The Lost Church

The Lost Church An inquisition into the Gothic Revivalist style of B.W. Mountfort, St. Alban’s Anglican and its influence on the rural township of Ohoka, through people and place.

JACK WALKER 300369581

Foreword St. Alban’s Anglican Church, Ohoka is a small gothic revivalist design that sits in the country township outside of Ohoka.

Designed by esteemed Canterburian architect B.W. Mountfort this church’s history has never officially been documented, even though it was designed by such a prominent figure.

Through inquisitions into the colonial history of Ohoka and surrounding areas and into B.W. Mountfort and his architectural stylings, I look to understand this church’s standing in the community in which it sits and its impact on establishing a sense of place.

PAGE 01.

Argument for Selection St Alban’s Anglican, Ohoka

Research Context

St Albans Anglican, Ohoka

I grew up in Ohoka, a small country town just north of Christchurch. This small town was founded in the mid 1850s1.

The township is home to approximately 1200 people. The only shops in the township is the Ohoka Service Station, established by Edward Hamilton in 1997, and a Waterforce irrigation supply company.

St Alban’s Anglican was designed by B.W. Mountfort, Christchurch’s most prominent Gothic Revivalist architect.

His work includes the Christchurch Cathedral, Canterbury College, Most Holy Trinity Church (now St. Saviours Chapel) in Lyttleton, and the Canterbury Provincial Council chambers. The reason for selecting this building is that it is not listed in Mountfort’s long list of works, and it appears to have been “lost in history”, hence the title. I also feel as though I have a personal connection to Mountfort. I attended The Cathedral Grammar School from 2010 - 2011, and I was a chorister there; the school educates the choristers of the Christchurch Cathedral (designed

by Sir George Gilbert Scott, and later Mountfort). Also, St. Saviour’s Chapel, constructed in 1886 (also designed by Mountfort) was gifted to the school in 1975 and sat on site at Park Terrace from 1975 to 2011. I have a personal connection to Mountfort’s architecture, and this was a significant reason for exploring this topic.

However, the town is home to many heritage buildings.

Having grown up in the area, I have personal relationships with the current owners of these buildings, and I have had the opportunity to experience them in ways others may not be able to. These buildings are listed as follows: • St Alban’s Anglican Church • West Eyreton Council Buildings • Ohoka Methodist Church • Ohoka Homestead • Stevenson Homestead • Inglewood Homestead • The Ohoka Hall

Why St. Albans?

All of these buildings were constructed between 1850 and 1920, a period of 70 years in which New Zealand developed from a colony into a country.

St. Albans’ has a strong link to Canterburian architecture having been designed by B.W Mountfort, Christchurch’s most prominet Gothic Revivalist architect, unlike the other heritage buildings in the area. Benjamin Mountfort’s works are fairly well documented. Unfortunately St. Alban’s is not part of any list, except for a single transcription in the local library’s archive9 and in an online blog2.

PAGE 02.

Ohoka A small town with a hidden architectural gem

PAGE 03.

OHOKA

Significant Ohokalites

3.PHILIP THRELKELD

4. EDWIN LORD

Born in Paisley Scotland, 1835, John Stevenson was one of the prominent settlers of Flaxton, having immigrated to the area in 1862. He built Stevenson Homestead in 1880.

Stevenson was primarily a His cultivative farmer1. ancestors, Graeme, Ali, Lizzie and Annie live there today.

Philip Threkeld of Milburn, Westmorland, England immigrated to NZ in 1854.

Having worked on multiple farms in the area for numerous years, he purchased land in what was the Rangiora swamp and began his cattle farm. His cattle have won over 1000 awards throughout Australasia1. He passed away 10 April, 1907.6

The eldest son of Jabes Lord and Mary Ann Spencer7, Edwin Lord was born in Kirwee, North Canterbury, 1865. He moved to the Ohoka area in 1893 and settled on a 99 hectare farm1, called Willowgrove, on Mill Road5.

The farm was fairly mixed use. Edwin Lord passed away July 17th, 1944.

1890

60

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18

30

70

19

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A prominent settler in the Ohoka area, Isaac Wilson 18703 built and operated a mill in Ohoka until 19224, when the mill burnt down. He also constructed a siding to his mill in 18725, and the siding operated until 1954, when it was decommissioned.

He also owned a fair amount of farmland in the area, having purchased it in 18821.

0 188

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Ohoka is a small country town 27km northwest of Christchurch. The town lies in the district of Waimakariri, and is home to 1128 residents as of 2010.

“Ohoka was originally a settlement on the Kaiapoi-Bennett’s branch line of railway and was originally called the Rangiora swamp, although it sat in Eyre county for quite some time. The township consisted of a post office, three churches, the Eyre county council chambers, a local school, three homesteads, and three flourmills. The prominent settlers of the area were Isaac Wilson, John Stevenson, Philip Threlkeld and Edwin Lord.

2.JOHN STEVENSON

191 0

1.ISAAC WILSON

1900

An illustrated contextual history

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50

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1830

1820

1960

OHOKA A Timeline People Place

1970

Archi

198

0

1850: Mandeville plains flooded 1854: Revels of Kaiapoi began working Ohoka Bush along with James Wylde 1857: Richard Woodford’s flour mill began operations 1857 – settlers

59:

1862: Threlkeld sets up Inglewood 1867: St Pauls Anglican at Flaxton

Budget

1869: Eckersley’s flour mill begins operations 1872: Mill

Isaac

Wilson’s

1882: Isaac Wilson’s farm subdivisions 1872: Eckersley’s mill burns down 1875: began

Railroad

trips

1875: Last flour mill established in Ohoka

1867: New bridge cross the main drain

1877: Flaxton moves to the site in Ohoka

1868: opens

1883: Telephones Wilson’s mill8

Flaxton

school

flour

school current reach

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90

1893: Edwin Lord settles at Willowgrove 1893: Edward Wilson settles in Ohoka

20

00

1900 Population: 426 1909: Te Waipounamu Maori girl’s school established 1914: Ohoka Hall Built 1926: Ohoka School destroyed by fire 1927: School rebuilt 1972: Wilson’s Decommissioned

Siding

A dates taken from Ref. 1 and 8

PAGE 04.

10

Stevenson homestead

1869: Railroad set at £45000

Late 1890s: Inglewood Flour Mill / Evan’s mill

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1862: John sets up his and farm

First

1868: Flood of 1868

Ohoka An architectural heritage

Previous farms/estates Previous railway line

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8

3

5

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6 2

1

IMAGE_ OHOKA:

THE PRESENT DAY - HISTORICAL LOCATIONS HIGHLIGHTED _ M A P

PAGE 05.

> > Photographs lef t t o r i g h t , t o p t o b o t t o m : F i g 1 : O h o k a H o m es t e a d . F i g 2 : O h o k a H o m e s t e a d Gate House. Fig 3: S t a l b a n ’ s A n g l i c a n . F i g 4 : E y r e H o u s e ( p r e v io u s l y c o u n c i l c h a m b e r s ) . F i g 5 : Inglewood Homestea d . F i g 6 : W i l s o n ’ s M i l l a n d S i d i n g . F i g 7 : O h o ka M e t h o d i s t . F i g 8 : E c k e r s l e y ’ s Cottage. Fig 9: St e v e n s o n H o m e s t e a d , F l a x t o n

5 - 1 4 _ HERITAGE

BUILDINGS OF OHOKA _ P H O T O G R A P H S

PAGE 06.

Impact on people and place An inquisition a sense of place developed throught the built and natural environments of Ohoka What is place?

“Place (or topos) in Aristotle’s view was the “where” dimension in people’s relationship to the physical environment and it conjured up a feeling of belonging. ”Architect Juhani Pallasma stated, “cultural idetity, a sense of rootedness and belonging is an irreplaceable ground of our very humanity.” Christian Norberg-Schulz “identifies architecture as a medium that can heighten people’s experience of place.” Tadao Ando stated that “the purpose of architecture is basically a construction of place.” According to Tom Dobinson, “place encompasses the physical landscape, ephemeral environment, and atmosphere of a location to create a distinct character of locality.”9

Establishing a sense of place Ohoka’s visual identity is linked to its heritage buildings, similar to that of Christchurch. A major part of its visual identity is also the landscape. Being set in the country with its greenery, paddocks, fences and foothills, the natural environment of Ohoka plays a major part in establishing its strong and unique sense of place. Its agricultural history combines with the built environment history to create a visual identity that relates well to the context of New Zealand.

The people of Ohoka have a strong sense of place due to their significant connection to their built and natural environments as well as the people and buildings who have come before them and who have defined the area. With many of the original families still residing in the area, and many in fact still living in the same homes, the people of Ohoka have a strong sense of identity and locality, something that is rare in today’s modern society.

A step above the rest Ohoka’s heritage buildings are beautiful, outstanding and really help to develop a sense of place within the community. Their colonial construction, ornamental features and connection to the land is second to none. The people of Ohoka really do have a strong connection to these buildings with a few families having never left their ancestral homes. The gardens and sweeping landscapes combine with these historical buildings to develop a visual identity that is unique to Canterbury and New Zealand.

Although it may have been forgotten in the history books, and although it may not have historical places categorical rating like many of its Ohoka counterparts, St Alban’s Anglican in Ohoka really does define the town’s architectural history in terms of establishing a strong sense of place through community connections.

Colonial New Zealand had a strong connection to religion and a lot of New Zealand’s oldest and most significant buildings are places of worship. What really sets St. Alban’s apart from the rest of Ohoka’s buildings is its relationship to the people, through its function as a church. and its relationship to Canterburian architecture through its design done by B.W. Mountfort and its gothic revivalist styling. Communities are defined by their combined activities and one of these activities is worship. St Alban’s serves this purpose and due to its location within the town, it provides a central meeting point for those members of the community who are apart of the Anglican faith.

PAGE 07.

Benjamin Woodfield Mountfort Architect, Canterburian, Creator of a City

PAGE 08.

Benjamin Woodfield Mountfort An inquisition into a gothic revival visionary

Architectural Influences

15. Augustus Pugin

16. John Ruskin

Born March 1 1812, Augustus Pugin was one of the leading gothic revivalists of the 19th century13. Some of most noticeable works are The Grange, St. Augustine’s Church, and The Palace of Westminster which he worked on with Sir Charles Barry9.

Born February 8th, 1819, John Ruskin was an art critic, gifted painter, architect and prose stylist.A notable link between Ruskin and Mountfort is Sir George Gilbert Scott, the initial architect of Christchurch Cathedral and the architect of Ruskins paretn’s church, St. Giles, Camberwell14

17. Sir George Gilbert Scott Born July 13, 1811 sir George Gilbert Scott is one of’the most successful and prolific exponents of the Gothic Revival style during the Victorian era15.” He was the initial architect off the Christchurch Cathedral, and he also restored Westminster Abbey11.

0

189

St Mary’s Church, Parnell, Auckland is built7 St Alban’s Anglican, Ohoka is built12

18

Church of the Good Shepherd, Philipstown built7

80

Sunnyside asylum, Christchurch built7

St Pauls Anglican is constructed6

1870

Holy Trinity, Avonside is built7 St Augustines, and Trinity church are built7 Canterbury museum in built7

1820

Christchurch cathedral construction begins7 Born in Birmingham, England, 1825

0

Begins the Canterbury 18 Provincial .

Conducts Council Buildings7 drawing classes at Holy trinity Lyttleton destroyed by Grammar6 high winds6

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Mountfort resides in Lyttleton6 St Bartholomews in Kaiapoi constructed6 Holy Trinity opens Jan 6th, 18536

fo Be nt u njm o M ai n W oodfield

rt

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Mountfort Designs the Most Holy Trinity church in Lyttleton7 Mountfort arrives in NZ on the Charlotte Jane11 Articled to Richard Cromwell Carpenter10

0 184

185 0

Mountfort appointed architect of Christchurch cathedral6

St John’s Napier is built7

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> > Photographs lef t t o r i g h t , t o p t o b o t t o m : F i g 1 : M o s t H o l y T r i n i t y L y t t l e t o n . F i g 2 : S t .

Saviours Chapel Ly t t l e t o n . F i g 3 : C a n t e b u r y P r o v i n c i a l C o u n c i l B u i l d i n g s . F i g 4 : C h r i s t c h u r c h Cathedral. Fig 5: C a n t e r b u r y M u s e u m . F i g 6 : H o l y T r i n i t y a t A v o n s id e . F i g 7 : S t A l b a n ’ s A n g l i c a n , Ohoka. Fig 8: Cant e b u r y C o l l e g e . F i g 9 : S t M a r y ’ s P a r n e l l , A u c k l a n d .

19-28_ BUILDINGS

IN N.Z. DESIGNED BY B.W. MOUNTFORT _ P H O T O G R A P H S

PAGE 10.

Benjamin Woodfield Mountfort A deconstruction of the architectural style of Benjamin Woodfield Mountfort Architectural style of Benjamin Woodfield Mountfort Benjamin Woodfield Mountfort is one of, if not the most prominent Gothic Revivalist architect in New Zealand, and “no other 19th century architect contributed more to the architectural character of Victorian Christchurch than Benjamin Mountfort7.” Mountfort was a spiritual man, with a passion for the profession that he persued for more than 50 years9. Taking inspiration from the styles of Augustus Pugin, John Ruskin and Sir George Gilbert Scott, his style is absolutely gothic revivalist. Where his work differed was his utilisation of local materials, often utilising native timbers instead of stone10.

Principles such as “robustness of form, rejection of symmetry”, and attention to detail were all defining factors in the way his designs were developed, and these combined with “utilising the methods of medieval masons” to create buildings that helped to establish Christchurch’s visual identity.

Mountfort’s Drawings Mountfort had an strong appreciation for architectural drawings9. “The drawings he produced were a combination of water-colour paintings, pencil, and charcoal sketches, and he often would draw perspectives, detailing the interior s of his designs.

29_ I N T E R I O R

O F C H R I S T C H U R C H T O W N H A L L _SKETCH

30_ H O L Y

T R I N I T Y , L YTTLETON _ S K E T C H

Gothic Revival Architecture Gothic revival architecture occurred during and after the Industrial Revolution. It occurred as people were concerned with the industrial aesthetic that was being created and people wanted to return to the ways of the medieval. Gothic revival architecture looks to take the ornamental and structural qualities of the gothic era and apply them with industrial materials. Examples of these are as follows: spires, pointed arches, high-pitched roofs, quatrefoils (rose windows), patterns and clustered columns.

31_ C A N T E R B U R Y

C O L L E G E _SKETCH-OVERLAY

PAGE 11.

Conclusion Ohoka’s heritage architecture and colonial agricultural past helps the people of Ohoka to develop a strong sense of place and locality. A strong visual identity that is developed through the town’s natural and built environments helps the residents to understand their place within Canterbury and New Zealand’s history. This sense of place is heightened by St. Alban’s Church, designed by B.W. Mountfort, due to it’s gothic revivalistic styling, and it’s lineage and relationship to other significant Canterburian buildings. This church is central to the visual identity of this small country town, and to its residents having such a strong and passionate sense of community, locality and belonging.

PAGE 12.

REFERENCES 1. Hawkins, D.N. 1957. Beyond the Waimakariri. Christchurch, Canterbury: Cadsonbury Publications. Accessed 5 24, 2018. https://libraries.waimakariri.govt.nz/heritage/localhistory/digital-resources.

2. 2009. Canterbury Tagorama. 16 10. Accessed 5 24, 2018. https://www.kiwibiker.co.nz/ forums/archive/index.php/t-100405-p-6.html.

3. Cyclopedia Company Ltd. 1903. The Cyclopedia of New Zealand [Canterbury Provincial District].

Christchurch, North Canterbury: The Cyclopedia Company, Limited,. Accessed 5 22, 2018. http:// nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc03Cycl-t1-body1-d4-d22.html.

4. n.d. “Richard Evan’s Flour Mill.” Rangiora, North Canterbury: Rangiora Museum. Accessed 3 24, 2018.

5. Wilson’s Mill Gardens. n.d. The Real Wilson’s Mill. Accessed 3 24, 2018. http://www. wilsonsmillgarden.co.nz/Wilson%E2%80%99s-Mill-Garden/The-real-Wilsons-Mill_IDL=7_IDT=649_ ID=2658_.html.

6. Evans, Beverley. 2015. Flaxton Anglican Cemetery, Ohoka, North Canterbury, New Zealand.

1 11. Accessed 5 22, 2018. http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/~ashleigh/Gravestone.Photos/Flaxton.

Cemetery.gravestone.photos.html.

7. Lansley, Belinda. 2012. The Ohoka Lords. 12 5. Accessed greatgrandmaswickerbasket.blogspot.co.nz/2012/05/ohoka-lords.html.

5

22,

2018.

http://

8. D.N. Hawkins. 1983. Rangiora. Christchurch, Canterbury: Caxton Press. Accessed 5 24, 2018 9. Dobinsion, Tom. 2014 - 2015. Wharf Dwellers. Wellington, Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington. Accessed 5 25, 2018. https://issuu.com/tomdobinson/docs/thesis_compressed.

10. Lochhead, Ian James. 1975. The Early Works of Benjamin Woodfield Mountfort: 1850 - 1865.

Auckland, New Zealand.

11. Compton, Ellie Grace. 2015-2016. The Grand Urbiculous Hotel. Wellington.

12. Waimakriri District Libraries. 2015. History of the Churches of Clarkville, Eyreton, Flaxton, Ohoka & Swannanoa. Accessed 5 21, 2018. https://libraries.waimakariri.govt.nz/ heritage/local-history/places-of-the-waimakariri/surrounding-areas/history-of-the-churchesof-clarkville,-eyreton,-flaxton,-ohoka-and-swannanoa.

13.Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2018. Augustus Pugin. Accessed 5 24, 2018 . https://www.britannica. com/biography/A-W-N-Pugin.

14. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2018. John Ruskin. Accessed 5 24, 2018. https://www.britannica. com/biography/John-Ruskin.

15. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2018. Sir George Gilbert Scott. Accessed 5 24, 2018. https:// www.britannica.com/biography/George-Gilbert-Scott.

16. Rangiora Photographic Society. 1993. Rangiora: An early pictorial record. Rangiora, North Canterbury: Rangiora Printing Service. Accessed 5 23, 2018 17. Robert McDougall Art Gallery. 1998. B.W. Mountfort and the Gothic Revival in Canterbury: A Centennial Exhibition. Christchurch, Canterbury: Robert McDougall Art Gallery. Accessed 5 23, 2018.

18. 2016. History of Te Hui Amorangi o Te Waipounamu . Accessed 5 23, 2018. http://www. waipounamu.org.nz/about/new-page-2/.

19. Christchurch City Libraries. n.d. Benjamin Woodfield Mountfort. Accessed 5 23, 2018. https://my.christchurchcitylibraries.com/benjamin-woolfield-mountfort/.

20. Canterbury Museum. n.d. Benjamin Woodfield Mountfort. Accessed 5 23, 2018. https:// collection.canterburymuseum.com/persons/85965.

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LIST OF FIGURES 1.

Photographical portrait of Isaac Wilson. Date unknown. Retrieved from Kaiapoi Public Libary 2 4, 2018 2.

Photographical portrait of John Stevenson. Retrieved 24 5, 2018 from Cyclopedia of New Zealand [Canterbury District]. Page 457. Flaxton. John Stevenson - http://nzetc.victoria. ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc03Cycl-t1-body1-d4-d8.html 3.

Photographical portrait of John Stevenson. Retrieved 24 5, 2018 from Cyclopedia of New Zealand [Canterbury District]. Page 457. Flaxton. Philip Threlkeld - http://nzetc. victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc03Cycl-t1-body1-d4-d8.html 4.

Portrait of Edwin Lord. Retrieved from Grandmother’s Wicker Basket personal blog. 24 5, 2018 - http://greatgrandmaswickerbasket.blogspot.co.nz/2012/05/ohoka-lords.html 5.

Author’s own image 6.

Author’s own image 7.

Author’s own image 8.

Eyre House. Image taken by David Ayers, Mayor of Rangiora on 12 4, 2018. Retrieved from Heritage New Zealand. 25 5, 2018. http://www.heritage.org.nz/the-list/details/3737 9.

Inglewood Homestead. Image taken by Twiss Keir realty. Date unknown. Retrieved from Stuff. co.nz. 25 5, 2018. https://resources.stuff.co.nz/content/dam/images/1/n/4/z/s/f/image. related.StuffLandscapeSixteenByNine.620x349.1n4ttn.png/1511926336226.jpg 10. Wilson’s Mill and Siding. Ted Evan’s Album. Date unknown. wood, Pauline Judith. 2008.

Eyre, Wind and Water. Illustrated. Rangiora, North Canterbury: Waimakariri District Council. Accessed 5 23, 2018 11. Ohoka Methodist Church. Image taken by Ruth Gardner 19 4, 2018. Retrieved from Ruth’s Reflections. 25 5, 2018. https://realruth.wordpress.com/2018/04/19/olden-ohoka/methodistchurch-ohoka-small/ 12. Eckersley’s Cottage. Date unknown. Retrieved from Google Maps. 24 5, 2018. https://www.google.co.nz/maps/@-43.3610396,172.5695153,3a,75y,50.72h,103t/ data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sKRrxAlxpaLm8EWuq5lUY1Q!2e0!7i13312!8i6656 13. Stevenson Homestead. Date Unknown. Cyclopedia Company Ltd. 1903. The Cyclopedia of New Zealand [Canterbury Provincial District]. Christchurch, North Canterbury: The Cyclopedia Company, Limited,. Accessed 5 22, 2018. http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/teiCyc03Cycl-t1-body1-d4-d22.html.

14. Portrait of Augustus Pugin. Retrieved from Wikipedia page. Augustus Pugin. 24 5, 2018 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Pugin 15. Portrait of John Ruskin. ca 1865. Retrieved from The Guardian 7th October, 2014. 24 5, 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/oct/07/john-ruskin-emma-thompsonmike-leigh-film-art 16. Portrait of Sir George Gilbert Scott. Retrieved from Creating the Chester Look: 14 October, 2014. 24 5, 2018. http://chesterwriter.blogspot.co.nz/2014/04/creating-chesterlook.html 17. Portrait of Benjamin Woodfield Mountfort. ca 1875. Image taken by A.C. Barker. “Story : Mountfort, Benjamin Woodfield. 1975. Teara. 24 5, 2018. https://teara.govt.nz/en/ photograph/2324/benjamin-woolfield-mountfort.

18. Most Holy Trinity Church, Lyttleton - charcoal on canvas. Retrieved from Lyttleton Museum Website. 24 5, 2018. https://images.ehive.com/accounts/5362/objects/images/133bcti_b510_m. jpg.

19. St Savious Chapel, Lyttleton. Retrieved from Lyttleton Museum Website. 24 5, 2018. http:// www.lytteltonmuseum.co.nz/st-saviours-at-holy-trinity/ 20. Canterbury Provincial Council Buildings, Christchurch. Retrieved from the Heritage New Zealand website. 24 5, 2018. http://www.heritage.org.nz/the-list/details/45 PAGE 14.

21. Christchurch Cathedral 1888, photo taken by Coxhead, F. A. (Frank Arnold), b. 1851. Retrieved from the Christchurch City Libraries Website. 24 5, 2018. http://christchurchcitylibraries. com/Heritage/Photos/Disc1/img0048.asp 22. Canterbury Museum ca 1900. Retrieved from the Christchurch City Libraries website. 24 5, 2018. https://christchurch.bibliocommons.com/item/show/408454037?active_tab=summarized_ details 23. Holy Trinity, Avonside, Christchurch. Retrieved from Christchurch City Libraries wesbite.

24 5, 2018. http://christchurchcitylibraries.com/Heritage/Photos/Disc9/IMG0085.asp 24. St Alban’s Anglican, Ohoka: Author’s own photo 25. Canterbury College. ca 1882. Retrieved from the Christchurch City Libraries website. 24 5, 2018. https://christchurch.bibliocommons.com/item/show/407882037 26. St Mary’s Church, Parnell, Auckland, photo taken by John Halpin, 2011. Retrieved from Auckland Museum website. 24 5, 2018. http://www.aucklandmuseum.com/war-memorial/onlinecenotaph/record/C8899 27. Christchurch Town Hall sketch. B.W. Mounfort. Retrieved 24 5, 2018. Lochhead, Ian James.

1975. The Early Works of Benjamin Woodfield Mountfort: 1850 - 1865. Auckland, New Zealand.

28. Most Holy Trinity, Lyttleton sketch. B.W. Mounfort. Retrieved 24 5, 2018. Lochhead, Ian James. 1975. The Early Works of Benjamin Woodfield Mountfort: 1850 - 1865. Auckland, New Zealand.

29. Canterbury College. Source unknown. Retrieved from the Christchurch Boys’ Highschool website. 25 5,2018. http://www.cbhs.school.nz/about-cbhs/history/cbhs-history

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