Sustainable Architecture - Case Studies

Case Studies Tsinghua University, P.R. China, Practice & Theory in Green Building Design, 80000861 Dr. Prof, Song Yehao 21st, April 2017 Jamar Rock 洛克 - 2016280176

Overview Case Studies 1 – E3, Berlin Germany 2 – Aqaba Residence Energy Efficiency (AREE), Jordan

1 – E3, Berlin Germany

Jamar Rock 洛克 - 2016280176

E3, Berlin Germany GENERAL INFORMATION Architect: Kaden + Klingbeil Architects Typology: Apartment Residential State & Country: Berlin, Germany Location: Esmarchstraße 3, BerlinPrenzlauer Berg Geo. Coordinates: 52.53 °N (Lat.), 13.43 °W (Long.)

Climate Zone: Temperate (moderate rainfall annually. Snowfall occurs December through March) Summer: May to September, 12 to 25 °C (54 to 77 °F) Winter: October to March, −2 to 3 °C (28 to 37 °F) Spring: April, 4 to 19°C (39 to 66°F) Autumn: November, 2 to 19°C (36 to 66°F) Humidity: 67 to 88% Project State: Completed Year Built: 8/2007 – 5/2008 Approx. floor area: 950 m2 Stories: 7 (22 m height, approx. 2.78 m2/h) Cost/m2: 2400 €/m2 Materiality: Timber and Concrete

Source: Kaden + Klingbeil Architects ©

E3, Berlin Germany BREIF DESCRIPTION E3 is the first seven wooden story building in Europe. The project aimed to create an energy efficient building which focused on a healthy living environment.

The building was erected next to a newly constructed apartment building located on its left and a refurbished building on its right. Both adjacent and nearby buildings are general 5 to 6 stories in height and reflected the typical traditional berlin apartment designed aesthetic.

E3 was designed with a more contemporary aesthetic. It consists of 7 apartments (120 m2 – 160 m2), an architecture office on the ground floor, and room for bicycles and children’s prams. The high flexibility of the floor plan is achieved through the absence of interior load bearing walls. This allows residents to choose the layout of their apartments.

Externally, the apartments are connected via “bridges” from the free-standing fireproof concrete staircase located on its right. This structure also contains the lifts, which provides wheelchair accessibility on all floors. Also accessible from this stairwell are shared terraces which are located on three floors. The attic has a private roof terrace and all apartments have varying sized balconies facing towards the garden side.

Source: Kaden + Klingbeil Architects ©

The glulam and timber-concrete composite materials used resulted in a significant reduction in cost, and made the building project environmentally friendly and sustainable.

E3, Berlin Germany

Section

Ground floor

1st floor

2nd floor

3rd floor

4th floor

5th floor

The high flexibility of the floor plan is achieved through the absence of interior load bearing walls, which allows residents to freely choose the layout of their apartments.

Source: Kaden + Klingbeil Architects Š

E3, Berlin Germany CONSTRUCTION The project E3 is to be understood as a prototype for an innovative approach to urban design and construction techniques.

The building has a 320 x 360 mm gluelaminated timber column and beam frame, and the intermediate floors have a cross-laminated timber-concrete construction. Three types of steel joints were developed for the timber frame.

The building has a 320 x 360 mm Glulam column and beam frame. Ground floor is of concrete.

Three steel joints were specially developed for the timber frame.

Photographs: Hans-Peter Schiess Š

E3, Berlin Germany CONSTRUCTION As Berlin building regulations normally restrict wooden constructions to five stories maximum, the unique seven story, 22 meter high wooden apartment building was implemented on exceptional grounds in close cooperation with the authorities.

Intermediate floors have a cross-laminated timber-concrete slab. The outer walls are in cross-laminated timber.

Prefabricated components enabled a schedule of one week per story.

Photographs: Hans-Peter Schiess Š

Economic performance and compatibility: Short building schedules and high quality due to industrial prefabrication of the timber elements: The exterior walls, which include the windows and HBV-slab elements, were prefabricated in the air-conditioned carpentry under monitored conditions.

There is only one joint between wall elements and the slabs which meant that the substructure was completed within 8 weeks. Therefore, there was a rapid construction schedule of just one week per story.

E3, Berlin Germany GREEN FEATURES Lighting: The separation of the stairwell from the main apartment building allows for third facades of the building to become illuminated with daylight. The windows are on each side of the facades, and on the garden side are balconies.

Garden

Daylighting Diagram

Source: Kaden + Klingbeil Architects Š

E3, Berlin Germany GREEN FEATURES Fire protection: Since the first building of this size was to be built in wood, close cooperation with structural engineers, fire protection experts and the authorities were necessary.

The planning had to take into account that the intended residential building belonged to Building Class 5 (OKFFB = / <22m).

In this class all essential components must be made of non-combustible materials (F90). (§ 27 (1), § 31 (1): structural components and ceilings must not be fire-resistant, but highly fireretardant. Hence the reason for the separation of the stairwell from the main apartments.

Source: Kaden + Klingbeil Architects Š

E3, Berlin Germany GREEN FEATURES The building was designed using DGNB and received a Gold Rating (new Platinum rating), the German Holzpreis wood award in 2009. The building was also supported by DBU (Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt).

Sustainability: Ecological, energetically optimized and sustainable building with timber: timber as renewable construction material with short transport routs, low weight, low energy and CO² neutral processing.

Network diagram

Energy Consumption: The excellent thermal properties of timber together with the external thermal insulation guaranteed an energy requirement of less then 40 kWh/m², around that of a Passive House.

The primary energy input for the building shell of the e3 project is only 30% of a traditional heavyweight building structure. Energy costs approximately 2 €/m2a.Wood's high thermal performance, in synergy with the exterior insulation and the passive solar gains through the large glazed surfaces, resulted in a calculated energy requirement of 27kWh/m².

Ventilation System: Functions through a central Heat Recovery System.

Ventilation can be controlled separately for each room.

Photographs: Hans-Peter Schiess, www.bigee.net - Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy, www.architectureindevelopment.org/project.php?id=318 ©

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2 – Aqaba Residence Energy Efficiency (AREE), Jordan

Jamar Rock 洛克 - 2016280176

Aqaba Residence Energy Efficiency (AREE), Jordan GENERAL INFORMATION Architect: Florentine Visser Typology: Residential State & Country: Aqabah Governorate, Jordan Location: 9th District, Aqabah Geo. Coordinates: 29.53 °N (Lat.), 35.00 °E (Long.)

Orientation: NW – SE Climate Zone: Hot and Arid (a dry Mediterranean climate of baking hot summers, very warm winters, very low rainfall with an average of 12hours daily sunshine) Summer: April till October, 31 to 40°C (87.6 to 104°F) Winter: November till March, 10 to 27°C (50 to 80.6°F) Humidity: 27 to 53% Project State: Completed Year Built: 10/2007 – 10/2008 Approx. floor area: 340 m2 Cost/m2: 154000 €/m2 Materiality: Timber and Concrete

2011, The Center for the Study of the Built Environment (CSBE) ©

Aqaba Residence Energy Efficiency (AREE), Jordan BREIF DESCRIPTION The AREE house was built in 2007/2008 to provide a showcase of a high performance building in Aqaba city in the southern part of Jordan. The total energy performance of the building was achieved through three types of measures grouped into passive design elements, material choices and renewable energy installations. The energy performance and associated costs and benefits for each type were modelled to highlight opportunities for low and high income segments of the residential building market in Jordan. The building was developed by the Emtairah Consulting Corporation Amman, Jordan, and was designed by Florentine Visser, a Dutch architect and consultant for sustainable designs who specializes in hot climate areas. The project was funded by the European Union and was part of the MED-ENEC Energy Efficiency in the Construction Sector in the Mediterranean.

MED-ENEC pursues the aim of increased energy efficiency regarding the construction sector in Mediterranean Countries.

2011, The Center for the Study of the Built Environment (CSBE) Š

Aqaba Residence Energy Efficiency (AREE), Jordan GREEN FEATURES Overall Performance: The building focuses on reducing electricity costs for cooling, reducing water consumption, and reducing the environmental impact of construction materials where possible.

This was achieved through careful consideration of the following aspects of the building construction process:

Horizontal Sun Path

Vertical Sun Angles

1.

2.

3.

Thoughtful design Building technology, construction techniques, and materials Electro-mechanical systems

1. Thoughtful design: 1.1 Orientation – Long sides of the building masses face north and south.

Southern exposures for this site maximizes on the sun’s rays.

Summer Sun Path

2011, The Center for the Study of the Built Environment (CSBE) ©

Winter Sun Path

1.2 Compact Mass – compactness of the building's volumes minimizes the outer surface of the building envelope that can absorb heat. It also reduces the use of materials therefore providing for a more efficient structural design.

Aqaba Residence Energy Efficiency (AREE), Jordan GREEN FEATURES 1. Thoughtful design: 1.3 Layout – The development of floor plans carefully placed the house's different functions in order to save as much heating and cooling energy as possible.

Service rooms e.g. Garage, bathrooms and corridors were placed in the zones most vulnerable to heat gain during the summer, and served as buffer zones for internal rooms.

The bathrooms and kitchen are grouped closely together to minimizes the plumbing work needed to provide hot and cold water and sewage lines.

Bedrooms were placed in the northeastern part of the house, where they are less exposed to the sun.

The living/central room, is placed at the southernmost tip of the house, and is protected from the west by the garage and storeroom. The southern side offers low sun which heats up during the cool winter days, while the high sun is easily shaded off during the hot summer days.

Three Floors

2011, The Center for the Study of the Built Environment (CSBE) ©

The shaded ‘outdoor living room’ was designed as a summer living-room. This room simulates the cooling effect of a Bedouin tent.

Aqaba Residence Energy Efficiency (AREE), Jordan GREEN FEATURES 1. Thoughtful design: 1.4 Placement of Openings – Windows and doors were carefully placed opposite each other to maximize the effects of cross ventilation. Small openings at top of doors and windows maintain cross ventilation even when they closed for privacy.

Ground Floor Plan – Cross ventilation

Section – Stack effect

Small windows placed at the top of the staircase

2011, The Center for the Study of the Built Environment (CSBE) ©

The staircase was placed in a way that allows it to function as a wind tower. It, together with the doubled height corridor space that extends across the first and second floors, allow the hot air in the house to rise (vertical hot air draft), thus improving natural ventilation in the house. Small windows at the top of the staircase allows the hot air to escape outside the building.

Narrow vertical windows provides little direct sunlight to enter during the hot months, and the glazed area allows natural light to enter the rooms during the day. Windows are located along the building's northern and southern sides, whereas eastern and western windows are avoided because they allow the hot sun to enter during the summer days.

Windows throughout the building are double glazed. This lowers their U-value from 5.9 to 2.9 W/m2K, and its transmittance of solar radiation from 83% to 69%.

Aqaba Residence Energy Efficiency (AREE), Jordan GREEN FEATURES 1. Thoughtful design: 1.5 Architectural Features and Landscaping Elements – The design incorporates elements that help contribute to the energy efficiency of the house, and enhance indoor thermal comfort. These elements include Shading elements, an Evaporative cooling pool, subsoil cooling and landscaping.

Shading elements – incorporates movable and fixed shading elements which protects the walls and windows from direct sunlight. This prevents heat absorption by the building mass and heat from penetrating within the building itself.

Shading elements includes; Horizontal cantilevers, external vertical sliding window shades, fixed decorative concrete blocks and fixed shading structures.

Some examples of Shading devices utilized

2011, The Center for the Study of the Built Environment (CSBE) ©

Aqaba Residence Energy Efficiency (AREE), Jordan GREEN FEATURES 1. Thoughtful design: Evaporative cooling pool – The pool is located just below the kitchen door entrance, which opens towards the north.

It takes advantage of the northern breezes and cools them further before they enter the house.

Section and image showing the evaporative pool and its cooling effect on the air that enters the kitchen door

Section showing the use of underground pipes for cooling.

2011, The Center for the Study of the Built Environment (CSBE) ©

Subsoil cooling – The design uses the three different levels of the ground floor offered by the slightly sloping site for installing several subsoil pipes. The subsoil pipes captures the cool air at the building's northern facade and take it underground, where it is further cooled by the subsoil temperatures, and leads them to an outlet in the living room.

Aqaba Residence Energy Efficiency (AREE), Jordan GREEN FEATURES 1. Thoughtful design: Landscaping â&#x20AC;&#x201C; The landscape design for the project was developed by BIOTOPIA, Sweden.

The design aimed to use landscaping primarily as a climate control tool. Trees were planted towards the west to shade off the unwanted hot afternoon sun. A roof garden was installed on top of the building's lower mass. The plants, as well as the soil of the roof garden, provides the roof with an extra layer of insulation. The roof garden also provides a nice outdoor sitting area.

Drought resistant plants were utilized to support the incorporated water conserving design principles. Drought tolerant plants can cope with little water and still look good. All other plants are nourished by graywater.

The landscape designer used soil mixture of sand, tuf stone, and local yellow and red soil with some clay content. The soil surface was covered with tuf to control water evaporation. Tuf also provides for an aesthetically pleasing ground cover.

2011, The Center for the Study of the Built Environment (CSBE) Š

Aqaba Residence Energy Efficiency (AREE), Jordan GREEN FEATURES 2. Building Technologies, Construction Techniques, Detailing, and Materials: 2.1 Three different wall sections were used in the building's construction –

Wall 1 – Section

Wall 2 – Section

Wall 3 – Section

Wall 1 – Hollow concrete block cavity wall with plaster finish mixed with straw.

The cavity is filled with rockwool for insulation, as well as sand and straw to increase the thermal capacity4 (thermal mass) of the walls (Total U- value = 0.34 W/M2K).5 Wall 2 – Hollow concrete block cavity wall with rockwool for insulation and a plaster finish mixed with straw. (Total Uvalue = 0.39 W/M2K) Wall 3 – Cavity wall with stone cladding on one side and plaster finish on the other. (Total U-value = 0.50 W/M2K)

Volcanic Block (Center)

2011, The Center for the Study of the Built Environment (CSBE) ©

2.2 Concrete blocks – Hollow blocks made with volcanic aggregate (from Mafraq, Jordan) were primarily used for the construction of the building. (U-value = 3.13 W/M2K)

Aqaba Residence Energy Efficiency (AREE), Jordan GREEN FEATURES 2. Building Technologies, Construction Techniques, Detailing, and Materials: 2.3 Masonry – The stone used in the construction of the building consisted of stone scrap and leftovers collected from stone workshops, to minimize the environmental impact of stone quarries.

Location of stone cladding – Ground floor plan

Stone cladding pattern

Stone was used on the southern facade and some internal walls at the ground floor level. The high thermal capacity of the stone helps offset heat gain during the day and radiates it at night, when the temperatures are cooler.

2.4 Plaster – Plaster was mixed with straw and pigment as an experiment aimed at decreasing the U-value of the conventional plaster finish made solely from cement and then covered with paint.

By adding straw to the plaster mixture, the amount of needed cement decreases by 25%, and the U-value for the plaster improved by 400%

Straw with cement plaster

2011, The Center for the Study of the Built Environment (CSBE) ©

Aqaba Residence Energy Efficiency (AREE), Jordan GREEN FEATURES 2. Building Technologies, Construction Techniques, Detailing, and Materials: 2.5 Roof – In climatic zones where the sun is almost perpendicular to the earth’s surface during the summer, the roof is the most heat-absorbing surface in a building.

That is why special attention was given to its insulation. A 5 cm insulating layer was applied to the roof’s construction. A layer of stabilized sand mixed with a small portion of cement was used instead of a concrete screed layer. The sand has lower thermal conductivity and a high thermal mass, which help improve the roof's insulation.

Roof – Detail Section

As mentioned earlier, part of the roof was used as a roof garden. The extra layer of soil on top of the roof increases its thermal mass and helps offset heat gain.

The plants on the roof garden and the solar heating panels also shaded the roof.

Roof Garden – Detail Section

View of the roof garden

2011, The Center for the Study of the Built Environment (CSBE) ©

Aqaba Residence Energy Efficiency (AREE), Jordan GREEN FEATURES 3. Electro-Mechanical Systems: 3.1 Thermal Systems – Thermal modeling of the building design illustrated that there was hardly a need for heating. For cooling, The strong sun of Aqaba is available throughout the year, and it is the best energy source to use, even for cooling purposes. The building features an experimental solar Adsorptive cooling system for cooling purposes. The amount of solar energy collected during the hot summer months exceeded the required amount by the solar cooling system.

Adsorption chiller cooling system

2011, The Center for the Study of the Built Environment (CSBE) ©

The adsorption chiller is more energy efficient than the more common absorption chiller, since it can provide cooling with a water input temperature of 65 instead of 90°C. It also is more environmentally friendly, since it uses silica gel and a zeolite coating technology rather than ammonia. It also minimizes crystallization of water in the system, and thus requires less maintenance.

Aqaba Residence Energy Efficiency (AREE), Jordan GREEN FEATURES 3. Electro-Mechanical Systems: 3.2 Photovoltaic (PV) Cells – No PV system was installed. Calculations suggested that the payback period for the investment in such a system can reach 14.8 years. This is mainly due to relatively low price of electricity in Jordan. Nevertheless, the option to install a PV system for generating electricity remains available.

3.3 Lighting – Philips Electronics supported AREE with a state-of-the-art portfolio of lamps, gear, optics, luminaries, and controls. The objective of the lighting design was to create the most energy- efficient solution for the building, and to achieve significant reductions in energy consumption, CO² emission, and other harmful substances.

The lighting concept for the building is based on color change with LED lights (Philips LEDline2). The mixing of RGV colors makes it possible to create almost any given lighting color.

A selection of controls used in the building has helped reduce the cost of energy and maintenance. For example, in the bedrooms, study, kitchen, family area, and corridors, the system ensures that light is controlled according to the amount of daylight available.(automatic adjusting capabilities) Philips LEDline2 Lighting

2011, The Center for the Study of the Built Environment (CSBE) ©

Aqaba Residence Energy Efficiency (AREE), Jordan GREEN FEATURES 3. Electro-Mechanical Systems: 3.4 Water Saving Fixtures – The building water outlets in the kitchen and bathrooms use water saving fixtures. This includes sinks, shower heads, and toilet flushing systems. These water saving fixtures have the following flow rates:

Estimated water savings in the building for different household tasks

Graywater filtering system

2011, The Center for the Study of the Built Environment (CSBE) ©

Showers: 6L/minute Toilets: 6L/flush Faucets: 5L/minute 3.5 Graywater Recycling and Reuse – The building's graywater system is an integral part of the design. It is low cost system and best suited for residences. It is designed to use and accommodate the waste water of seven house occupants.

The graywater filtering system is integrated in the garden's landscape design as an artificial wetland. Waste water coming from the showers and sinks of three bathrooms and from two kitchenette sinks is collected in a small settling tank that has a fishnet to filter solid objects. The bamboo roots system helps filter the water. The filtered water then goes through a charcoal filter to remove odors, and then finally ends up in a storage tank with a submerged pump.

The treated graywater is then used for irrigation.

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谢谢 Thank you

Jamar Rock 洛克 - 2016280176