: B Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

32. At each level in a food chain or food web, energy is lost through: A) decay B) respiration C) metabolism D) net photosynthesis E) gross photosynthesis Ans: B Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

33. Detritus is associated with which of the following processes?

A) decay B) respiration C) metabolism D) net photosynthesis E) gross photosynthesis Ans: A Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

34. A deer grazing on grasses and shrubs would be said to occupy which level in a food chain?

A) Producers B) First order consumers C) Second order consumers D) Third order consumers E) Decomposers

Ans: B Difficulty: moderate Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

35. Algae floating at the surface of a freshwater pond would be said to occupy which level in a food chain?

A) Producers B) First order consumers C) Second order consumers D) Third order consumers E) Decomposers Ans: A Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

36. Generally, how much energy stored in organic matter at one level can be passed up the chain to the next level?

A) 1 – 5% B) 5 – 10% C) 10 – 50% D) 70 – 90% E) 90 – 100% Ans: C Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

37. Which of the following is a consequence of the loss of energy as passes up the levels in a food chain?

A) increasing gross photosynthesis B) decreasing gross photosynthesis C) decreasing net photosynthesis D) decreasing biomass E) increasing respiration

Ans: D Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

38. A subdivision of the environment according to the needs and preferences of organisms or groups of organisms is referred to as a/an: A) sere B) bioclimatic frontier C) habitat D) niche E) disjunction Ans: C Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Ecological Biogeography

39. One of many stages in the progression of succession is referred to as a/an: A) sere B) bioclimatic frontier C) habitat D) niche E) disjunction Ans: A Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Ecological Succession

40. The distribution of species such that one or more closely related species are found in widely separated regions is referred to as a/an: A) sere B) bioclimatic frontier C) habitat D) niche E) disjunction Ans: E Difficulty: easy

Link to Text: Historical Biogeography

41. The fundamental role played by an organism as well as the space it inhabits is referred to as a/an: A) sere B) bioclimatic frontier C) habitat D) niche E) disjunction Ans: D Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Ecological Biogeography

42. A community whereby certain species are normally found together is referred to as a/an: A) old field B) bioclimatic frontier C) association D) pioneer stage E) biogeographic region Ans: C Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Ecological Biogeography

43. The specific term used to describe plants that can draw water directly from groundwater resources are referred to as: A) schlerophylls B) xerophytes C) succulents D) phreatophytes E) tropophytes Ans: D Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Ecological Biogeography

44. The specific term used to describe plants adapted to alternating wet and dry seasons are referred to as: A) schlerophylls B) xerophytes C) succulents D) phreatophytes E) tropophytes Ans: E Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Ecological Biogeography

45. Which of the following features characterizes succulent plants?

A) buttress roots B) long life span C) thick stems and leaves D) large leaves and long stems E) shallow roots Ans: C Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Ecological Biogeography

46. Animals that have adapted to extreme shortages of water are referred to as: A) xeron B) xeralfs C) xerolls D) xerophytes E) xeric Ans: E Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Ecological Biogeography

47. Which of the following features does not characterize cold-blooded animals?

A) active only in warmer times of the year B) become dormant in cooler time of the year C) hibernate in burrows or nests D) sweat to reduce temperature in hot weather E) seek shelter in winter to reduce fluctuations of temperature Ans: D Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Ecological Biogeography

48. Which of the following features does not characterize warm-blooded animals?

A) Use panting or sweating to reduce heat B) Use fur or hair or feathers to reduce heat loss C) Circulate blood to outer extremities to enable heat loss D) Birds use feathers to reduce heat loss E) Allow body temperatures to be governed by environmental temperatures Ans: E Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Ecological Biogeography

49. Daylight length especially in mid-latitudes controls seasonal activity. This is referred to as: A) edaphic B) photoperiod C) seral D) xeric E) phreatic Ans: B Difficulty: moderate Link to Text: Ecological Biogeography

50. Which of the following is not one of the factors that acts to keep the spread of a species in check?

A) The specie's spread may be limited by continued dispersal of individuals B) The specie's spread may be limited by a variety of climatic variations

C) The specie's spread msy be limted by parasites D) The specie's spread may be limited by disease E) The limited distribution of another species upon which the initial species is dependent Ans: A Difficulty: moderate Link to Text: Historical Biogeography

51. The limitation of the spread of a species by regional climatic variations is referred to as a/an: A) sere B) bioclimatic frontier C) habitat D) niche E) disjunction Ans: B Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Ecological Biogeography

52. Which of the following characterizes conditions on steep slopes?

A) rapid runoff B) greater soil water retention C) cooler and wetter if exposed toward the Sun D) warmer and drier if shaded from the Sun E) slow, gradual runoff Ans: A Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Ecological Biogeography

53. Edaphic factors in the development of vegetation refers to which of the following features?

A) pests and diseases B) animals C) soil D) water availability E) weather and climate

Ans: C Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Ecological Biogeography

54. Parasitism an example of which of the following processes?

A) succession B) symbiosis C) allelopathy D) predation E) herbivory Ans: D Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Ecological Biogeography

55. The use of chemicals in plants to negatively impact the growth of other plants is known as: A) succession B) symbiosis C) allelopathy D) predation E) herbivory Ans: C Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Ecological Biogeography

56. The general term that describes the positive interaction between individuals of different species is known as: A) succession B) symbiosis C) allelopathy D) predation E) herbivory Ans: B Difficulty: easy

Link to Text: Ecological Biogeography

57. The grazing of plants by animals and insects is known as: A) commensalism B) symbiosis C) mutualism D) protocooperation E) herbivory Ans: E Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Ecological Biogeography

58. The positive interaction between individuals of different species whereby one species is benefited and the other is unaffected is known as: A) commensalism B) symbiosis C) mutualism D) protocooperation E) herbivory Ans: A Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Ecological Biogeography

59. The positive interaction between individuals of different species whereby both species are benefited although it is not essential to their existence is known as: A) commensalism B) symbiosis C) mutualism D) protocooperation E) herbivory Ans: D Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Ecological Biogeography

60. The positive interaction between individuals of different species whereby both species are benefited and it is essential to their existence is known as: A) commensalism B) symbiosis C) mutualism D) protocooperation E) herbivory Ans: C Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Ecological Biogeography

61. Succession that develops an entirely new surface such as a lava flow or deposit of alluvium is referred to as: A) equilibrium succession B) .old-field succession C) secondary succession D) primary succession E) autogenic succession Ans: D Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Ecological Succession

62. A form of self-producing succession resulting from the actions of the plants and animals themselves is referred to as: A) equilibrium succession B) .old-field succession C) secondary succession D) primary succession E) autogenic succession Ans: E Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Ecological Succession

63. Succession that develops on disused agricultural land or old-field succession may also be classified as: A) equilibrium succession B) .pioneer succession C) secondary succession D) primary succession E) autogenic succession Ans: C Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Ecological Succession

64. A collection of closely related animals or plants that share a similar genetic evolutionary history but cannot necessary interbreed to produce fertile offspring is referred to as a: A) species B) genus C) tetraploid D) polyploid E) diploid Ans: B Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Historical Biogeography

65. The highest division of higher animal life is referred to as a: A) species B) genus C) phylum D) polyploid E) diploid Ans: C Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Biodiversity

66. A species of animal or plant that is found in only one region or location and nowhere else in the world is referred to as: A) cosmopolitan B) endemic C) phylum D) epidemic E) diploid Ans: B Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Historical Biogeography

67. The chance mutations in a population without any particular beneficial effect change the genetic composition of a breeding population until it diverges from other populations is referred to as: A) gene flow B) genetic drift C) allopatric speciation D) geographic isolation E) disjunction Ans: B Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Historical Biogeography

68. Food energy flowing from one organism to another within an ecosystem can be described as _________.

A) The hydrologic cycle B) The food web C) The carbon cycle D) Photosynthesis E) Ecology Ans: B Difficulty: moderate Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

69. The process in which plants combine water, carbon dioxide, and solar energy to form carbohydrates is called: A) the carbon cycle B) the ecological process C) photosynthesis D) respiration E) the food web Ans: C Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

70. What are the important climatic factors besides water availability and length of day that control net primary productivity?

A) Air and soil temperatures B) Photosynthesis C) The carbon cycle D) Proximity to the sub tropical high pressure belt E) Oceanic currents Ans: A Difficulty: difficult Link to Text: Net Production and Climate

71. The dry weight of organic matter is described as _________.

A) compost B) humus C) food D) loading E) biomass Ans: E Difficulty: moderate Link to Text: Net Primary Production

True/False

72. Photosynthesis and respiration occur simultaneously in a plant so that the amount of new carbohydrate in storage is greater than the total carbohydrate being synthesized.

Ans: False Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

73. Although many different species may occupy the same habitat, only a few of these species will ever share the same ecological niche.

Ans: True Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Ecological Biogeography

74. Mammals are well adapted to desert environments, and as a result there a large number of species that inhabit arid regions.

Ans: False Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Ecological Biogeography

75. In midlatitude regions, photosynthesis continues in most plants even on overcast days.

Ans: True Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

76. In general, succession leads to formation of the most simple community organism possible.

Ans: False Difficulty: easy

Link to Text: Ecological Succession

77. The pioneer stage of succession is characterized by shade-tolerant plants that prefer consistent temperature and soil moisture conditions.

Ans: False Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Ecological Succession

78. Sympatric speciation occurs where populations are geographically isolated and gene flow between the populations does not take place.

Ans: False Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Historical Biogeography

79. Widely distributed or cosmopolitan species include homo sapiens, bats, rats and goats.

Ans: True Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Historical Biogeography

80. The Gallapagos Island's finches provide an example of the result of the process of sympatric speciation.

Ans: False Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Historical Biogeography

81. Succession on coastal sand dunes follows a series of stages from dune grass to oak and holly forests.

Ans: True Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Ecological Succession

82. Duration and intensity of light varies with latitude and season and serve as a cue to initiate the growth stages in many plants.

Ans: True Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

83. Photosynthesis and respiration occur simultaneously in a plant so that the amount of new carbohydrate in storage is greater than the total carbohydrate being synthesized Ans: False Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

84. The human impact or potential impact upon the oxygen cycle is very small Ans: True Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

85. Nitrogen is gained by the atmosphere by the process of denitrification, which is controlled by an array of soil bacteria Ans: True Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

86. At present rates, denitrification far exceeds nitrogen fixation, mostly as a result of human activities Ans: False Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

87. Net photosynthesis is the total amount of carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis before respiration breaks down the carbohydrate to power the plant Ans: False Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

88. Light intensity sufficient to allow maximum net photosynthesis is only 10 to 30 percent of full summer sunlight for most green plants.

Ans: True Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

89. Plants and algae use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and as such are referred to as first order consumers Ans: False Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

90. Generally, the number of organisms and their total amount of living tissue decreases greatly up the food chain Ans: True Difficulty: easy

Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

91. The average net primary production for land-based ecosystems is always greater than marine-based ecosystems Ans: False Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Ecological Biogeography

92. Forests and estuaries are ecosystems with high rates of net primary production, while grasslands and agricultural lands are lower Ans: True Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Ecological Biogeography

93. Ecological Biogeography examines the distribution patterns of plants and animals the viewpoint of ecological factors and the interrelationships between species.

Ans: True Difficulty: moderate Link to Text: Ecological Biogeography

94. The only biogeochemical cycle on any significance is the carbon cycle.

Ans: False Difficulty: easy Link to Text: The Carbon Cycle

95. Major water pollution problems can arise when nitrogen stimulate the growth of algae and phytoplankton>

Ans: True Difficulty: moderate Link to Text: The Nitrogen Cycle

96. Xerophytes are plants that have a difficult time existing in arid environments.

Ans: False Difficulty: moderate Link to Text: Water Need

97. Of and estimated 2 million species of insects, only slightly more than one-third have been identified.

Ans: True Difficulty: moderate Link to Text: Historical Biogeography

Short Answer

98. Compare and contrast net primary production for a selection of environments. Examine the reasons why some environments are more productive than others.

Ans: Difficulty: moderate Link to Text: Ecological Biogeography

99. Describe and explain the processes inherent in calculating net photosynthesis. Explain the impact of changes in light intensity.

Ans:

Difficulty: moderate Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow Ecosystems

100. Describe the causes and effects of energy loss with each successive level of production and consumption in a food chain.

Ans: Difficulty: moderate Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow Ecosystems

101. Compare and contrast the impact of burning fossil fuels and burning biomass on the cycles of the biosphere.

Ans: Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow Ecosystems

102. Describe the nutrient elements of the biosphere with particular reference to the macronutrients. Briefly explain their role in cycles of the biosphere.

Ans: Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Ecological Biogeography

103. Using an annotated diagram, describe the general operation of the carbon cycle. Explain the likely impact of the large-scale and long-term burning of fossil fuels.

Ans: Difficulty: moderate Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

104. Using an annotated diagram, describe the general operation of the oxygen cycle. Explain the role of photosynthesis and respiration in the cycle.

Ans: Difficulty: moderate Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

105. Using an annotated diagram, describe the general operation of the nitrogen cycle. Explain the role of nitrogen fixation and denitrification in the cycle.

Ans: Difficulty: moderate Link to Text: Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems

106. Using an annotated diagram, describe the general operation of the sedimentary cycle.

Explain its role in the distribution of nutrient elements in the environment.

Ans: Difficulty: moderate Link to Text: Ecological Biogeography

107. Describe and explain the water needs of vegetation local to your region. How do humans attempt to alter the local water supply in order to support agriculture and other forms of human-induced vegetation?

Ans: Difficulty: difficult Link to Text: Ecological Biogeography

108. Compare and contrast the characteristics inherent in cold-blooded animals, warm-blooded animals and xeric animals.

Ans: Difficulty: easy

Link to Text: Ecological Biogeography

109. Describe and explain the edaphic factors that effect vegetation local to your region.

Ans: Difficulty: moderate Link to Text: Ecological Biogeography

110. Using examples, either from your local region or a region of your choice, compare and contrast different types of competition between animals.

Ans: Difficulty: difficult Link to Text: Ecological Biogeography

111. Compare and contrast the nature of different types of symbiosis, giving examples.

Ans: Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Ecological Biogeography

112. Describe the successional changes that you might observe in an abandoned agricultural field.

Ans: Difficulty: moderate Link to Text: Ecological Succession

113. Write a brief statement to explain the importance of biodiversity in the operation of the Earth's biosphere.

Ans:

Difficulty: difficult Link to Text: Biodiversity

114. Today, plants and animals are becoming extinct at a rapid rate, even before they can be identified by scientists. Outline some of the most important factors responsible for this, and describe the problems that you think may result from these extinctions.

Ans: Difficulty: difficult Link to Text: Historical Biogeography

115. Describe the stages that you envisage would follow an extensive forest fire.

Ans: Difficulty: difficult Link to Text: Ecological Biogeography

116. Describe the factors that promote and limit the dispersal of species.

Ans: Difficulty: easy Link to Text: Historical Biogeography

117. Describe ways in which human activity can reduce biodiversity Ans: Difficulty: difficult Link to Text: Biodiversity