United Nations Sustainability Institute - Volume 1

UNITED NATIONS SUSTAINABILITY INSTITUTE

VOLUME

01

UNITED NATIONS SUSTAINABILITY INSTITUTE Jake Brannon // ARCH 806 Kansas State University Jay Siebenmorgen & Fran Silvestre Fall 2017

CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 STUDIO 001 003 021 031 045 067

Introduction History Geography & Climate Transportation City & Districts Port Functions

CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH 077 079 087

Introduction Case Studies Valencia Photo Journal

CHAPTER 3 MASTER PLAN 101 103 109 113

Introduction Current Conditions Urban Rules Proposed Master Plan

CHAPTER 4 PROPOSAL 123 129 137 141 155

Project Statement User Pro�� Program Massing Sections

CHAPTER 5 APPENDIX 161 163 173

Tidal Power Copenhagen Study Bibliography

1 STUDIO

001 Introduction

STUDIO OVERVIEW The contemporary city is a place of increasing complexity. Within the context of a globalized world we ��z burgeoning growth in many cities that is pushing developers and architects to consider and design for areas of untapped potential.

Cities of historical �����( e face particular challenges of blending the old with the new. The city of Valencia, Spain is no exception; where we see a contrast of historic urban fabric with the busiest shipping container port in the Mediterranean Sea. This presents a creative opportunity to analyz e the dialogue and constraints between the old and new, and consider how resulting hybrid conditions can create program c�� urations that will add new value to the city and engender future potentials.

It is indeed a heavy responsibility to propose a new work of architecture in any city. A city such as Valencia gives us the added challenge of analyz ing and respecting the �����( e of a centuries-old historical urban fabric.

How do you as an architect design a project that respects context, building upon the inherent values, while having a contemporary position? How do you create a timeless work of architecture while provoking us to think in new ways?

The aspiration of all cities is to develop a framework to promote a healthy, happy and ��� ling lifestyle. Many developed cities around the world are implementing growth programs focused on the design of streets and buildings to promote healthier lifestyles and foster new potentials for human experience.

To be an architect you must ultimately be an optimist, always believing that what you create can have a positive effect on making the world a better place.

Our lives are directly influenced by the places we inhabit; where we work, live, socialize, study, worship and traverse. It is all architecture. Architecture changes our moods, our feelings, the way we think, and the way we produce. It has the power to inspire creativity, increase productivity, more effectively heal a patient, or to change the identity of a company, family, or even a city. In essence, it affects the deepest emotions of our human core.

Introduction 002

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003 History

HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF VALENCIA 100 By this time the main 100 B.C.

public buildings of the city have appeared in the present l’Almoina.

They include the Templo de Asklepion, the forum, Basilica, Circus, temple of the forum, and infrastructure.

B.C.

ARCHITECTURE FLOODING EVENTS Valentia is destroyed

by Pompeii in a series of Civil Wars between Mario and Sila in which the city took a very active role. The city would remain uninhabited for 50 years until its refounding.

75

Valencia, then Valentia, is founded as a Roman colony by consul Junius Brutus Callaicus. The �� t settlers were approximately 2000 former soldiers of the wars of Viriato.

138

History 004

1021-’61 100 B.C. During the reign of Abd al Aziz ibn Amir a new wall was built for defensive purposes. According to recordings, the wall had seven gates, was built of cement, and had semicircular towers of construction.

A.D.

Valencia, is taken by the Visigoths. Seven governing bishops would be recorded during this period.

413

On January 22nd, Saint Vincent dies in Valencia from the wounds of his torture and becomes a martyr for Christianity.

304

Valencia becomes the seat of a newly established independent Moorish kingdom called Valencia that extends from Almeria to the Ebro estuary.

Three armies of Moors fan out across the Iberian peninsula following the defeat of the Goths at the battle of Guadalete.

718

Lead by Tarik, the Moors conquered Valencia, Murviendro, Jativa, and Denia.

711

1021 The Tribunal de las Aguas was founded under the Caliph of Cordova Abd al Rahman III. The Court continues today, operating for over 1000 years.

960

005 History

1288 100 B.C. The Almoina building was constructed.

1307 100 B.C. The Almudin (public granary) was constructed

1238 100 B.C. The Monasterio de San Vicente de la Roqueta is occupied.

Casas de la Ciudad construction is started.

1313 100 B.C.

1342 100 B.C. Casas de la Ciudad construction is completed.

(1307-1342)

1381 100 B.C. The Miguelete Tower construction is started.

1356 100 B.C.

Banos del Almirante is constructed.

Construction on the Medieval Walls begins.

James of Aragon I leads an army that pushes the Islamic Moors out of power in Valencia and adds the city to his dominion.

1238

A drought was followed by flooding from the river, killing 400 people and destroying all of the city’s bridges.

River Turia Flood

1352

River Turia Flood

1340 First Recorded River Turia Flood

1320

1392 The Serranos Gateway is erected.

1424 100 B.C. The Miguelete Tower is completed.

History 006

1482 100 B.C.

1533 100 B.C.

Construction begins on La Lonja Silk Exchange.

1586 100 B.C.

La Lonja Silk Exchange is completed.

The Corpus Christi College is established.

River Turia Flood

1589

River Turia Flood

1486

The Spanish Kingdom unites under Ferdinand and Isabella.

1479

River Turia Flood

1476

River Turia Flood

1446

Violent flooding occurred which killed many and destroyed all of the city’s mills.

River Turia Flood

River Turia Flood

1581

1486

River Turia Flood

1577

The University of Valencia is established in the former Jewish quarter.

River Turia Flood

1557

1498

River Turia Flood

1555

River Turia Flood

1540

007 History

1596 100 B.C.

1652 100 B.C.

The Serranos Bridge and Puente del Mar are constructed.

1599 100 B.C.

The Basilica Mare de Deu dels Desemparats begins construction.

The Ponte de Real is constructed.

1667 100 B.C. The Basilica Mare de Deu dels Desemparats construction is completed.

1685 100 B.C. Work to expand the Port of Valencia begins.

1688 100 B.C. Tower of Santa Catalina begins construction.

The Moors which made up 30% of the population are expelled from Spain leaving a devastating effect on the economy and culture.

1609

1705 100 B.C.

1768 100 B.C.

Tower of Santa The San Carlos Royal Catalina is completed. Academy of Fine Arts is established.

Tomas Vicente Tosca makes the �� t cartographic representation of the city in the form of a perspective drawing.

1704

History 008

1839 100 B.C.

1860 100 B.C.

The Museu de Bellas Artes de Valencia is completed.

1840 100 B.C. Plaza Redona is constructed in the city center.

1810 100 B.C. Renovations to the municipal cemetery are made.

Napolean’s troops occupy Valencia and destroy the Royal Palace, the Soledad Church, the Zaldia Convent, and the San Juan Convent.

1808

The Plaza de Toros is constructed adjacent to Estacio del Nord.

1850 100 B.C. Estacio del Nord is completed.

1860 100 B.C. The Plaza de Toros is constructed adjacent to Estacio del Nord.

1864 100 B.C. Valencia’s medieval walls are destroyed.

Occupation of Napoleon’s troops ends.

1874

009 History

The “Urban Expansion Commission” is set up in the Municipality.

1876

The villages of El Cabanyal, Canyamelar, and Cap de Franca were merged into Valencia to form the Poblats Maritims district.

1897

Valencia’s Ayuntamiento City Hall is constructed. World War I

1901-’04

1914-’18

The ‘Banos del Almirante’ are declared a Historical Artistic Monument

Valencia briefly serves as seat of the Loyalist Government during the Spanish Civil War.

1936-’37

Spanish Civil War occurs, marking the end of the Spanish Republic.

1944

World War II

1936-’39 1939-’45

History 010

1965 100 B.C. Construction to divert the river Turia begins.

The “Plan de Ordenacion de Valencia y su Cintura” (Plan for the Organization of Valencia and its Surrounding Belt) was adopted.

The “Solucion Sur” (Southern Solution) is adopted to redirect the river Turia south of the city.

1957

1946

King Juan Carlos I gifts the Turia riverbed to Valencia upon which he builds the 7 kilometer park.

1957

The worst floods in Valencia’s history destroy the city.

81 deaths were recorded as a result.

1957

Crisis in the shipping �������� tries initiate the slow decline of the Poblats Maritims district, whose economy was largely dependent on these industries.

1970

Unemployment, social problems, and pollution, which was the result of over a century of shipping and industrial activity, and the city dumping sewage into the harbor had degraded the district.

1980

The local Valencian government declares El Cabanyal a ‘Heritage of Cultural Interest’.

1993

011 History

2005 100 B.C. The “City of Arts and Sciences”

by Calatrava is completed.

1998 100 B.C. Palau de Congresos is constructed.

2006 100 B.C. Veles i Vents is completed for the America’s Cup.

Valencia hosts its second edition of the America’s Cup.

After the Valencia City Council announced plans to extend the Blasco Ibanez Avenue, destroying 1600 dwellings in the El Cabanyal neighborhood, Salvem El Cabanyal was created to challenge new development.

2010

The Tribunal de las Aguas is declared by the UNESCO, Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, a ‘Tribunal of irrigators of the Spanish Mediterranean’.

1998

2009 Valencia hosts the European Formula One Grand Prix for �º e years at Marina Real Juan Carlos.

2008

The global Great Recession halts the development boom of the city.

2008-’12 Valencia hosts the America’s Cup.

2007

Economy recovers.

2012

History 012

013 History

ROMAN ERA 138 BC - 714 AD

CITY GROWTH

This era of Valencia dates from the time of its founding as a Roman colony in the 600’s BCE to its eventual transition into a Moorish Islamic City in the 8th century. Sitting approximately 2.7 m below the current streets of Valencia, the Roman city sat on the south bank of the river Turia. Situated where the river Turia intersected via Augusta, te city was centered around the presentday cathedral and Plaz a de la Virgen.

From the forum ran the city’s Cardo and Decunano roads that presently correspond with the Navellcs-Miguelete and Almudin-Caballeros streets. The city did not become important until the third century when the regional capital of Sagunto had been destroyed.

NOTABLE DEVELOPMENT

Area of l’Almoina in 100 B.C.

Centre Arqueologic de l’Almoina

BALEARIC SEA

History 014

MOORISH ERA 714 AD - 1238 AD

CITY GROWTH

The era of the Islamic Moors in Valencia started in 718 after the Goths were overthrown. During this time Valencia’s economy would flourish due to the Moor’s agricultural technological contributions to the region. In the 11th century walls were built to enclose the city, an area of 47 hectares and a population of approximately 15,000.

The urban fabric consisted of blind alleys and walled garden residences.

NOTABLE DEVELOPMENT

Remnant of the Islamic City Wall

The Almudin

BALEARIC SEA

015 History

CONQUEST ERA 1238 AD - 1812 AD

CITY GROWTH

James of Aragon I conquered Valencia in 1238 and would fundamentally lay the foundation for a change in the way the city developed that differed from the Moors. First Valencia was divided into four quarters corresponding to the citiz en’s origins with over 1600 houses listed in “Libre del Repartiment” being given to newcomers from Barcelona.

The remaining Moor population was moved to the outskirts of the city on the west side. Traditionally Islamic homes were converted to accommodate their new Christian inhabitants, in addition to new churches.

NOTABLE DEVELOPMENT

Train station

Serranos Towers

BALEARIC SEA

History 016

MODERN ERA 1812 AD - 1950 AD

CITY GROWTH

Spanning from 1800 to the mid1900’s, the modern era was the time of moderate expansion for Valencia.

Briefly Napoleon’s troops occupied the city and destroyed the Royal Palace, the Soledad Church, the Zaldia convent and the San Juan convent. However the Plaz a Redonda was added to the city in its geometric center. In 1865 after demolishing the old walls, Valencia began to expand to the south and east along the roads connecting it with its port and coastal districts also known as ‘Poblats Maritims’.

NOTABLE DEVELOPMENT

Mercado Central

City Hall at Plaza de San Francisco

BALEARIC SEA

017 History

CONTEMPORARY ERA 1950 AD - PRESENT

CITY GROWTH

The city’s contemporary era spans from the 1950’s to the present day and has been a time of aggressive expansion.

Following devastating flooding in 1957, the adoption of Solucion Sur in 1958 and the 1966 General Plan, Valencia diverted the river Turia and looked to expand toward the coast. Simultaneously immigrants from rural and southern Spain flocked to the city seeking employment. Development swelled and resulted in new infrastructure, urban expansion, and the areas of the City of Arts and Sciences, the Congress Center, the Biopartc and Cabecera Park, and the Royal Marina.

NOTABLE DEVELOPMENT

Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias

Grand Prix at Marina Real Juan Carlos

BALEARIC SEA

History 018

RIVER TURIA FLOODING THE GREAT FLOOD In 1957 Valencia faced its worst flood in recorded history. Just after midnight on October 4, 1957 debris and logs stated to flow into the city, blocking bridges that connected the two halves of Valencia.

More than 1000 cubic meters of water per second flowed into the cities streets.

At 4 AM the flood reached its peak of approximately 2700 cubic metres of water per second, but quickly tapered off afterwards. A single telephone line remained to Castellon allowing for emergency services to be contacted.

All roads out of the city towards Madrid, Barcelona, and Albacete were blocked or swept away.

ORIGINAL RIO TURIA ROUTE Later that same day at 2 PM a second flood occurred with 3500 cubic meters of water per second rushing into the city with rain dense enough to limit sight. At 3:30 PM the second flood reached its apex with 6000 cubic meters of water per second, washing away buildings and expanding the rivers size to cover 2200 hectares. The neighborhoods of Nazaret, El Cabanyal and Malvarrosa were the most impacted districts.

EXTENT OF 1957 FLOOD NEW RIO TURIA ROUTE

BALEARIC SEA

019 History

DIVERTING THE TURIA NEW PORT DEVELOPMENTS As the river was moved it created a new border along the southern edge of the city. This allowed for a more connected city with a green belt now connecting the developed districts of the city. The movement of the river allowed for more expansions of the port since the Poblats Maritims district was more stable and free from the issues of flooding.

DIVIDING POBLATS MARITIMS While the movement of the river was largely a boon for the city it did have repercussions on the coastal district of Poblats Maritims. The re-routing of the Rio Turia lead to the development of Mega-Events such as the construction of the Formula 1 track. These events have divided neighborhoods of the Poblats Maritims district, separating these neighborhoods from the rest of the city.

DIVERTED RIO TURIA

History 020

NEW GREEN BELT

021 Geography & Climate

REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY WATER BOUNDARIES

LAND CONDITIONS

2000 - 3000 METERS

Most of Spain’s boundaries are water: the Mediterranean Sea on the south to the French border and the Atlantic Ocean on the northwest and southwest (in the south as the Golfo de Cádiz and in the north as the Bay of Biscay). Spain also shares land boundaries with France and Andorra along the Pyrenees in the northeast, with Portugal on the west, and with the small British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar near the southernmost tip.

The ������ of Gibraltar has continued to be a contentious issue between Spain and Britain.

Spain, in southwestern Europe, borders Portugal to the west and France to the northeast. It is a fairly large country with a diverse terrain. The varying geographical features offer a range of outdoor opportunities, from rock climbing to sur��. Occupying most of the Iberian Peninsula’s land area (approximately 85%), Spain is the third largest country in Europe and 45% is covered by the Meseta Plateau.

1000 - 2000 METERS 0000 - 1000 METERS PEAK

FRANCE

ATLANTIC SEA

PORTUGAL

BALEARIC SEA

ALGERIA MOROCCO

Geography & Climate 022

REGIONAL CLIMATE ZONES Mediterranean Climate Spain’s Mediterranean climate is only active throughout one�/ fth of the country. Winters are generally mild and summers vary in intensity depending on the region. For the most part, temperatures are moderate and there is not a wide range between the summer highs and winter lows.

Oceanic Climate This climate z one predominates over Spain’s northern coast and the northwestern region of Galicia. This climatic z one is characteriz ed by extensive rainfall. Summers are warm, but not hot. Winters are more mild than continental climate zones. Precipitation is consistent throughout the year.

Mountain Climate These areas are characteriz ed by cold winters and mild summers, with a predominance of cold temperatures.

Snow and strong winds are also common.

MEDITERRANEAN OCEANIC MOUNTAIN ARID

Arid Climate This area of Spain is characteristically hot and dry, with very little rainfall.

Spain’s semi-deserts can be found here.

CONTINENTAL

Continental Climate Spain’s most predominant climate is continental. Winters are cold enough for snows and most of the rainfall occurs in late Spring. Summers can be hot and - in the North, which is very green - rainy.

FRANCE

ATLANTIC SEA

BALEARIC SEA

VALENCIA

PORTUGAL

ALGERIA MOROCCO

023 Geography & Climate

LOCAL GEOGRAPHY A DIVERSE REGION Valencia has a widely diverse landscape with more than 450 kilometres of coastline and beaches along the Mediterranean, bordered by CataluĂąa to the north and Murcia to the south. With a total area of some 20,0000 square kilometers, yet only 120 kilometers at its widest point, the area has both high mountains and plains, wetlands and beaches, a temperate climate yet with semiarid desert environments and lush forests in the interior.

2000 - 3000 METERS 1000 - 2000 METERS 0000 - 1000 METERS POPULATION HUB

Geography & Climate 024

LOCAL TOPOGRAPHY A VARIED LANDSCAPE The topography around Valencia slopes from the mountains in the west to the Balearic Sea in the east. The landscape within the city itself is rather flat following the contours of the original River Turia path. To the south lies Albufera Natrual Park--home to the largest lake in Spain and one of the most important wetland areas in the Iberian Peninsula. It is a place of great ecological interest with rare species of wading birds and a rich variety of wildlife. Its waters have been traditionally worked by �shermen and rice growers, supplying ingredients and inspiration for many of the regions most succulent dishes.

VALENCIA CITY LIMITS POBLATS MARITIMS

025 Geography & Climate

ANNUAL CLIMATE AVERAGES SEA TEMPERATURE 80°

73°

65°

58°

50°

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

HOURS OF SUNSHINE 400

300

200

100

0

JAN

FEB

MAR

Geography & Climate 026

INCHES OF PRECIPITATION 4

3

2

1

0

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

RAINY DAYS 30

23

15

8

0

JAN

027 Geography & Climate

ANNUAL CLIMATE AVERAGES TEMPERATURE RECORD

100 90

DESIGN HIGH AVERAGE HIGHT MONTHLY MEAN

80 70

AVERAGE LOW DESIGN LOW SUMMER COMFORT ZONE WINTER COMFORT ZONE

60 50 40 30 20 10

SKY COVERAGE RECORD

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

100 90

AVERAGE HIGH MONTHLY MEAN AVERAGE LOW

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

Geography & Climate 028

MEDITERRANEAN STORMS ANNUAL LANDFALL FREQUENCY

MEDITERRANEAN WINDS

A very rare occurrence; hurricanes that form in the Mediterranean Sea are known as ‘medicanes’. Given the cooler temperatures of the Mediterranean, medicanes are much smaller and shorter lived than tropical cyclones and make landfall less than once a year in the region. Damages from these storms usually come in the form of increased winds and flooding from increased rain.

Countries that are affected the most by these kinds of rare storms are Italy, Malta, Greece, and parts of Spain. To put this into perspective, those listed countries experience between .13% and .32% landfalls per year, with Sardinia, Sicily, and mainland Italy taking the brunt of medicane storms that form in the region.

Local winds in the Mediterranean are constantly changing, but twelve major wind directions are �����z ����� ly. They are listed as:

<.04

MISTAL MARIA LIBECCIO BORA GREGALE ETESIAN

.13 - .16

MELTEMI KHAMSIN SCIROCCO GHIBLI SCIROCCO (CHILI) VENDAVEL LEVANTER

LANDFALL FREQUENCY PER YEAR

.05 - .08 .09 - .12

.24 - .32

029 Geography & Climate

SEA LEVEL RISE VALENCIA AT RISK Here we see that global warming, if left unchecked, will have a negative impact on the Poblats Maritims district and Valencia as a whole. In terms of global warming and rising waters in relation to our building site, even the slightest increase of .5 °C could cause the Balearic Sea to rise one meter and overrun almost �fty percent of the proposed site.

At a 1 °C increase, the sea could rise two whole meters and swallow the site almost entirely.

Current projections estimate that the global temperature will raise at least 2°C, even if CO2 emissions are stopped immediately. Without new infrastructure to protect the costal city from rising waters, much of Valencia will disappear in the decades to come.

RISING WATERS +6°C / 13 METERS +2.5°C / 5 METERS +1°C / 2 METERS +.5°C / 1 METER POBLATS MARITIMS DISTRICT PROJECT SITE AREA

Geography & Climate 030

031 Transportation

BALEARIC NAUTICAL TRAFFIC LEISURE PATTERNS

SHIPPING PATTERNS

The harbors of Valencia are a vital resource for the Balearic Sea as well the islands of Ibiza, Mallorca, and Menorca.

These islands host over 12 million visitors each year; many of whom depart the mainland Spain from Valencia. This relationship between the city and the Balearic Islands makes leisure oriented docks and sailing clubs very important.

Poblats Maritims is well positioned to ��� l this role.

Valencia is home to the 5th most active industrial port in Europe, and processes over 4.4 million containers of goods each year. Ships from as far as Italy, Turkey, and Russia ��z the city’s port to be their ��� stop as it is the western most point in the Mediterranean Sea. This vital resource has shaped the history of the city since its founding.

BARCELONA TARRAGONA

BALEARIC SEA

MENORCA MALLORCA

IBIZA VALENCIA

Transportation 032

REGIONAL TRANSPORTATION RAILWAY NETWORK

FAST TRAVEL

STANDARD RAIL

The rail transportation of Spain operates according to type of rail. As of 2002, Spain had a total of 10,000 miles of rail line. The two primary railways are the main lines and the high speed lines. The �rst main line was built in 1848 between Barcelona and Mataro. By 1864 the rail reached France. The last steam engine was withdrawn in 1975 and in the year 1992 the �rst high speed line opened.

This began the process of building a nationwide high-speed network allowing for more �� cient traveling throughout the country.

The new high speed rail is run via ����/ cation. The Spanish government intends to link all provincial capitals with the high speed rail by the year 2020.

There will be an estimated total length of approximately 6,000 miles of rail.

This new rail is known as the AVE. This train has a top speed of 193 mph. With its current length of 2,000 miles, this is the longest high speed rail in Europe.

This rail can cover the 240 mile distance between Valencia and Madrid in 1 hour and 40 minutes.

HIGH SPEED RAIL

BARCELONA

BALEARIC SEA

MADRID

VALENCIA

TORREVIEJA

CARTEGNA

033 Transportation

REGIONAL TRANSPORTATION ROADWAYS

MAJOR ROADWAY

The motor ways around Valencia are similar to the railway as they offer regional transportation in and out of the city. There are three primary directions that these highways are oriented. One travels north along the coast extending a direct route all the way to Barcelona.

Another follows the coast south traveling through the neighboring city of Alicante.

And the third heads west, eventually making its way to Madrid. These motor ways condense down upon entering the city center.

BARCELONA

AP-2 E-90

E-5

E-90

A-6

A-23

MADRID

E-15

E-90

VALENCIA E-901 E-5 E-903

E-903 E-15

E-903

TORREVIEJA

E-5

BALEARIC SEA CARTEGNA A-91

Transportation 034

REGIONAL TRANSPORTATION SEA ROUTES

INTER-CONNECTIVITY

STANDARD RAIL

Spain has several seaports located along the coast in most cities both large and small. Shown is the small port of Torrevieja, the medium ports of Cartagena, Alicante, and Valencia, and the Large port of Barcelona. Although its medium siz e, the port of Valencia is the 5th busiest in all of Europe. It has an annual tr�� c capacity of 57 million tons of cargo. This port employs 15,000 people that provide services to the ships. 70% of the ports tr�� c consist of iron and steel products.

When compiled together Spain becomes a well connected country with many �� cient means of transportation between both major and minor cities.

Throughout the countries history the methods of traveling have evolved to allow convenient travel in ways unimaginable only a couple hundred of years before.

HIGH SPEED RAIL MAJOR ROADWAY INTERNATIONAL ROUTE REGIONAL ROUTE TRAIN LINE STOP

BARCELONA

MADRID

PORT D’ALCÚDIA

VALENCIA PALMA

SANT ANTONI DE PORTMANY IBIZA ES PUJOLS

TORREVIEJA BALEARIC SEA CARTEGNA

035 Transportation

VALENCIA TRANSPORTATION METRO LINES

HISTORY

LINE 1

The metro is a modern combination of suburban and regional railways. It crosses through the city of Valencia as well the distant suburbs. There are also destinations on the line that function as commuter trains. This system combines light railway, metro, and a tram line that operates to the north of the city center.

The system has a total distance of 100 miles. There are six metro lines and three tram lines. These lines have a total of 137 stations, 102 surface, and 35 underground. The annual ridership is approximately 63 million.

Valencia was the �rst city in Spain to use this modern mode of transportation.

Many of these original lines reused the cities older railway. In 2003 line �ve was opened. A year later line six had began and later opened in 2007. In 2010, much of line four was replaced with underground lines and stations. In 2015 further ���cations were made to the lines and the overall metro map was redrawn. Several of the branches split increasing the total number of lines nines.

LINE 3 & 5 LINE 2 & 7 METRO STOP TRANSFER TO METRO

BALEARIC SEA

Transportation 036

VALENCIA TRANSPORTATION RAILWAY LINES

TRAIN LINE

The railway of Valencia is predominately used as a regional transport to and from the city. In the earlier history of the city, the rail ran through many areas of the city but was later reestablished into the metro. The AVE which are high-speed trains traveling from Madrid and other long-distance locations, all connect at the North Station, which is the main railway station in Valencia. It is located in the city center. Here this station has connections with Metro-Valencia lines three and �ve as well as the city bus network.

NORTH STATION TRAIN LINE STOP TRANSFER TO METRO

BALEARIC SEA

037 Transportation

VALENCIA TRANSPORTATION TRAM LINES

TRAM LINE

The Valencia tram is an overhead tram network which is part of the metro system. The nearest stop in the city is at Pont de Fusta. This is opposite Torres de Serranos. The tram has been open since 1994 and has 10 miles of track. There are 33 stops in total. Line six and eight of the tramway are currently underway to extending the tram route throughout the city center of Valencia.

TRAM STOP FUTURE TRAM LINE TRANSFER TO METRO

BALEARIC SEA

Transportation 038

The composition of rail, metro, tram, and bus makes Valencia a well connected city allowing for a suburban network connecting all parts of the city in an �� cient and effective way. The public transportation produces a sustainable and walkable city that improves the overall �� ciency of the city as well adding to the success of the city planning as a whole.

METRO

INTERCONNECTIVTY

LINE NORTH STATION TRAIN STOP LINE 1 LINE 3 & 5 LINE 2 & 7 METRO STOP LINE

TRAM

The Valencia ferry port is served with a number of ferry routes with crossings to Ibiz a, Mostaganem, and Mohon. There are a selection of up to 40 sailings per week. The sailing schedule is dependent on time of year.

TRAM STOP FUTURE TRAM LINE

FERRY

FERRY ROUTES

TRAIN

VALENCIA TRANSPORTATION

ROUTE FERRY PORT TRANSFER TO METRO

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039 Transportation

VALENCIA TRANSPORTATION VALENBISI BIKES Valencia has made an active effort to establish the city as a biking city. An extensive network of bike paths connects the majority of the city and allows for easy access from a variety of different regions of Valencia. A prominent feature of the bike path network is the Valenbisi program, which is a city-wide bike sharing program aimed at making moving through the city even easier.

Valencia offers a total of 2,750 bicycles distributed at 275 stations throughout the city. Bike sharing stations are equipped with a terminal to log, select a

BIKE SHARING POINT available bicycle, and remove it from the stand. The stations are networked to allow the hiring of a bicycle in any station of the city and return it in another. The stations are located around 300 to 400 meters apart from one another with many placed next to public transport stops to allow for inter-modal use. Each station has between 15 and 30 parking slots for bicycles. Use of the system is based on a yearly membership with users receiving a Valenbisi card.

BIKE PATH

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Transportation 040

PEDESTRIAN TRAVEL TIMES FROM ESTACIO DEL NORD Estacio Del Nord is the main railway station in Valencia and it represents a major intersection point of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s primary public transit systems. It was opened on March 21, 1852 and has served the city and the region since. The station is located at the city centre and offers connections with lines 3 and 5 of Metro-Valencia as well as connections to the EMT city bus network. There are ten different tracks within the station and it serves as a primary transfer point for regional trains. Due to its incredibly high volume of passengers and its central

ESTACIO DEL NORD location, Estacio Del Nord serves as the starting point for many visitorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s journey through the city. Because of the easy walk-ability of the city, much of the city centre can be reached within a thirty minute walk of the train station. The Central Market of Valencia at the heart of the city is only a 10 minute walk while the Torres de Serranos north of the city center is 20 minutes from Estacio Del Nord by foot.

10 MIN WALKING DISTANCE 20 MIN WALKING DISTANCE 30 MIN WALKING DISTANCE

BALEARIC SEA ESTACIO DEL NORD

041 Transportation

PEDESTRIAN TRAVEL TIMES METRO LINE

FROM EACH METRO STOP While the majority of the city centre is easily walkable within a half hour distance from Estacio Del Nord, MetroValencia extends far beyond the city centre of Valencia into the suburbs that surround the city. Metro stops are densely packed within the city centre of Valencia and provide quick access to the majority of central Valencia. Beyond the extents of the thirty minute walking radius of the Estacio Del Nord, the metro system continues to serve the broader city with two lines extending north, one to the west, one to the east towards the

Poblats Maritims and one to the south.

The southeast corner of Valencia is the only region of the city under served by the metro system. While the extensive EMT bus network does provide access to this region, it is not as connected as the remainder of the city. Much of Valencia falls within the 10 minute walking radius of a metro stop and the area to the north of the city centre is also served by the tram to further connect the city and supplement the shortage of metro stops.

UNDERGROUND METRO LINE 10 MIN WALKING DISTANCE METRO STOP

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Transportation 042

POBLATS MARITIMS TRANSPORTATION PUBLIC TRANSIT

FERRY ROUTE

There is an extensive network of public transit within the Poblats Maritims district and it is heavily tr�� cked by people making their way to the large public beach, Playa Del Cabanyal.

Most prominently, the 5 and 7 metro terminate here at the Maritim - Serreria stop. The stop also then connects to the 6 and 8 trams which run throughout the district and provide some of the most extensive transit network connections within the district. Along with metro and tram, the ETM bus system has a very strong presence in the region, which

includes four extra bus routes during the summer to accommodate the influx of passengers making trips to the beach.

The Valencia Cabanyal train station is also located within the district and serves as a major stop on some of the regional trains with passengers riding in from outside of the city to be in close proximity to the beach.

WALKING RADIUS TRAM LINE BUS LINE TRAIN LINE METRO LINE MARITIM - SERRARIA METRO TRAM STOP BUS STOP CABANYAL TRAIN STATION

CARRER

NEZ

10 MIN

AV. DE

LP

UER TO

20 MIN CARRER DE PAVIA

IBA

L DR. LLUCH

PEIXO

SCO

CARRER DE

DE LUIS

BLA

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043 Transportation

POBLATS MARITIMS TRANSPORTATION PRIVATE TRANSIT

FERRY ROUTE

The Poblats Maritims is not only extremely well connected to the whole of Valencia through its public transit, it also contains many major private transit connections. The bicycle network of Valencia is very extensive and it has a large presence in Poblats Maritims as well with numerous bike sharing stations and bike paths connecting back to the city centre as well as other areas of the city. Because there is such a large influx of people travelling to the beach, the roadway connections of the Poblats Maritims also play a vital role in the

infrastructure of the city, as does the public parking available to handle the increased tr�� c. One potential change to the area is the proposed expansion of the Blasco Ibanez Avenue to ��/ ll its original intent to create a boulevard all the way to the sea. This could potentially have a major impact on the infrastructure of the region.

WALKING RADIUS BIKE PATH MAJOR ROADWAY IBANEZ EXPANSION PUBLIC PARKING UNDERGROUND PARKING BIKE SHARING POINT BUS STOP

CARRER

NEZ

10 MIN

AV. DE

LP

UER TO

20 MIN CARRER DE PAVIA

IBA

L DR. LLUCH

PEIXO

SCO

CARRER DE

DE LUIS

BLA

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Transportation 044

045 City & Districts

VALENCIA GREEN SPACE MOVING THE TURIA

A SPACE FOR THE CITY

PARC DE CABECERA

After the Great Flood of Valencia in 1957, the city set out to split the Turia river that cuts through the heart of the city to prevent future flooding. To do this, a canal was dug to the south of the city to take the bulk of floodwaters to the Balearic Sea. Since the canals construction, the city has adverted many potentially disastrous floods.

Once the Turia was diverted the city was left with a long band of empty space within the city. Rather than selling the land to developers, Valencia chose to utiliz e the riverbed as a public space.

Today the Parc de Cabecera hosts a variety activities including baseball, soccer, and cycling races.

SECONDARY GREEN SPACE RIO GUADALAVIAR PUBLIC BEACHES POBLATS MARITIMS

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City & Districts 046

POBLATS MARITIMS GREEN SPACE PLAYA DEL CABANYAL

A GREEN BUFFER

GREEN SPACE

The beaches to the north of Valencia’s harbor are one of the last surviving public beaches of the city. As the harbor has expanded, much of the original coastline has disappeared. This gives our site in Poblats Maritims a great deal of social value as it’s the established place to interact with the water.

Between the recreational marina and the industrial harbor, the city of Valencia has built a buffer of green spaces that help to soften the interaction between the two. This strategy allows for visitors of Poblats Maritims to see the industrial area without feeling as if they are occupying them.

SECONDARY GREEN SPACE BUILDING MASSES POBLATS MARITIMS

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047 City & Districts

DISTRICTS: POBLATS MARITIMS 1 AMERICA CUP BUILDING Locally known as “Veles e Vents” named after a poem by Ausias March in the 15th century, regarding the strength of the winds.

2 MARINA REAL JUAN CARLOS Part of the Port of Valencia, this northern marina is ideal for boats and mega yachts. Proximity to activities and worldwide competitions make this marina area very popular.

1 AMERICA CUP BUILDING 3 HOTEL BALNEARIO LAS ARENAS A luxury beachfront hotel with classical columns has a lobby bar, a r�/ ned brewery, two outdoor pools��� tness room and a spa.

4 PLAYA DEL CABANYAL The beach attracts a large number of people both in the summer and during the rest of the year.

5 BEACH PROMENADE A leisure walkway along Playa del Cabanyal towards the north it becomes more of the beach itself into Playa del Malvarossa.

2

6

BOAT FOUNTAIN

MARINA REAL JUAN CARLOS

6 BOAT FOUNTAIN Located near Playa del Malvarossa, this sculpture uses water to mimic the form of a traditional sailboat.

7 HISTORIC HOUSING A protected historical residential community, that previously was made as a �sherman’s village, now supports many families that identify as Gypsies.

3

HOTEL BALNEARIO LAS ARENAS

7

HISTORIC HOUSING

4

PLAYA DEL CABANYAL

8

EL CLOT “THE HOLE”

5

BEACH PROMENADE

9 PANORAMA RESTAURANTE

8 EL CLOT The extension of Ave. de Blasco Ibanez would destroy nearly 500 homes. An important building to recognize in this condition is El Clot (the hole).

9 PANORAMA RESTAURANT Located on the north breakwater of Juan Carlos this restaurant has panoramic views of Playa del Cabanyal.

City & Districts 048

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EL PLA DEL REAL CIUTAT VELLA 6 7

4 8 5

CAMINS AL GRAU Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;EIXAMPLE

3 9 1

QUATRE CARRERES

2

049 City & Districts

POBLATS MARITIMS BUILDING HEIGHTS HISTORICAL OUTLIERS When comparing building heights within the area surrounding Poblats Maritims, one will �nd a lot of variation block to block. However, there are a few patterns that stick out. The buildings near the historical center of the Cabanyal are much lower than the majority of surrounding buildings, and coincidentally the area under threat of destruction from the city. In an effort to protect the area, residents and advocates have enlisted the help of the World Monuments Fund who recognized the area as historicall����/ cant.

9 FLOORS

1 FLOOR POBLATS MARITIMS

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City & Districts 050

POBLATS MARITIMS SOCIAL ISSUES STATISTICAL DISADVANTAGE The Poblats Maritims district has gone through years of ���cial development and expansion. In recent times however, the district has faced various issues that have had a negative impact on the population that resides there.

The district started as a �sherman settlement that grew in siz e with the initial construction of the port in 1438.

As the port expanded, so to did the district. The district eventually came to incorporate the El Cabanyal, Canyamelar, El Grau, and Natzaret.

GREATER VALENCIA In 1957 the Rio Turia flooded, wreaking devastation upon the population of the Poblats Maritims district in particular.

As the cities population exploded in the 1960’s and 1970’s the population of Poblats Maritims decreased by 8% with some neighborhoods seeing a decrease of 33%.

There have been attempts to redevelop the area though these plans are contested as they would call for the displacement of a large refugee and immigrant population and would destroy a historic district of Valencia.

77.3% 74.5%

LIFE EXPECTANCY (MALE) 83.7% 82.7%

LIFE EXPECTANCY (FEMALE) 9.3% 13.2%

POPULATION WITH <9th GRADE EDUCATION 1.0% 3.1%

ILLITERACY RATE 47.2% 44.2%

ECONOMIC ACTIVITY RATE 7.8% 9.1%

UNEMPLOYMENT RATE

POBLATS MARITIMS

051 City & Districts

DISTRICTS: QUATRES CARRERES 1 OCEANOGRAFIC Largest aquariam in Europe and represents the world’s marine ecosystem.

2 SANTIAGO CALTRAVA Santiago Caltrava is a Spanish Architect, Structural Engineer, sculptor and painter, particularly known for his bridges.

3 THE CITY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES Designed as an entertainment and cultural based architectural complex for all to enjoy.

1

OCEANOGRAFIC

5

HEMISFERIC IMAX

6

PALAU DE LES ARTS REINA SOFIA

4 UMBRACLE L’Umbracle is a sculpture garden and landscaped walk with plant species indegienous to Valencia.

5 HEMISFERIC IMAX One of the largest halls in Spain with special IMAX screenings of nature.

6 PALAU DE LES ARTS REINA SOFIA An opera house and cultural center designed with dual intention, a multi-hall auditorium and an urban landmark.

7 MUSEU CIENCIES PRINCIPE FELIPE 8 A 21st century science museum with interactive exhibits and an entertaining form. The main objective was to stimulate curiousity and encourage critical thinking.

2 THE CITY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

7

MUSEU DE LAS CIENCIES

3 THE CITY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

8

MUSEU DE LAS CIENCIES

4

9PARROQUIA DE LA PURISIMA CONCEPCION

9 PARROQUIA DE PURISMA CONCEPCION The juxtaposition of Caltrava’s Agora and Assut del Or Bridge in the background while a historic church is in the foreground.

UBRACLE

City & Districts 052

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EL PLA DEL REAL CIUTAT VELLA

POBLATS MARITIMS

CAMINS AL GRAU Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;EIXAMPLE

8

6

7

5 4

3

2 1

9

053 City & Districts

DISTRICTS: L’EIXAMPLE 1 PLAZA DE TOROS DE VALENCIA Corrida, “bull fighting” is a deeply traditional event often linked to religious dates and festivals.

2 RUZAFA Ruzafa is a neighborhood in the southwestern part of L’Eixample.

The district has been undergoing large scale g���/ cation, improvements of sidewalks, and support for small businesses all support the increase of rent, developing the a different social fabric than what was there previously.

1

PLAZA DE TOROS DE VALENCIA

3 FAMOUS TAPAS STREETS Carrer del Literat Az orin and Carrer de Sueca have many options for fabulous tapas.

5

BUILDING GRID

4 MERCAT DE RUZAFA A multicolored retro-chic building and a great example of Mediterranean Brutalism dating back to 1957.

5 BUILDING GRID Unique elements that distinguish L’Eixample from Valencia’s other districts is the strict building grid that is followed throughout most of the district.

2

RUZAFA

6 MERCADO DE COLON EXTERIOR 7 An iconic building from 1916. Formally a market, now a hub for exquisite dining and shopping.

6

3

FAMOUS TAPAS STREETS

4

MERCAT DE RUZAFA

7

MERCADO DE COLON

MERCADO DE COLON

City & Districts 054

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EL PLA DEL REAL CIUTAT VELLA

POBLATS MARITIMS

6

7

1

CAMINS AL GRAU 5

2

3

4

QUATRE CARRERES

055 City & Districts

DISTRICTS: ALGIROS 1 PLAZA XUQUER Located near the universities, this plaza becomes vibrant with student activity during both days and nights.

2 BELLAS ARTES POLITECNICA On the UPV campus this curved building creates a courtyard and houses the degree of fine arts.

5 UNIVERSITAT DE VALENCIA 6 Areas surrounding university campuses often develop a character of young and innovative buildings, shops, and squares.

New developments use squares, plaz as, and gardens in a similar way of the more historical areas of Valencia.

1

PLAZA XUQUER

3UNIVERSITAT POLITECNICA DE VALENCIA

3 AV. DE BLASCO IBANEZ An urban plan has been developed that ���� es Blasco Ibanez as a major corridor from the city centre to the coast.

This development had surely created an impact on this area.

4 IBMCP RESEARCH INSTITUTE The Institute for Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology mainly focuses on ����/ c research on plant development as well as offers educational training.

2

BELLAS ARTES POLITECNICO

5

AV. DE BLASCO IBANEZ

6

IBMCP RESEARCH INSTITUTE

4UNIVERSITAT POLITECNICA DE VALENCIA

City & Districts 056

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5 6 4 EL PLA DEL REAL

2

CIUTAT VELLA

POBLATS MARITIMS 1

CAMINS AL GRAU Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;EIXAMPLE

QUATRE CARRERES

057 City & Districts

DISTRICTS: EL PLA DEL REAL 1 ESTADIO DE MESTALLA VALENCIA CF Home ground of Valencia Clud de Futbol with a capacity of 49,500 seats.

2 JARDINES DE MONFORTE A lesser known compact city garden with 3 various plant lifes, abundant marble statues, ponds, and fountains.

Recogniz ed as a Neoclassical style garden with a small palace.

4 AV. DE BLASCO IBANEZ The proximity to the city centre and with Aragon Avenue and Blasco Ibanez being important arterial roads, help el Pla del Real become a hotspot of entertainment and activity.

1

ESTADIO DE MESTALLA VALENCIA CF

5 UNIVERSITAT DE VALENCIA A good neighborhood for students, close to University of Valencia, a variety of housing, both aged and new construction.

6 PALAU DE LA MUSICA Located in the old riverbed of Turia.

Constructed in 1987 and has become one of the examples of the modern architecture movement in Valencia.

2

JARDINES DE MONFORTE

3

JARDINES DE MONFORTE

4

AV. DE BLASCO IBANEZ

5

UNIVERSITAT DE VALENCIA

6

PALAU DE LA MUSICA

City & Districts 058

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5 4 2

3

CIUTAT VELLA

POBLATS MARITIMS

1

6 CAMINS AL GRAU Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;EIXAMPLE

QUATRE CARRERES

059 City & Districts

DISTRICTS: CAMINS EL GRAU 1 PARQUE GULLIVER In Gulliver’s Travels, Gulliver is a giant 2 that is tied down by fearful Lilliputians who then proceed to climb all over him in an attempt to subdue the giant. Gulliver’s body morphs into slides, ramps, stairs, and caves.

4 CARRER DEL DR MANUEL CANDELA Similar to Av. de Blasco Ibanez, this road has been also developed, on a smaller scale, as a green pedestrian friendly arterial road.

1

PARQUE GULLIVER

2

PARQUE GULLIVER

4

APARTMENT BUILDINGS

5

JARDIN DE AYORA

6

MARITIM - SERRERIA (METRO STOP)

3 APARTMENT BUILDINGS Camins al Grau seems to be a congregation of newly developed, primarily residential buildings.

5 JARDIN DE AYORA A residential and quiet area, quite close to the university. Serves as a meeting point for residents in the area, especially for families with children who like to go play. During the weekends, squares and streets become crowded with students enjoying the local nightlife.

6 MARITIM - SERRERIA (METRO STOP) If traveling from Valencia to the beach this is the last metro stop before needing to transfer to a light rail, bus, or walk the rest of the way.

3

CARRER DEL DR MANUEL CANDELA

City & Districts 060

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EL PLA DEL REAL CIUTAT VELLA

POBLATS MARITIMS

4 3 Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;EIXAMPLE

5 6

1

2

QUATRE CARRERES

061 City & Districts

DISTRICTS: CIUTAT VELLA 1 MERCADO CENTRAL Designed in 1914. More than 1,000 2 selling posts: fresh fish, vegetables, meats, fruits, etc.

3 PLAZA REDONDA Constructed in 1840, restored in 2012, interior is surrounded by traditional craft shops and tapas bars 4 PLAZA DEL AYUNTAMIENTO “Town Hall Square” This grandiose plaza makes a good starting point from which to visit the city.

5 LAS FALLAS (March 15th - 19th) �� esta honoring San Jose, the patron saint of carpenters. Large satirical wooden frame are constructed and then burned during the festivities of “la cremà.”

1 2

MERCADO CENTRAL

6 CATEDRAL DE VALENCIA Some traditions and documents support the theory that the Holy Chalice on display is in fact the “Holy Grail.”

7 PLAZA DE LA VIRGEN Bounded by 3 of Valencia’s most emblematic buildings, Cathedral of Santa Maria, the Basilica de la Virgen de los Desamparados, and the Palace of the Generalitat.

3

PLAZA REDONDA

8 TORRES DE QUART A part of the old Christian city wall from 15th century and some bombardments from France’s siege of the city in 1808 can still be seen.

6

CATEDRAL DE VALENCIA

7

PLAZA DE LA VIRGEN

8

TORRES DE QUART

9

EL CARMEN STREET ART

9 EL CARMEN STREET ART Provides a vibrant mix of color to the old town flare.

4

5

PLAZA DEL AYUNTAMIENTO

LAS FALLAS

City & Districts 062

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9 7

8

6 1

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EL PLA DEL REAL POBLATS MARITIMS

3 4 5

CAMINS AL GRAU Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;EIXAMPLE

QUATRE CARRERES

063 City & Districts

VALENCIA: URBAN FABRIC A GROWING COMMUNITY The city of Valencia is divided into a northern and southern area. The city center is located centrally along the river. Most urban development has extended along with the river. and reaches the harbor area. The density of the community extended from the central of the city to the river and sea.

The density of population congregates in large blocks of apartment buildings spread throughout the city.

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City & Districts 064

VALENCIA: FOREIGN POPULATION MELTING POT Like many European cities, Valencia is home to many nationalities other than Spaniards. In fact, over 16% of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s total population is made up of expats from other countries--the majority of which come from Romania, Italy, and Bulgaria. The foreign population from these three countries alone total to be over 22,000 people.

PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION 0% - 6% 6% - 9% 9% - 11% 12% - 14% 14% - 16%

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065 City & Districts

POPULATION DENSITY A PLACE TO CALL HOME Valencia has the third highest population in Spain which amounted to be nearly 800,000 people in 2016--or 1.6% of the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s total population. However, the population is declining, with current trends showing a negative growth rate .24%. If this continues, the population is projected to be 780,000 by 2018.

PEOPLE PER KM2 0 - 500 500 - 2,000 2,000 - 5,000 10,000 - 20,000 30,000 - 100,000

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City & Districts 066

AVERAGE INCOME COSTS OF LIVING Valencia is one of the cheaper cities to live in Spain, with the average monthly cost of living for a family of four totaling 1,900 euros not including housing costs.

A single individual can expect to have an average monthly cost of living of 550 euros. These numbers make for a much more obtainable way of life when compared to more expensive cities in Spain such as Madrid and Barcelona.

HOUSEHOLD INCOME PER YEAR 0 - 6,900 6,900 - 11,400 11,400 - 20,500 20,500 - 29,500 29,500 - 57,000

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067 Port Functions

HISTORICAL PORT DEVELOPMENT 1798 In 1798 the Mirallas project began.

All of the shelters in the port would be anchored to protect them from the wind. A series of dykes in the form a of a polygon would be designed with the last dyke running parallel to the beach to improve protection. Finally, dykes would be constructed to prevent the entrance of water from the River Turia entering into the port. These improvements were stopped as the war grew.

1921 In 1921 the Iberian Company of Constructions and Works Public was committed to execute the master project. Installations were made to by contractors for starting and transporting stone coming from the quarry of Saguto.

These large hollow blocks were all set up for placement and began in 1926.

This project was completed in 1931 but was completely destroyed by a cyclonic storm.

1867 Llovera proposed designing a pier in a new direction to improve its resistance against the sea. He designed a dam with a lighthouse to improve conditions for ships. Finally, the tip of the dam would be designed to make the entrance of ships into the port easier and safer.

1980 In 1980, royal decree integrated the ports of Sagunto, Gandia and Valencia to from the Valencia port. It is managed by the Valencia Port Authority. At this point in time the city had diverted the river to a new location to prevent it from flooding in the future.

1798

1867

1921

1980

Port Functions 068

1992 The Ports Act changed name from Autonomous Port of Valencia to Port Authority of Valencia in 1992. Little had changed from 1980 but development was being and terminals and docks started growing.

2004 In 2004 Valencia developed a system of environmental indicators for ports and began work to join the Environmental Management System. More terminals were added on the south side of the harbor as well.

2007 At this time the port really began to take shape riding the original river all together, adding more terminal and docking space, and adding the marina.

2017 The strategy since 2010 has been to create a mixed hub model to add value.

A major investment to improve the port has been underway and the port authority states, “today’s demands have shifted from port infrastructure to reliability, economic ����� ciency and environmental sustainability.”

1992

2004

2007

2017

069 Port Functions

CURRENT PORT CONDITIONS 1. CRUISE QUAYS

4. REDESIGNING TERMINALS This project included the incorporation of roundabouts to the terminals. This design freed up space for rail tracks to be laid in the future. An anti-noise screen was also added.

2. BREAKWATER CONSTRUCTION

5. EXTENSION OF RAIL TRACKS This project was designed to increase the abilities of operations to have more flexibility. It called for an increase in the length of track as well as a new lay-out. as well.

Three main units were created to house the growing number of cruise ships docking in Valencia. A service area as well as pick-up area for passengers was also added in this project.

In an effort to better support the container and cruise industry an effort was made to strengthen the Breakwater.

This will also enable the future construction of 1 cruise terminal and 1 container terminal.

3. NEW LIGHTHOUSE

The newly designed breakwaters made it necessary to build a new lighthouse. It is 32 meters high and visible from within 25 nautical miles.

7. EXPANSION OF MSC TERMINAL Designed to extend the storage area for the MSC terminal East. This project includes construction of a new Breakwater, with berm and protected by natural r��/ ll. It includes longitudinal and transverse crane rails and service networks for voltage, lighting, �re, teleprocess, and drainage.

6. NEW DOCK This 4 building project houses o�/ ces, a control tower, storage and workshops.

The buildings are located in front of the quays and berthing jetties.

1

1

INTERIOR DOCK

2

4

2

3

5 RAISED DOCK NORTH DOCK

TURIA DOCK

3

6

EAST DOCK

7 SOUTH DOCK

4

5

6

7 BALEARIC SEA

Port Functions 070

CURRENT PORT USE DISTRIBUTION AND ZONING Port authority of Valencia is not only responsible for Valencia but also 2 other state owned ports, Gandia and Sagunto. Valencia controls a vast majority of the products going in and out of the port. After Spain joined the EU the port had to alter due to state laws transitioning it from a public service port to the current “landlord port.” Basic port services remain directly provided by the Port Authority. Other port services are regulated and managed by private companies under authori z ation or concession regimes; these services include dredging, mooring, towage, pilotage, terminal operations, and stowage. As of now the port of Valencia counts with three equipped container terminals which are MSC terminal, TCV

MAJOR TERMINALS and Noatum with Noatum handling the largest amount of container tr�� c.

Dedicated terminals contracts may boost integration advantage for shipping companies. This regulation has more to do with the current shape of the port model than market trends. Opening port services helps the port to facilitate more competitive prices and quality to global shipping companies and Valencia tr�� cs almost any type of product. Overall, it has a positive effect on Valencia giving 19,800 people employment and bringing in 1,740 million euros in revenue.

TRANSPORTATION STORAGE GENERAL FACILITY BUILDING AUTOMOBILE STORAGE STORAGE TANKS CONTAINER STORAGE ROYAL MARINA PASSENGER TERMINALS COMMERCIAL TERMINALS PORT SEVICE BUILDINGS

VESSEL TYPE

MERCHANT VESSELS TANKERS BULK CARRIERS GENERAL CARGO

GOODS ONLY PASSENGERS CRUISE CONTAINERSHIPS

GOODS DISTRIBUTED

FERTILIZERS NON-METALLIC IRON STEEL ENERGY CHEMICAL PRODUCTS PRODUCTS

BUILDING AGRICULTURE OTHER VEHICLES

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071 Port Functions

PORT ZONING POBLATS MARITIMS (2015) Our site in the Poblats Maritims district has a wide variety of z oning.

Much of the site falls under a general “tertiary” z oning category as this area is continually growing and expanding, but in-land we see that there is a vast amount of parks, green space, and open lots. There is a large amount of housing on the east under a protected historic z one. This area labelled CHP is more commonly known as the historic Barrio de El Cabanyal or “�sherman’s quarter,” a historic center to the Poblats Maritims.

CHP HISTORIC PROTECTION ENS EXPANSION EDA OPEN BUILDING POB POBLATS - RESIDENTIAL EDA - TER MIXED USE - OPEN BUILDING TER TERTIARY - THIRD ITR TRANS. INFRASTRUCTURE PRD - PAT - PAD PUBLIC FACILITIES PNL - PQL - PJL PARKS PID INFRASTRUCTURE

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Port Functions 072

PORT DOMINANT USE DOMINANT USE Also included in our research was the ���� cation of dominant use with-in the Poblats Maritims district. Not to be confused with district z oning, the predominant use helped us identify the uses on each plot. An expansive portion of the area studied is allocated for the port authority of Valencia and the transport that happens here. Another crucial portion of the area studied is the Historic Barrio de El Cabanyal. The area has been listed by the World Monuments Fund in the “2012 World Heritage List in Danger as “in danger of extinction.” Rapid progress and development threatened the existence of the historic district until recently. New initiatives are being put in place to promote reconstruction and sustainability within El Cabanyal and Poblats Maritims.

RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL PUBLIC GREEN LOT PRIVATE GREEN LOT PORT STRUCTURES PORT TRANSPORT INSTITUTIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE

BALEARIC SEA

073 Port Functions

ZONING GLOSSARY CHP (Protected Historic Set of the Cabnayal Expansion)

EDA (Open Building)

EDA/ TER (Mixed Use Building)

Dominant use of the CHP zone is multifamily residential. The minimum area of building plots shall be 60 square meters.

Front building height is to be no more than 16 meters in height.

The Open Building Zone is constituted by the set of areas expressly graphed with this title in Plan B of Land �������z The global or dominant use of this area is the Multi-Family Residential. This Zone prohibits Tco. 2 and 3, Camps (Tho.2), Recreational facilities for more than 1500 people, Industrial and Warehouses (Ind. 2 and 3, and Alm. 2 and 3), Appropriations, and Car Parks.

The minimum plot area will be 200 m2.

However, those parcels on which exempt (generally built) blocks are written in the Plan C with surface less than 200 square meters will be considered buildable.

Each and every one of its fronts shall be at least 12 meters high.

The Tertiary Zone (Ter. 4) is constituted by the set of areas expressly written with this title in Plan B of Land �������z and, if applicable, in Plan C. The global or dominant use of this area is Tertiary.

The minimum plot area will be 200 m2.

However, those parcels on which exempt (generally built) blocks are written in the Plan C with surface less than 200 square meters will be considered buildable.

Each and every one of its fronts shall be at least 10 meters high.

ENS (Ensanche - Expansion)

Maximum Building HeightHc = 5.30m + 2.90m(Np)

The Protected Historical Set Zone consists of the set of areas expressly graphed with this title in PlanB of Land �������z It covers those areas that have served as a source for the formation of urban centers: CHP-1: Ciutat Vella CHP-2: Grao-Cabanyal CHP-3:Poblats and Pobles del Nord

The Area of Ensanche is constituted by the set of areas expressly graphed with this title in Plan B of L���������z The global or dominant use of this Zone is Multi-Family Residential. This zone prohibits Tco.2, Ind. 2 and 3, Alm. 1, 2 and 3, Appropriations, and Car Parks.

The minimum area of building plot will be 100 square meters. The shape of the plot shall be such that an 8 x 10 rectangle meters whose smaller side coincides with the outer alignment, and its lateral borders do not form an angle of less than 80 degrees with the outer alignment.

TER (Tertiary) The Tertiary Zone is constituted by the set of areas expressly written with this title in Plan B of Land �������z and, if applicable, in Plan C. The dominant use of this area is Tertiary. The minimum plot area will be 200 m2. However, those parcels on which exempt (generally built) blocks are written in the Plan C with surface less than 200 square meters will be considered buildable.

Each and every one of its fronts shall be at least 10 meters high.

Maximum Building Height Hc = 4.8m + 2.9m(Np)

Maximum Building Height Hc = 5.30m + 4m(Np)

** If building between two protected buildings��������������z by the lower of the two buildings.

** Variances between Tertiary Uses.

Reference pages 114-120 of the Normas Urbanisticas for more information on different Tertiary zones.

Maximum Building Height Hc = 5.30m + 4m(Np) ** Variances between Tertiary Uses.

Reference pages 114-120 of the Normas Urbanisticas for more information on different Tertiary zones.

SETBACKS In land use, a setback is the distance which a building or other structure is set back from a street or road, a river or other stream, a shore or flood plain, or any other place which is deemed to need protection.

Building Height �������������� y the cornice of the structure when applicable or in the instance there is not a cornice, the eave of the roof is the maximum height.

Maximum height can be calculated with this formula: Hc = “X”-meters + “X”meters(Np) Hc = Cornice Height Np = Number of Floors

Port Functions 074

PRD/ PAT/ PAD (PrivateEndowments) Sports Facilities(Dep), Care Facilities (Dsa), and Administrative Institutions (Dad) are clas���z under Title Seven, Chapter One, Article 7.8 -Supplementary Use (D).

Use of Community Equipment : Sport Use (Dep) : includes activities intended for the practice,teaching or sport exhibition. Sanitary Use (Dsa) : includes activities aimed at providing assistance and provision of medical or surgical services, other than those provided in o�� es. Administrative Use (Dad) : includes the activities of the service o����z of the public administrations, as well as those of their organiz ations. The activities carried out are excluded, in the municipality buildings. ** The institutions provided in this section are noted as private facilities which may classify under their own rules.

PNL/ PQL (Urban Gardens) Preservation: Article 3.81. - Catalog of Gardens and Trees. The General Plan contains a Catalog of Protection of Gardens and Trees, whose purpose is to preserve the historical heritage of the city and the aesthetic values of the present design in certain landscaped areas.

Article 3.82 - A list of protected tree’s can be found on page 44 of the Normas Urbanisticas. Gardens who express special artistic value with vegetation and architectural elements must maintain their typological or environmental conditions.

Special Conditions: Chapter 11, Article 6.76 - In free spaces of more than 1,000 m2 the installation of service spaces, with a maximum constructed service lot of 20 m2 per unit, will be permitted. In addition, Open air sports facilities will be allowed up to 70% of a lot of 10,000 m2 or greater.

200 m2 will be permitted for enclosed service space.

PID (Infrastructure) Establishes the indicative layout of the network of sanitation infrastructures and supplies. The Plan or Special Plans formulated for these areas may, in addition to cover the stated purposes, qualify soil for public uses, regulate and, where appropriate, protect agricultural land use and provide for infrastructure and services necessary for the population. Infrastructure protection zone is divided into: PI-1: Protection and reservation of the road network.

PI-2: Protection and reservation of the railway network.

PI-3: Protection of livestock roads.

PI-4: Protection of the water supply network.

PI-5: Protection of processing centers and power lines.

PI-6: Protection of pipelines and pipelines.

PI-7: Protection of the constituent areas of the hydraulic public domain.

PI-8: Protection of the coastal area.

2 RESEARCH

077 Introduction

AN INFORMED PROCESS Every design problem we encounter requires a thoughtful, cogniz ant, and ����z response to be successful. Since every design problem is intertwined in a complex network of requirements, limitations, and opportunities, it can be very challenging to ��z a similar case study project to inform the design process. In this section I have selected case studies that address ����z issues and opportunities that the studio has �����z in the �� t section of this book. This further study of solution components in each project will help guide decisions in masterplan and program development.

Despite the wealth of knowledge the studio produced early in the semester, it was still necessary to visit Valencia to truly understand the conditions and constraints that we were to be designing within for the remainder of the year. While there we also visited many notable projects throughout Spain by architects like Herz og and de Meuron, Nieto Sobejano, and Santiago Calatrava.

This experience was equally inspiring as it was informative and provided us all the needed boost to jump into the next stages of the project.

Introduction 078

079 Case Studies

RESILIENT BY DESIGN - THE BIG U LOCATION: Lower East Side, NYC CLIENT: City of New York ARCHITECT: Bjarke Ingels Group

In October of 2012 the city of New York City was devastated by Hurricane Sandy--the worst storm the city has ever seen. The low lying topography of Lower Manhattan became inundated with sea water from 57th street to The Battery.

This area is home to the Financial District which plays a vital role in the global economy as well as 220,000 of the 1.6 million residents on the island of Manhattan.

In collaboration with New York City, The Big U was developed to protect Lower Manhattan from future floodwater, storm surges, and other impacts of climate change. This proposal does so by implementing a protective barrier around the same low lying area that flooded in 2012 after Hurricane Sandy.

The proposal was conceived as 10 continuous miles of protection tailored to respond to individual neighborhood typology as well as community-desired amenities. The proposal breaks the area into compartments: East River Park; Two Bridges and Chinatown; and Brooklyn Bridge to The Battery. Like the hull of a ship, each can provide a floodprotection z one, providing separate opportunities for integrated social and community planning processes for each. Each compartment comprises a physically separate flood-protection z one, isolated from flooding in the other zones, but each equally a ��� for integrated social and community planning. The compartments work in concert to protect and enhance the city, but each compartment’s proposal is designed to stand on its own.

Case Studies 080

081 Case Studies

NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE FOR ECOLOGY LOCATION: Wageningen, NL CLIENT: NRAAS ARCHITECT: Claus en Kaan

The Netherlands Institute for Ecology is located on the campus of Wageningen University on the Nedderijn River. The goal of the project was to create the most sustainable research institute in the world by utiliz ing the cradle-tocradle philosophy.

The main building of the institute is divided into three sections. Laboratories are located behind a closed glass façade to grant the researches plenty of natural daylight. Exterior canopies are strategically placed to ensure that sun exposure is limited in the summer.

The central core of the facility houses all program that requires no natural daylight.

In order to ��� l the goal of becoming the worlds most sustainable research facility, the architect carefully selected materials that help make that goal a reality. The building is made from renewable materials that are ����� y produced without the production of harmful emissions. The hull is constructed from durable concrete that was left without chemical additives, solvents, or sealants. Nearly all materials inside and out are FSC and PVC-free.

The palette of wood, glass, steel, flax, and limestone create a streamlined building that is a part of the surrounding landscape.

Case Studies 082

083 Case Studies

CENTRO BOTÍN LOCATION: Santander, ES CLIENT: Emilio Botín Foundation ARCHITECT: Renzo Piano

Centro Botín is located in Santander on the northwestern seafront of Spain.

In order to produce a suitable site, the existing Paseo del Muelle highway had to be re-routed into a 200 meter long tunnel. The building now sits atop the tunnel on a site that acts as an extension of the city grid through an existing park and connects the town center to the sea.

The immediate site has become one of the cities most active public spaces and is regularly filled with visitors attending outdoor concerts and film projections.

The building itself is organized into two parts, an east and west wing joined by an elevated walkway that culminates in a platform cantilevered out over the sea. The west wing houses 2,500 square meters of versatile exhibition spaces and galleries. The upper level of the west

wing has a skylight system that allows some of the gallery to be naturally lit with diffused sunlight from the north.

The smaller east wing provides spaces for education, including a 7.5 meter high auditorium with 300 removable seats. The front wall of the auditorium is completely transparent and faces the sea, allowing the natrual backdrop of the horizon to be seen during lectures, plays, or musical performances. Both buildings are raised above the ground on stilts and appear to be covered in ��z scales from a distance. The cladding is actually thousands of small ceramic discs that break up the reflected light and provide contrast against the often grey sky.

Case Studies 084

085 Case Studies

HUSET SOMAERK SYDHAVN LOCATION: Copenhagen, DK CLIENT: Teglværkshavnen Huset ARCHITECT: Vandkunsten

Since the turn of the century, housing development in the city of Copenhagen has increased exponentially. A growth in demand from Norwegian, German, and English expats has yielded blocks and blocks of new homes and apartments.

Within this long list of new development, the Huset Somaerk Apartments in Sydhaven certainly stand out.

One of the architect’s main concerns while designing this project was to preserve the human scale of the building massing. They did so by organiz ing the units into four freestanding blocks connected by lawns, docks, and pathways. The diversity in spatial volumes both indoors and outdoors are all oriented and scaled in relation to the human body.

The project sits in the Teglværkshavnen Quay near the Sluseøbet Sound that snakes through the city. The direct connection to water was another factor that was executed masterfully by the team at Vandkunsten. By choosing to site the building in the water rather than near it, the architect was able to create unique spaces for the apartments residents. Each unit is suspended over water level docks that are connected by boardwalks. These interlock with the raised private lawns and public boathouse patio at the end of the pier.

The Huset Somaerk Apartments are an excellent example of how thoughtful siting and massing can help produce a successful project.

Case Studies 086

087 Valencia Photo Journal

EXPLORING VALENCIA Our studio had the privilege to travel to Valencia in October of 2017 and meet with Distinguished Regnier Chair, Fran Silvestre. While there we analyz ed and documented what we saw around the city, as well as our site in the Poblats Maritims district. Despite having studied the city for weeks on campus, we found that our more profound discoveries were made while walking the streets and experiencing the colorful culture of Valencia firsthand. Each member of the studio visited their site of interest and documented is through sketching and photography. These images help demonstrate just how eclectic and the community of Valencia is--especially within the Poblats Maritims district.

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3

MASTER PLAN

101 Introduction

PROTECTING POBLATS MARITIMS The purpose of this masters thesis studio was to study the potential beyond current z oning measures presented for the Poblats Maritims district, and to consider its future using the context of current city plans and the looming threat of climate change. Its no secret that city z oning measures are often quite static in thought, especially in unique urban conditions such as Poblats Maritims.

The question that we were tasked with answering was how to use z oning as a tool to achieve our design goals. In many cases, it may be necessary to propose a new generation of z oning to engender visionary design thinking that can shift Poblats Maritims towards a more resilient future.

Despite the many issues present within Poblats Maritims, it was clear just how important the district was to the residents of the area and the identity of Valencia. The district has had a long and difficult history since its founding, but has managed to survive through ingenuity and adaptation. Today, the greatest threat to Valencia is rising water caused by climate change--the first victim of which would be Poblats Maritims due to its coastal location. At this point in the project I began to ask how this unfortunate location might be made into an asset rather than a liability.

How could Poblats Maritims protect not only itself, but the rest of the city as well?

Introduction 102

103 Current Conditions

CURRENT SITE CONDITIONS Poblats Maritims today is a physical record of its history. One can find buildings from many different eras that tell the district’s diverse and complicated history. Some of the more recent additions include infrastructure and architecture built to accommodate mega-events like the America’s Cup and the Formula One Grand Prix. The facilities provided for these events are now under-utiliz ed and tower over the neighboring buildings.

The site is also home to some of the city’s most active social spaces including Playa del Cabanyal and the public docks the jut into the Balearic Sea. The common denominator between these two spaces is a connection to water for Valencia--a relationship that should be maintained.

FORMULA ONE TRACK

America’s Cup Building - David Chipper�eld AMERICA’S CUP BUILDING

America’s Cup Building - David Chipper�eld

“El Clot” - Social Housing

Current Conditions 104

PLAYA DEL CABANYAL

“EL CLOT” PUBLIC BEACH ACCESS

PRIVATE DOCKS

105 Current Conditions

CURRENT ZONING The historical and industrial significance of Poblats Maritims has yielded an interesting mix of z oning. For a time the area was designated as â&#x20AC;&#x153;Deferred Zoningâ&#x20AC;? which temporarily allowed for relaxed building allowances. This image shows dominant use zones that all have slight variances within them.

Recently, the EDEM Entrepreneurial School has been established on the southern portion of our site which has contributed to the expansion of institutional z oning. Commercial z oning tends to hug the most active public spaces of Poblats Maritims like the pier and Playa del Cabanyal.

RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL INSTITUTIONAL

Current Conditions 106

107 Current Conditions

SITE CONDITIONS + 2°C If current projections are correct, this is what the future of Poblats Maritims could look like without intervention. A 2°C temperature increase will create a change in sea level of +15 feet-submerging the majority of the site boundaries in seawater. While this estimate is conservative, it would still result in the displacement of thousands throughout the city of Valencia. This image shows what could very well be one of the greatest humanitarian issues we will encounter in the near future.

Current Conditions 108

109 Urban Rules

URBAN RULES Inspired by the book Grand Urban Rules by Alex Lehnerer, these rules were developed in an effort to resolve the pertinent issues identified in the Poblats Maritims district. We were each tasked with applying our set of rules while developing a new masterplan for the area. This use of a predetermined logic will make for a focused and cohesive solution to the issues at hand.

INFILL DEVELOPMENT

EVENT ARCHITECTURE

01 Future development in Poblats Maritims shall be focused to empty lots or in the place of abandoned buildings. This method mirrors the way that the historic Cabanyal district grew over time.

PEDESTRIAN CONNECTIONS

02 No permanent architecture will be built to accommodate for temporary events or needs. Past mega-events hosted in the Poblats Maritims area included buildings and infrastructure that are under utilized today.

03 Poblats Maritims is home to many attractions and social hubs. In order to strengthen the relationship between these amenities, a series of connected pedestrian pathways should be provided with as little interruption as possible.

Urban Rules 110

URBAN PERMEABILITY

GROUND FLOOR USAGE

04 The current urban grid surrounding the Poblats Maritims district is oriented in a way that impedes circulation to the beach. Future development should be oriented with circulation in mind.

BEACH PRESERVATION

05 To maintain an active streetscape, the ground floor of new development should serve a public function. The many cafes, pubs, and storefronts that line the streets of Valencia are the center of social activity, and a key component of Spanish culture.

06 Playa del Cabanyal is one of the most important public spaces of Valencia and is enjoyed by the city year round. No future development should encroach on the current boundaries of the beach to ensure that it remains to be a public amenity.

111 Urban Rules

BUILDING FOOTPRINT

RECLAIM BUFFER LOTS

HOUSING COST DIVERSITY

$

$ $$ $$ $$

$$

$$

$

$

07 Any new development in Poblats Martims with more than four floors must surrender a portion of their lot for the use of the public. This space can take the form of a plaz a, garden, or seating area.

08 Land parcels immediatly adjacent to Playa del Cabanyal are to be reclaimed by the city to serve as a floodwater buffer. But utiliz ing these few lots, infrastructure to protect the surrounding area from sea level rise and storm surges can be implemented.

09 New residential devlopment built in Poblats Maritims should offer a diverse range of housing options. Rather than segregating income levels, all socioeconomic demographics will live under one roof.

Urban Rules 112

RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE

10 A new system of protective infrastructure should be implented in order to make Poblats Maritims more resilient against sea level rise and storm surges caused by climate change. Ideally, this system will serve multiple functions and not disrupt urban connectivity.

LOCAL ENERGY PRODUCTION

THE GREATER GOOD

11 Like many parts of the globe, our site has a great deal of potential for renewable energy production. If utiliz ed, much of the energy needs of the district can be provided for. Future development should include facilities to harness this clean alternative energy.

12 All major planning efforts are put in place to accomplish a specific goal. In this situation, all planning decisions should be made in an effort to do the greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of people.

113 New Master Plan

PROPOSED MASTERPLAN The biggest move in the proposed master plan of Poblats Maritims is the elevated tram that follows the contours of the beach. While connecting crucial points of the existing public transit system, it simultaneously creates a flood barrier that can protect the surrounding area from the projected +15 feet of sea level increase. This dual layer of protection will help mitigate the effects of climate change on the area while also providing a service for the people.

Indicated is the site that I was interested in developing for the remainder of the studio. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s location on an elevated platform places it out of harms way from projected sea level rise, and is adjacent to some of the most important social spaces of the city.

SITE OF INTEREST

New Master Plan 114

STORM SURGE BIOSWALES

ELEVATED TRAM / FLOOD BARRIER PUBLIC BEACH ACCESS

PEDESTRIAN TRAIL

115 New Master Plan

RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE Sea level rise due to climate change will not occur all at once, but rather in stages. Therefore, any intervention to curb itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s effects should also have different stages. This system includes storm surge bioswales to alleviate intermittent floods that will pose more of a threat as the sea level increases. The last line of defense is a flood wall that will compensate for the projected 15 foot increase brought on by a 2°C change in global temperature.

STORM SURGE BIOSWALES

FLOOD BARRIER

New Master Plan 116

117 New Master Plan

BEFORE RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE +2°C GLOBAL TEMPERATURE INCREASE

New Master Plan 118

AFTER RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE +2°C GLOBAL TEMPERATURE INCREASE

119 New Master Plan

PROPOSED ZONING This new z oning configuration isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t all that different from what exists today. It consists of a healthy mix of residential, commercial, and institutional z oning with the addition of some much needed public amenities. Among these are a new public transportation hub, student housing complex with nearby public library, and a dedicated event space well suited for temporary pavilions and event service buildings.

The goal of this proposed z oning is to maximiz e the potential of the Poblats Maritims district, while protecting of its most important amenities. In doing so, the future of the district can be secured.

RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL INSTITUTIONAL

DEDICATED EVENT SPACE

New Master Plan 120

TRANSIT HUB

STUDENT HOUSING

PUBLIC LIBRARY

4 PROPOSAL

123 Project Statement

THE SEARCH FOR A SOLUTION The city of Valencia has a long history of disastrous floods since its founding during the Roman era. Historians estimate that in the past seven centuries the city has been submerged over 75 timesâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;the worst of which occurred in 1957. Two days of heavy rain sent water surging down the Turia River which left the city completely underwater. By the time the water receded nearly 100 people had died. The tragedy was so great that the city decided to take action and ensure the protection of its people.

Prime Minister Francisco Franco enacted the Plan Sur which would divert the Turia River from its original path to the south of Valencia.

Through public support and ingenuity the plan was successfully finished in 1973. Since its completion, no major floods have affected Valencia or the surrounding area. That being said, the city isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t totally free from the threat of incoming waters.

Today Valencia is at risk of coastal flooding due to climate change, and the solution will require the same public support and ingenuity that solved its problems in the past. This section documents my process in developing a program that can accomplish this goal.

Project Statement 124

125 Project Statement

THE PRIMARY ISSUE Mankind’s impact on the planet is indisputable. Since the industrial revolution, we have pumped millions of tons of carbon into the atmosphere and its effects on climate are now being seen. Current climate models predict the the global temperature will rise to be a minimum of 2ºC higher than average—a change that will cause sea level to rise by 2.5 meters. If these figures prove to be true, the entirety of Poblats Martitims will be engulfed by the Balearic Sea, and thousands of Valencian’s will be displaced from their homes. This issue isn’t isolated to Valencia by any means.

Hundreds of major cities from across the globe will also be affected by the rising seas, increasing the number for those at risk of displacement into the millions.

This global threat of displacement will undoubtedly require a global response.

For this reason, 170 countries including Spain have pledged to curb the effects of climate change by signing the Paris Agreement in 2016. While the main goal of the accord is to limit global temperature increase to no more than the projected 2ºC, each country is tasked with defining exactly what their role will be to accomplish this. Spain has the opportunity to not only comply with the terms of the agreement, but to lead the effort to protect those at risk of displacement— both in Valencia and across the globe. +4°C OVER AVERAGE +2°C OVER AVERAGE -2°C UNDER AVERAGE -4°C UNDER AVERAGE

GLOBAL TEMPERATURE

Project Statement 126

CO2 LEVELS

CO2 (Parts per Million)

380 340 300 260 220

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

Thousands of Years Before Today

CLIMATE CHANGE

Temperaturee Anomaly (C)

1.0

0.5

0.0

-0.5 1880

1900

1920

1940

1960 Year

1980

2000

2020

127 Project Statement

UNITED NATIONS SUSTAINABILTY INSTITUTE The United Nations Sustainability Institute was established in 2007.

Their mission is to “advance efforts towards a more sustainable future through policy-oriented research and capacity development focused on sustainability and its social, economic and environmental dimensions.” This multidisciplinary organiz ation focuses on four areas of study; sustainable societies, biodiversity, global change, and resilience.

Through an important balance of research, education, and outreach, the institute aims to solve some of the planet’s toughest problems. Currently UNU-IAS is without a permanent home, and their temporary space is inadequate to accommodate for the growing organi z ations needs.

The three components of research, education, and outreach define the programmatic needs of the institute quite well. The research that UNU-IAS conducts requires laboratory spaces that allow for adaptability and collaboration.

While the majority of education is accomplished through hands-on experience in the lab, classrooms will still need to be provided for periodic use. Lastly, a lecture hall or theatre should be provided so that UNU-IAS can bring their research to the public. By providing these facilities, Valencia will have a clearly defined role in the effort to curb the effects of climate change.

The work done at the United Nations Sustainability Institute will be crucial in the years to come, and will help protect coastal communities around the world from being displaced.

The proposed site for the institute is located near the end of Playa del Cabanyal on the northern edge of the Royal Marina Pier. This connection to major social centers of the city carries with it am opportunity for the institute to present its work and educate the public on the issues that they work on.

Another important factor at this site is the potential for renewable energy production. The proximity to the water makes wind and tidal energy capture methods feasible. If this opportunity is utiliz ed, this project will be able to completely provide for its own energy needs, and possibly for much of the surrounding area.

PROPOSED SITE

Project Statement 128

MISSION STATEMENT “We aim to advance the global effort towards a more sustainable future in all social, economic, and environmental dimensions. To do so UNSI will lead research of pertinent issues from around the world, educate the next generation of problem solvers, and act as an advocate for a better tomorrow.”

RESEARCH

GOAL

ADVOCACY

EDUCATION

129 User Pro��

USER PROFILES In order to create an accurate program for the United Nations Sustainability Institute, a detailed analysis of potential users of all types was developed. This helped identify what type of work is likely to be done in the institute, as well as the spatial needs team member. These profiles will expand the set of material that informs the design process to include the most important resource of the institute--it’s people.

ENVIRONMENTAL DATA ANALYST

DOCTORAL STUDENT

The majority of an environmental data analyst’s work requires powerful computing stations and plenty of desk space. This position will typically collaborate on a wide variety of projects in multiple labs, and therefore will require access to local computing stations. The dedicated o�� e for this user should be located near the laboratories and classrooms.

As a graduate student, this user divides their time between education and research. Everything learned in the classroom will be expected to be immediately applied to their lab work, which will require a direct adjacency. Ideally, these spaces will be relatively open and collaborative in order to expose the student to all disciplines housed in the institute.

User Pro�� 130

GEOGRAPHER

ECOLOGIST

A geographer at this institute is likely to spend much of their time out of the o�� e and in the ��� taking measurements and making maps. A “landing space” or o�� e for temporary and sporadic use would be ideal for the times when they visit the institute.

This position is responsible for collecting data in ecosystems from around the world and reporting back to the research team periodically. A small space for meetings and presentations with digital presentation equipment would be absolutely necessary for an ecologist at this institute.

131 User Pro��

HYDROLOGIST In order for a hydrologist to do their job, they’re required to obtain water samples in the ��� and return to them to the lab for analysis. The majority of a hydrologist’s time at the institute would be spent in wet labs that will require specializ����������� es.

SOCIOLOGIST This position has the ���� t task of studying the work done by the institute and how it relates to people and their communities. This crucial role will require a private o�� e conducive to reading and writing, as well as spaces to speak with members of the research team and government o���� .

User Pro�� 132

DIRECTOR OF RESEARCH

GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL

This position has the dual role of leading the research team and acting as the main point of contact to the United Nations Community. This unique mix of responsibilities will require easy access to the laboratories, and a place to host meetings with global leaders both formally and informally.

The presence of government o����z will require an added level of security to the facility. During their visits they will need a space to meet with the research team to work on issues associated with sustainability. The ability to tour the rest of Poblats Maritims starting from the institute would be ideal.

133 User Pro��

EVENT COORDINATOR

NETWORK ADMINISTRATOR

This position is in charge of planning all events hosted by the institute. This will require a dedicated o�� e, an area to hold meetings, and facilities for the events to occur. It’s important that this user is connected with the inner workings of the laboratories so that they can curate events related to the institute’s focus.

Such a complex facility will require a full time network administrator to manage all information systems. This position will need easy access to computer equipment, an o�� e space, and a dedicated server room. Since this position is a self contained department, no adjacencies are crucial.

User Pro�� 134

COMMUNICATIONS DIRECTOR

CUSTODIAN

The communications director will be the point of contact for the institute to the public. They are likely to work closely with the event coordinator, so adjacent or connected o�� es would be preferred. This position will also require an area to host guests ranging from reporters, to visiting members of the community.

The custodian of the building has the crucial role of maintaining the cleanliness of the facility as well as performing and maintenance needed. Though no large space are required for this position, an area for tools and supplies should be provided.

135 User Pro��

UNIVERSITY STUDENT This user lives in nearby student housing and studies at the Polytechnic University of Valencia. Outside of class, they enjoy exploring the city and discovering what it has to offer. They would appreciate a place to view the city from a distance -- an experience that would be a welcome addition to Valencia.

GRADE SCHOOL STUDENT This up-and-coming generation would enjoy a new public space that allows them to have fun and learn about the world around them. Therefore, outdoor spaces should be engaging and encourage physical activity. In addition, exhibitions should be easily understood and interactive to make an impression on young minds.

User Pro�� 136

RUNNER Mornings runs on the beach are a common sight at Playa del Cabanyal. This user type would enjoy a connected and comprehensive trail system that links the different areas of Poblats Maritims. Ideally, this system would be pedestrian dedicated and not along other transit paths.

CABANYAL RESIDENT As a longtime resident of the Cabanyal District, this user is happy to see a new ����z staple within the local community. They’re concerned about the future of their home, and are deeply interested in the work done by the institute. This interest is vital to making Valencia a living example of a resilient city.

137 Program

PROGRAMMATIC DATA Dry Laboratories (6)

4,800 ft2

Flexible Space

450 ft2

Computing Stations

300 ft2

Storage

50 ft2

Wet Laboratories (6)

4,800 ft2

Fixture Stations

450 ft2

Computing Stations

300 ft2

Storage

50 ft2

Classrooms (6)

3,600 ft2

Group Seating

500 ft2

Presentation Area

100 ft2

Conference Rooms (3)

2,400 ft2

Seating Space

600 ft2

Presentation Area

200 ft2

Leadership Offices (6) Private Workspace

900 ft2 150 ft2

Landing Offices (6) Open Workspace

900 ft2 150 ft2

Lounge

1,500 ft2

Seating Area

1,200 ft2

Coffee Station

300 ft2

Resource Library

1,000 ft2

Stacks

600 ft2

Reading Area

200 ft2

Catalouge

200 ft2

Observation Deck

5,000 ft

Viewing Area

3,000 ft2

Seating

1,500 ft2

Cafe

500 ft2

Program 138

Exhibition Space

5,000 ft2

Gallery

4,000 ft2

Climate Metric

500 ft2

Welcome Desk

500 ft2

Auditorium

3,200 ft2

Fixed Seating

2,500 ft2

Stage

500 ft2

Projector Room

200 ft2

Outdoor Space

2,000 ft2

Green Space

1,500 ft2

Seating

500 ft2

Lobby

1,800 ft2

Open Space

1,000 ft2

Welcome Desk

500 ft2

Security

300 ft2

Support Offices (6) Private Workspace

900 ft2 150 ft2

Service Spaces

12,700 ft2

Energy Production

8,500 ft2

Mechanical

1,500 ft2

Restrooms

1,200 ft2

Storage

1,000 ft2

Custodial

500 ft2

GROSS AREA + 15% CIRCULATION = NET AREA

50,500 ft2 7,575 ft2 58,075 ft2

139 Program

PROGRAM SCALE COMPARISON DRY LABS

WET LABS

CLASSROOMS

OFFICES

CONFERENCE

LOUNGE

LIBRARY 1,000 ft²

1,500 ft² 2,400 ft²

2,700 ft² 3,600 ft²

4,800 ft²

OBSERVATION

4,800 ft²

EXHIBITION

AUDITORIUM

OUTDOOR

2,000 ft²

LOBBY

1,800 ft²

3,200 ft²

5,000 ft²

ENERGY PROD.

5,000 ft²

MECHANICAL 1,500 ft²

8,500 ft²

RESTROOMS 1,200 ft²

STORAGE 1,000 ft²

CUSTODIAL

Program 140

PROGRAM ADJACENCY LIBRARY

CLIENT HOSTING

ENERGY PROD.

1,000 FT2 LOUNGE

1,500 FT2 CONFERENCE

2,400 FT2 OFFICES

CUSTODIAL

8,500 FT2

2,700 FT2

WET LABS

CLASSROOMS

RESEARCH CORE

DRY LABS

3,600 FT2 STORAGE 4,800 FT

1,000 FT2

2

RESTROOM

OUTDOOR

4,800 FT2 AUDITORIUM

1,200 FT2 OUTDOOR SPACE

2,000 FT2 OBSERVATION

LOBBY

1,800 FT2 EXHIBITION SPACE

3,200 FT2 MECHANICAL

1,500 FT2

5,000 FT2

5,000 FT2

INDOOR

141 Massing

GENERAL MASSING SYMBOLIC SITING

EXISTING ELEMENTS

Given the aforementioned sea level increase caused by climate change, many might choose to place any new development far inland away from the this imminent threat. Unlike most development however, the United Nations Sustainabiltiy Institute is deeply invested in resolving the issues surrounding climate change. By placing the building on the front lines, the building itself becomes a symbol of boldness and optimism.

The proposed site is located on the northern edge of the Royal Marina Pier atop an elevated walkway that stretches far to the east. Luckily, this platform will remain dry once the projected 15 feet increase in sea level occurs. The elevated walkway is connected to the natural grade by a long concrete ramp and staircase that are in excellent condition. This massing preserves these connections to the lower level.

Massing 142

OBSERVATION DECK POINT OF VIEW The view from the Royal Marina towards Playa del Cabanyal is one of the most picturesque in all of Valencia.

Beacuse of this, the city chose to erect an observation deck at the far eastern end of the pier. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s isolation from the mainland and a newly built breakwater that blocks views to the east has led to this observation deck being under utilized. By providing this much needed space to the people, the institute can attract members of the public to the other public spaces of the building.

143 Massing

AUDITORIUM BEST SEAT IN THE HOUSE Some of the primary outreach events currently hosted by the United Nations Sustainability Institute are guest lectures and movie screenings. Such events will require a large auditorium with fixed seats, as well as a professional audio visual display system. The space is oriented in such a way that Playa del Cabanyal could be used as a living backdrop for the stage. Of course, the ability to provide complete darkness as needed should be maintained.

Massing 144

EXHIBITION SPACE MAKING KNOWLEDGE PUBLIC The exhibition space is the instituteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s primary tool to display their work. Since the work assigned to the research team can vary greatly as different issues associated with climate change present themselves, the exhibition space should be equally adaptable. The United Nations Sustainability Institute ultimately works for the global community, and therefore all of its findings should be made accessible to the public.

145 Massing

LOBBY TRANSITION SPACE The lobby is placed so that it can act as a buffer between the private and public functions of the institute. Since prominent members of the United Nations will regularly visit the facility, a security checkpoint should be integrated into this space. A welcoming desk to assist in wayfinding and check in should also be provided here. Ideally the lobby will be directly connected to the major vertical circulation elements.

Massing 146

RESOURCE LIBRARY INFORMATION ON HAND All of the work done at the United Nations Sustainability Institute is rigorously documented in the form of books, journals, and articles. Such an extensive catalogue demands an on-site resource library that can accommodate their own research as well as external references.

To encourage frequent use the library should be left open and saturated with natural daylight. If executed correctly, the library will become on of the most active spaces within the facility.

147 Massing

LOUNGE SOCIAL SPACE Like any workplace, the memberâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s of the research team will require an area to step away from their work to relax on occasion. Ample seating should be provided in the form of movable or built in systems. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s adjacency to the library will allow the lounge to become a reading area from time to time, as well as an informal meeting space for the research staff and visitors. Any opportunity to foster cross pollination amongst the diverse research team in spaces like this should be encouraged.

Massing 148

CONFERENCE ROOMS MEETING OF THE MINDS One of the most important factors within the job description of scientist, educator, and diplomat is the ability to communicate. The conference rooms provide the space necessary to host meetings and facilitate efficient communication. Due to the global scope of the United Nations, each of these rooms should be equipped with video conferencing systems and digital displays for remote meetings.

149 Massing

LABORATORIES THE RESEARCH CORE The laboratories are the heart and soul of the research institute. These spaces will be unique from other labs in that they must be able to facilitate a wide variety research topics. For instance, one lab may be calculating lead content in soil samples while the lab next door is developing sustainable irrigation methods. This wide range of possibilities will require flexible spaces with open spans and floor integrated mechanical systems to function.

Massing 150

CLASSROOMS HANDS ON LEARNING This research institute is unique from most due to its emphasis on teaching alongside research.

As teaching opportunities arise, senior members of the team present the graduate and doctoral researchers the information necessary to continue. From there they can immediately apply that knowledge to their lab work--a symbiotic relationship between work and education that has been proven to be more powerful than traditional teaching methods. The labs and classrooms will need to be directly connected to accommodate this practice.

151 Massing

OFFICE SPACE VARYING NEEDS After studying the different user profiles mentioned earlier in the book, it became clear that different office formats are necessary for different roles. Leadership roles will require private offices near the laboratories that they lead. This close adjacency will allow for frequent interaction and guidance. Thereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s also a need for open offices to be used sporadically by researchers that primarily do fieldwork. These spaces will be shared and should provided desks and computing stations.

Massing 152

CIRCULATION THE SPINE One crucial factor in creating successful collaborative environments are circulatory and visual connections from space to space. The primary circulation corridor is placed between the research core and offices with small breakout spaces distributed throughout. Encounters as mundane as hallway conversations can lead to ideas and solutions that would not have been realiz ed otherwise. These interactions should be encouraged at every opportunity in this project.

153 Massing

ENERGY PRODUCTION & MECHANICAL ON SITE ENERGY The proximity to the water at this site presents a unique opportunity to produce electricity by means of tidal power. The space beneath the elevated walkway has been allocated for this purpose. These new technologies have the potential to power the entire building with even modest sized waves--without producing any carbon emissions. The major mechanical spaces will also be housed at this lowest level.

Massing 154

COMPOSITE FUNCTION GIVEN FORM

OBSERVATION DECK

CONFERENCE ROOMS

This image shows how each element of program interlocks and interacts with one another. Every decision in this process was informed by the way that the United Nations Sustainability Institute functions and its over arching goals. This same thoughtfulness and logic will be applied as the project progresses to create a holistic solution for the instituteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needs.

AUDITORIUM

LABORATORIES

EXHIBITION SPACE

CLASSROOMS

LOBBY

OFFICES

RESOURCE LIBRARY

CIRCULATION

LOUNGE

ENERGY PRODUCTION

155 Sections

PUBLIC SECTION EXHIBITION SPACE AUDITORIUM ENERGY PRODUCTION

Sections 156

157 Sections

PRIVATE SECTION LABORATORIES OPEN OFFICE CONFERENCE ROOMS ENERGY PRODUCTION

Sections 158

5 APPENDIX

161 Tidal Power

TIDAL ENERGY PRODUCTION INNER WORKINGS

RELIABILITY

OUTPUT

Wind energy has been utilized to create electricity for some time now and has become more and more obtainable as time goes on. Rather than wind power, this new technology uses the ever moving ocean to generate electricity through simple fluid dynamics. As waves reach the station, air pressure within a sealed chamber increases and is pushed through an electric turbine. When the wave recedes, the same action happens in reverse which produces a virtually seamless supply of power.

Unlike electricity produced by wind and solar power, this system experiences almost no gaps in production. While a cloudy day or lack of wind would result in no electricity, tidal energy production is constant, reliable, and predictable. This factors makes for a much more favorable system especially in situations that a gap in electricity would be disastrous like in factories and hospitals.

Much like early examples of wind energy, this process of energy capture is much more expensive than its competitors.

For this reason, only a handful of these facilities exist as of yet. At these locations, turbines have recorded outputs as high as 4 megawatts. Even modest siz ed waves are capable of producing 300 kilowatts per turbine.

Tidal Power 162

163 Copenhagen Study

NAUTICAL TRAFFIC Copenhagen has been a center for trade in northern Europe since the early 1600’s due to its location on Øresund Sound--one of the only water passages between the Baltic and North Seas.

Any commercial vessel traveling east from the other major port cities of St. Petersburg, Helsinki, and Stockholm must pass through the narrow waterways that surround Denmark.

This heavy tr���bottlenecks in the Øresund making Copenhagen a popular port city for refueling and the transfer of goods ground transportation.

Copenhagen’s role as an international trade hub provides for a reliable economy, but also demands for a large amount of coastline dedicated to ports and piers.

AARH

CO

NORTH SEA

KIEL

Copenhagen Study 164

GOTHENBURG

HALMSTAD

HAUS

OPENHAGEN

KARLSHAMN BALTIC SEA

MALMÃ&#x2013;

SWINOUJSCIE

165 Copenhagen Study

PORTS OF ENTRY The majority of people entering Copenhagen do so in one of three ways, by train, plane, or boat. Copenhagen Central Station services the most travelers by far, with 192 million passengers per year. The next most used method of entry is via Copenhagen International Airport outside the city limits with 29 million passengers each year. Langeline Pier brings an additional 2.9 million passengers to the city each year--most of these arriving by cruise ship.

The nearby city of Malmö, Sweden shares many resources and amenities with Copenhagen as they are just across the Øresund Sound. With this in mind, it is likely that a portion of the 17.1 million passengers that pass through Malmö Central Station enter Copenhagen via the bridge that connects the two cities.

Copenhagen Central Station effectively brings millions of people into the heart of the city each year. This fact coupled with one of the world’s leading public transportation systems makes for an excellent entry sequence for visitors and residents alike. Both Langeline Pier and Copenhagen International Airport are also serviced with public transportation, but are further away from the city center.

RAIL TRAVEL AIR TRAVEL NAUTICAL TRAVEL

LANGELINE PIER 2,900,000 Passengers

COPENHAGEN CENTRAL STAT 192,000,000 Passengers

Copenhagen Study 166

TION

COPENHAGEN INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT 29,000,000 Passengers

MALMÃ&#x2013; CENTRAL STATION MALM 17,100,000 Passengers

167 Copenhagen Study

TRANSIT DISTANCES Using Copenhagen Central Station as a starting point, this graphic demonstrates how much distance can be travelled in 30 minutes using different transit methods. The centermost ring shows how walking is able to get you to much of the city center with an average of 1.4 miles in half an hour. If you chose to travel by bicycle as many Danes do, you could see that range increse to 5.2 miles.

By utilizing the public transit network of Copenhagen you can travel deep into the suburbs of the city at around 7.1 miles.

With this information, you can see why few Danes choose to buy, drive, and maintain their own personal vehicles.

By utilizing any of these transit methods one can effectively travel in and around the metropolitan area.

WALKING BICYCLING PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION

Copenhagen Study 168

PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION 7.1 Miles

WALKING 1.4 Miles

BICYCLING 5.2 Miles

169 Copenhagen Study

URBAN GROWTH In 1947 Denmark developed a new strategy for growth in Copenhagen known as the Finger Plan. It consists of �ve commuter rail lines connecting to the city center, or the “palm” of the existing urban fabric. Development was intended to follow each of the �ve lines and be separated by gaps of open green space set aside for agriculture and recreation.

By 1960 the plan was proving effective as each of the rail lines saw explosive growth of development. The trend continued into the 1980’s and the city of Copenhagen extended deeper into the west. By the year 2000 however some unintentional consequences of the Finger Plan became apparent. The urban fabric started to �ll in the areas between the rail lines driving back the open areas for agriculture. Around this time the city also saw expansion in the Øresund Sound to the east with the ���ll and construction of new piers.

1844 HISTORIC CENTER 1947 RAIL EXTENSION 1960 URBAN FOOTPRINT 1980 URBAN FOOTPRINT 2000 URBAN FOOTPRINT

Copenhagen Study 170

171 Copenhagen Study

POPULATION DENSITY As Copenhagen has grown, the areas that its people live in has changed drastically. In the past 400 years the historic city center has been relieved of its housing duties and is now home to public buildings and amenities. The highest concentrations of Copenhagenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s residents now live just to the west in the districts of NĂ&#x2DC;rrebro and Valby.

In accordance to the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Five Finger Plan, the areas where people live follow the rails of the S Train reaching outward.

Housing changes from multi-family to mostly single-family development as distance from the city center increases, which directly correlates with the overall population density.

30,000 - 40,000 / KM2 20,000 - 30,000 / KM2 10,000 - 20,000 / KM2 50,000 - 10,000 / KM2 1,000 - 4,000 / KM2 <1,000 / KM2

Copenhagen Study 172

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