Program Booklet Fall 2023

SUSTAINABLE SKYLINE BUILDING ALONG THEHIGHLINE

FLORIDA A&M UNIVERSITY | SAET | PROF. OROSCO | ARCH 6259 | JALENA WASHINGTON | FALL 2023

TABLE OF CONTENT

2

01

CITY NARRATIVE 1.1 Highline Background 1.2 The Community 1.3 Through the Highline

SITE NARRATIVE

02

2.1 Site Profile 2.2 Zoning Info

03

PROGRAM NARRATIVE 3.1 Case Studies 3.2 Program Choice 3.3 Program Outline

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01 CITY NARRATIVE

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THE HIGHLINE BACKGROUND

The High Line is a public park built on an abandoned elevated freight rail line that runs along the west side of Manhattan. The park was created by the community after the rail line was destined for demolition1. The High Line was originally built in the 1930s to transport goods to and from the largest industrial and manufacturing district in Manhattan2. By the 1980s, train use dwindled due to the rise in trucking, and the southernmost section of the High Line was demolished3. In 1999, the High Line owner CSX Transportation opened to proposals for the structure’s reuse4. In 2009, the first section of the High Line opened to the public, and it has since become a global inspiration for cities to transform unused industrial zones into dynamic public spaces5,6 .

1Highline site before its reconstruction

The High Line has been known for its art installations, gardens, and cultural programs that engage the community. These elements have contributed to its reputation as a cultural hub. Today, the High Line stands as a symbol of innovative urban planning and sustainable urban renewal, demonstrating how disused industrial infrastructure can be transformed into a dynamic and beloved public space, celebrated for its beauty, greenery, and community engagement.

2Highline site present day at 18th street

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N

1,000’

7

THE HIGH N THE HIGHLINE PARK HUDSON YARDS PUBLIC SQUARE AND GARDENS CHELSEA MARKET RUBIN MUSEUM OF ART COMMUNITY CENTER

THE RUBIN MUSEUM OF ART

Loca hibi that cult

N THE HIGHLINE PARK HUDSON YARDS PUBLIC SQUARE AND GARDENS CHELSEA MARKET

500’ 8

RUBIN MUSEUM OF ART COMMUNITY CENTER

HLINE PARK

THE COMMUNITY The park itself is a major hub for community engagement. It hosts a variety of public programs, events, and art installations, providing opportunities for residents and visitors to gather, interact, and participate in cultural and recreational activities.

HUDSON YARDS PUBLIC SQUARE AND GARDENS

Located adjacent to the High Line, Hudson Yards features public spaces, gardens, and seating areas where people can gather and engage with the community.

ated nearby, the Rubin Museum hosts exitions, talks, workshops, and special events t encourage community engagement and tural exploration.

There are several community centers in the Chelsea and Meatpacking District neighborhoods, such as the Hudson Guild and Hudson Guild Elliot Center, which offer various programs and resources for residents.

COMMUNITY CENTERS CHELSEA MARKET

A vibrant indoor marketplace in the Chelsea neighborhood, Chelsea Market offers a range of food vendors, shops, and communal seating areas, making it a popular spot for both locals and tourists.

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DEMOGRAPHICS OF THE CHELSEA AREA Age

Race Native Hawaiian

Historically, Chelsea has been a hub for LGBTQ+ communities, artists, and professionals, contributing to its inclusivity. The racial composition encompasses a blend of White, Black, Hispanic, Asian, and multiracial residents. The neighborhood’s demographic landscape has evolved over the years, with ongoing gentrification and development.

2.2%

2+ Races 3.9%

American Indian

750

0.8%

Number of Residents

Black 6.6%

Other 7.6%

Asian 8.5%

625

500

375

250

125

0

White

0

54.4%

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

50

55

Age

Age

Race

45

Average Ages

Native Hawaiian 2.2%

15.2% 3.9%

American Indian

Neighborhood 750

0.8%

Black

City

6.6%

Other 7.6%

Chelsea, a neighborhood in New York City, boasts a 8.5% diverse age demographic. It’s a dynamic area, attracting residents of various age groups. YoungWhite professionals 54.4% flock to Chelsea’s trendy proximity to job Proximity toapartments High Lineand Entrance opportunities, adding to the youthful vibrancy. The neighborhood is also home to families, with a range of schools, parks, and cultural activities for children. Moreover, ChelHispanic 15.2% sea’s arts scene and cultural attractions draw older adults who appreciate the area’s vibrant arts and dining scene.

Asian

Number of Residents

Hispanic 2+ Races

625

500

Neighborhood

375

City

250

125

0 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Age

55

60

65

70

75

4Walking min

10

85

Transit options Female Male

Average Ages

N

8Walking min

80

Neighborhood

44.3 Years

City

36.8 Years

Neighborhood

43.0 Years

City

39.5 Years

60

Access HIGHLINE ENTRY AND GARDENS

60

65

N

The High Line in New York City, a renowned urban park, features various entry points and diverse garden layouts that offer visitors a unique experience.

There are several access points along the 1.5-mile-long park, providing opportunities for exploration from different neighborhoods. Gansevoort Street is the southernmost entry, marked by its iconic park entrance. Visitors can also enter at multiple points along West 14th Street, West 16th Street, West 20th Street, and beyond, making it accessible to various communities.

The garden layouts along the High Line 70 75 80 85 are a testament to its innovative design.

The park seamlessly integrates wild and Female natural landscapes with curated garMale dens.

500’

44.3 Years 36.8 Years

43.0 Years 39.5 Years

N

Walk Score

Transit Score

Bike Score

Gardens Along the High Line

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THROUGH THE HIGHLINE The Spur is a distinct section of the High Line in New York City, which has been transformed into a unique garden space. This innovative addition serves as a dynamic platform for community engagement. The Spur’s design emphasizes art, culture, and public interaction. It features rotating art installations, seating areas, and lush greenery, creating a vibrant backdrop for community events, performances, and gatherings.

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The space encourages locals and visitors to come together, explore art and nature, and participate in cultural activities. By providing a venue for public art and communal experiences, the Spur garden enriches the community, fostering a sense of togetherness and cultural exchange within the heart of the city.

One of the key features of the Spur is its ever-evolving art installations, which serve as a powerful means of artistic expression and cultural engagement. These installations often reflect local and global issues, inviting the community to contemplate, discuss, and respond to important themes.

Moreover, the Spur provides a venue for live performances, workshops, and community events. It hosts a variety of cultural and educational programs, making it a focal point for creativity and intellectual exchange.

It’s a place where community members can meet, interact, and enjoy the outdoors in a vibrant and art-infused setting.

In essence, the Spur garden serves as a vital catalyst for community engagement by nurturing a sense of belonging and shared experiences. It exemplifies the High Line’s commitment to bringing people together, bridging art and nature, and fostering a stronger, more interconnected community within the bustling heart of New York City.

The Spur’s design itself is community-centric, with comfortable seating, greenery, and open spaces that encourage people to relax, socialize, and take in the urban views.

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NOTES ¹,2,3,4,5The High Line. (2023, June 27). History | The High Line. https://www.thehighline.org/history/ 6Kuiper, K. (2023, October 5). The High Line | History, Description, Plan, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/High-Line 7Chelsea neighborhood in New York, New York (NY), 10001, 10011 subdivision profile - real estate, apartments, condos, homes, community, population, jobs, income, streets. (n.d.). https://www. city-data.com/neighborhood/Chelsea-New-York-NY.html ⁸The High Line. (2023, January 9). Garden Zones | The High Line. https://www.thehighline.org/gardens/garden-zones/ ⁹The High Line. (2021, March 10). Renderings - Section 3 – Phase 2 (Spur) | The High Line. https:// www.thehighline.org/photos/design/renderings-section-3-phase-2-spur/?

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IMAGES 1Highline-011.jpg (1600×994). (n.d.). https://blog.buildllc.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Highline-011.jpg 2High Line. (2023, September 4). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Line ³0aebfb11-68f7-4f40-8c24-f11ee6aaf0cb.jpg (1600×1066). (n.d.). https://a.cdn-hotels.com/gdcs/ production197/d1774/0aebfb11-68f7-4f40-8c24-f11ee6aaf0cb.jpg ⁴The-Highline_2018_1407-High-Line-At-The-Rail-Yards---Photo-By-Iwan-Baan_1411215715. jpg (1920×1080). (n.d.). https://media.cntraveler.com/photos/5a83590826924e3c324ef342/16:9/w_2560,c_limit/The-Highline_2018_1407-High-Line-At-The-Rail-Yards---PhotoBy-Iwan-Baan_1411215715.jpg ⁵HudsonYards_NBWLA_©BarrettDoherty_663A7505-Edit_20190609.jpg (750×500). (n.d.). https:// images.adsttc.com/media/images/5df1/94e2/3312/fd36/3600/00e3/newsletter/HudsonYards_ NBWLA_%C2%A9BarrettDoherty_663A7505-Edit_20190609.jpg?1576113359 ⁶IMG_4031.jpg (1200×1600). (n.d.). https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UAvjOcGkFmk/XrhpTgrE8TI/ AAAAAAADTYo/dQDOzOeMAR8TxMdTOumrqDnbLYE1bD_tQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/IMG_4031.jpg ⁷ Rubin-Museum-of-Art-New-York-NY-3c9ad964-1add-4717-b094-ce149fd17cf9.jpg (900×450). (n.d.). https://images.cvent.com/ws/images/venues/1714/Rubin-Museum-of-Art-New-York-NY3c9ad964-1add-4717-b094-ce149fd17cf9.jpg?unique=true&d=900x450&f=webp

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02 SITE NARRATIVE

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SITE PROFILE

The site I choose is located at 260 12th Ave, New York, NY 10001

The main qualities that attracted me to this site was: •

The proximity to the River

•

It is within walking distance of some very notable parks in the area

•

It is just minutes away from multiple highline entrances

•

There are multiple modes of transportation in the area, including: subways, city buses, bike paths, and pedestrian paths. With these modes of transportation in abundance, it ties into my sustainable theme.

This site is also located directly by Hudson Yards. By choosing this as my site, I feel I have created multiple oppotunities for connecting to the existing community, while bringing some more traffic to this area since for the moment there isn’t much attracting anyone to this lot.

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0’

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ZONING INFO Site Location: 260 12th Ave, Block 675, Lot 1 Zoning District: M1-6 (light manufacturing zoning district) In addition to manufacturing, buildings containing offices, hotels, most retail, commercial, hospital, and community facility uses are permitted in this district (with a special permit required for hotels and hospitals) Setbacks + FAR Setbacks: The initial setback distance is 20ft on a narrow street and 15ft on a wide street.

The initial building height (within the initial setback distance) is 85ft or 6 stories (whichever is less; the goal is not to penetrate the sky exposure plane, which is 85ft above street level) Side yards are not required, but it must be 8ft wide if one is included.

A tower can penetrate the sky exposure plane, provided it is set back at least 10’ from a wide street and 15’ from a narrow street.

FAR: 10 FAR can be increased by 20% if a public plaza is provided (this is a FAR bonus that would make the new FAR 12) The plaza bonus applies to buildings with a commercial or community facility use at a 1 to 6 ratio (6 additional square feet of building for every square foot of plaza space) IBC 2018 Section relevant to the program Section 303.4 Assembly group A-3 Talks about the occupancy for the assembly, some being galleries, community halls, exhibition halls, greenhouses for conservation, etc., which are all spaces I’m considering incorporating into my program.

Section 1301.1 Scope Talks about energy efficiency in the design and construction of buildings. I want to promote energy efficiency and sustainability practices within my program.

Other codes or regulations relevant to the program Local Law 86 of 2005 This passed law made requirements for a green building and energy-efficient design for projects funded by the city treasury.

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Views around site

Views around site

N

N 500’

500’ 21

Numb

ptions 4.4%

N

White

250

125

Walk Score

0 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

Age

80

Transit 85

Female Male

N

Average Ages

Transit Score

Walk Score Neighborhood

44.3 Years

City

36.8 Years

Neighborhood

99%

City

500’

10

39.5 Years

99%

500’

43.0 Years

Bike

100%

Transit options N

N

Wa 8Walking min

500’ 22

500’

t Score

Score

8.5%

Bike Score

TransitHispanic Score

0

54.4%

Bike Score

95% 100%

125

0

White

15.2%

00%

%

Nu

Asian

95%

Proximity to High Line Entrance N 8Walking min

4Walking min

500’ 23

03 PROGRAM NARRARIVE

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2The Lowline, located in New York

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CASE STUDIES

The Lowline Architect: James Ramsey Construction started: 2019 (The project was put on hold back in 2020) Location: New York Square Footage: 5000 ft² Program Type: Underground Park

The Lowline in New York City presents a compelling case study for community engagement through its innovative program. The Lowline aims to transform an abandoned underground trolley terminal into an underground park and community space. This visionary project actively involves the local community in the planning, design, and programming phases, encouraging residents to contribute their ideas and visions. It fosters a sense of ownership and belonging among the community, strengthening social ties. Additionally, the Lowline’s emphasis on sustainable design and horticulture provides educational opportunities for residents to learn about green technology and ecological principles. By revitalizing an unused space into a vibrant community asset, the Lowline serves as an exemplary model of community engagement in urban redevelopment.

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The Crystal Architect: Wilkinson Eyre Architects Construction started: 2011 (Reopened as London City hall in 2022) Location: London, UK Square Footage: 80000 ft² Program Type: Exhibition Space/London city hall

The program at The Crystal in London serves as a compelling case study for community engagement due to its multifaceted approach in fostering a deeper connection between the community and sustainability. The building’s program incorporates several key elements that make it a noteworthy model for engaging the community: First, The Crystal offers an array of educational initiatives, exhibitions, and workshops that actively involve residents, students, and professionals in conversations about sustainability, green technology, and environmental stewardship. It acts as an educational hub, imparting knowledge and inspiring environmentally responsible practices within the local community.

Second, the interactive exhibits and displays within the building create immersive learning experiences.

Visitors are encouraged to explore sustainable technologies hands-on, enhancing their understanding of environmental issues and solutions

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2The Crystal, located in London, UK

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Cardboard Cathedral Architect: Shigeru Ban Construction started: August 6th, 2013 Location: Christchurch, New Zealand Square Footage: 8,611 ft² Program Type: Church, Community Center

The Cardboard Cathedral in New Zealand is a special building that was made after an earthquake. Even though it’s not a usual community center, it’s interesting because it shows how to make something strong and useful with sustainable materials. It’s not really made of cardboard; it’s just a nickname. The building uses cardboard-like tubes that are very strong and eco-friendly. This Cathedral is also a good place for the community to gather, hold events, and feel connected. It’s an example of creativity and adaptability in tough times, showing that a building can be more than just a place—it can be a symbol of strength, hope, and community. This makes it a great case study for thinking about sustainability and how buildings can support people and bring them together.

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Manassas Park Community Center Architect: ZMM Architects & Engineers Construction started: January 8th, 2010 Location: Manassas Park, Virginia Square Footage: 80,000 ft² Program Type: Community Center

The Manassas Park Community Center in Virginia is like a big space where people from the neighborhood can come together and do fun activities. It’s not just a regular place; it’s special because it was built to be friendly to the environment. This community center is good for the Earth because it uses less energy and water. It’s like a superhero building that helps take care of our planet. The people who made it worked hard to make sure it doesn’t waste things.

They even got a special award for being so good to the Earth. So, when we look at the Manassas Park Community Center, we can learn how buildings can be kind to nature and still be a happy place for everyone in the community to enjoy. It’s a bit like a smart and eco-friendly clubhouse for everyone to share.

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PROGRAM CHOICE Problem: In the heart of New York City, a pressing challenge looms over our diverse communities – the acute shortage of accessible and adequately equipped community centers. As the city continues to thrive and evolve, the existing facilities struggle to meet the growing needs of residents for spaces that foster social cohesion, skill development, and cultural exchange. The dearth of modern and inclusive community centers disproportionately affects underserved neighborhoods, hindering the potential for community engagement, educational programs, and recreational activities. This critical gap not only limits the opportunities for residents to connect and thrive but also exacerbates existing disparities in access to resources. Addressing this challenge is imperative to enhance the overall well-being of our neighborhoods and ensure that all New Yorkers have equal access to the resources and support necessary for personal and communal growth.

User Analysis: Chelsea is a captivating neighborhood situated on the west side of Manhattan. Known for its artistic flair and cultural diversity, Chelsea has become a magnet for creative souls, professionals, and visitors seeking a unique urban experience.

Artistic Haven: Chelsea is synonymous with art. With over 200 galleries, it’s a haven for artists, collectors, and enthusiasts. The streets come alive with exhibitions, installations, and thought-provoking pieces. Whether you’re into contemporary art, photography, or avant-garde sculptures, Chelsea has something to offer.

LGBTQ Community: Chelsea has a rich LGBTQ history and remains a welcoming space for the community.

The iconic Stonewall Inn (located nearby in the West Village) played a pivotal role in LGBTQ rights, and Chelsea continues to celebrate diversity and acceptance.

Highline Park: This elevated linear park, built on a former railway track, winds through Chelsea. It’s a serene escape from the bustling city streets, offering greenery, art installations, and stunning views of the Hudson River.

Architectural Marvels: Chelsea seamlessly blends historic brownstones with modern architecture. But the real showstopper is Hudson Yards, an ambitious development at the northern edge of Chelsea. Here, sleek glass towers house luxury apartments, offices, and upscale retail. Don’t miss The Edge, an observation deck with jaw-dropping vistas.

Culinary Scene: Foodies rejoice! Chelsea boasts an array of dining options. From cozy cafés to Michelin-starred restaurants, you’ll find diverse cuisines to satisfy every palate.

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ϯϱϬ ϲϬϬ ϰϬϬ ϰϬϬ ϴϬϬ ϰϴϬϬ ϲϬϬϬ ϮϮϱϬ ϮϬϬϬ ϭϴϬϬ ϮϱϬϬ ϵϬϬ ϰϬϬ ϭϮϬϬ ϭϱϬ ϭϬϬ ϯϬϬ ϭϱϬ ϮϬϬϬ ϭϱϬϬ ϭϮϬϬ ϭϬϱϬ ϮϴϬϬ ϯϲϬϬ ϮϬϬϬ ϮϬϬϬ ϰϬϬϬ ϭϮϬϬ ϳϱϬ ϰϬϬ

dKd >

ϳϬϵϬϬ

ŝƌĐƵůĂƚŝŽŶ ϮϬй

ϭϰϭϴϬ

dKd >

ϴϱϬϴϬ

ŽƐƚ ƐƚŝŵĂƚĞ ŽƐƚ WĞƌ ^ƋƵĂƌĞ &ŽŽƚ ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ŽƐƚƐ &ŝdžĞĚ ƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ ^ŝƚĞ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĐƋƵŝƐŝƚŝŽŶͬ ĞŵŽůŝƚŝŽŶ DŽǀĂďůĞ ƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ WƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂů ĨĞĞƐ

ΨϰϬϯ Ψϯϰ͕Ϯϴϳ͕ϮϰϬ ΨϮ͕ϳϰϮ͕ϵϳϵ͘ϮϬ Ψϱ͕ϭϰϯ͕Ϭϴϲ͘ϬϬ ΨϬ Ψϯ͕ϯϳϯ͕ϴϲϰ͘ϰϮ Ψϰ͕Ϯϭϳ͕ϯϯϬ͘ϱϮ

37

ŝƌĐƵůĂƚŝŽŶ ϮϬй dKd > ŽƐƚ ƐƚŝŵĂƚĞ ŽƐƚ WĞƌ ^ƋƵĂƌĞ &ŽŽƚ

38

ΨϰϬϯ

ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ŽƐƚƐ &ŝdžĞĚ ƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ ^ŝƚĞ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĐƋƵŝƐŝƚŝŽŶͬ ĞŵŽůŝƚŝŽŶ DŽǀĂďůĞ ƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ WƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂů ĨĞĞƐ ŽŶƚŝŶŐĞŶĐŝĞƐ ĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƚŝǀĞ ĐŽƐƚƐ

Ψϯϰ͕Ϯϴϳ͕ϮϰϬ ΨϮ͕ϳϰϮ͕ϵϳϵ͘ϮϬ Ψϱ͕ϭϰϯ͕Ϭϴϲ͘ϬϬ ΨϬ Ψϯ͕ϯϳϯ͕ϴϲϰ͘ϰϮ Ψϰ͕Ϯϭϳ͕ϯϯϬ͘ϱϮ Ψϰ͕Ϯϭϳ͕ϯϯϬ͘ϱϮ ΨϰϮϭ͕ϳϯϯ͘Ϭϱ

dŽƚĂů ŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚŝŽŶ ŽƐƚ dŽƚĂů ƵĚŐĞƚ ZĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ

ΨϰϮ͕ϭϳϯ͕ϯϬϱ Ψϱϰ͕ϰϬϯ͕ϱϲϰ

Cost Estimate Methedology Building Program Case Study used to help determine program outline: Centre for Community Development | Community Centre, Punjabi Bagh, New Delhi |Architectural Thesis https://issuu.com/kajalaggarwal7/docs/kajal_aggarwal_thesis_report_compressed_1_ Helpful sources is estimating cost of construction: An Overview of RSMeans Data from Gordian. (n.d.). [Video]. https://www.rsmeans.com/model-pages/community-center ProEst. (2022, December 19). Commercial construction costs per square foot [2023] | PROEST. https://proest.com/construction/cost-estimates/commercial-costs-per-square-foot/

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Reception

Primary Adjacency

Lobby

Secondary Adjacency

Info Desk

Undesired Adjacency

Offices Classrooms Workshop Spaces Daycare Community Hall Multipurpose rooms Kitchen Storage Dining hall Gym Meditation Space Yoga Studio Small Clinic Admin Library Coworking Spaces Retail Art and culture spaces Gardens

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Program Specific Criteria Energy Efficiency: • • •

Incorporate energy-efficient lighting, HVAC systems, and appliances.

Utilize renewable energy sources such as solar panels or wind turbines.

Implement smart building technologies for energy management.

Water Conservation: ARTS & CULTURE

• • •

Install water-efficient fixtures and appliances.

Implement rainwater harvesting systems for landscape irrigation.

Consider graywater systems for non-potable water use.

Sustainable Materials: CLASSROOMS/EDUCATIONAL

• • •

GARDENS

Waste Reduction: • • •

COMMUNITY/COWORKING SPACES

Implement a comprehensive waste management plan, including recycling and composting.

Design spaces with recycling stations for public use.

Encourage the use of reusable products in the facility.

Community Engagement: • •

FITNESS

Specify materials with recycled content.

Prioritize locally sourced and regionally manufactured materials to reduce transportation-related environmental impacts.

Choose materials with low embodied energy and low environmental impact.

•

Involve the community in the design process to ensure the center meets local needs.

Offer educational programs on sustainability and environmental stewardship.

Promote community involvement in sustainable initiatives.

Landscaping and Green Spaces:

RETAIL

• • •

Use native and drought-resistant plants for landscaping.

Incorporate green roofs or walls to enhance insulation and biodiversity.

Provide outdoor spaces for community gardening or recreational activities.

Certification and Rating Systems: • •

Pursue certification through green building rating systems like LEED, BREEAM, or local equivalents.

Use rating systems as guidelines for sustainable design and construction.

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NOTES ¹The Lowline | The World’s First Underground Park - LES NYC. (n.d.). The Lowline. http://thelowline. org/ ²Sánchez, D. (2022, December 22). The Crystal / Wilkinson Eyre Architects. ArchDaily. https://www. archdaily.com/275111/the-crystal-wilkinson-eyre-architects ³The Crystal. (n.d.). WilkinsonEyre. https://wilkinsoneyre.com/projects/the-crystal ⁴Chelsea neighborhood in New York. (n.d.). Walk Score. https://www.walkscore.com/NY/New_York/ Chelsea ⁵ Manassas Park Community Center | ZMM Architects & Engineers. (n.d.). https://zmm.com/projects/manassas-park-community-center

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IMAGES 11.jpg (1020×660). (n.d.). http://thelowline.org/assets/images/about/project/carousel_hero/1.jpg ²Lowline-NYC-Underground-Park-6sqft-14.jpg (2000×1335). (2015, October 20). https:// thumbs.6sqft.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/20045542/Lowline-nyc-underground-park6sqft-14.jpg?w=2000&format=webp ³The-Lowline-Rendering-hero.jpg (1400×840). (n.d.). https://www.archpaper.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/The-lowline-rendering-hero.jpg ⁴WEA_CRY_0028.jpg (600×400). (2012, September 19). https://cdn.rt.emap.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2012/09/19181801/WEA_CRY_0028.jpg ⁵The-Crystal-Wilkinson-Eyre-Architects-London.ppm (800×431). (n.d.). https://www.researchgate. net/publication/340836752/figure/fig1/AS:883110254235657@1587561300925/The-Crystal-Wilkinson-Eyre-Architects-London.ppm ⁶Stringio.jpg (750×500). (n.d.). https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/505c/0472/28ba/ 0d27/1000/0262/newsletter/stringio.jpg?1414538430 ⁷ Rosenfield, K. (2017, September 14). Newly released photos of Shigeru Ban’s cardboard cathedral in New Zealand. ArchDaily. https://www.archdaily.com/413224/shigeru-ban-completes-cardboardcathedral-in-new-zealand ⁸ Manassas Park Parks and Recreation. (2023, December 15). https://www.manassasparkcommunitycenter.com/

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