History of Modern Architecture ARC4010

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- 17 Jacob Austin - 17113125 - ARC4010

Task 1, Introduction to Modernism Definition

Time-line

Championed by artists, architects and writers, modernism is a term that encompasses many sub-movements within art & design.

1850 Realism in France marks the beginning of modern art trends. “Realists rejected Romanticism, which had dominated French literature and art since the late 18th century.”

Core Principles of Modernism

1965 Hard-Edge Painting, geometric illustrations with intense, bold colour 1965 Kinetic, “works of art which moved or gave them impression of moving”

1850 Pre Raphaelites was an association of English poets, painters & critics. Produced work with a high level of detail, often depicted from nature. Popular themes were Christianity, Romance, and mythology.

1965 Minimalism, founded in New York and based on the belief that less is more.

1860 Impressionism, captures an object as someone would see it if they viewed it for a split second. Using bold colours and little detail

1970 Conceptual Art, prizes ideas over formal element of art.

- A new perspective of looking at the world: “Make it new”

1880 Post-impressionism

- Minimalism

1890 Art Nouveau

1975 Photo Realism, aimed to create pictures that looked photographic.

- Art should be made available to everyone, not just the elite few

1900 Fauvisum

- Function Over form, Le Courbusier once said “houses are machines for living in” - A rejection of existing traditional methods and principles - A reaction to the horror of WW1 and the rise of industrialisation

(Nevermind Design., 2019) (Idealog, 2019)

1910 Cubisum, collected different views of a subject together and combined them into one picture. Creating fragmented and abstract paintings.

1965 Fluxus, in Latin meaning flowing.

1975 Performance Art, art in which is presented live

1975 Installation, “large scale, mix media, constructions” 1975 Earth Art

1915 Futurism, celebrated advanced technology, had a heavy reliance of ....... Rejected everything in the past.

1915 Expressionism, came about in Germany. Expressionism expressed emotion and meaning as aposed to reality.

1916 Dada - Created in Zürich, Switzerland. Arose as a reaction to the first world war. Influenced by avant-garde movements. “Illustrated absurdity through paintings or purposeless machines. “ 1920 Surrealism. Paintings of unconscious mind and dreams.

Championed indivisibility, and creativity 1925 Constructivism, believed that art should reflect the modern industrial world.

1960 Pop art, is a style of art based on simple bold images, painted in bright colours.

1965 Op Art, is a style of art that uses optical illusions. Often give the impression of movement, hidden images, warping or flashing.

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Task 1, Introduction to Modernism The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (PRB)was formed in 1848. It was initially set up by three artists, William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais and Dante Gabriel Rossetti; they were then joined by four more, to form a secret group of seven young artists who wanted to rebel against the rigid style of teaching by the British Royal Academy. They all believed that the art that was being produced under the systematic teaching of the British Royal Academy was dark and unimaginative.

All the artists in the PRB wanted art work to be rejuvenated and thought that this would be achieved by looking back at art work at the time before the artist Raphael, and so the name Pre-Raphaelite was created. Even though the PRB was formed at the time during Britain’s Industrial Revolution, paradoxically the PRB were taking inspiration from artists back in the Renaissance and even the Medieval era.

However, artwork produced by PRB were more vibrant and colourful, and also of a photographic, true to nature style than other artwork of the day. Their artwork was therefore extremely meticulous. Although the artists in the PRB believed in the same principles they all had their own individual styles and their work influenced future artwork of the 19th and early 20th-century.

(Pre-Raphaelite Sisterhood, 2019) (The Art Story, 2019) There are four stained-glass windows in St Philip’s Cathedral in Birmingham, UK which were designed by Sir Edward Burne-Jones, who was born in Birmingham and who was a pre-Raphaelite artist. The four windows depict ‘The Nativity’ ‘The Crucifixion’ ‘The Ascension’ and ‘The Last Judgement’. Edward Burne-Jones designed the windows between 1885 -1891 and they were manufactured by the firm of William Morris & Co. The designs follow the principles of the PRB as they are vibrant, and the figures are life-like and portray a depth of feelings and emotions from the Biblical accounts.

(Birminghamcathedral.com, 2019)

Jacob Austin - 17113125 - ARC4010

Task 2, Werkbund-Weimar

Mies Van Der Rohe, The Barcelona Chair Why I like it More than just a chair, a masterpiece designed to be exhibited within the Barcelona pavilion. Its extremely simple but elegant design, symmetrical button pinned cushions that portray quality like no other.

In particular with the above photo I like how the chair provides a soft relief to the dark stone room around.

How it manifests the Bauhaus ethos ‘Minimalism, make something new & industrialisation’. A simple elegant design unlike any other chair designed in history.

Miew Van Der Rohe was able to manufacture the frame in such a way due to recent advances in industrial manufacturing.

‘True materials’. The chair is true to its materials with no finishes that hide or make it appear a materiel its not.

Paul Klee, Weimr Gallery Exhibition 1923 Poster Why I like it I particular find it inspiring how the entire Bauhaus ethos is depicted in such a one simple illustration. Along with the timelessness of the piece, as it can fit perfectly in modern homes today.

How it manifests the Bauhaus ethos The use of ‘primary colours’, ‘thin horizontal and vertical lines’, ‘and an array of basic shapes’, ‘vertical text’ is a reflection of all the qualities you would see within the design movement.

A ‘bold geometric font’, made up of strait lines is often seen within the Bauhaus design movement. As well as how the text is manipulated so that it’s characters are joined together, and extend off the page.

Mies Van Der Roh, Barcelona Pavilion Why I like it The use of rich natural materials, comprised into an incredibly elegant design. From the marble walls to the stone base of the pool, the materials are truly stunning and well throughout out.

How it manifests the Bauhaus ethos ‘True Materials’. Glass, steel, reinforced concrete and 4 different types of marble, all with natural finishes that showcase their true aesthetic qualities.

‘Minimalism’ & ‘Make some thing new’. The simplicity itself of the pavilion was a revolutionary feature. With just a few thin walls and an open plan,that creates an ambiguity of what’s interior and exterior.

‘Reaction to the world war’. The pavilion was constructed for the international exhibition 1929, to portray Germany liberty, honesty & openness. After they got back on their feet after the first world war.

Jacob Austin - 17113125 - ARC4010

Background Salzburg and Beijing-based architecture studio Penda have designed a 116m tall residential tower to be built in Tel Avivi.

The building comprises of are two different floor-plates, which are stacked in a repeating order to create a tessellation of cascading archways that extend out to create entryways to the terraces of each apartment. “Tel Aviv has the largest number of Bauhaus style buildings in the world, with over 4,000 buildings built in the German art school style as German-Jewish architects sought sanctuary in the city from persecution under the Nazis.� (Block, 2019) 50 Words of Why It Manifests Bahaus Qualities The use of masonry, metal balustrades and curtain walling powerfully portrays an industrial ascetic.

The single coloured brickwork almost looks like concrete, a popular Bauhaus construction material.

Symmetrical, flat roof design with a heavy use of right angles all elements often seen in Bauhaus architecture.

Make it new, tessellating floor-plates in a way never seen before.

Jacob Austin - 17113125 - ARC4010

Task 4, Italian Modernism Giorgio de Chirico was born in 1888 to Italian parents, but in the Greek city Volos. From an early age he took an interest in Greek mythology, probably due to the fact that Volos was the port where Jason, a Greek mythological hero, and leader of the Argonauts set sail from to retrieve the Golden Fleece. De Chirico produced many of his influential paintings whilst living in Paris between 1911-15; just prior to and during the start of World War I. He painted scenes of classical architecture and town squares In works like “The Soothsayer’s Recompense” (1913) and “The Mystery and Melancholy of a Street” (1914), De Chirico adopts a metaphysical style of painting which is reported to have significantly influenced the surrealists and he was considered in the frontline of progressive art in Paris before the First World War. The Architecture of the City is a book of urban design theory by the Italian architect Aldo Rossi published in 1966. Aldo Rossi (1931 – 1997) was an Italian architect and designer Rossi criticised the lack of understanding of the city in his current day architectural practice. He argued that a city must be constructed over time and of particular importance to be kept are urban artifacts that withstand the passage of time such as monuments. Rossi believed that a city should remember its past and that people remember a city’s history best through its monuments which also give a structure to the city too.

Rossi stated that architecture is inseparable from life and society and that a city should be seen as a spatial system composed of many parts and which may have their own autonomous parts. Their distribution in the city will be related to the city’s history and not always on function but play a role in the evolution of a city overtime. Rossi reports that many well-known cities started to grow around a piece of artwork, like monument which are physical signs of past. People can experience a form of history from monuments which should become an important element of the city which helps to constitute the total picture of an urban context.

(Urruela, 2019) Many of Giorgio de Chirico’s paintings are centred around the statue of Ariadne in an open square, who is the ancient mythological daughter of King Minos giving the city in the painting a sense of history and identity.

The Soothsayer’s Recompense 1913 Visual Interpretation The statue in the centre of the painting represents Ariadne a character in Greek mythology. Ariadne was the daughter of Minios, King of Crete. She fell in love with Thesus and helped him escape from the Labyrinth, but he later on abandoned her on the island of Naxos. In Chirico’s painting the empty square represents the island of Naxos, with the shared element of seclusion.

On closer analysis, the scene is different to how its perceived. The perspective, seemingly true to life, is actually incorrect, with many vanishing points existing, instead of a single one. Contradictory is further found as large areas of the square are cast into dark shadow, whilst the clock shows the time five minutes until two, when the sun is still high.

The steam train that can be seen in the background of the painting, is a direct reference to Chirico’s dead father (who used to work as a railway engineer)

Mystery and Melancholy of a Street 1914 Visual interpretation In the paining the empty street is captured by the afternoon sun, its not yet night but it appears as though the day will be soon coming to an end. The wall on the left coloured a pale white, makes the painting appear like a dream. In contrast the areas in shadow makes it appear as though the night has already come.

The humanly formed shadow seems threatening as its drawn towards the young girl playing. This creating a sense of anticipation with the viewer as they cannot predict what’s to come, but only imagine. Adding to this, the trailer on the right seems to provide a sense of entrapment, which emphasises the impending tragedy. Alternatively this could also been seen as a reference to Chirico’s dead farther (who used to work as a engineer) Influences This painting is a visual interpretation of the poem ‘Mystery And Melancholy Of A Street’. And it is clear that the details written about in Friedrich Nietzsche poem relate to Geiorgio de Chirico’s painting.

(YouTube, 2019)

Jacob Austin - 17113125 - ARC4010

Task 3, Le Corbusier: French Modernism & Urban Planning Within the presentation I took responsibility for the concept, history & legacy. Bellow you will find my work.

History The capital city all began with Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India. The two architects Albert Mayer & Matthew Nowicki were developing the design of the city, when the unexpected death of Mathew Nowick arose in August 1950. Which also led to ALbert Mayer withdrawing from the project. In search for a new architect, Le Corbusier steps in to take the role of the job.

(ArchDaily, 2019) The concept The masterplan of the Chandigarh was designed as an analogy of the human body, with the head represented by the capital complex.

The capital complex (the head) is made up of 3 Le Corbusier masterpieces; the high court, the Legislative Assembly, and the Secretariat.

The Legacy Almost 70 years later, the legacy continues. With the capital being renowned for an abundance of parks & green spaces across the city, and a pollution free environment in comparison to other cities within the country. Not to mention Le Corbusiers outstanding architecture, that draws people from across the globe to experience it in person.

Jacob Austin - 17113125 - ARC4010

Task 5, Avant-Garde 1. How has politics shaped art?

(Elliot Samuel Paul, 2019) Though the use of proper-gander and dominance over residence, art has had a big part to play in politics and still does.

Running for precedent or the government cannot go without a heavy influence of aesthetic elements, for a successful campaign. With branding that unconsciously influences the viewer, allowing them to define an entire campaign of just a single colour. (For example - Labour is red, and conservative is blue.)

Going back in time, around the 1990’s you wouldn’t even be able to go to a show, enter a gallery, without a anaesthetized lecture on racism, the views of which rooted from politics.

In contradiction, art can often be used as a powerful tool to object to political views, morals or campaigns. As a powerful means of transferring a message peacefully and with a lot of recognition.

So to summarise I do believe that the relation between art & politics is much greater than you may expect and certainly has its place.

2. Do you think art and architecture can and should respond to politics?

Yes, I believe it should. When architecture responds to politics it creates a place with meaning and history. And its these places with history that shape a city and make it interesting, as opposed to a collection of buildings that mean nothing. I believe its not only critical for cities to have architecture that responds to politics, but it simply would not be the same without them.

3. Think of current political situations globally, that Architects might respond to?

- Brexit Created division between communities. And confusion amongst a nation. Whilst politicians squabble, the uncertainty of the countries future grows larger and larger.

- Donnald Trumps A bold politician, unafraid of anything or anybody, with frightening power and authority.

Including the decision to move the US embassy Tel Aviv to Jerusalem and recognising Jerusalem as the capital of Israil, an action nobody dared to take before striking outrage in the middle east.

4. Make a list of action points that could be a’ manifesto’- or call to action - Brexit Manifesto Division (two forms very unlike) Confusion (interiors unordinary, creating a confusing experience) Uncertainty (interiors ‘cave like’ - you never know where they are going to lead) - Donnald Trump Manifesto Power (broad structures with civic features such as columns and large floor to ceiling heights) Something nobody else dares to do (structures that break the norm, the kind leaving you questioning how they stand. For example large cantilevers, or bold shapes.)

Jacob Austin - 17113125 - ARC4010

w OP er L O S T Jacob Austin - 17113125 - ARC4010

Task 7, Regional Modernism Modernism was conceived in the industrialised west, what happens when it moves to the developing world?

Influences Between the Two Both buildings have external walkways that run the length of the building.

Both interiors take the same very modernist approach of form over function.

Whilst both buildings have rooftop parks, they are very different in approach Hotel Herticance Kandalama is very green to blend in with the environment whereas Unité d’Habitation has no plantation or greenery but instead largely made up of brutalist concrete

Unité d'Habitation, Marseille, France by Le Corbusier

Hotel Heritance Kandalama, Dambulla, Sri Lanka by Geoffrey Bawa

Context

Context

Le Corbusier used his most famous quote, “a house is a machine for living in” and created it into a community Le Corbusier Designed the building to accommodate the masses of people displaced post the second world war

10km Drive east of the small town Dambulla The hotel is situated on top of a rocky outcrop on the edge of an ancient reservoir. With heart stopping panoramic views of the surrounding countryside including two UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Rises over the surrounding treetops with it base held up by a series of pilots.

The hotel seamlessly grows out of the land, with little distinction between landscape and architecture.

Facade consists of an array of balconies and deep inset windows

Geoffrey Bawa took the approach in which “The site generates the building”, it is designed in repose to the landscape, and heavily influenced throughout the design.

Differences Hotel Herticance Kandalama, sits low level, and blend the building into the site, with a blurred distinction between the two.

Whereas the Unité d’Habitation, rises above the surrounding landscape with it base held up by a series of pilots.

The facade articulation is far from the same. Unité d’Habitation appears as a brutalist solid block of concrete. With deep window reveals.

To contradict this Hotel Herticance Kandalama has a very thin elegant facade largely made up of glass/

Exterior walkways, along the cliff face with climbing vegetation.

Interior takes a modernist approach, with little decoration, and talking the approach of function over form and a house is a machine for living in.

The small amount of artwork included are sculptures of animals, very much separate to the architecture itself.

Cave intrusion on west facard as it wraps around the outcrop.

Neutral tones and Natural materials. Plain interiors. Large white concrete walls, black painted columns. Timber & iron railings.

(Srilankainstyle.com, 2019) (Archidose.blogspot.com, 2019) (Frearson, 2019) Jacob Austin - 17113125 - ARC4010

Jacob Austin - 17113125 - ARC4010

Task 8, Brutalism in the UK Contextual Information Designed by John Madin and opened in 1974. From the begin Birmingham Central Library created a large amount of controversy with its bold, brutalist aesthetic. Which sparked an array of very strong views, including Price of Wales reporting the building as “looking more like a place for burning books, than keeping them.”

However there were groups & organisations that admired the central library which campaigned to save the building. (The groups included English Heritage & Twentieth century society).

In the end the UK government declined the listing of Central Library in both 2003 & 2009; ignoring Historic England’s recommendations to make it listed. And instead granted the building immunity from being listed until 2016. Birmingham Central Library then closed in 2013 and was replaced by Mecanoo’s Library of Birmingham. Then later demolished in 2016 as part of a £500 million pound regeneration scheme ‘Paradise’ by Argent.

3 arguments why the building was demolished The majority of the public simply didn’t like the brutalist aesthetic of the central library.

Along with it becoming redundant after the construction of the Mecanoo’s Library of Birmingham.

Central Library was demolished to make space for a £500 million development project Paradise; comprising of 10 new high quality buildings & 3 new squares. The paradise scheme provides, office space, shops and hotels that together draws business and income into the city, which the central library could not achieve.

(Paradise Birmingham, 2019). Finally, the governing authorities came to the conclusion that central library did not have enough significant importance for it to be protected in such an important area of the city. With the minister quoting “historic value of the building does not warrant listing”. (Post, 2019) 3 arguments that were made to keep it A number of campaigning groups strongly believed that central library is capable of being refurbished and reused, and potentially be used as the centre piece of the paradise scheme. Not to mention that it would be more sustainable than demolition and reconstruction. The same campaigning groups believed that the central library was an Icon of Brutalist Architecture, with its unique inverted ziggurat form. So losing it was a big loss to the history of British Brutalist Architecture, that we will never be able to get back.

Conclusion Overall, with all the thoughts taken into consideration I believe that the demolition of the central library was not only the correct decision to make, but the most beneficial to the city.

And I do believe that the central library did not provide enough historical importance for such a significant area within Birmingham’s city centre.

Jacob Austin - 17113125 - ARC4010

Task 8, Brutalism in the UK Redevelopment of Chamberlain Square These images demonstrate the, redevelopment of Chamberlain Square.

From its brutalist library to revolutionary office space.

The top image is of John Madin’s Brutalist Birmingham Central Library The bottom image is of Chamberlain square’s Paradise development.

Jacob Austin - 17113125 - ARC4010

Task 9, Frank Lloyd Wright Frank Lloyd Wright was born in 1867 Wisconsin, USA. He was brought up with Unitarian beliefs, that “see God in anything and in all things, and often talk of the wonder & awesomeness within nature” (Youtube.com, 2019) In Wright younger years he spend his summers at the valley “labouring in the farm, living a rural life” closely connected to nature; and “for the rest of his days he’d look back on that summer as a kind of paradise.”

These two aspects of his life alone had massive influences upon his appreciation of nature and organic architecture.

Which together lead to his philosophy “I’d like to have a free architecture. I’d like to have architecture that belonged where you see it standing, and was a grace to the landscape instead of a disgrace” - Wright Falling Water A Frank Lloyed Wright masterpiece, that redefined what’s possible. The client originally envisaged the house to be facing the waterfall. But it was Wrights distinct view towards nature that influenced him to position the house directly above the waterfall. Not to mention that he insisted that no engineer was involved with the project, but instead he designed the entire structure.

The waterfall was undoubtedly beautiful but Wright enhanced this though his revolutionary architecture. Beautifully asymmetric projecting terraces that oppose the surrounding vertical elements, whilst being in perfect harmony with the waterfall.

Wrights sophisticated choice of material making all the vertical element from stone to blend into the waterfall, leaving the illusion or floating horizontal terraces.

The interior.

As Wright once said “In organic architecture … it is quite impossible to consider the building as one thing, its furnishing another and its setting and environment still another”. (Youtube.com, 2019) Within falling water “Every detail responds to the natural world in which it’s set within. From the long raised windows, lifting you up into the surrounding treetops. While the vibrant chairs resemble birds and flowers. The polished stone and mirrors the rippling surface of the water bellow.

Along with a wonderment sense of security of being in a shelter amongst the wild.” (Youtube.com, 2019) Jacob Austin - 17113125 - ARC4010

Task 9, Frank Lloyd Wright Ennis House A house with a presence of a fortress, an intriguing interior influenced by the ancient form of the Mayan Temples.

Which sits prominently on top the Los Angles Hills. The ambitious, bold and extravagant characteristics of the Ennis house, perfectly represent the city in which its situated.

To build it, Wright created a new construction method, never been seen before. The entire house was made out of 27,000 patterned concrete blocks, all manufactured on site. Steel rods were then threaded between the concrete blocks for support. Which Wright referred to as weaving as opposed to building.

“Entering into the Ennis house, feels like stepping into an adventure.” (Youtube.com, 2019) With the heavy exterior really giving you no idea of what to expect.

The interior is made of the exact same blocks as the exterior.

But whereas the exterior is bold and solid. These columns create a series of intriguing interlinked spaces, designed to make you feel as if you’re in a complex of caves with no idea of how far it extends or where you’re taken. Together creating a immense sense of mystery.

Created by the decorative concrete blocks, there’s a timelessness, and very unique aesthetic with the Ennis house, making it undoubtedly popular within Hollywood filming

Jacob Austin - 17113125 - ARC4010

Task 11, Brazilian Modernism Transcultural space definition: A space that invites multiple cultures to integrate as one community. With absolutely no segregation.

Notting Hill Carnival - History The second world war left Britain’s workforce weak. So the country reacted to this by reaching out and welcoming immigrants all over the world. By the 1950’s Notting hill and Brixton became hugely overcrowded with a huge West Indian population, conditions were poor and poverty increased. Racial tension arose to the extent that in 1958 racial riots occurred. Along with in 1959 the innocent murder of Antiguan carpenter Kelso Cochrane in a racially motivated attack.

1964, Notting Hill carnival was designed to provide common ground and bring everybody closer together. To which it had success and has become a annual even ever since. With over two million attendees in recent years.

The images on the right illustrate the change in racial attitudes and the creation of transcultural space, from what was before quite the opposite.

Transcultural space could not be defined better than with Notting Hill carnival, where everyone embraces different culture though dancing and the food they eat. With everyone together with a turn out big to fill 80, 02 arenas.

1958 racial riots, Notting Hill

The carnival is entirely street based that encapsulates the entire city which is just one of its amazing features.

(Evening Standard, 2019)

Notting Hill Carnival 2018

Jacob Austin - 17113125 - ARC4010

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Urruela, A. (2019). The Architecture of the City – City as evaluated by Aldo Rossi. [online] Academia.edu. Available at: http://www.academia. edu/8645526/The_Architecture_of_the_City_City_as_evaluated_by_Aldo_Rossi [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019].

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Archidose.blogspot.com. (2019). Kandalama Hotel. [online] Available at: https://archidose.blogspot.com/2003/06/kandalama-hotel.html [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019].

Frearson, A. (2019). Brutalist buildings: Unité d’Habitation by Le Corbusier. [online] Dezeen. Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2014/09/15/le-corbusier-unite-d-habitation-cite-radieuse-marseille-brutalist-architecture/ [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019].

Paradise Birmingham. (2019). The Vision, a vibrant mixed use development | Paradise Birmingham. [online] Available at: https://www.paradisebirmingham.co.uk/scheme/vision/ [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019].

Post, B. (2019). End in sight for Birmingham Library after Government refuses listed status. [online] birminghampost. Available at: https://www.birminghampost.co.uk/news/local-news/end-sight-birmingham-library-after-3937461 [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019].

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Pre-Raphaelite Sisterhood. (2019). What is Pre-Raphaelite Art? • Pre-Raphaelite Sisterhood. [online] Available at: http://preraphaelitesisterhood.com/ what-is-pre-raphaelite-art/ [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019].

Birminghamcathedral.com. (2019). Windows - Birmingham Cathedral. [online] Available at: http://www.birminghamcathedral.com/windows/ [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019].

Evening Standard. (2019). Here’s what Notting Hill Carnival used to look like. [online] Available at: https://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/attractions/ notting-hill-carnival-through-the-years-a3919401.html [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019].

Jacob Austin - 17113125 - ARC4010