Gurbaannee's significance and pronunciation

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siqgur pRswid

gurbwxI dI mh~qqw Aqy aucwrx

Gurbaanneeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Significance and Pronunciation

A Simplified Guide

Ajmel Singh E-mail: ajmel.dulai@comcast.net Publisher: Sikh Youth Federation 6863 Cloister Road Toledo, Ohio 43617

Dedicated To Gurbaannee Lovers

Author: Ajmel Singh

Published by: Sikh Youth Federation

First Edition- February 2004 Second Edition- April 2007 This edition is a major revision of the first edition

Book availability contacts: Sardaar Kuldeep Singh Sikh Youth Federation 6863 Cloister Road Toledo, Ohio 43617 Or Ajmel Singh E-mail: ajmel.dulai@comcast.net Phone: (586) 323-3851

ii

AwieE sunn pVn kau bwxI ] nwmu ivswir lgih An lwlic ibrQw jnmu prwxI ]1]rhwau]

(pMnw 1219) Sree Guroo GraË&#x2020;nth Saahib Jee

The mortal came to listen and recite Baannee.

Those who forget the Naam (the Name of the Lord) and attach themselves to other temptations, their precious lives become worthless! ] Pause] (pg 1219)

iii

Transliteration Key (AMqrn krn dI kuMjI) Symbol Trans.

Paˆŋjaabee ** a a A ** e s s h h k k kh K g g kgh; gh G ġ | ch c chh C j j chjh; jh J ŋ \ tt t tth T dd f ttddh; ddh F nn x t q th Q d d tdh; dh D n n p p f P b b pbh; bh B m m y X r r l l v v rh V

iv

English ** u ** s h k c, k g * * ch ch j * * tt t d * * th th th * n p f b * m y, Vowel’s r l v *

Examples *** ** Cut ** Son Have, Hub Stick, Track Car, King Game, Good (kghar; aggh) (aˆġġ; raˆġġ) Which, Pitch Chair, Cherry

Joy, Just (chjhoor; maajh) (vaŋˆŋaa) Sitter, Cutter Time, Table Dad, Mad (ttddhol; kaddh) (paannee) Thin, Thanks Path, Math They, This (tdhoor; dudh) Gun, Run Police, Put Finger Boy, Bad (pbhukh; sabh) Man, Mike Yes, Play Roll, Run Love, Lot Vice, Vapor (kgorhaa)

Symbol Paˆŋjaabee

Trans.

English

Examples ***

Expanded Paˆŋjaabee Script S ^ Z z & L

sh khh gh z fh lh

sh * * z * *

Shot, Ship (khhaalak) (ghalh) Zebra, Zoo (Gaafhal) (Laalh)

Paˆŋjaabee Vowels & Vowel Signs A Aw, w AY, Y AO, O ey, y (ie, i ) eI, I ie, i E, o oo aU, U au, u

a aa ai au ay e ee i o oo u

u, o, oo a,o a, ai a, o, au a, ai, ay e

Hut, Color, Flood

ee, ea, ey

See, Flea, Money

i o, oa oo, u u, oo

It, Sit Go, Boat Cool, Rule Put, Look

Car, Cot At, Apple, Plaid Law, Horn, Cause

Ape, Maid, Say

Get, Set

Vowel Sound Modifier Symbols ˆn ˘ ˆn, ˆm, ˆŋ, ˆġ,or ˆnn

(˙ ) (˘) (M)

nasal Stresses Both

Tank, Pink, Pulling Running

Notes: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

* indicates that English letters cannot produce exact sound ** indicate that the symbol alone does not have a sound *** parentheses indicates Paˆŋjaabee words 1st & 5th columns show transliteration symbols 2nd & 6th columns show Paˆŋjaabee Script letters/symbols /signs 3rd & 7th columns identify the English letter(s) that produce equivalent sound of Paˆŋjaabee letters, symbols, & signs 4th & 8th columns provide the examples of words which produce that sound of the Paˆŋjaabee letters/symbols/signs Few Paˆŋjaabee symbols are used in transliteration

gurmuKI A`Kr ju hYN BweI[ isMG isMG qy sIKih jweI ] AOr ju ibidAw jihM kihM hoeI[ Avrn qy BI lyvih soeI ]36] -rihqnwmw BweI dysw isMG

33

Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Brother the Gurmukhee A`khars that exist, Singhs keep on learning from Singhs.

Additional education that may exist, they also receive from others.

- Raihitnaamaa Bhaa-ee Daysaa Singh

33

v

Writing Rules A set of standard writing rules does not exist for depicting pronunciation of Paˆŋjaabee words. This book is written primarily in English for the persons who cannot read Paˆŋjaabee; I felt a need for creating simplified rules for consistency. Therefore, I established some basic rules for word’s transliteration, pronunciation, and analysis.

The rules below were used in writing this book.

1. Romanized Paˆŋjaabee words are italicized e.g., “Hamaaree” 2. Words and phrases written in Paˆŋjaabee are parenthesized e.g., Vaak (vwk) 3. Transliteration of Gurbaannee words uses both lower case Roman letters along with a mixture of Latin & Paˆŋjaabee symbols e.g., “ ˆ ” as in Paˆŋjaabee above and “˘” as in a˘kh (A~K) 4. Biˆndee in transliteration indicates the nasal sound portion of the letter after it e.g., saˆnt ( It indicates that “n” produces a soft sound like in Tank) 5. Dash is used for compound words as well as for separating two or more vowel sounds in transliteration e.g., Sat-Naam and ho-i-o respectively 6. Italicized letter in a word written in Paˆŋjaabee tells us to pronounce the nasal portion of the sound of that letter e.g., word sMq when written as snq is pronounced saˆnt 7. This Symbol “`” is used as a reminder of a missing vowel. It is specifically used for analysis purposes to determine the pronunciation of a Paˆŋjaabee word. This symbol before a Paˆŋjaabee letter indicates that the vowel part of that letter sound has been taken out of the letter. Therefore, we must put a vowel back in it to produce a sound.

Let us use word “gie” as an example to familiarize ourselves with of this symbol gie = (`g+A) +ie = `g+ ((A+ie) = AY) = (`g+AY) = (gY) gai 8. The English subscripted numbers indicate the number from the Reference appendix.

The reference numbers are not used in a typical manner in this book. The numbers signify that some of the thoughts in that chapter or a specific section are based on the material from those references 9. Transliteration is based on the North American’s pronunciation of the English words For the convenience of the readers 1. A “Transliteration Key” arranged by the order of the Gurmukhee script is provided in the beginning of this book 2. A list of Gurbaannee/Paˆnjaabee “Key Words” is provided at the end of this book for a quick reference. The transliteration of words, arranged in an alphabetic order, along with their meanings are also included in that list 3. A shorter transliteration key to include symbols & some difficult letters is also provided in chapter 2 for a quick and easy reference

vi

Contents Chapter

Description

Page x xi 1-10

Foreword Preface 1.

Guroos and Significance of Gurbaannee (gurU Aqy bwxI dI mh~qqw)   

Ten Guroo Jee (ds gurU jI): 1469-1708 Guroo, Shabad Guroo, Satguroo (gurU, Sbd gurU, siqgurU) Sree Guroo Graˆnth Saahib Jee (sRI gurU gRMQ swihb jI)

1 2 5



2.

3.

Significance of Gurbaannee (gurbwxI dI mh~qqw) o Example (audwhrn): Shabad “Hamaaree Pi-aaree” (Sbd “hmwrI ipAwrI”) Gurmukhee (gurmuuKI)

11-27

      

Gurmukhee Script (gurmuKI il~pI) Gurmukhee Numbers (gurmuKI AMk) Gurmukhee Script Categories (gurmuKI il~pI dIAW SRyxIAW) Gurmukhee Script Groups (gurmuKI il~pI dy vrg) Gurmukhee Vowels & Vowel Sounds (gurmuKI sÍr qy sÍr DunIAW) Gurmukhee Letter Sounds (gurmuKI A~KrW dIAW DunIAW) Gurmukhee Consonants-Grouping & Pronunciation (gurmuKI ivAMjn-tolIAW qy aucwrx)

13 14 16 17 18 19 20

 

Gurmukhee Consonant with Vowel Sounds (gurmuKI ivAMjnW dIAW sÍrW nwl DunIAW) Gurmukhee Vowel Symbols Use & Sounds (gurmuKI lgwKrW dI vrqoN qy DunIAW) o Biˆndee (ibMdI) o A`dhak (A~Dk) o Tippee (it~pI)

22 23 23 24 24 26 27

 Gurmukhee & Paˆŋjaabee Key Differences (gurmuKI qy pMjwbI dy Kws Prk)  Significance of Lagaaˆn Maatraaˆn (gurmuKI dIAW lgW mwqRW dI mh~qqw) Gurmukhee/ Paŋjaabee Grammar Fundamentals (gurmuKI/pMjwbI ivAwkrx dy mUl q~q) 

4.

9 10

28-33

Basic Common Rules for Both (dovW dy mu~Fly sWJy inXm)

28

 Use of Case in Gurbaannee (gurbwxI ivc kwrk dI vrqoN)  Grammatical use of u & i in Gurbaannee ( u qy i dI gurbwxI ivc ivAwkrixk vrqoN) ) Pronunciation of Gurbaannee words (gurbwxI dy A~KrW dw aucwrx)  

30 33

34-58

Pronunciation Key (aucwrx dI kuMjI) Pronunciation (aucwrx) o Short Vowels (hRsÍ sÍr) ie; au o Chinh (icMn@)

34 36 38 38 vii

o Pair Vaalay A˘khar (pYr vwly A`Kr) o Muktaa A˘khar r (mukqw A`Kr) o Do Lagaaˆn Vaalay A˘khar (do lgW vwly A~Kr) 

Pronunciation of (aucwrx) X o X as a Consonant and Semi-Vowel (ivAMjn qy hRsÍ sÍr)



Pronunciation of (aucwrx) h o Pronunciation of Muktaa (aucwrx mukqw) h (Indian & Persian/Arabic Languages) o Pronunciation of (aucwrx) hu o Pronunciation of (aucwrx) ih o Key Differences Between Schools of Thought (socW ivcly Kws Prk)

39 40 40 42 42 45 45 48 50 57

5.

Gurbaannee Headings & Numbers (gurbwxI dy isrlyK qy AMk)

59-60 59

6.

 Significance and Pronunciation (mhq~qw Aqy aucwrx) Pronunciation of the Difficult Words of Gurbaannee (gurbwxI dy AOKy A`KrwN dw aucwrx)

61 66 70

7.

 Nit-Naym (inq-nym) (All Baannees)  Other Baannees (hor bwxIAW) (Includes Sukhmanee Saahib & Vaar Aasaa)  Persian/Arabic Words (PwrsI/ArbI A~Kr) Taking Vaak (vwk lYxw)   

8.

 Helpful Hints for Finding Beginning & End (SurU qy AMq BwLx leI shwiek nukqy)  Specific Examples (Kws audwhrnw) Appendices (AMqkw) 



9.

10.

Why Take Vaak/Hukam? (vwk/hukm ikauN leIdw hY?) Why Recite Stanzas Before Taking Vaak? (vwk lYNx qoN pihlW pdy ikauN pVHdy hW?) Process for Taking Vaak (vwk lYNx dI ivDI) o Vaak Selection Procedures (vwk k~Fx dw qrIkw) o What Constitutes a Complete Vaak? (pUrw vwk ikvyN bxdw hY?)

Sree Guroo Graˆnth Saahib Jee (sRI guurU gRMRQ swihb jI) o History (ieqhws) o Beerh Saahib Chronology (bIV swihb dw kwl kRm) Shabad (Sbd)

 Satguroo (siqgurU)  Naam (nwm)  Gurmukhee Learning Approach (gurmuKI isKx dI ivDI) References (hvwly) Observations and Thoughts for More Research (soc ADwrq hor pVcol leI ivcwr)

‚

61-72

73-85 73 74 75 75 76 77 79

86-103 86 86 89 93 95 99 101

104 105-106

Acknowledgements My foremost gratitude is to God & Guroo for providing me the strength and enabling me to do the Sayvaa of writing this book.

My special thanks go to Sardaar Kuldeep Singh for encouraging me to write this book, and then providing suggestions, reviewing and publishing it.

I also like to thank Sardaar Kulwant Singh for reviewing, suggesting corrections, and providing several ideas to improve the contents of the second edition of this book.

My deepest thanks also go to another person who wants to remain anonymous. He has provided me with an invaluable critique of this second edition that has helped me to clarify some sections in this book.

I am also indebted to the SaË&#x2020;ngat from several places in North America for providing me many helpful suggestions when I presented the material from this book during our scheduled classes.

I also like to thank my family for inspiring me to write this book. My wife along with our two sons and their wives encouraged and supported me in their own unique ways. The pictures, the figures, formatting, transliteration key, and American pronunciation of the English words are our childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s contributions. My wife carefully reviewed each Gurbaannee word in this book and corrected the many of my mistakes. Our familyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s frequent discussions and dialogues on the subject matters of this book were extremely helpful for me in completing this work.

ix

Foreword I started developing notes on Gurbaannee and Sikhee more than twenty years ago for my children and personal use. Over the years, as I gained a much better understanding of Sikhism, I continued to refine my notes, and those notes are the genesis of this book you have in your hands.

My intentions have always been to share with others, what I have learned about Sikhism the hard way. Ever since I got inspired by the message contained in Gurbaannee, my aim has been to impress upon the people to come closer to the Gurbaannee. I firmly believe that once someone is exposed to Gurbaannee, Guroo (Gurbaannee) showers His grace mysteriously. That individual gets hooked to Gurbaannee and develops an unconditional love for both the Guroo and God. That is why I emphasized the significance of Gurbaannee up front in this book. In addition, I purposely kept the volume of this book small so that people may read it and continue to use it as a handy reference.

When I retired from my job in January of 2001, I started teaching the Sikh youth at the local Gurdwaaraa and at Sikh youth camps organized by Sardaar Kuldeep Singh of the Sikh Youth Federation. Every year the parents at the camp used to ask me for copies of my notes.

This expensive and time-consuming procedure helped only a limited number of people. For a wider distribution and economic reasons, Sardaar Kuldeep Singh asked me to convert those notes into a book format. He then undertook the task to get it published. The first edition of this book was published in February 2004, and 1,500 copies were printed. These books were distributed to individuals at a nominal cost (i.e., less than the actual printing cost). At present, with God’s grace, all of the books have been distributed to people at many different locations.

For the past several years, I have used this book to teach youth and adults. This has been a great learning experience for me. I have discovered some mistakes and received feedback to expand portions of this book. I also realized that people are very much interested in learning how to interpret Gurbaannee in the context of Gurmukhee grammar. I could not find any book available on this subject, so I developed some teaching material and taught adults at two of the local Gurdwaaraas. I received positive feedback, and I was very much encouraged by the participants to write a second book on this subject. I perceived this second book to be a natural extension of the first one. This required some adjustments to the first book to avoid duplication of material. Therefore, I made a major revision to the first book primarily emphasizing pronunciation of Gurbaannee. A second book will now cover how to interpret Gurbaannee. As an example, this second edition deletes the chapter on “Rahaa-o” which is more appropriate for the new book. God willing and with Guroo’s grace, the new book will be completed before the end of the year 2007.

In addition to the corrections of mistakes found to date, chapters dealing with pronunciation have been expanded. Transliteration of Gurbaannee words have been added to make it more conducive to self-learning. Initially, this book was only targeted for the Sikh youth who are somewhat familiar with the Paˆŋjaabee language, but fluent in English. I feel this updated version will prove to be more suitable to a much wider audience- young as well as old Sikhs with varied backgrounds.

Author x

Preface The aim of this work is to present a simplified way of not only reciting Gurbaannee with proper pronunciation, but also to understand the message contained in Gurbaannee. That is the reason Sikh Youth Federation has decided to publish this excellent work of Sardaar Ajmel Singh.

Both of the above mentioned objectives, were covered to some extent in the first edition of this book when it was originally published in February 2004. Suggestions received since the release of this book convinced the author to adopt a new approach to treat each of these objectives separately and in much more detail. Therefore, this second edition in your hands is a major revision of the original book. In addition, the author is working on a separate complementary second book focusing on the understanding of the meaning of Gurbaannee.

Sardaar Ajmel Singh has taught Sikh Guroo History, as well as recitation and pronunciation of Gurbaannee to youngsters at the Sikh Youth Gurmat Camps of Detroit in the years 2002 and 2003. He has developed a simplified but excellent guide that will lead a seeker of Truth towards a clearer understanding of Gurbaannee.

After explaining the concept of Guroo, Shabad Guroo, and Satguroo, we are introduced to Sree Guroo Graˆnth Saahib Jee, the ocean of Divine Knowledge. The essence and the general structure of Sree Guroo Graˆnth Saahib Jee are explained in simple yet concrete terms. The preamble, commonly known as Mool Maˆntar, along with various abbreviated forms of the preamble, is properly presented. The significance of Gurbaannee for Truthful living is covered concisely and then emphasized by explaining the meanings of a Shabad recited by Guroo Arjan Dayv Jee. How Gurbaannee guides the seeker to get across the horrific ocean of this materialistic world is very well documented.

The second chapter of the book deals with the basic key aspects of Gurmukhee and grammar. It starts with teaching pronunciation of Gurmukhee scripts letters and numbers, and then provides guidance in mastering the sound of each of the Gurmukhee script letters.

This chapter explains the role of Gurmukhee vowel signs and vowel symbols along with their use & proper sounds. All of the Lagaaˆn Maatraaˆn use & sounds are also covered in this chapter. Furthermore, the key difference between Paˆŋjaabee & Gurmukhee is identified in order to provide ease in learning recitation of Gurbaannee.

The next chapter of the book deals with the fundamentals of Gurmukhee and Gurbaannee grammar. They are explained in a very simplistic manner in order to help the reader properly pronounce Gurbaannee words. These concise and simple principles of Gurbaannee grammar make it easy for the reader to understand their applications.

The fourth chapter of the book deals with the proper pronunciation of Gurbaannee words.

The author has given innumerable examples from Gurbaannee to explain the rules of pronunciation. Indeed, after going through the few pages of this chapter, one easily develops a clearer understanding of the significance of proper pronunciation. xi

A one-page summary explaining the pronunciation of various headings and numerals in Sree Guroo Graˆnth Saahib Jee is an extremely helpful ready reference for all the readers.

The sixth chapter is an expanded chapter in this edition of the book and is solely dedicated to provide a comprehensive list of all the difficult (hard to pronounce) words of Gurbaannee. The author feels that this is the core of this book and is the main reason for rewriting it. The list of all the difficult words contained in various Baannees is organized under the headings: Nit-Naym Baannees, Sukhmanee Saahib, and Aasaa-Kee-Vaar.

Pronunciation of Persian/Arabic words is tabulated separately. Transliteration is also provided to teach the proper pronunciation of all these words.

The significance of Rahaa-o (Pause) has been deleted in this edition as it is being covered in the second book, which is going to be published soon.

The next chapter systematically describes the proper procedure of the Hukam from Sree Guroo Graˆnth Saahib Jee. The reason to recite Saloks or part of the Shabads to prepare the Sangat to get ready for Guroo’s Hukam is explained superbly. The process of selecting and taking the Hukam, helpful hints to determine the beginning and end of the Hukam, and the various styles of Shabads are explained in detail. The author has substantiated this point by giving fifteen examples of complete Shabads.

As a reader, you will find the appendices that briefly describe the history of Sree Guroo Graˆnth Saahib and elaborate upon three of the key words of Gurbaannee (Shabad, Satguroo and Naam) very useful. An appendix on Gurmukhee Learning Approach has been added in this edition. It can easily be tailored to suit the needs of people with varied background & knowledge of Gurmukhee.

The author has put a lot of time into this project in writing & revising this book. In this edition, the author has expanded some chapters of the book in an attempt to clarify many of the finer points in much more details. I am sure it is well worth the efforts as it is bound to benefit many of us who are interested to know Gurbaannee.

Kuldeep Singh Toledo, Ohio April 15, 2007

‚

xii

1

Guroos and Significance of Gurbaannee The word “Sikh” literally means a follower (Disciple). The Sikhs are the followers of Guroo Naanak Dayv Jee. He was the founder of the Sikh religion, who had nine successors and together they brought this religion from its inception to where it is today.

Once the basic aims of this religion were achieved and the teachings of Guroo Naanak Dayv Jee were infused in the souls of the Sikh followers, the tenth Guroo, Gobiˆnd Singh Jee, ended the lineage of human successors. He chose the eternal Sree Guroo Graˆnth Sahib Jee as his successor. The Sikhs through-out the world revere their present Guroo Jee as much as they revere the first ten Guroo Jees (i.e., the Jot of Gurroo Naanak Dayv Jee.) The Sikh religion is a way of life. In fact, a devoted Sikh is enjoined to live his life in accordance with the teachings of the Guroo Jees. This implies that he/she must perform all his/her temporal as well as spiritual daily tasks consistent with the instructions from the Guroo Jee. This is why it is essential for a Sikh to learn how to read Gurbaannee (literally means “Guroo’s words”), understand its meanings, and then live accordingly.

In the beginning, the Sikhs were taught how to live through examples. The first ten Guroo Jees were the true role models for the Sikhs. They lived according to what they preached and clearly demonstrated that it was humanly possible to live such a life. For that, it took a period amounting to the combined life spans of all ten Guroo Jees.

The socio-religious conditions were inhumane during Guroo Naanak Dayv Jee’s time. The rulers were cruel, the social leaders were selfish and the religious leaders were deceivers and greedy. Morality and social justice were nowhere in sight. Thus, the spirits of the people were suppressed. The people had lost their faith in God and their lives were ridden with fears, superstitions and rituals. The gigantic task of bringing about the social-religious reforms under such conditions was insurmountable by any ordinary person. It required tender love, honesty, and time to gain the trust of the people, re-instate the belief in God, and bring about the necessary socio-religious reforms. That is precisely what the ten Guroo Jees did in the ten human body forms (10 Jaamay).

It was not possible in this book to address those reforms in any reasonable detail, as it was not the focus of this book. Therefore, for the purpose of brevity, a table was created to capture each Guroo Jee’s major contributions in completing the task initiated by Guroo Naanak Dayv Jee. To make it easy to use the table on the next page properly, I will use Guroo Aˆngad Dayv Jee as an example. It suffices to say that the ten Guroo Jee’s time is from 1469 to 1708 as indicated by the heading of the table. The first Guroo, Naanak Dayv Jee, was born in 1469, and the soul of the tenth Guroo, Gobiˆnd Singh Jee, departed his human body in 1708.

Before we proceed with the example, let us briefly look at the organization of this table.

1

The table is organized by three columns and ten major rows corresponding to each Guroo Jee’s name. The first column depicts the names of all ten Guroo jees. The concept institutionalized by each Guroo Jee is immediately listed underneath the name in a smaller font. Furthermore, the concept is provided in both English and Paŋjaabee. The second column depicts the span of the life of each Guroo Jee; and after the slash depicts the date, he became Guroo. The third column depicts the virtues he emphasized & demonstrated.

Now let us proceed with our example. The first column in the second row depicts the name of Guroo Aˆngad Dayv Jee. So let us interpret what the second row tells us about him. First, it tells us that he was the second Guroo. He emphasized and institutionalized the concept of ‘Obedience’ (i.e., you must unconditionally obey your Guroo). In the second column, it shows that he was born in 1504 and his soul departed his body in 1552. In addition, it tells us that he became Guroo in 1539 (by the way, it also implies that he was Guroo from 1539 to 1552). Now let us move on to the third column. It tells us about the virtue he emphasized and demonstrated was ‘Service’ (i.e., Serve the Guroo, Humanity and God).

All Guroo Jees said “Praym” (pRym) is the most important virtue. Each Guroo Jee practiced all of the virtues, but institutionalized only one or two of them. This approach allowed the Sikhs to adopt the demonstrated virtues and make them permanent part of their own lives.

Ten Guroo Jee (ds gurU jI): 1469-1708 Name Concept(s) 1. Guroo Naanak Dayv Jee

Life Span/Gur-ga˘dee

1469-1539/1469

Significant Virtue Emphasized

(gux) Truthful Living (s`cI rihxI)

Founder of Sikhism (is~KI : igRsq jIvn- nwm jpo, ikrq kro, vMf Cko)

2. Guroo Aˆngad Dayv Jee

1504-1552/1539

3. Guroo Amar Daas Jee

1479-1574/1552

pMgq/lMgr, sMgq in this order

4. Guroo Raam Daas Jee

1595-1644/1606 1630-1661/1644

Sacrifice All for Principles (srbMs dwnI); Guroo (pMQ; gRMQ)

2

Benevolence/Grace (imhr)

1621-1675/1664

Self-Sacrifice for Humanity (kurbwxI)

10. Guroo Gobiˆnd Singh Jee

Compassion/Kindness (dieAw)

1656-1664/1661

Purity (Su~Dqw)

9. Guroo Teg Bahaadar Jee

Righteousness (mnuKI AiDkwr)

Mercy (ikrpw)

8. Guroo Har Krishan Jee

Sharing/Contentment (vMf Ckxw/ sq, sMqoK)

Saint Soldier (Meeree Peeree) Justice/Strength/Firmness (mIrI pIrI)

7. Guroo Har Raa-ay Jee

Humility/Forgiveness (inmRqw/iKmw)

1553-1606/1581

Self-Sacrifice; Accept God’s Will (kurbwxI, Bwxw mMnxw)

6. Guroo Hargobiˆnd Jee

Equality (smwnqw)

1534-1581/1574

Modesty (grIbI)

5. Guroo Arjan Dayv Jee

Service (syvw)

Obedience (qwbydwrI)

Freedom of Worship (Awpxy Drm qy prp`k hox dI Ku`l)

1666-1708/1675

Royal Courage (ihMmq-cVHdI klw)

Upon completing the process and seeing the Charhdee-Kala (uplifted spirits) of the Sikhs, the tenth Guroo Jee said: Worship God; Love Shabad; Have Glimpse of Khalsa (pUjw Akwl kI, prcw Sbd kw, dIdwr Kwlsy kw)

Guroo, Shabad Guroo, Satguroo (Definitions/Concepts) First, I define the words Guroo, Shabad Guroo, and Satguroo. The specific lines from Gurbaannee supporting each term are presented next. It is important to understand these terms in order to understand the concepts. As we study Gurbaannee lines under each concept below, the following becomes apparent that: 1. All three terms (Guroo, Shabad Guroo, or Satguroo) are interchangeable 2. The Gurbaannee (Guroo) is omnipotent because of its source 3. The source of Gurbaannee (Shabad) is God 4. The Gurbaannee provides enlightenment, guides the Sikhs (Disciples) to get across the horrific ocean of this materialistic world, and reunites them with God. Definitions: Guroo:

Shabad Guro Satguroo: True/Truth:

Guroo = Gu+Roo Gu means darkness (ignorance) Roo means Light (knowledge/enlightenment) Thus, the Guroo means light that dispels darkness (i.e. enlightenment that dispels ignorance) The Word, which is the source of knowledge that dispels ignorance The true Guroo. The real enlightenment that dispels ignorance That which never changes with time (Past, Present, & Future has no effect); Real

Concepts (Gurbaannee)

Guroo ibn sbdY AMqir Anyrw] n vsqu lhY n cUky Pyrw] m:3 (pg 124) Guroo Amar Daas Jee AMqir sbdu imitAw AigAwnu AMDyrw] m:3 (pg 798) sbdu gur pIrw gihr gMBIrw ibnu sbdY jgu baurwnM] m:1 (pg 635) Guroo Naanak Dayv Jee Shabad Guroo qyrw kvxu gurU ijskw qU cylw]... sbdu gurU suriq Duin cylw] m:1 (pg 942) Guroo Naanak Dayv Jee qIn rUp hY moih ko sunhu nMd cIq lwie] inrgun srgux gur Sbd khoN qoih smJwie] Guroo Gobiˆnd Singh Jee- Rehitnaamaa Story- ipRQw Aqy KyVw soienI (srIr nwloN ivCVoNgy) Guroo Hargobiˆnd Jee

Bha-ee Naˆnd Laal Jee

Satguroo siq purKu ijn jwinAw siqgur iqskw nwau] m:5 (pg 286) Guroo Arjan Dayv Jee ijsu imilAY min hoie AMndu so siqgur khIAY] m:4 (pg 168) Guroo Raam Daas Jee

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nwnk siqgur AYsw jwxIAY jo siB sY ley imlwie jIau] m:1 (pg 72) gurisKw AMdir siqgur vrqY cuix kFy lDovwry] m:4 (pg 312) Guroo, Satguroo, Baannee is synonymous bwxI gurU gurU hY bwxI…] m:4 (pg 982) Guroo Raam Daas Jee nwnk gur qy gurU hoieAw] m:3 (pg 490) Guroo Amar Daas Jee siqgur bwJhu gurU nhI koie ingury kw hY nwau burw] m:3 (pg 435) Guroo Amar Daas Jee siqgur bcn bcn hY siqgur pwDru mukiq jnwvYgo] m:4 (pg 1310) Guroo Raam Daas Jee Source of Baannee Dur kI bwxI AweI iqin sglI icMq imtweI] m:5 (pg 628) Guroo Arjan Dayv Jee poQI prmysr kw Qwnu] m:5 (pg 1226) Guroo Arjan Dayv Jee Power of Baannee (Shabad/Word) siqgur kI bwxI siq siq kir jwxhu gurisKhu …] m:4 (pg 308) Guroo Raam Daas Jee vwhu vwhu bwxI inrMkwr hY iqsu jyvfu Avru n koie] m:3 (pg 515) Guroo Amar Daas Jee siqgur kI bwxI siq srUpu hY gurbwxI bxIAY] m:4 (pg 304) Guroo Raam Daas Jee kIqw pswau eyko kvwau] iqsu qy hoey lK drIAwau] m:1 (pg 3) Guroo Naanak Dayv Jee (God created this creation with one Word)

bwxI gurU gurU hY bwxI ivc bwxI AMimRq swry] gurbwxI khY syvk jn mwny pRqK gurU insqwry]m:4 (pg 982) Guroo Raam Daas Jee Bottom-Line: Sree Guroo Graˆnth Saahib Jee (Shabad) is “SATGUROO” and all powerful Note: See Appendices for more information on Sree Guroo Graˆnth Saahib Jee, Shabad, Satguroo, and Naam So far, what we have learned in this section is that the Sikh way of life is to follow a disciplined path prescribed by the Guroo for his disciples (Sikhs). If a Sikh follows that path by submitting to the Guroo unconditionally, his/her spirit is uplifted and he/she can achieve the main objective of the human life, i.e. to re-unite with God. The Guroo makes all this possible through a systematic process of teachings.

Today’s expert sociologists and psychologists believe that the behavior of the individuals, organizations, or societies can be changed by changing their values. Dr. Steven Covey, a world-renowned author of the book “The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People 11” says

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that the values govern behavior, the principles govern consequences, and values aligned with principles create desired behavior. Therefore, you must learn to value principles.

You can imagine that if ordinary people have this potential, what the Guroo Jees’ teachings, words of God (Gurbaannee), can accomplish which provide the highest of the principles.

No wonder Guroo Naanak Dayv Jee’s Jot (Divine Light) in ten physical bodies was able to bring about the major socio-religious reforms in individuals as well as the Sikh collectively.

Teachings/Higher Principles We have already concluded a Sikh must learn to value higher principles (Gurbaannee). I have presented below, only a couple of examples of those higher values from Gurbaannee for your contemplation.

1. “schu ErY sBu ko sachoˆnh orai sabh ko

aupir upar

sc sach

Awcwru” (Pg 62) aachaar

Literal Meaning of Each Word: schu (From Truth); ErY (Below); sBu ko (Everything) aupir (Above); sc Awcwr (Truthful Living) Overall Meaning: Truth is higher than everything, higher still is truthful living. In other words, Truth is higher than everything, the Truthful Living is highest of all Virtues 2. “isKI sikhee

isiKAw sikhi-aa

gur gur

vIcwir” vichaar

(Pg 465)

Literal Meaning of Each Word: isKI (Learned); isiKAw (Teachings); gur (Guroo); vIcwir (By thoughts) Overall Meaning: Those who learned Guroo Jees’ teachings, they learned by reflecting on Guroo Jees’ words/thoughts. In Other words, a Sikh should mold his/her life according to Guroo Jee’s thinking

All Sikhs must memorize these two above phrases from Sree Guroo Graˆnth Saahib Jee by heart, understand their meanings, and live accordingly

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Sree Guroo Graˆnth Saahib Jee (1604-Present: Eternal)

9,14

Essence of Sree Guroo Graˆnth Saahib Jee -

What is the objective of human life?

How to become One with God? Vices of humans (Major hindrance in becoming One with God) Virtues of God, Guroos, & Gurmukhs Techniques for adopting those virtues (Uses metaphoric language & similes) Social & spiritual environments during 1st Guroo Jee’s time Praises of Saadh Saˆngat & Gurmukhs Praises of Guroo Jees Praises of God Prayer to God

General Structure / Arrangement of Sree Guroo Graˆnth Saahib Jee’s Text -

There are 1430 pages in the customary form of Sree Guroo Graˆnth Saahib Jee  Preamble starts with <> (Ik Oˆġkaar) and ends with gur pRswid (Gur Parsaad) popularly known as Mool Maˆntar  1st Baannee “ ]jpu]” (Jap) starts right after Mool Maˆntar. Baannee “Jap” starts with a Salok (slok) and ends with a Salok  The “rwg mwlw” (Raag Maalaa) starts at page 1429 and ends at page 1430

-

33 parts  Pages 1-13 (“jpu” (Jap), original “rhrwis” (Rehraas), and “soihlw” (Sohilaa) Baannees)- It seems that these were the daily Nit-Naym Baannees of that time  Pages 14-1352 (31Raags)  Pages 1353-1430 ( slok (Saloks), sveIey (Sava-ee-ay), extra Saloks, muMdwvxI (Muˆndaavannee) & Salok, and Raag Maalaa)

- All the Baannees are arranged according to the Raags in the following order: pdy (2,3,4,and 5 Paday), pdIAwN (Ashtpadee-aaˆn, 10 Padee-aaˆn ,...24 Padee-aaˆn etc.), CMq (Chhaˆnt ), & vwrwN (Vaaraaˆn ) respectively  Shabads start with Paday of Guroo Nanak Dev Jee mhlw pihlw (Maihlaa Paihilaa) and sequentially leading to….Maihlaa Nauvaaˆn  Followed by Shabad of Bgq (Bhagats) starting with Kabeer Jee and proceeding to Fareed Jee  After finishing the Shabad (Paday, the same sequence is followed for the Ashtpadee-aaˆn (six or more Paday), Chhaˆnt and Vaar respectively.

- The isrI rwg (Siree Raag) is the first Raag by Guroo Naanak Dayv Jee - The 1st Vaar is by Guroo Raam Daas Jee in Siree Raag

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-

The last Raag “jYjwvMqI” (Jaijaawaˆntee) is only by Guroo Tayg Bahaadar Jee The 1st Baannee “Jap” is not written in a specific Raag The slok, sveIey, Aqy slok vwrwN qy vDIk are also not written in any Raag The Raag Maalaa is also not written in a specific Raag

Facts about Sree Guroo Graˆnth Saahib Jee’s Text: - Contains Baannee of six Guroo Jees- 1st Five Guroo Jees and 9th Guroo Jee  Guroo Arjan Dayv Jee has the most Baannee (~1/2 Sree Guroo Graˆnth Saahib Jee)  Guroo Angad Dayv Jee has only Saloks - Contains Baannee of 15 Bhagats- Muslims and Hiˆndoos  Bhagat Kabeer Jee has the most Baannee among all Bhagats  Bhagat Soor Daas has the least Baannee among Bhagats – 1 Line - Contains Baannee of 11 Bhatt who came in search of Truth to Guroo’s Darbaar (Court) - Contains Baannee of 3 “Maahaaˆn Purakh” - The Baannee is written in Gurmukhee Script  Gurmukhee Script (Lippee) letters refined, grouped and arranged in order by Guroo Angad Dayv Jee  The Baannee itself is in following languages but written in Gurmukhee Script o Paˆŋjaabee o Maraatthee o Hiˆndee o Traces of Baˆngaalee o Apbhraˆnsh (ApBRMS- The last state of Prakritee) o Brij Bhaashaa o Prakritee o Sahskrit o Paalee o Saˆnskrit o Phaarsee o Urdoo/Arabee - The Baannee is written in 31 raags:  All Guroo Jee’s Baannee written in 31 raags  All Bhagat Baannee is written in 22 raags  The Baannee contains 22 Vaaraaˆn (Ballads) - 2026 Shabad by all Guroo Jees in Raags - 305 Ashtpadee-aaˆn by all Guroo Jees in Raags - 145 Chhaˆnt by Guroo Jees in Raags - 5867 Shabad & Salok Total

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Other Little-Known Facts About Sree Guroo Graˆnth Saahib Jee’s Text:

1. The customary format has a total of 1430 pages 2. The pages are written with landscape orientation 3. There are 19 lines of text per page. However, many pages with headlines (starting with Mool Maˆntar/New Raag) have less than 19 lines per page 4. Total number of lines are 26,852 5. Total number of words are 398,697 6. Total dictionary words are 29,445 (Many of these words are used only once- some are repeated again and again) 7. No punctuation marks like commas, semicolons or colons have been used 8. No Paˆŋjaabee language “Adhak” character has been used 9. No Paˆŋjaabee language “Paireeˆn Biˆndee” characters have been used 10. Baannee “Jap” has 383 Tukaaˆn ( qukwN ) and 2,090 words (A~Kr) 11. The word that has been repeated most is “Har”: 9,288 times 12. The “I˘k Oˆġkaar” characters have been repeated 568 times 13. The “Mool Maˆntar” appears in four forms

The full form and three other abbreviated forms of the Mool Maˆntar: -

<> siq nwmu krqw purKu inrBau inrvYru Akwl mUriq AjUnI sYBM gur pRswid]

-

<> siq nwmu krqw purKu gur pRswid]

-

<> siq nwmu gur pRswid]

-

<> siqgur pRswid]

-

<> known as beej maˆntar (bIj mMqR)

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Significance of Gurbaannee

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Baannee is God and Guroo (bwxI prmySr Aqy gurU hY): vwhu vwhu bwxI inrMkwr hY iqsu jyvfu Avru n koie ] (pMnw 515) poQI prmysr kw Qwnu ]swDsMig gwvih gux goibMd pUrn bRhm igAwnu ]1] rhwau] bwxI gurU gurU hY bwxI ivic bwxI AMimRqu swry ] (pMnw 982)

(pMnw 1226)

The Baannee of Satguroo is real & complete (siqgurU dI bwxI s~cI Aqy pUrn hY): siqgur kI bwxI siq siq kir jwxhu gurisKhu hir krqw Awip muhhu kFwey ] (pMnw 308) gurU pUrw pUrI jw kI bwxI Aink guxw jw ky jwih n gxy ]1] rhwau ] (pMnw 805) Obtain virtues & liberation from Baannee (bwxI qoN gux Aqy Amr pd imldy hn): scI bwxI hir gux gwvY] inj Gir vwsu Amr pdu pwvY] qw dir swcY soBw pwvY] (pMnw 1342) Humans came for listening & reciting Baannee (mnu~K bwxI suxn qy pVHn Awey hn): AwieE sunn pVn kau bwxI ] nwmu ivswir lgih An lwlic ibrQw jnmu prwxI ] (pMnw 1219) Recite & remember Baannee repeatedly (bwxI jpo Aqy ismro): sMq jnw kI aUcI bwnI ] ismir ismir qry nwnk pRwnI ]2]2]13] (pMnw 1300) jip mn myry goivMd kI bwxI ] swDU jn rwmu rsn vKwxI ]1] rhwau ] (pMnw 192) Become pure & comfortable through Baannee (bwxI nwl su~cy hovo Aqy suKI hovo): swcI bwxI sUcw hoie ] (pMnw 361) gur kI bwxI ijsu min vsY ] dUKu drdu sBu qw kw nsY ]1] (pMnw 1340) Baannee is Nectar (bwxI AMimRq hY): AMimRq bwxI sdw slwhy AMimRiq AMimRqu pwvixAw ]1] (pMnw 118) AMimRqu vrKY Anhd bwxI ] mn qn AMqir sWiq smwxI ] (pMnw 105) hau vwrI jIau vwrI AMimRq bwxI mMin vswvixAw ] AMimRq bwxI mMin vswey AMimRqu nwmu iDAwvixAw ]1] rhwau ] (pMnw 118) AMimRq bcn siqgur kI bwxI jo bolY so muiK AMimRqu pwvY ]2] (pMnw 494) ibnvMiq nwnk sdw gweIAY pivqR AMimRq bwxI ]3] (pMnw 545) Naam is obtained with Baannee (bwxI nwl nwm pw leIdw hY): gurbwxI vrqI jg AMqir iesu bwxI qy hir nwmu pwiedw ]3] (pMnw 1066) gurbwxI suix mYlu gvwey ] shjy hir nwmu mMin vswey ]1] rhwau ] (pMnw 665) jnu nwnku boly gux bwxI gurbwxI hir nwim smwieAw ]4]5] (pMnw 494) siqgur kI ijs no miq AwvY so siqgur mwih smwnw ] ieh bwxI jo jIAhu jwxY iqsu AMqir rvY hir nwmw ]1] rhwau ] (pMnw 797)

God’s form is achieved through Baannee (bwxI nwl vwihgurU dw rUp bxIdw hY): siqgur kI bwxI siq srUpu hY gurbwxI bxIAY ] (pMnw 304)

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Example (audwhrn): Shabad “Hamaaree Pi-aaree” (Sbd “hmwrI ipAwrI”) The Shabad below, recited by Guroo Arjan Dayv Jee, is only one example from many on this subject matter in the Sree Guroo Graˆnth Saahib Jee. In very simple words, this Shabad shows Guroo Jee’s deepest love for Gurbaannee and its significance.

Awsw mhlw 5 ] hmwrI ipAwrI AMimRq DwrI guir inmK n mn qy twrI ry ]1] rhwau ] drsn prsn srsn hrsn rMig rMgI krqwrI ry ]1] iKnu rm gur gm hir dm nh jm hir kMiT nwnk auir hwrI ry ]2]5]134] (pMnw 404) Meanings: Guroo Arjan Dayv Jee (Fifth Naanak) says: Gurbaannee is my beloved one because it is a steady jet stream of nectar in my heart (i.e., source of my spiritual life). Guroo, not even for an instant, has swayed Gurbaannee (Constant flow of Nectar) away from my mind]1]Pause] Beholding Gurbaannee in mind/heart, one gets a glimpse of God, one receives the touch of God, one’s heart blossoms/sweetens, and one experiences bliss/ happiness. And this is all due to the fact that Gurbaannee is imbued with the Creator’s Love ]1] Dwelling on Gurbaannee for a moment, one reaches Guroo; remembering with every breath, one is free from dealing with the Messenger of Death; then ‘O’ Naanak sustain Gurbaannee (Praises of God) as a garland for your neck and heart. ||2||5||134|| (pg. 404) Notes: 1. Significance of Gurbaannee- Provides higher principles for the Sikh Way of Living (i.e., Truthful Living) and Union with God 2. Guroo Arjan Dayv Jee in the above Shabad sets the example for the Sikhs as a Role Model. ‚

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2

Gurmukhee (gurmuKI)

12,13,17,23,31

Let us begin this chapter with some background on Gurmukhee. There are always some questions in our minds about the origins of both Gurmukhee and Paŋjaabee. I will try to cover some of the key points upfront in this background to eliminate the potential for such questions.

First, we must distinguish between Gurmukhee and Paˆŋjaabee. Gurmukhee is the name of the script used by Guroo jees to write Gurbaannee. Paˆŋjaabee, on the other hand, is the name of one of the world languages (over 6,000 languages in the world). It has been the mother tongue of the people from Paˆŋjaab for a long time even before Guroo Naanak Dayv Jee. All Guroo Jees knew Paˆŋjaabee along with several other languages. Wherever the Guroo Jees went, they mostly conveyed God’s message in the local language of the people.

In Paˆnjaab, they mostly did it in Paˆŋjaabee.

Many scholars believe that the Paˆŋjaabee language existed long before Guroo Jees’ time dating back to sometime in the eleventh century. Languages do evolve over time; therefore, Paŋjaabee is no exception. It continued to change from its inception until Guroo Jees’ period and even after that until recently. In fact, there is strong evidence to support this claim. For example, there are etymology differences in the words used by Guroo Naanak Dayv Jee and Guroo Gobiˆnd Singh Jee. Furthermore, we know that the original Gurmukhee Lippi, with thirty-five letters, now contains six additional letters to ensure the coverage of some of the sounds of the Persian/Arabic words.

Brahmee, considered the oldest Indian language, is the genesis of the Gurmukhee script as well as several others. Brahmee was the predecessor of Saˆnskrit. The script for Hiˆndee language known today as the Dayv Naagree, with 42 letters, is a recent development and is not the script for any of the earlier Indian languages. However, most experts believe that eighteen of the Gurmukhee letters have the genesis in the Brahmee script. The remaining letters were developed from Khrayshtee, Taakree, Siˆndhee, and Laˆndays. There is also very strong evidence that all of the Gurmukhee letters existed during Guroo Naanak Dayv Jee’s time. Gurbaannee itself is the proof for that. Guroo Naanak Dayv Jee wrote the Baannee called “Pattee” using all thirty-five letters of Gurmukhee.

There is no doubt that Guroo Aˆngad Dayv Jee did the calligraphy of the Gurmukhee letters and arranged them in the form we see them today. He refined and restructured the Gurmukhee script (Lippee) specifically for Gurbaannee & Guroo history. In addition, he refined the Lagaaˆn Matraˆn for Gurmukhee use. In essence, we can say that he created the Gurmukhee grammar for Gurbaannee.

We learned earlier in the first chapter that Guroo Arjan Dayv Jee was the scribe of Pothee Saahib, also known as the Aad Graˆnth Saahib. Although Gurbaannee in the Aad Graˆnth Saahib contains several languages, it was written by using the Gurmukhee Lippee which has

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thirty-five letters in it. The name of the Gurmukhee Lippee is Paiˆntee, which literally means “thirty-five” in Paˆŋjaabee.

In order to learn the proper pronunciation of Gurbaannee, you must begin with learning to pronounce each letter of the Gurmukhee Lippee and numerals up to hundred. You must be able to recognize each letter and its name and be able to pronounce each letter with ease.

The “Key” below is provided to help you with the pronunciation of each letter of the Gurmukhee script “Paiˆntee.” You should also be able to recognize each letter’s group and thoroughly know the role of “Lagaaˆn” and other symbols. A detailed outline of an approach on how to learn the pronunciation of Gurbaannee is provided in the last appendix. I encourage you to review that approach before proceeding ahead.

Transliteration Key (AMqrn krn dI kuMjI) Symbol (Paˆŋjaabee)

Sound

u,o,oo a (A) a,o aa (Aw, w ) a,ai ai (AY, Y ) a,o,au au (AO, O ) a,ai,ay ay (ey, y ) e e (ie, i ) ee,ea,ey ee (eI, I ) i i (ie, i ) o,oa o (E, o ) oo,u oo (aU, U ) u,oo u (au, u ) ch ch (c) ch chh (C) * chjh; jh (J) th d (d) d dd (f) * tdh; dh (D) f,ph f (P) f fh (&) * gh (Z) Notes it~pxIAW: 1.

2.

3.

4.

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Examples (audwhrnw) Cut, Color, Flood Car, Cot At, Apple, Plaid Law, Horn, Cause Ape, Maid, Say Get, Set See, Flea, Money It, Sit Go, Boat Cool, Rule Put, Look Speech, Pitch Chair, Cherry (chjhoor); (maajh) They, This Dad, Mad (tdhoor); (odhar) Finger, Phil First (ghalat)

Symbol (Paˆŋjaabee) kh (K) khh (^) kgh; gh (G) lh (L) n (n) nn (x) pbh; bh (B) rh (V) sh (S) t (q) th (Q) tt (t) tth (T) ttddh; ddh (F) z (z) ġ (|) ŋ (\) (˙ ) (˘) ( M )= **

ˆn, ˆm, ˆŋ, ˆġ, or ˆnn

Sound c, k * * * n * * * sh th th tt t * z * * nasal Stresses Both

Examples (audwhrnw) Car, King (khhaalak) (kghar); (siˆġgh) Salt Gun, Run (paannee) (pbhukh); (sabh) (kghorhaa) Shirt, Shame Thin, Thanks Path, Math Sitter, Cutter Time, Table (ttddhol); (kaddh) Zebra (aˆġġ; raˆġġ) (vaˆŋŋaa) Tank, Pink, Pulling Running

Sound column reflects English letter sounds. * means there is no English sound for transliteration When consonants appear next to each other, they represent a single sound Like English some Gurmukhee letters G,J,F,D,B have two sounds - second sound slightly modifies the sound of the letter preceding them in the Gurmukhee script with a soft h sound (hlkI h dI DunI nwl) (e.g., G,J,F,D, and B would sound like the lightly aspirated sounds of g,j,f,d, and b respectively).

The aspiration changes an unstressed sound with a light h sound ** indicates that sound depends on the letter after Tippee- it should be the nasal sound of its group

Gurmukhee Script (gurmuKI il~pI) Paiˆntee (pYNqI) a*

Aa

e*

ss

oo˘rhaa

ai˘rhaa

ee˘rhee

sa˘saa

kk

K kh

gg

ka˘kaa

kha˘khaa

ga˘gaa

kgha˘ghaa

ġa˘ġaaˆn

c ch

C chh

jj

J chjh

\ŋ

chjha˘jhaa

ŋa˘ŋaaˆn

F ttddh

x nn

cha˘chaa

t tt ttai˙nkaa

chha˘chhaa ja˘jaa

T tth

ha˘haa

|ġ

ttha˘tthaa dda˘ddaa ttddha˘ddhaa nnaa˘nnaaˆn

qt ta˘taa

f dd

G kgh

hh

Q th tha˘thaa

dd

D tdh

da˘daa tdha˘dhaa

nn na˘naaˆn

pp

Pf

bb

B pbh

mm

pa˘paa

fa˘faa

ba˘baa

pbha˘bhaa

ma˘maaˆn

Xy

rr

ll

vv

V rh

ya-i-aa

raa˘raa

la˘laa

va˘vaa

rhaa˘rhaa

Example: “ A a ” ‘A’ is a Paiˆntee letter; ‘a’ next to it is English Transcription, ai˘rhaa the letters ‘ai˘rhaa’ underneath A is its name, & the symbol ‘ ` ’ is an indication for stressing the second part of the name

Notes (it~pxIAW):

1. Gurbaannee uses paiˆntee letters only (gurbwxI iv~c isrP pYNqI A~Kr vrqy hn) 2. Unicode (hex) symbols are used for transliteration of unique Gurmukhee sounds (Kws gurmuKI DunIAW nMU AMqrn krn leI XUnIkof icMnH vrqy gey hn )

3. When an English alphabet letter produces the same sound as a Gurmukhee letter, then a standard English letter, or letters, are used for transliteration (ijQy AMgryzI dy A~Kr dI DunI gurmuKI nwl imldI hY, auQy gurmuKI dy A~Kr dI DunI nMU AMqrn krn leI AMgryzI il~pI dy inXukq A~Kr hI vrqy hn) 4. A dash separates vowel sounds (fYS sÍr DunIAW nUM v~K krdI hY)

5. An * indicates that these letters have no sound by themselves (icMnH * dsdw hY ik ienHw A~KrW dI AwpxI koeI DunI nhIN hY) 6. A ‘ ˙’ nasalizes the sound of a letter (icMnH ‘ ˙’ A~Kr dI DunI nUM nwskI bxw idMdw hY)

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7. The transliteration rules are used throughout this book consistently (DunIAW nMU AMqrn krn dy inXm swrI hI ikqwb iv~c iekswrqw nwl vrqy gey hn)

Expansion of Script (il~pI dw ivkws) S

sh ^ khh Z gh sha˘shaa khha˘khhaa gha˘ghaa

z

z za˘zaa

&

fh L lh fha˘fhaa lha˘lhaa

Note (itpxI):

1. Now Paˆŋjaabee uses Expanded Paiˆntee (pMjwbI hux ivkws vwlI pYNqI vrqdI hY)

Gurmukhee Numbers (gurmuKI AMk) Counting (igxqI) English AMgryzI 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Paˆŋjaabee pMjwbI 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

14

Paˆŋjaabee pMjwbI ie~k do iqMn cwr pMj Cy s~q A~T nON ds igAwrW bwrW qyrW cOdW pMdrW soLW sqwrW ATwrW au~nI vIh ie~kI

English Transliteration i˘k do tiˆnn chaar paˆŋj chhay sa˘t a˘tth nauˆn das gi-aaraaˆn baaraaˆn tayraaˆn chaudaaˆn paˆndraaˆn solhaaˆn sataaraaˆn atthaaraaˆn u˘nee veeh i˘kee

English AMgryzI 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

Paˆŋjaabee Paˆŋjaabee pMjwbI pMjwbI 22 bweI 23 qyeI 24 cOvI 25 p~cI 26 C~bI 27 sqweI 28 ATweI 29 aux~qI 30 qIh 31 iek~qI 32 b~qI 33 qyqI 34 cONqI 35 pYNqI 36 C~qI 37 sYNqI 38 AT~qI 39 aunqwLI 40 cwLI 41 iekqwLI 42 bqwLI

English Transliteration baa-ee tay-ee chauvee Pa˘chee chha˘bee sataa-ee atthaa-ee unna˘tee teeh ika˘tee ba˘tee taytee chauˆntee paiˆntee chha˘tee saiˆntee attha˘tee untaalhee chaalhee iktaalhee bataalhee

English AMgryzI 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71

Paˆŋjaabee Paˆŋjaabee pMjwbI pMjwbI 43 qrqwLI 44 cuqwLI 45 pMqwLI 46 iCAwLI 47 sMqwLI 48 ATqwLI 49 auxMjw 50 pMjwh 51 iekvMjw 52 bvMjw 53 qrvMjw 54 curMjw 55 pcvMjw 56 CpMjw 57 sqvMjw 58 ATvMjw 59 auxwhT 60 s~T 61 iekwhT 62 bwhT 63 qryhT 64 cOhT 65 pYNhT 66 iCAwhT 67 sqwhT 68 ATwhT 69 auxH~qr 70 s~qr 71 iekh~qr

English Transliteration tar-taalhee chu-taalhee paˆntaalhee chhi-aalhee saˆntaalhe atth-taalhee unnaˆŋjaa paˆŋjaah ikvaˆŋjaa bavaˆŋjaa tarvaˆŋjaa churaˆŋjaa pachvaˆŋjaa chhapaˆŋjaa satvaˆŋjaa atthvaˆŋjaa unnaahatth sa˘tth ikaahatth baahatth tarayˆhatth chauˆhatth paiˆnhatth chhi-aahatth sattaahatth atthaahatth unnah˘tar sa˘tar iktaha˘tar

English AMgryzI 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

Paˆŋjaabee pMjwbI 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

Paˆŋjaabee pMjwbI bh~qr iqh~qr cuh~qr pMJ~qr iCh~qr sq~qr AT~qr auxwsI A~sI iekwsI ibAwsI iqrwsI curwsI pcwsI iCAwsI sqwsI ATwsI auxwnvyN n~by iekwnvyN bwnvyN qrwnvyN curwnvyN pcwnvyN iCAwnHvyN sqwnvyN ATwnHvyN niVHnvyN sO

English Transliteration baha˘tar tiha˘tar chuha˘tar paˆŋjha˘tar chhiha˘tar Sata˘tar attha˘tar unnaasee a˘see Ikaasee bi-aasee tiraasee churaasee pachaasee chhi-aasee sataasee atthaasee unnaanvayˆn na˘bay ikaanvayˆn Baanvayˆn taraanvayˆn churaanvayˆn pachaanvayˆn chhiaanvayˆn sataanvayˆn atthaanhvayˆn narhihnvayˆn Sau

15

Gurmukhee Script Categories (gurmuKI il~pI dIAW SRyxIAW)

23

There are 35 Letters (A`Kr) in Gurmukhee Lippee known as Paiˆntee (pYNqI)  3 Letters (a, A, e) are used as the basis for the vowels (sÍr)  All of the vowel signs (lgwN) are used with these three letters to form all of the syllables for the 10 vowels (sÍr) in Gurmukhee  The rest of the 32 letters are consonants, however, few letters are also used as semi-vowels(hRsÍ sÍr)

Consonant Letters s k c t q p X

h K C T Q P r

Vowel Letters

(Sibilant consonant; h has semi-vowel qualities) a A e

gG| jJ\ fFx dDn bBm lvV

C O N S O N A N T S

(Semi-vowels: X,Î, ´, Í)

Vowel Signs ( lgwN ): mukqw, w, i, I, u, U, y, Y, o, O 10 vowels (sÍr):

A,Aw; ie, eI; au, aU; ey, AY; E, AO

3 Vowel Symbols (lgwKr):

˙ ; ` ; M Biˆndee ; A˘tdhak ; Tippee (ibMdI ; A~Dk ; it~pI)

Notes (itpxIAW): 1. All the sounds of letters are produced due to vowels 2. Each consonant letter symbol has an inherent vowel a (A) in it 3. The sound of each letter of the Paiˆntee is paramount for learning pronunciation; the name of the letters is just to obtain familiarization of the Gurmukhee symbols 4. Each vowel sign produce either a short or a long vowel sound 5. The vowel symbols change the sounds produced by the individual A˘khars (letters) in words with or without vowel signs 6. Each lag (lg) forms one syllable in Paˆnjaabee words. Gurbaannee words sometimes have “ i ” or “ u ” with their last letter consonants other than h. In those cases neither “ i ” nor “ u ” form a syllable 7. All single letter words are considered single syllable words

16

Gurmukhee Script Groups (gurmuKI il~pI dy vrg)

23

The Paiˆntee letters of the Gurmukhee Lippee are grouped together according to the sound they produce. The first five and the last five letters of the Paiˆntee do not produce a nasal sound. The middle five groups have a single letter at the end, which produces a specific nasal sound for that entire group. The other ten letters use the nasal sound letters from two of those five groups and use them as conjugates where needed. Those two nasal sounds are associated with | and n. Therefore, understanding the groupings becomes a basic need for learning the pronunciation of Gurmukhee words.

a A e (Individually or combined, they do not form a word. a & e have no sounds by themselves) s (Produces hissing sound) h (Produces sound in a similar manner to Vowels) k K g G | (This group ‘k vrg’ of letters use the same parts of the mouth to produce their sounds) c C j J \ (This group ‘c vrg’ of letters use the same parts of the mouth to produce their sounds) t T f F x (This group ‘t vrg’ of letters use the same parts of the mouth to produce their sounds) q Q d D n (This group ‘q vrg’ of letters use the same parts of the mouth to produce their sounds) p P b B m (This group ‘p vrg’ of letters use the same parts of the mouth to produce their sounds) X (This semi-vowel letter has similar qualities to the letter ‘Y’ in English. Pronounced like ‘c vrg’ ) r l (These two letters use the same parts of the mouth to produce their sounds) v (This semi-vowel letter use the same parts of the mouth as ‘p vrg’ to produce their sounds) V (Unique to Gurmukhee Lippee & requires special effort to pronounce it. Somewhat like ‘t vrg’) Notes (it~pxIAW): 1. The middle 5 groups of letters has the nasal sounding letter at the end in each group (ivckwrlIAW 5 tolIAW iv~c hryk tolI dw AKIrlw A~Kr nwskI DunI vwlw hY) 2. 4th letter in each of these groups, when used as a 1st letter in a word, produces its own specific sound “e.g., Dur is pronounced tdhur” (iehnw tolIAW dw cOQw vrx jdoN iksy A~Kr dy SurU ivc hovy audoN ies dI AwpxI Kws DunI huMdI hY “ijvyN Dur”) 3. 4th letter in each of these groups, when used any other place in a word, produces the sound of the third letter in the same group which is atoned with a light h sound (e.g., du~D is pronounced du~dH (du˘dh)) (iehnw tolIAW dw cOQw vrx jdoN iksy A~Kr dy SurU iv~c nw hovy, audoN ies dI AwpxI DunI aus tolI dy qIsry vrx vwlI huMdI hY “ijvyN du~D dw aucwrx du~dHH hY”) 4. Since without a vowel no sound can be produced for the Gurmukhee Lippee, let us learn about the vowels next (gurmuKI il~pI dy iksy A~Kr dI sÍr ibMnw koeI BI DunI nhIN hY, ies leI AwE pihlW AwpW sÍrW dI jwxkwrI krIey)

17

Gurmukhee Vowels & Vowel Sound (gurmuKI sÍr qy sÍr DunIAW) Each language has its on vowel sounds. In Gurmukhee or Paˆŋjaabee, vowels produce all sounds. A vowel could be a visible symbol or an inherent part of a letter of the Gurmukhee Lippee. Furthermore, Gurmukhee has some unique sounds, which cannot be produced by English letters. In addition, the Gurmukhee vowel sounds (not diphthongs) can only be approximated by combining two of the English vowel sounds. It is extremely difficult to learn a sound without listening to someone who can correctly produce those sounds. The table below is an attempt to assist you to reasonably learn how to produce those vowel sounds. Specific examples of English words in the table provide you with hints to learn how to produce the sounds of those vowels correctly.

Key (kuMjI)

Vowel A Aw ie eI au aU ey AY E AO

Sign None w i I u U y Y o O

Sign Name (Paˆŋjaabee) Muktaa Ka˘na Siharee Biharee Auˆnkarh Dulaˆnkarh Laaˆnv dulaavaaˆn Horhaa Kanaurhaa

Vowel Sound u aa i, e ee u oo ay ai o au

Examples (Sounds as in) up us but far jar star it sit let see meet keep put foot bull boot shoot loot day say late fat cat rat wrote vote coat law horn cause

Vowels Sounds (sÍr DunIAW) Vowel Letters (sÍrW vwly A~Kr): a; A; e Vowel Signs (lgwN): mukqw; w; i; I; u; U; y; Y; o; O Vowels (sÍr): A; Aw; ie; eI; au; aU; ey; AY; E; AO Short (hRsÍ): ____ A; ie; au Long (dIrG): ___________ Aw; eI; aU; ey; AY; E; AO Notes (it~pxIAW): 1. First 3 letters of the Gurmukhee Lippee are the basis for all vowel sounds (pihly 3 gurmuKI il~pI dy A~KrW qy swry hI sÍr Aswrq hn) 2. 10 vowel signs ( 10 lgW) 3. Combination of both produces 10 vowels (donw dy imSrn qoN 10 sÍr bxdy hn) - 3 short vowels (3 hRsÍ sÍr) - 7 long vowels (7 dIrG sÍr) 4. The lines next to vowels indicate the relative length of sound produced by vowels (hRsÍ qy dIrG sÍrW dy nwl dIAW lkIrW aunHW dI DunI dw AMdwzW idMdIAW hn) 5. The time it takes to pronounce a short or a long vowels is called ‘Maatraa’ (hRsÍ sÍr jW dIrG sÍr dy aucwrx vwsqy smyN nUμ ‘mwqRw’ ikhw jWdw hY)

18

Gurmukhee Letter Sounds (gurmuKI A~KrW dIAW DunIAW) Paiˆntee (pYNqI) a

Aa

e

ss

hh

None

a

None

sa

ha

kk

K kh

gg

G kgh

|ġ

ka

kha

ga

kgha;gha*

ġaˆn

c ch

C chh

jj

J chjh

\ŋ

cha

chha

ja

chjha;jha*

ŋaˆn

t tt

T tth

f dd

F ttddh

x nn

tta

ttha

dda

qt

Q th

dd

D tdh

nn

ta

tha

da

tdha;dha*

naˆn

pp

Pf

bb

B pbh

mm

pa

fa

ba

pbha;bha*

maˆn

Xy ya*

rr

ll

vv

V rh

ra

la

va

rha

ttddha;ddha*

nnaˆn

Example: “k k ” ‘k’ is a Paiˆntee letter; ‘k’ next to it is English Transcription & ka the letters ‘ka’ underneath k is its sound

Notes (it~pxIAW): 1. * indicates that these letters have more than one sound (* A~KrW dIAW ie~k qoN v~D DunIAW dw sMkyqk) 2. All consonants contain vowel Muktaa ‘a’ (swry ivAMjnW iv~c mukqw ‘A’ hY) 3. The forth letter in each of the middle 5 rows has two sounds- the primary sound is shown first (ivckwrlIAW 5 kqwrW dy cOQy A~KrW dIAW do DunIAW hn- pRDwn DunI pihlI hY)- 2nd sound is pronounced with aspiration & ends with a light h sound (duujI DunI dy AKIr iv~c hlkI h DunI huMdI hY)

4. Letter ‘X’ also have more than one sound just like the English letter Y- discussed later (A~Kr X dIAW BI ie~k qoN v~D DunIAW hn- ies dI ivcwr AgWh hY)

19

Gurmukhee Consonants- Grouping & Pronunciation (ivAMjn - tolIAW (vrg) Aqy aucwrx) Fig #

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Group (vrg) s h k c t q p X r v V

K C T Q P

gG| jJ\ fFx dDn bBm l

17,,23

Technique (ivDI) Lower Gums & Tip of Tongue (Hissing Sound) (bu~tW dw hyTlw Aqy jIB dw auprlw ih~sw) Throat (kMT) Soft Palate & Root of Tongue (koml qwlU Aqy jIB dw muF) Hard Palate & Middle Part of Tongue (Krvw qwlU Aqy jIB dw ivckwrlw ih~sw) Apex of Palate & Back Part of Tip of Tongue (qwlU dw isKr Aqy aultI jIB) Teeth & Front Part of the Tongue (dMd Aqy jIB dw Aglw ih~sw) Both Lips (dono b~lH) See “c” Group Above (au~pr ‘c vrg’ dyKo) Gums & Tip of Tongue (bu~t Aqy jIB dw au~prlw ih~sw) See “p” Group Above (au~pr ‘p vrg’ dyKo) See “t” Group Above (au~pr ‘t vrg’ dyKo)

Hints (nukqy): Figure 1 on the next page depicts parts of the mouth that are involved in producing consonant sounds. The tongue plays the most significant part. Use corresponding figures on the next page as an aid when producing the sound of consonants of a particular group (e.g., See Figure 6 for ‘p vrg’ letters etc.)

1.

2.

3.

4.

Close your lips only when producing sounds of ‘p vrg’ letters For all other letters’ pronunciation, keep your lips open Softly bite your tongue when pronouncing ‘q vrg’ letters for initial learning To produce a “V” sound, place the back part of the tip of your tongue as far back as possible at the upper palate & pronounce ‘Ra’ with a snapping motion of your tongue for initial learning

Each step above is for the beginners who have poor Paˆŋjaabee speaking skills to start with.

Once you learn to pronounce these letters & have practiced enough, you would not be mimicking what is shown in the figures. For example, to pronounce ‘q’ or words containing ‘q’, the tip of your tongue will only touch the upper teeth instead of slightly biting it as suggested in step three above and depicted in the corresponding figure. Same goes for ‘V’.

You will not be stressing in the positioning of your tongue for its pronunciation. In a relaxed environment when you will be having casual conversations, you will be able to produce both of these sounds comfortably. Your pronunciation of words containing all of these consonants will definitely improve with practice as well as the amount of effort you will put into speaking Paˆŋjaabee with others.

20

Figure 1

Figure 3

Figure 6

Figure 2

Figure 4

Figure 7

Figure 5

Figure 8

Note (it~pxI): If you have difficulty in producing the sound of a letter, then practice that over & over again until you learn to produce that sound before proceeding to the next section. Producing these sounds correctly are of the utmost importance in learning the pronunciation of Gurbaannee words

21

Gurmukhee Consonant with Vowel Sounds (gurmuKI ivAMjnW dIAW sÍrW nwl DunIAW) All consonants contain a vowel (swry ivAMjnW ivc sÍr hY) k with Lagaaˆn ( k lgW nwl) A`khar Trans. k kw ik kI ku kU ky kY ko kO

ka (`k+a) kaa (`k+aa) ke (`k+e) kee (`k+ee) ku (`k+u) koo (`k+oo) kay (`k+ay) kai (`k+ai) ko (`k+o) kau (`k+au)

Two parts: Consonant & Vowel (2 ih~sy: ivAMjn Aqy sÍr) k = `k + a (k = `k + A ) Consonant `k part without a vowel has no sound by itself (`k ivAMjn vwlw ih~sy dI sÍr qoN ibMnw koeI AwpxI DunI nhIN hY) `k + A Vowel A is hidden in consonant k (ivAMjn k iv~c sÍr A luupq hY) `k + Aw Vowel Aw replaced by Vowel Sign w (sÍr Aw dI jgw w lg icMnH) `k + ie Vowel ie replaced by Vowel Sign i (sÍr ie dI jgw i lg icMnH) `k + eI Vowel eI replaced by Vowel Sign I (sÍr eI dI jgw I lg icMnH) `k + au Vowel au replaced by Vowel Sign u (sÍr au dI jgw u lg icMnH) `k + aU Vowel aU replaced by Vowel Sign U (sÍr aU dI jgw U lg icMnH) `k + ey Vowel ey replaced by Vowel Sign y (sÍr ey dI jgw y lg icMnH) `k + AY Vowel AY replaced by Vowel Sign Y (sÍr AY dI jgw Y lg icMnH) `k + E Vowel E replaced by Vowel Sign o (sÍr E dI jgw o lg icMnH) `k + AO Vowel AO replaced by Vowel Sign O (sÍr AO dI jgw O lg icMnH)

Note (it~pxI): This Symbol ` is a reminder for missing Vowel (ieh ` icMnH guMm sÍr dI Xwd idlwaux vwsqy hY)

Gurmukhee Consonant with Vowel Signs Sounds (gurmuKI ivAMjnW dIAW lgW nwl DunIAW) Now pronounce all the consonants with lagaaˆn: Rote (muhwrnI) s s,sw; is,sI; su,sU; sy,sY; so,sO sa˘saa sa,saa; se,see; su,soo; say,sai; so,sau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

V V,Vw; iV,VI; Vu,VU; Vy,VY; Vo VO rha˘rhaa rha,rhaa; rhe,rhee; rhu,rhoo; rhay,rhai; rho,rhau Note (it~pxI): Practice these sounds until you have mastered them

22

Gurmukhee Vowel Symbols Use & Sound (gurmuKI lgwKrW dI vrqoN qy DunIAW)

17.23

There are three vowel symbols called Lagakhar (lgwKr) for the Paˆŋjaabee script. Their names and symbols are Biˆndee ( ˙ ), A˘tdhak ( ` ), and Tippee ( M ).

Notes (it~pxIAW): 1. A˘tdhak ( ˘ ) commonly used in Paˆŋjaabee, but was not used in Gurbaannee at all (pMjwbI iv~c A`Dk ( ` ) dI hux Awm vrqoN huMdI hY, pr gurbwxI iv~c ies dI vrqoN nhIN hY)

2. Biˆndee ( ˆ ) and Tippee ( M ) commonly used in Paˆŋjaabee, but rarely in Gurbaannee

(ibMdI ( ˆ ) Aqy it~pI ( M ) pMjwbI iv~c Awm, pr gurbwxI iv~c G`t vrqIAW geIAW hn)

3. Pair Vaalee Biˆndee (not a Lagakhar), like A˘tdhak, is not used in Sree Guroo Graˆnth Saahib Jee. Its use is discussed in the Pronunciation chapter (pYr vwlI ibMdI BI A~Dk vWg sRI gurU gRMQ swihb iv~c nhIN vrqI geI[ies dI vrqoN leI aucwrx vwlw AiDAwey dyKo)

Lagakhar affect the sound of the words they are used in and are placed above the line over words. The Biˆndee and Tippee with nasalizing sounds are placed above the letter or its lag.

The A˘tdhak, a non-nasal sound, is placed closer to letter which precedes the letter it doubles. The use of all three along with specific examples is provided below. Generally, the rules for their use apply to both Paˆŋjaabee and Gurbaannee. However, there are some exceptions. Thus, keep in mind that there are few additional differences on their use in Paˆŋjaabee versus Gurbaannee. For example, Gurbaannee sometimes uses both Tippee and Bihaaree with the same letter as in word “eμμIDn” on page 900 of Sree Guroo Graˆnth Saahib Jee. Some other differences are presented below under each of the item’s discussion.

Use & Sound (vrqoN qy DunIAW): Biˆndee (ibMdI) Biˆndee ( ˆ ): Has a nasal sound like soft “n” as in “tank” (koml n vWg nwskI DunI ijvyN “tYNk”) – Goes with all of the vowels except (A & ie) or vowel signs (mukqw & i) swry sÍrW nwl (C~ut A & ie) jW sÍr icMnH (mukqw, i ) nwl vrqoN huMdI hY – Does not go with Muktaa Consonants (mukqw ivAMjnW nwl vrqoN nhIN huMdI)

Examples (audwhrnW):

pWie,

nhIN,

paaˆn-ay naheeˆn khoN,

A`igEN,

AYNauN,

ikauN,

jIaUNdy,

ikvyN,

dYNq,

hYN

aiˆn-i-oˆn ki-oˆn Jee-ooˆnday kivayˆn daiˆnt haiˆn cONkIAW

kahoˆn a˘gi-oˆn chawˆnkee-aaˆn Note (it~pxI): Location of Biˆndee in hand-written Guroo Saroop is on the left side of a “lag” (See examples below) h~Q ilKq gurU srUp ivc ibMdI lg dy K~by pwsy lgI hoeI hY (hyTW audwrnW dyKo)

Examples (audwhrnw): 1. PrIdw ikqNØI jobn pRIiq ibnu suik gey kumlwie ]34] (pMnw 1379) 2. ijMn@w nYx nNØIdRwvly iqMn@w imlxu kuAwau ]80] (pMnw 1382)

23

Use & Sound (vrqoN Aqy DunI): A˘tdhak (A~Dk) A˘tdhak ( ` ): Has a non-nasal sound (DunI nwskI nhIN huMdI) - Goes with all Consonants with vowels signs (Muktaa, i, u) or these short vowels A, ie, au (a, i or e, u) ieh sÍr icMnH dI vrqoN (mukqw, i, u) (vwly ivAMjnW jW ienHW sÍrW (A, ie, au) nwl huMdI hY) - Conjugates sound of the letter after it (ies qoN Agly A~Kr dI DunI du~q ho jWdI hY) a. A`g (a˘g)= a+`g+g (A+`g+g)= a+(`g+g) (A(`g+g)) sounds as a`gg (A`gg) b. ip`Cy (pi˘chhay)= pi+`ch+chhay (ip+(`c+Cy)) sounds as pi`chchhay (ip`cCy) c. A`Dk (a˘tdhak)= a+(`d+dha)+k (A+(`d+dH)+k) sounds as addhak (A`ddHk) The conjugating of sound depends upon the position of a letter in a group of Paiˆntee letters 1. If a letter after an A˘tdhak is the 1st , 3rd or 5th letter of a particular group, then both conjugating sound letters are the same (e.g. g in a. above) 2. If a letter after an A˘tdhak is the 2nd letter of a particular group, then conjugate with the 1st letter of that group (e.g. c in b.above) 3. If a letter after an A˘tdhak is the 4th letter in a group, then conjugate two 3rd letters & a light h sounds (e.g. ddH in c. above) Notes (it~pxIAW): 1. In the examples above the “ ` ” is used with conjugating letters for illustration only.

This mark will not be used for transliteration to show the affect of A˘tdhak in the rest of the book for this specific purpose 2. A “ H ” represents the light sound of h in the Gurmukhee script. However, it is not possible in English to represent the light “h” sound without creating a new special symbol. Therefore, I chose to use the regular “h” in transliteration. You just have to remember that wherever an A˘tdhak is used in transliteration preceding the fourth letter of the middle five groups of the Paiˆntee, the syllable (e.g. tdh in word A˘tdhak) after A˘tdhak and ending with “h”, will produce a light “h” sound. You could also look at the corresponding Paˆŋjaabee Uchaaran word, if “ H ” is there then it is a light sounding“h”.

Examples (audwhrnw):

A`Kr,

ie`k,

a˘khar i˘k

au`cw,

ASu`D,

u˘chaa ashu˘tdh

Use & Sound (vrqoN Aqy DunI): Tippee (it~pI)

c`kr,

ku`qw

cha˘kar ku˘taa

17, 23, 31

Tippee ( M ): Has a nasal sound (DunI nwskI huMdI hY) - Goes with Muktaa consonants & these 4 vowel signs ( Muktaa, i , u , uU ) (vrqoN mukqw ivAMjn Aqy ienHw 4 sÍrw nwl huMdI hY ( mukqw, i , u , uU )) - Nasalizes* the sound for the letter it is used with and stresses it (ijs A~Kr nwl vrqI jWdI hY, aus dI DunI nUM nwskI Aqy dbw vwlI kr idMdI hY)

a. Tippee produces soft n sound like Biˆndee when used with a single letter (ie~k A~Kr nwl lgI hoeI it~pI dI DunI ibMdI vWg koml n vwlI huMdI hY)

Example: qUM (tooˆn ) single sound ending with a soft n (n) sound (e.g. Sink) 24

b. Except Persian words, it produces ġ sound when used with the last letter of a word (PwrsI A~KrW qoN Cut, AKIrly A~Kr nwl lgI hoeI it~pI dI DunI | vWg huMdI hY) Example: nwdM pronounced nwd| (naadaġ)- sound ending with nasal sound of ġ c. In Persian words, it sounds like n (PwrsI A~KrW ivc ies dI DunI n vwlI huMdI hY) d. If it comes before one of the five nasal sound letters, then behaves like A˘dhak ijs A~Kr qy it~pI lgI hovy, aus dI DunI nUM nwskI kr idMMdI hY[ pr jy ies qoN aglw A~Kr AnunwskI A~Kr hovy qW A~Dk vWg Awpxy qoN Agly A~Kr dI DunI nUμ du~q kr idMdI hY[ Example: rqMn pronounced rqnn (rataˆnn)- stressing q with a nasalized sound (nwskI DunI nwl q qy dbw dyky aucwrx kro) The pronunciation of a pronounceable non-word rq~n is also rqnn (rataˆnn)

*The nasalizing sound depends upon the position of a letter with Tippee and the group (Paiˆntee letters) of the letter after a Tipppee Examples (audwhrnw): 1. hMs Pronounced as hns (haˆns)- n since s is from the 1st group 2. AhM Pronounced as Ah| (ahaġ)- | since Tippee is with the last letter of a word 3. AhMkwr Pronounced as Ah|kwr (ahaˆġkaar)- since k is from the 2nd group 4. AhMbuiD = AhM-buiD Ah|-buiD Pronounced as AhM+budH Ah|-budH (ahaġ-budh) 5.

6.

7.

8.

smwsI A~Kr (Compound Word)- h is a last letter in the 1st part of a compound word AhMmyv Pronounced as Ahmmyv (ahaˆmmayv)- m since m is from the 6th group vMJw Pronounced as v\Jw (vaˆŋjhaaˆn)- \ since J is from the 3rd group hMfol Pronounced as hxfol (haˆnnddol)- x since f is from the 4th group sMq Pronounced as snq (saˆnt)- n since q is from the 5th group

Notes (it~pxIAW): 1. Italicized Paˆŋjaabee letter in the examples above indicates the nasal sound portion of that letter au~pr audwhrnw iv~c iqrCy pMjwbI A~Kr aus A~Kr dy nwskI DunI vwly ih~sy dy sUck hn[

2. Biˆndee in transliteration indicates the nasal sound portion of the letter after it. Do not use the whole sound of that letter AMqrn krn iv~c ibMdI Awpxy qoN agly A~Kr dy nwskI DunI vwly ih~sy nUM drswaux leI vrqI geI hY[aus A~Kr dI swrI DunI nw vrqo[

Examples (audwhrnw): sYBM, kuMgU, rM|, sMjogu, jM\, TMF, icMqw, AMibRq jMmY saybhaġ kuˆġgoo raˆġġ sˆŋjog jaˆŋŋ tthaˆnnddh chiˆntaa aˆmbrit jaˆmmai sMswru,

ihMsw,

AnMdu,

nirMd,

AMDy;

KMB,

AMimRqu,

rMg

saˆnsaar hiˆnsaa anaˆnd nariˆnd aˆndhay khaˆmbh aˆmmrit raˆġg Persian: dIdM (dIdn), krdM (krdn) deedan kardan Remember: Sound of Tippee depends on the grouping of the consonant after a Tippee Xwd rKo: it~pI qoN Agly ivAMjn dy vrg vwly nwskI ivAMjn qoN it~pI dI DunI dw pqw lgdw hY

Reference: “Interact with Panjaabee Language & Sounds” By Prof. Sukhchain Singh hvwlw pusqk: “ientrYkt ivd pMjwbI lYNgueyj AYNf swaUNf” bweI pRoP. suKcYn isMG

25

Gurmukhee & Paˆnjaabee Key Differences (gurmuKI qy pMjwbI dy Kws Prk) 1. The Paˆnjaabee language uses the Gurmukhee Lippee. However, Paˆŋjaabee now has expanded the Paiˆntee (pYNqI) to include the sounds of other languages such as Persian etc. This is accomplished by putting “Biˆndee” under some of the existing Gurmukhee letters as shown below: S, ^, Z, z, &, L 2. The use of Pair Vaalay A˘khar (pYr A`Kr) is minimized in Paˆŋjaabee. Only R and H are used in Paˆŋjaabee 3. The use of pYr A`Kr ( ç † œ ˜ Ï Í ) is rare or not used in Paˆŋjaabee anymore 4. Other Chinh (icMn@) such as ( @

´ Ú ) are not used in Paˆŋjaabee anymore

5. Half a Ya-i-aa ( Î ) or Pair Vaalaa (pYr vwlw) ´ are also not used in Paˆŋjaabee anymore 6. A˘tdhak ( ` ) now commonly used in Paˆnjaabee was not used in original Gurbaannee 7. The Biˆndee and Tippee ( ˆ and µ ) were seldom used in Gurmukhee, however are very common in Paˆŋjaabee now 8. The punctuation marks (, ; ! ?) were not used in Gurmukhee, instead lagaaˆn (lgwN) were used to accomplish this objective 9. Gurmukhee did not separate the words- pad-chhayd (pd-Cyd). All words in a line were joined together 10. i and u were in common use with last letter of a word in Gurmukhee for grammatical reasons

Note (it~pxI): 1. It is apparent from the above points that it is extremely important to learn the fundamentals of Gurmukhee Grammar in order to properly punctuate, pronounce words, recite Gurbaannee and understand its meanings.

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Significance of Gurmukhee Lagaaˆn & Matraaˆn (gurmuKI dIAW lgW mwqRW dI mh~qqw) 1. Provide the guidance for breaking up the words. In other words allow for separation of words (pd Cyd ) to ease pronunciation (aucwrx) of words 2. Allow a poet to balance the weight of phrases (qukwN) for natural rhythm 13 3. Allow us to properly punctuate sentences 12,15 4. Allow us to determine the grammatical significance of the words 12,13,17 5. Allow us to understand the correct meaning of words as well as the sentence(s) Bottom-line: Allow us to understand Gurbaannee

Specific Examples: Example #1 (Weight* Balance)

Andu suxhu vfBwgIho sgl mnorQ pUry] (note: nM would create more imbalance) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 = 26 pwrbRhmu pRBu pwieAw auqry sgl ivsUry] 2 1 111

Example #2 Example #3:

Example #4: (Pronunciation)

1 12 1 1 1

(pMnw 922)

1 2 2 = 25

sdw s~cdw nMd srbM pRxwsI] AnUpy ArUpy smsqul invwsI ]58] 12

(Punctuation)

11 2 1 2

1 11 2

21

1 12 1 2 2= 20 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1

guru Arjnu Gir gur rwmdws Bgq auqir AwXau ]1]

(pMnw 1407)

guru Arjnu Gir, gur rwmdws, Bgq auqir AwXau ]1] guru Arjnu, Gir gur rwmdws, Bgq auqir AwXau ]1] Awhr siB krdw iPrY Awhru ieku n hoie] nwnk ijqu Awhir jgu auDrY ibrlw bUJY koie ]

(jwpu swihb)

1 2 2 = 20

(Wrong) (Correct)

(pMnw 965)

Awhr siB krdw iPrY Awhru ieku n hoie] Plural

nwnk ijqu

Singular

Awhir jgu auDrY ibrlw bUJY koie ] (pMnw 965) Case

Notes (it~pxIAW): 1. * The poets maintain weight balance among qukwN for natural rhythm. Weight is assigned as follows: each short vowel (hRsÍ sÍr), Tippee (it~pI), or A˘tdhak (A~Dk) carries a weight of one. Each long vowel (dIrG sÍr) carries a weight of two.The Pair Vaalay A˘khar (pYr vwly A~Kr), Pair Chinh (pYr icMn), or Bindee (ibMdI) carries no weight 2. The proper understanding of the use of u or i in Gurmukhee provides the correct interpretation of Gurbaannee as seen in the examples above. Their use helps in punctuation and differentiating nouns (singular, plural, case). The use of u or i similarly differentiates pronouns, verbs, adverbs, and adjectives from each other.

Additionally, their use indicates the gender as well as if a word is singular or plural.

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3

Gurmukhee/ Paˆŋjaabee Grammar Fundamentals (gurmuKI/pMjwbI ivAwkrx dy mUl q~q) 12,14,16,19

This chapter is a synopsis of Gurmukhee/Paˆŋjaabee grammar. As mentioned previously, Gurbaannee is written in Gurmukhee where today’s literature is written in Paˆŋjaabee.

While majority of the grammar rules are common to both, a few differences do exist. One of the differences is in the use of “case”. Gurbaannee uses the case signs quite extensively, and Paˆŋjaabee does not use case signs at all. Instead, it uses the prepositional words.

I feel basics of all grammar are very much the same. I start below with the definition of grammar and identifying its three major parts. Immediately after that, a three-part table is provided for you to obtain a bird’s eye view of the fundamentals of Gurmukhee as well as Paˆŋjaabee grammar. I consider this more like a review of the basics of grammar in general.

Grammar Definition (ivAwkrx pirBwSw): A body of rules imposed on a given language for speaking and writing (bolI nUM aucwrx Aqy ilKx qy lwgU inXmW dw sMgRih) Three Parts of Grammar (ivAwkrx dy iqMn Bwg) • Orthography: A`khar, Uchaaran of A`khar, Lagaaˆn Maatraaˆn, & Lagaakhar (vrx-boD jW A~Kr boD: A~Kr, A~KrW dw aucwrx, lgW mwqRW, Aqy lgwKr) Note: Orthography was covered in chapter 2 • Etymology: Words Construction, Classification, and Form (Sbd-boD: A~KrW dI bxqr, SRyxI, Aqy Awkwr) Note: Etymology is the focus of this chapter. In the construction of words, the use of prefixes and suffixes is common in both Paˆŋjaabee and Gurbaannee. They affect both Uchaaran and meanings (Briefly covered in Chapter 4) • Syntax: Sentence Construction, Partitioning, and Punctuation (vwk-boD: vwk dI bxqr,vMf, Aqy ivsrwm icMnH) Note: Syntax is the focus of the second book Table: Basic Common Grammar Rules for Both (dovW dy muFly sWJy inXm)

Word Classification Nouns (Five Categories)

Examples nWv

- Things - Collective - Abstract (Things you can’t see, touch & feel)

Kws nwnk, AMgd, Amrdws, etc.; AMimRqsr, lwhOr, KfUr, gMgw, srsrI, etc.; GoVw, ku~qw, bMdw, dirAw, bglw, Sihr, etc. pwxI, d~uD, KMf, jl, lohw, sonw, cWdI, kYNhw, kink, AMn etc. isK sBw, jmdlu, sYnw, jmwq, etc.

KUb, JUT, pRym, SrDw, syvw, igAwn, grmI, srdI, SWqI, kRoD, shm, BgqI, bImwrI, Arogqw, etc.

Pronouns (Six Categories)

pVnWv

- Personal

mYN, mYnMU, AsIN, hm, hmrw, hmro, myrw, swfw, Aswfw, qUM, qusIN,

- Proper -- Person -- Place

- Common

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- Reflexive - Relative - Interrogative - Demonstrative - Indefinite

qYnUM, qau, qYNfw, etc.

Awp, AwpInY, AwpON, Awpxw, etc. jo, ij, ijh, ijhVw, ijn, ijq, jws, ijs, jau, ijn, iqs, iqn, iqq, iqnwVw, etc. ko, kOx, ikhVw, iks, ikn, kvn, kwhy, kY, etc. auh, Eh, ieh, eyh, AOh, AYh, ieQy, auQy, ies, ieq, iekq, aun, ien, Eie, qwhU, etc. keI, ivrly, bhuq, etc.

Adjective (Five Categories)

ikRAw (clxw, hsxw, roxw, Kwxw, pIxw, etc.)

BUq kwl (auh kIrqn krdw sI [) vrqmwn kwl (auh kIrqn krdw hY [ BivK~q kwl (auh kIrqn krygw [) ivSySx (kwlw ku~qw etc.) Used with nouns or pronouns

- Qualitative - Numeral - Quantitative (Measurements) - Demonstrative - Pronominal

kwlw, ic~tw, susq, clwk, cMgw, mMdw etc. pMj, s~q, sO, shs, dugxw, cOgxw, etc.

QoVHw ku, ikMnw ku, ieqnw ku, etc. ieh, auh, AOh, Aih, etc. (e.g., ieh muMfw; auh kuVI ) myrI, auh, ijhVy, qyrI etc. (e.g., myrI poQI; auh bMdy )

Adverb (Expresses quality of verb)

ikRAw ivSySx: QoVw KWdw hY; svyry jwgdw hY; sohxw gauNdw hY,

Verb (Three Categories) - Past Tense - Present Tense - Future Tense

etc.

Interjection Conjunction Prepositions (Syntactically

ties a noun or a pronoun to a verb - e.g., for, with, to, etc. & Case Signs (mukqw, W, w, i, I, o, O, y, Y, h, ih, hu, ho, n, in etc.)

ivsimk: vwh vwh; hly Xwrw; AY jI; hw hw; ry, hwie hwie, etc.

Xojk: qy, Aqy, Ar, jau, jykr, qW, ik, pr, etc. sMbMDk: ny, nMU, nwl, rwhIN, duAwrw, leI, vwsqy, qoN, pwsoN, koloN dw, dy, dI, ivc, AMdr, pr, au~qy, etc. & kwrk icMn@ (mukqw, W, w, i, I, o, O, y, Y, h, ih, hu, ho, n, in etc.)

Note (itpxI): The Gurbaanee uses the case words extensively 1. The form a noun, a pronoun, or an adjective takes to show syntactic relationship is called case (prepositional words become unnecessary) e.g., nwnik (means nwnk ny) I consider the two small tables below part of the same table above. I presented them separately below only for making it easier for quick reference.

Number (Two Types)

vcn

- Singular

iek vcn (AOrq, bMdw, A~K, auNglI etc.)

- Plural

bhu vcn (AOrqW, bMdy, A~KW, auNglIAW etc.)

Gender (Two Types)

ilMg

- Masculine

puilMg (bMdw, muMfw,h~Q, kVw etc. ) iesqRI ilMg (AOrq, kuVI, A~K, auNglI etc.)

- Feminine

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Use of Case (kwrk dI vrqoN) Now let us move on to the most important area of differences in the use of ‘Case.’ Before we begin, I must point out that both Gurbaannee and Paˆŋjaabee use ‘case’, but the difference is in how it is used. Let us start with the definitions of key words which are essential for understanding its use in Gurbaannee as well as Paˆŋjaabee.

Key Words Definitions: Prepositions: Syntactically ties a noun or a pronoun to a verb - e.g., for, with, to etc. (sMbMDk) (i.e., ny, nUμ, nwl, rwhIN, duAwrw, leI, vwsqy, qoN, pwsoN, koloN, dw, dy, dY, dI, ivc, AMdr, pr, auqy, ky, kY, kU, kUM, mih, etc.)

Case (kwrk): Shows syntatic relationship of a noun or a pronoun in a sentence with a verb or other parts of a sentence Case Sign (kwrk icMn@): A ‘Case’ word is usually formed by taking a root (basic) word and changing the last letter of a word (e.g., nwnik). This change may be as simple as applying either one of the lg to the last letter or adding one of these letters h, ih, hu, ho, n, or in at the end of a word (i.e., mukqw, W, w, i, I, o, O, y, Y, h, ih, hu, ho, n, in) Etymology: There is a big difference between Gurbaanee and Paˆŋjaabee words Gurbaanee Words: The last letter of Gurbaannee words use u or i quite frequently in various situations. Sometimes they are used for constructing a ‘case’ word and other times their use may merely be an indicator of a gender or the number. We must understand the context they are used in to alleviate any possibile confusion in pronoucing them as well as understanding their meaning. Let us understand their use in such situations before proceeding any further.

1. Aunkar ( u ) – Use with the last letter of Gurbaannee words (interjection, proper noun, demonstrative pronouns, and verbs) is extensive • often indicative of a word’s gender or number 2. Sihaaree ( i ) – Use with the last letter of Gurbaannee words (interjection, proper noun, demonstrative pronouns, and verbs) is also extensive • often indicative of a word’s Gender or Number 3. Case Signs (kwrk icMn@) – Use with the last letter of Gurbaannee words (nouns & pronouns) often eliminates the need for the prepositional words – Use with the last letter of Gurbaannee words (adjectives)- treated identical to their associated Nouns or Pronouns 30

Example: hukm Gurbaannee has twelve forms of this word in use- hukm, hukim, hukmI, hukmu, hukmy, hukmY, hukmo, hukmW, hukmhu, hukmn, hukmwau, hukmwvY Paˆnjaabee Words: Case signs are not used at all; it uses the prepositional words Example: hukm Paˆŋjaabee has only two forms of this word in use- hukm, hukmW Two Main Reasons for This Major Difference: 1. Gurbaannee contains several Languages and thus the words may have the same meaning but were spelled differently Examples: Prakritee- Ended singular nouns with o or E: Twkuro, swgro, sbdo, hukmo etc.

Apbhraˆnsh- Ended singular nouns with u or au: pu`qu, pu`qau, hukmu etc.

Note: Paˆŋjaabee always ends singular nouns with consonant letterTwkur, swgr, sbd, puq, hukm etc.

2. Gurbaannee- Seldom uses prepositions explicitly (ny, dw, nUμU, nwl, duAwrw, rWhI, ivc etc.;) instead uses case signs as discussed above Let us conclude this part of our discussion with an example where the use of ‘Case’ in Gurbaannee and Paˆŋjaabee becomes apparent. I have purposely bolded only the noun ‘Case Words’ to keep it simple and provide ease in recognizing the difference.

Gurbaannee: siqguir nwnik Bgiq krI iek min qnu mnu Dnu goibMd dIAau ] Adjective Noun Noun Verb Adjective Noun Singular Nouns Noun Verb Nominative Objective Instrumental Objective Past Paˆŋjaabee Equivalent using Prepositions: nwnk ny BgqI kIqI iek-mn ho ky goibMd nUM Arpn kIqw siqgurU nwnk ny BgqI kIqI iek-mn ho ky qn mn Aqy Dn goibMd nUM Arpn kr idqw Paˆnjaabee equivalent rewitten respectfully using today’s Paˆŋjaabee grammar rules siqgurU nwnk dyv jI ny iek-mn ho ky BgqI kIqI, qy Apxw qn, mn, Aqy Dn goibMd jI nUM Arpn kr idqw[

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From the above example, understanding the use of ‘Case’ appears to be a complex subject.

However if we take a systematic approach, it is not that difficult. I cover this subject in considerable detail in the second book. The focus of this book is to learn the pronunciation of Gurbaannee words. To do that, it is important to recognize Case words and their forms.

The table below depicts some of the forms for the Gurbaannee words.

The first column lists eight types of Case words. The second and third columns show the Case signs for those singular and plural words respectively. The fourth and fifth columns include examples of Gurbaannee words using those case signs, which make them either singular or plural respectively. The bolded words in these two columns are examples. The sixth column shows two things. First, it lists the preposition that goes with the type of the case in that row. Secondly, underneath each preposition, it indicates in parenthesis the meaning of the bolded example word of the same row. I must point out here that meanings in Paˆŋjaabee include the use of a prepositional word.

Table: Case Types, Signs, and Words in Gurbaannee (gurbwxI ivc kwrk dIAW iksmW,icnH Aqy A~Kr) Prepositions Case (kwrk) (sMbMDk) 13

Type (iksm)

Singular Sign

Plural Sign

Nominative krqw

u, i, , Y ih

Objective krm

u, Y, ih

Instrumental krx

i, I, ih

Dative sMpRdwn

mukqw, w, Y, ih i, O, ih, hu

mukqw, w, W, I, h, n, mukqw, w, h, ih mukqw, I, h, hu mukqw, I, n

Ablative Apwdwn Possessive sMbMD Locative AiDkrx Vocative sMboDn

mukqw, y, ih i, y, Y,ih mukqw, w

I , hu mukqw, w, I, h, n, in mukqw, I, h, hu, in o, hu

Singular Examples

kbIru, nwnik, kbIrY, gurih kwgdu, hukmY, Ksmih swbuin, sbdI, mUslih gur, hMsulw, siqgurY, smUih EAMkwir, sbdO, Bvih, muKhu gopwl, bwbIhy, mnih Gir, loBy, mnY, jlih nwnk, nwnkw

Plural Examples

Paˆŋjaabee (Gurbaannee words)

pMifq, cMdw, SwhW, ivrlI, Bgqh, logn gux, isDw, guxh, imrgwih nYn, sRvxI, crnh, nYnhu crx, ipqrI, crnn

ny (nwnk ny ) nUM (guxw nMU ) nwl, rwhIN, duAwrw (sbd nwl ) leI, vwsqy (gurU leI ) qoN, pwsoN, koloN (nYYnW qoN ) dw, dy, dI (swDW dw ) iv`c, AMdr, pr, auqy (mn ivc ) Eie, ry, rI, etc. (ry sMq jno N )

nYnI, nYnhu sMqn, swDw, ipqrI, sMqh, sMqn, dwsin crx, nYnI, nYnh, nYnhu, krnin sMq jno , Bgqhu

Notes (it~pxIAW): 1. Nouns are either singular or plural, therefore, the case words result in sixteen types of declensions (i.e., what nouns look like with case signs) to cover both situations 2. A declension also takes into account the gender in order to apply the correct case sign from the two columns in the table above.

3. The declensions for adjectives are similar to the associated noun or pronoun 4. The case signs used with nouns, pronouns, and adjectives for declensions include Lagaaˆn (lgW) as well as h and n letters of the Gurmukhee script. Understanding the

32

use of these declensions is of utmost importance for understanding the meaning of Gurbaannee.

5. The information in the above table is mostly from reference 13.

I hope it is apparent by now that Gurbaannee words use u or i with the last letter of words for grammatical reasons. The table below further substantiates that for you with some specific examples. The first column lists the words and the corresponding second column shows their grammatical significance in the same row.

Table: Grammatical use of u or i in Gurbaannee words (gurbwxI ivc u qy i dI ivAwkrx~k vrqoN) 12 A`Kr (Word) rwhu, isAwhu, swhu cwhu, dwhu, gwhu, Bwhu nyhu, nyh, nyih jpu, jp, jip vwhu iehu, ieh; ieih dyhu, dyh, dyih pwvhu, jwvhu, suxhu, cwhhu khhu, bhhu, rhhu, shhu, lhhu hih kwblhu, muKhu, mnhu, jIAhu rwhhu, isAwhhu, swhhu ivchu, ivthu sMqhu, jnhu

ivAwkrx/ nukqw (Grammar/Hint) Noun Singular Noun Singular Noun Singular, Plural, Case Noun Singular, Plural, Case Interjection Pronouns Singular (Gender)*; Plural Verb Singular, Noun, Case Verb Plural Verb Plural Verb Plural Case (kwbl qoN) Case (rwh qoN) Case (AMdroN) Vocative Case (Plural)

* iehu (h with u) is a masculine pronoun and ieh (h without u) is a feminine pronoun Notes (it~pxIAW): The words in the table above are examples only. The specific category of a word can only be determined from the context it is used in. As seen from the above table u & i have several different applications such as 1. Used u with the last letter of words to indicate a singular noun, pronoun 2. Used i with the last letter of words to indicative a plural noun 3. In some cases u or i with the last letter of words is used to indicate gender 4. In other cases u or i is used to form case words 5. And in some other cases hu is used to form a case words Bottom-Line: The Lagaaˆn Maatraaˆn with the last letter of words in Gurbaannee has specific grammatical significance

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4

Pronunciation of Gurbaannee Words (gurbwxI dy A~KrW dw aucwrx) Pronunciation Key (aucwrx dI kuMjI)

As we discussed before, there are 10 Vowels (sÍr): A, Aw; ie, eI; au, aU; ey, AY; E, AO and they play an important role in the pronunciation of words. Each vowel has a specific standard sound (See Table on next page). A standard sound of a vowel does not change unless it appears at the end of a word or it is a “Replacement vowel sound” resulting from a combination of two vowel sounds. The “Replacement vowel sound” could have resulted from the use of a semi-vowel, h or a consonant (i.e., mukqw part A) in a word. The “Replacement vowel sound” usually varies slightly from the standard vowel sound.

The following rules will help you to determine the pronunciation of the vowels in a word when they are part of the same word: 1. If the first vowel in a word is a long vowel, then all other vowels (short or long) following it are pronounced according to their specific standard sounds (e.g., AwieE) 2. If the last letter of a word is a short Vowel, then its standard sound is slightly changed by making it lean more toward a long Vowel sound (e.g., jwie like jwey; dyau like dyE etc.). Make sure that the pronounced sound of the short Vowel ie in jwie is not prolonged as much as ey in jwey ) 3. If A and au appear together, then pronounce them as AO (e.g., Aausr like AOsr) However, when a semi-vowel is used in a word, it is often replaced by one or more vowel syllables. Most of the times, other vowel sounds are also present before or after the replaced vowel sound(s) in that word. In some cases, it could only be “A” part of a consonant. This creates a situation where two or more Vowels appear next to each other, thus requiring some analysis for determining their proper “Replacement vowel sound.” Thus, any two combined vowels produce only a “like” sound of one of the 10 vowels. There are specific rules established by the Gurmukhee Grammar for replacing such vowel sounds so that a word can be pronounced correctly. The steps below containing an example will help you to determine the proper pronunciation of any word: A. Write down the word in Gurmukhee script e.g., bXx B. Break down its structure into basic consonants and vowels (`b+A)+X+x

C. Write down the replacement vowel for the semi-vowel X ((`b+A)+(X=ie)+x) = (`b+A+ie+x)

D. Analyze the word and combine the vowels appearing next to each other `b+(A+ie)+x

E. Use the table below to find a single replacement vowel for the combined vowels (`b+AY+x) = ((`b+AY)+x)

F. Synthesize the word using the new replacement vowel for proper pronunciation bYx (bainn)

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Table: Ready Reference for the Replacement of Vowel Sounds (sÍrW dI DunI inrUpn krn leI swrnI ic~qR)

Vowel Vowel Vowel Sign Sound

Combined Short Vowels*

A Aw ie eI

Short Vowel A (mukqw) is part of all consonants sounds (A+A) (A+Aw)**** (e.g., romwvil=rom+Awvil) Example: ‘i’ sound as in iml (mil); and ‘e’ as in ieh (eh) (A+eI) (eI+A) (eI+eI) (ie+eI)**** (e.g., munIsur=muin+eIsur) Example: ‘u’ sound as in put (put) (aU+A) (ie+A) (ie+ey) (ey+ie) (ey+ey) (A+ie)**** (A+eI)**** (e.g., jogysur=jog+eIsur) (A+ie) (A+AY) (au+A); or (A+au)**** (e.g., purKoqm=purK+auqm) (A+au) -

au aU ey AY E AO

a aa i;e ee

w i I u U

u oo ay

y Y o O

ai o au

Combined Combined Combined (Short+Long) (Long+Short) Long Vowels Vowels** Vowels***

Notes (it~pxIAW): 1. Basic sound for each of the Gurmukhee vowel is used as a standard. The slight variations from these standard sounds are identified by Asterisk(s).

2. Single * means that the combined sound of the vowels in this column is like the basic sound of a vowel in the first column of that row, but slightly truncated (shorter).

3. Double ** mean that the combined sound of the vowels in this column is like the basic sound of a vowel in that row, but slightly prolonged (longer).

4. Triple *** mean that the combined sound of the vowels in this column is like the basic sound of a vowel in that row, but more prolonged (longer with stress on the second vowel sound). It almost sounds like a joined double DunIN (sound).

5. Four **** indicate that this rule applies to compound words (e.g., goibMdyiq=goibMd+ieq) 6. Notice that replacement vowel sound is always for a pair (two) of the vowels.

7. In case of (A+A) at least one of the vowels in the pair is a replacement of a semi-vowel or A (Muktaa) that is part of a consonant.

8. Caution: When breaking down the structure of a consonant you should identify the basic consonant letter and the associated Vowel only once. Example: kI= (`k+eI). Further break down as (`k+A+eI) is wrong.

9. Only break down the structure of the letter before the replaced semi-vowel, this will reduce the effort for the synthesis of the word.

10. Remember that all the consonants in the Gurmukhee script have the basic letter plus a Vowel A (Muktaa).

Hints (suJw): Remember some additional points on upgrading short vowel sounds 1. Single letters with u or i : Upgrade vowel sounds to the next level to o & y Examples: Pronounce su as so (su nUμ so vWg), and si as say (is nUμ sy vWg) 2. A letter with u or i preceding Muktaa A ending a word: Upgrade the vowel sounds Examples: Pronounce tu-a as to (quA nUμ qo vWg), and chhi-a as chhay (iCA nUμ Cy vWg)

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Pronunciation (aucwrx)

12,14,,15,17,20,21,22,24,,25,26,28,,29,30

Correct aucwrx (Pronunciation) of Gurbaannee is of utmost importance in sikhism. We recite and listen to Gurbaannee (Guroo) because it specifies the way a sikh should live his/her life. Only proper recitation (pronunciation and punctuation) will provide the ease for the reader as well as the listeners to comprehend Gurbaannee’s meanings and make it part of their lives.

Gurbaannee is written in Raags; it mostly rhymes which helps to some extent in correctly pronouncing many words. However, Gurmukhee is different from Paˆŋjaabee in many aspects; therefore, this generally creates confusion in pronouncing some of the words. In particular, the frequent use of u or i with the last letter of Gurmukhee words is one of the most confusing aspects in reciting Gurbaannee. Another confusing aspect is the pronunciation of the semi-vowels (X, v), however, their pronunciation is not controversial among experts.

There is also a general agreement among all experts that all of the lgwN with letters in a word, except u and i with the last letter, should be pronounced. Not all but most experts also agree that if the last letter is a consonant, then both u and i should not be pronounced. However, if the last letter is a h with u or i, then there are these three different schools of thought on their pronunciation: 1. Do not pronounce them at all. Their use is for the sole purpose of grammar, which affect the punctuation or the meaning of a word and not the pronunciation. This thought does not have much support. (Reference 2) 2. Sometimes pronounce them. Use the Gurmukhee grammar as a guide for determining their pronunciation. As an example, if a word is a noun then the u and i are not pronounced. If a word is other than a noun, both u and i are sometimes pronounced. In addition, if it is a verb, then in most cases, u or i is pronounced.

However, there are some specific fixed but complicated grammar rules for their pronunciation. (Reference 12) 3. Do pronounce them in all cases. Although the Dam-Dammee Taksaal supports this thought, documentation is lacking. Since almost all of the Graˆnthees today receive their training from the Taksaal, it has gained widespread use. Bhaa-ee Joginder Singh Jee also supports this thought and has documented it. However, there are noticeable differences in their recommended pronunciations.* (References 17 & 20) Most of the Sikh Paˆnth recognized scholars (including Bhaa-ee Saahib Singh Jee, Principal Taija Singh, and the Sikh Missionary College) promote the above second school of thought. Here, we are learning their school of thought.

Note: * A one-page summary is included at the end of this section to point out minor differences between second & third schools of thought without labeling either as right or wrong. It also points out the noticeable differences of the third school of thought

36

Main Points to Remember for Pronunciation Today’s Paˆŋjaabee is different from Gurmukhee, we must learn the fundamental rules of Gurmukhee grammar for properly reciting Gurbaannee. Some of the key points to remember in reciting Gurbaannee are: 1. u or i with the last letter of a word (If a consonant) is not pronounced as in the cases of jpu and jip. Both are pronounced as jp (jap) 2. u , i with h as the last letter of a word is sometimes pronounced, however, there are specific rules involved as discussed later 3. Proper use or pronunciation of Lagaakhar (lgwKr) ( ˆ , M , ` ) are learned only through experience 4. Always use replacement letter(s) for proper pronunciation when X, h, ´ , H , Í , or a Chinh appears in a word and is not the 1st letter of a word 5. If the last letter of a word is a vowel letter with u or i, then pronounce them.

However, the use of two of the short vowels ie and au in Gurmukhee is different from Paˆŋjaabee, and therefore, need special attention in pronouncing them.

The Use of Tables The tables below present pronunciation of the Gurbaannee words. For convenience and quick reference, I picked the table format. The structure of all the tables in this chapter’s remaining sections is identical. However, I created each table with a specific rule in mind, which precedes it- looks more like its title. I tried to pick only one or two words in each table as example(s) to provide you some add ional hints to help you to pronounce all of the words of that table. I purposely took this approach to prevent cluttering.

For example, look at the word gie in the first table below. In the first column, I provided the breakdown of this word in a smaller font to assist you in its pronunciation. Next column provides you some additional hints in determining the replacement vowel sound for the two adjacent vowels (A+ie) which is AY. Then combining the consonant part of this word (`g) with this replacement sound AY, we have determined the pronunciation to be gai (gY). Notice that I put an additional small sign with letter g when I formed two separate parts- a consonant and a vowel i.e., (`g+A). This was just a reminder for me to ensure that I must put a vowel sound back in it when we synthesize the word for pronunciation. That is exactly what we did when we added dulaavaaˆn ( Y ) to it. In the rest of the table, wherever, we see a muktaa consonant followed by ie, it becomes oblivious that such muktaa consonants should be pronounced as if they had dulaavaaˆn with them (e.g. pY, BY, mY etc.).

There are instances where words with same spelling are pronounced differently because of their grammatical significance, i.e., a noun, pronoun, or verb etc. In such cases, I provided the meaning of the word next to it in parentheses using small font for your ease. I again emphasize what we have learned so far that the replacement sounds of a short vowel or their combinations do not produce the exact sound as the long vowels. They are shorter and should not be prolonged as much as the long vowel sounds. Now let us proceed with the tables below for pronunciations of Gurbaannee words.

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Short Vowels (hRsÍ sÍr): ie; au Short Vowel ie: If a Muktaa consonant precedes ie (Replace ie=AY) Word Pronunciation (aucwrx) Trans. (A`Kr) Paˆŋjaabee gai pie gie ((`g+A)+ie) gY ((`g+(A+ie))=( `g+AY)=gY) pbhai mie Bie BY basai bsie bsY dieAwl Word (A`Kr)

pY

Pronunciation (aucwrx) Trans.

Paˆŋjaabee pai

mY dYAwl

mai dai-aal

Short Vowel au: If a Muktaa consonant precedes au (Replace au=AO) A`Kr (Word)

aucwrx (Pronunciation) Paˆŋjaabee

Transl.

A`Kr (Word)

Pronunciation (aucwrx) Paˆŋjaabee

Trans.

kau ((`k+A)+au)

kO (`k+(A+au)= `k+AO)

kau

sau

sO

sau

qau kaux

qO kOx

tau kaunn

jau Daul

jO DOl

jau tdhaul

Notes (it~pxIAW): 1. When two short vowels together create a syllable of a long vowel as above, then do not prolong the new syllable (DunI nUμ dIrG nw hox dyvo) 2. If ie or au is the 1st letter of a word then the short vowel sound does not change in either case (e.g., eh (ieh) and upar (aupr)) 3. If ie or au is the last letter of a word then they produce a sound which will lean toward a long vowel sound (e.g., pronounce hwie as haa-ay (hwey) and jwau as jaa-o (jwE))

Chinh (icMn@) – Use replacement letter for a Chinh and then pronounce it Visarg (ivsrg)“Ú”: ( Replace “Ú” with h sound) Word (A`Kr) idRVMqxÚ

Pronunciation (aucwrx) Paˆŋjaabee dirVMqxh

(Ú=h )

Word (A`Kr)

Paˆŋjaabee

Transl. darirhaˆntannaih

Pronunciation (aucwrx)

ilK´xÚ

iliKAxh

( ´ =i+A and Ú=h)

Trans. likhi-aˆnnaih

Udaat (audwq) “ @”: Sharply intone the letter with Pair chinh & make it sound heavy at the end with a short A sound Paireeˆn Chinh (pYrIN icMn@) bMin@

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Pronunciation (aucwrx) Paˆŋjaabee bMn

(Mn dw aucy sur nwl mukqw A nwl aucwrx huMdw hY Aqy A

BwrI ho jwNdI hY)

Transl. baˆnna (Sharply intone n with

“a” sound &

make “a” muktaa sound heavy at the end)

Pair Vaalay A˘khar (pYr vwly A`Kr) Pair Vaalay A˘khar comes in many forms. They could be either consonants or semi-vowels.

All of the consonants including h, v and X, except r, appear without the top line of each letter. The r uses this unique symbol “ R”. The semi-vowels X , on the other hand, most of the time appears only as a portion of X as “ ´ ” . All other Pair Vaalay A˘khar, except h & X, are covered in this section. Both h & X will be covered in their own appropriate sections.

However, the following general rules apply to all of them.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

A letter underneath another letter is called Pair Vaalaa A˘khar (pYr vwlw A`Kr).

A Pair Vaalaa A˘khar (pYr vwlw A`Kr) is pronounced after the letter it is under.

The sound of those two letters is a combined sound (DunI juVvIN huMdI hY) The vowel sign (lg) always goes with the letter in the pair (pYr) The letter which has a Pair Vaalaa A˘khar (pYr vwly A`Kr) cannot be pronounced as a standalone letter. Its sound is always combined with 1. Either a Pair Vaalaa consonant or 2. The 1st vowel sound among the two vowel sounds of a Pair Vaalaa semi-vowel 1. For Pair Vaalaa v, it is au sound ( “ Í ” = au+A ) 2. For Pair Vaalaa X, it is ie sound ( “ ´ ” = ie+A )

Consonants (pYr icMn@ vwly A`Kr “ R” “ ˜” “ œ” “ †” “ ç” ) Word (A`Kr) pRym

Pronunciation (aucwrx)

Word (A`Kr)

Paˆŋjaabee

Transl.

prym (`pry ) iek~Ty

praym (pr) together

Pronunciation (aucwrx) Paˆŋjaabee

Trans.

gRh

grYh

graih

preet

qRY

qrY

trai

pusqk

pustak

girs†

girst

gristt

s˜yh

snyh

snayh

bYs˜vh

bYsnvh

baisnvaih

psçim

pscm

pascham

iDRgMq

DirgMq

tdhrigaˆnt

bsqR

bsqr

bastr

Note: The English transliteration clarifies it much better for producing a combined sound of two consonants

(`p+ry)+m

( not “Paraym”)

pRIq

prIq

pusœk

Semi-Vowel pYr A`Kr Í (Replace Í by putting u under the pYr-icMn vwlw A`Kr + A) Pronunciation (aucwrx)

Word (A`Kr)

Paˆŋjaabee

qÍ (`q+ Í )

quA

`q+(au+A)

(sMDI sÍr)

sÍC

suAC

sÍwd

suAwd

((`q+au)+A) = quA

Transl.

Word (A`Kr)

Pronunciation (aucwrx) Paˆŋjaabee

Trans.

sÍwsw

suAwswN

su-aasaaˆn

su-ash

sÍwn

suAwn

su-aan

su-aad

sÍjnh

suAjnyh

su-ajanaih

tu-a (`t+(u+a)) = (tu+a) (Diphthong)

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Muktaa A˘khar (mukqw A`Kr) 1. If a word is a mukqw letter or a letter with a Short Vowel then the syllable is pronounced lightly (koml DunIN) Pronunciation (aucwrx)

Word (A`Kr) n su

Paˆŋjaabee nw

Transl. naa

( w nUM dIrG nw hox idE)

(Syllable n=(`n+A))

(Short aa sound)

so

so

( o nUμ dIrG nw hox idE)

(Short o sound)

(s=(`s+au))

Pronunciation (aucwrx)

Word (A`Kr)

Paˆŋjaabee

q

Trans. taa; taaˆn

qw; qW ( w nUM dIrG nw hox idE)

ik

(Short aa sound)

ky

kay (Short ay sound)

( y nUM dIrG nw hox idE)

2. If a word ends with A (mukqw ) short Vowel then pronounce the syllable Pronunciation (aucwrx)

Word (A`Kr) jIA

Paˆŋjaabee jI

Transl. jee

(eI DunI hor lMbI ho jWdI hY)

(eI sound becomes more prolonged)

Pronunciation (aucwrx)

Word (A`Kr) kCUA

Paˆŋjaabee

Trans.

kCU

kachhoo

(aU DunI hor lMbI ho jWdI hY)

(oo sound becomes more prolonged)

Do Lagaaˆn Vaalay A˘khar (do lgW vwly A~Kr) 1. If a letter in a word has two lgwN u Aqy o then only the one used for poetic prose (kivqw) is pronounced Word (A`Kr) Gurbaannee Basic Poetry (gurbwxI) (mUl) (kivqw) Words below pronounced with u guoibMd goibMd guibMd suohMdI sohMdI suhMdI luoBwn loBwn luBwn quolwiesI qolwiesI qulwiesI suohwgix sohwgix suhwgix Words below pronounced with o quohI quhI qohI juoAwnI juAwnI joAwnI suohylw suhylw sohylw Anidnuo Anidnu Anidno jhwnuo jhwnu jhwno

40

Pronunciation (aucwrx) Paˆŋjaabee

Trans.

guibMd suhMdI lubHwn qulwiesI suhwgix

gubiˆnd suhaˆndee lubaan (Light h after b) tulaa-esee suhaagan

qohI joAwnI sohylw An-idno jhwno

to-hee jo-aanee so-haylaa an-dino jahaano

Note (it~pxI):

As pointed out earlier under the significance of Lagaaˆn Maatraaˆn (lgW mwqRW) that a poet takes liberty in balancing weight 13 of Tukaaˆn (qukwN) for natural rhythm. This is the reason for using two Lagaaˆn (lgwN). Example below demonstrates this point very well

Example (audwhrn): shs qv nYn nn nYn hih qoih kau shs mUriq nnw eyk quohI] 1 11 1 1 21 11 21 1 1 2 1 1 1 111 2 1 1 12 21 22= 37 shs pd ibml nn eyk pd gMD ibnu shs qv gMD iev clq mohI]2] 111 11 111 11 21 11 21 11 111 11 21 11 111 22= 37

(pMnw 13)

The weight of each tuk of the above padaa is 37 when quohI is pronounced tohee, which also rhymes with the word mohee in the second tuk. However, if we pronounce it tuhee, then the weight will be 36 for the first tuk and the words tuhee and mohee will not rhyme properly.

Prefixes and Suffixes (Agyqr Aqy ipCyqr): The use of prefixes or suffixes is common in both Paˆŋjaabee and Gurbaannee. Both are used only with meaningful words. The letters forming them are mostly Chinhs- not specific words. However, their use does change the meanings of the basic word. Either a prefix or a suffix can be pronounced slightly apart (not a full pause) from the rest of the word (e.g.

Akwly pronounced as A-kwly). There are some exceptions for suffixes. If the last letter of the basic word is a Muktaa consonant proceeded by suffix begining with a vowel, their sound is combined i.e., vrq+Awau is pronounced vrqwau. The words may also have both the prefixes as well as suffixes (e.g. Aauguxhwr pronounced as Aau-gux-hwr). The pronunciation difficulties become apparent when the first letter of a basic word after a prefix is the fourth letter of the Paiˆntee, which has more than one sound. By treating them as two separate parts of a word, you should be able to avoid that difficulty.

For exmple, let’s determine the pronunciation of word the word ‘inrBau’: inrBau = inr (Prefix)+Bau (Basic word) = inr (Means without) + Bau (Fear) Correct Pronunciation is inr-BO (nir-pbhau) Meaning is ‘Without Fear’ (Devoid of Fear) If we treat B as the third letter of this word ‘inrBau’, then B will sound more like a b.

Then the ronunciation will be like inrbHau = inrbHO (nirbhau) which is wrong I do not specifically identify the words in the tables of this book whether they have a prefix/suffix or not. This may create confusion on the pronunciation of some of the words.

However, now with this brief background, you should be able to eliminate such confusion by carefully looking at the words.

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Pronunciation of (aucwrx) Akhar (A`Kr) X 17

X (Ya-i-aa) as a Consonant or Semi-Vowel Pronunciation of X is most difficult in Gurbaannee, however, if rules are learned then it becomes easy. X is similar to Y in English. As the first letter of a word, it is always considered a consonant and sounds like U as in the word “Use.” X other than the first letter in a word will produce a vowel sound.

Xkw hoXo

(As a 1st letter produces a consonant sound) (Any other place pronounced as a vowel)

Ya˘kaa (X`kw) Ho-e-o (hoieE)

1. X other than the first letter in a word could appear in three different forms such as X complete ya-i-aa (pUrw X), Î half ya-i-aa (A`Dw X), or ´ pair vaalaa ya-i-aa (pYr vwlw X). In all of these cases, however, it produces vowel sound(s) 2. X as a semi-vowel in all its forms produces a different vowel sound(s) in different words. Its Replacement letters are as follows: a; A; ie; ie+A; eI  The primary replacement is (i+a) (ie+A). o The two other ie and A are its variations depending on if a vowel sign i or (ie or A) before or after the letter X. Lets see the two examples below 1. Rationalizing the use of ( ´=ie) for ( ´=ie+A) in word rK´w = r+`K+ ´ + `w = r+`K+( ´=ie+A)+ `w = r+`K+ie+Aw = r+(`K+ie)+Aw = r+(iK)+Aw becomes riKAw Note: The vowel sign w always goes Muktaa A˘khar A. therefore, the A part of the semi-vowel X already exist. Thus, we can simply replace ´ with ie ( ´=ie) which also results in word riKAw 2. Rationalizing the use of (X=A) for (X=ie+A) in word smwieXau = smw+ie+X+au = smw+ie+(X=ie+A)+au = smw+ie+ie+A+au = smw+(ie+ie)+A+au = smw+((ie+ie)=ie)+A+au = smw+(ie)+((A+au)=AO) = smw+ie+(AO) = smwie+(AO) = smwie+AO becomes smwieAO Note: Quick glance at the word smwieXau reveals that ie already exist before X. Thus, we can simply replace X with A (X=A) only which also results in word smwieAO o a applies only to word pe-oo ipXU. I consider this also as a variation of the primary replacement as I rationalize it in the example below. This word only appears twice in a vaar by Maahaaˆnpurkhs Sataa & Balwand in the entire Sree Guroo Graˆnth Saahib Jee. Lets see the example below 1. Rationalizing the use of (X=a) for (X=ie+A) in word ipXU (Pg. 968) = `p+ie+XU = `p+ie+X+ ` U = `p+ie +(X=ie+A)+ ` U 42



= `p+ie +ie+A+ ` U = `p+(ie +ie)+(A+ ` U) = `p+((ie +ie)=ie)+ (A+ ` U) = (`p+ie)+(A+ ` U)= ip+AU Since vowel sign U goes only with a, lets replace A with a = ip+aU becomes ipaU Note: Quick glance at the word ipXU reveals that i already exists with p before X. Thus, we can simply replace X with a (X=a) only which also results in word ipaU The remaining ee (eI) is a special cases for limited use. I find it hard to rationalize its use. However, I have observed the following based on pronunciation of words provided by the experts o The ee (eI) applies to words where X comes after these Muktaa letters (A,C,d,l, and v) & usually requires application of an A˘dhak before X

Semi-Vowel “Ya-i-aa” (X=a) Pronunciation (aucwrx)

Word (A`Kr) ipXU

Paˆŋjaabee

Transl.

ipaU (ip+(XU=aU))

pe-oo (This appears only twice on pg. 968)

Semi-Vowel “Ya-i-aa = a” (X=A) Word (A`Kr)

Pronunciation (aucwrx) Paˆŋjaabee

smwieXau smwieAO (A+au)=AO

Word (A`Kr)

Pronunciation (aucwrx) Paˆŋjaabee

Transl.

Trans.

kIXau

kIAO

kee-au

avatari-au

pris´au

prisAO

parsi-au

QipAO

thapi-au

bis´Mq

bisAMq

basi-aˆnt

joiqAM

joti-aˆġ

quXM

quAM

tu-aˆġ

samaa-i-au

(smwie+(X=A)+au)

Sound (a+u)=au

Avqir´au

AvqirAO

Qip´au joiq´M

(AM dI DunI AM|)

Notes (it~pxIAW): 1. Tippee “ M ” used within words has two sounds- one as aˆġ (A|) when used with last letter of a word, another as “ ˆ ” (koml DunIN like ibMdI) when used any other place in a word.

2. In Persian words, Tippee M produces “n” (n) sound.

3. Tippee is used with muktaa letters and short vowels in words; and Biˆndee is used with long vowels in words.

Semi-Vowel “Ya-i-aa or half Ya-i-aa = i” ( X or ´ =ie) Word (A`Kr) rK´w

( ´=ie)

Pronunciation (aucwrx) Paˆŋjaabee r~iKAw

(r+(`K+ie)+Aw)

Transl. r˘akhi-aa

Word (A`Kr)

Pronunciation (aucwrx) Paˆŋjaabee

iD´wvY

iDAwvY

Trans. dhi-aavai

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b´wiD

ibAwD

bi-aad

b´ws

ibAws

bi-aas

b´wkrx

ibAwkrx

bi-aakarann

isK´w

is~iKAw

si˘khi-aa

l~iKAw

la˘khi-aa

idb´

id~ibA

di˘bi-a

imRiqau

mriti-u

AKHE

AiKE

akhi-o

lK´w imRq´u

(imR+`q+( ´=ie)+au)

lwg´o

lwigE

hoXo

(A+`K+( ´=ie)+E)

laagi-o

aupj´o

aupijE

upji-o

hoieE

ho-i-o

jXo

jYE

jai-o

nTXo

n~iTE

n˘atthi-o

BXw

BieAw

pbhai-aa

pwXO

pwieAO

paa-i-au

BXw

BeIAw

pbhai-ee-aa

jY

jai

(lwgieE)

(jieE=(jie=jY)+E)

(pw+(X=ie)+AO )

BX

BY

(pg 137)

bhai

(`B+(Aie=AY))

jX

((`B=`B+A)+(X=ie))

(`j+AY)

(`j+((A+ie)=AY))

hX

hY

hai

BXO

BieAO

pbhai-au

bXx

bYx

bainn

nXx

nYx

nainn

Semi-Vowel half “Ya-i-aa = (i+a)” ( ´ = ie+A) Word (A`Kr) qs´

Pronunciation (aucwrx) Paˆŋjaabee qisA

(sMDI sÍr)

Transl. tasi-a (Diphthong)

Pronunciation (aucwrx)

Word (A`Kr)

Paˆŋjaabee

ibd´mwn

ibidAmwn

Trans. bidi-amaan

janama˘si-a

hIxs´

hIx~isA

heenn˘si-a

labadhi-aˆġ

sMMswrs´

sMMswr~isA

saˆnsaar˘si-a

(q+`s+( ´=ie+A))

(Sounds like tsay)

jnms´

jnm~isA

lbD´M

lbidHAM

(Light h after d)

Note: Diphthong ‘si-a’ sounds like

say - Keep ay sound short (sMDI

sÍr ‘isA’ dw aucwrx sy vWg-

y dI DunI ƒ Cotw rKo)

Semi-Vowel “Ya-i-aa = ee” (X=eI) Pronunciation (aucwrx)

Word (A`Kr) dX

Paˆŋjaabee deI

Transl. da-ee

(d+(X=eI))

dXI

deI

(dX+eI)

(d+(X=eI)+eI

duXI

dueI

(d+au+X+eI)

(du+(X=eI)+eI

dXY

(eI dIrG hY)

da-ee

Word (A`Kr)

Pronunciation (aucwrx) Paˆŋjaabee

Trans. di-ee-ay

diX

deIie

(deI+ie)

(ie=ey )

dXu

deIauo

da-ee-o

(d+eI+auN)

du-ee

muXy

(mu+(X=eI)+ey)

mueIey

mu-ee-ay

deIAY

di-ee-ai

duXY

(du+(X=eI)+AY)

dueIAY

du-ee-ai

AXo

AeIE

da-ee-o

rmXy

rmeIey

rama-ee-ay

(AeIAo)

(Ao=E)

44

(d+X+AY)

(eI dIrG hY)

(rm+(X=eI)+ey)

Pronunciation of (aucwrx) Akhar (A`Kr) h

12,14,,15,17,20,21,22,24,,25,28,29,30

The letter haahaa (h) is used quite extensively in Gurbaannee and there is a lot of confusion about its pronunciation. Most of the rules discussed before for the consonants also apply to h. As we said before, h is a special case letter among the consonants. Therefore, there are some additional special rules for its pronunciation. In addition, when h is the last letter of a word with or without a lag, it affects the pronunciation differently for the words from Indian verses Persian/Arabic Languages. If h is the last letter of a word and an u or i is used with it, then the understanding of Gurmukhee Grammar becomes very important for proper pronunciation. However, if we apply some of the simplified rules provided below, it becomes possible to pronounce those words correctly.

Pronunciation of (aucwrx) h Muktaa (mukqw) Pronouncing Gurbaannee Words of Indian Languages (Saˆnskrit Origin): 1. If the first letter in a word is Muktaa and the second letter in a word is h Muktaa, then pronounce the first letter with dulWvW “ Y” Pronunciation (aucwrx)

Word (A`Kr) jh

Paˆŋjaabee jYh

Word (A`Kr)

Transl. rhq

jaih

Pronunciation (aucwrx) Trans.

Paˆŋjaabee rYhq

raihat

2. If the 1st letter in a word is a Muktaa and the 2nd letter is “ ih”, then pronounce 1st letter with dulWvW “ Y” and pronounce h also. (Although h is not muktaa, I purposely included this rule here to keep general rules together)

Pronunciation (aucwrx)

Word (A`Kr) jih

Paˆŋjaabee jYh

Word (A`Kr)

Transl. jaih

pihlw

Pronunciation (aucwrx) Trans.

Paˆŋjaabee paihilaa pYihlw

45

3. If the second letter in a word is h Muktaa and the 1st letter is supposed to be with “ y ”, then the 1st letter is written with a “ i ”, but pronounced as if there was a lW “ y ” Pronunciation (aucwrx)

Word (A`Kr) ijh

Paˆŋjaabee jyh

Word (A`Kr)

Transl. jayh

ikhVw

Pronunciation (aucwrx) Trans.

Paˆŋjaabee kyhVw

kayharhaa

Pronouncing Persian/Arabic Gurbaannee Words : 30

It is important to understand the significance of recognizing the Persian/Arabic origin words of Gurbaannee and then pronouncing them according to the Persian/Arabic Language grammar rules. Their grammar rules are quite different from the Indian languages of Sanskrit origin. Application of the grammar rules of one language to another will lead to incorrect pronunciation as well as wrong meaning. The examples below clearly substantiate these claims:

Consider the following Tukaaˆn from Gurbaannee (gurbwxI dIAW hyTlIAW qukW qy iDAwn dyvo) 1. gunhW bKsxhwru sbd kmwvhI] (pg 420) 2. ipCly gunh bKswie jIau Ab qU mwrig pwie] (pg 994) 3. gunhI BirAw mY iPrw loku khY drvysu] (pg 1381) Let us first apply Gurmukhee Grammar rules to the bold words & do the meanings of each Tuk (hux pihlW AwpW gUVy A~KrW qy gurmuKI ivAwkrx inXmW Anuswr qukW dy ArQ krIey) 1. gunhW bKsxhwru sbd kmwvhI] (pg 420) Word Pronunciation/Meaning (A~Kr dw aucwrx/ArQ): gunhaaˆn/virtues (gunhW/gux) Wrong Meaning: Praise that Lord, who is the forgiver of all the virtues (glq ArQ): (aus pRBU dI is&iq-swlwh kr, auh swry gux b^Sx vwlw hY)

2. ipCly gunh bKswie jIau Ab qU mwrig pwie] (pg 994)

Word Pronunciation/Meaning (A~Kr dw aucwrx/ArQ): gunayh /virtues (gunyh/gux nUM) Wrong Meaning: O’ God, forgive my past virtues, now keep me on the right path (glq ArQ): (hy pRBU jI! myry ipCly guxw nUμ b^S, hux qUM mYƒ shI rsqy auqy qor)

3. gunhI BirAw mY iPrw loku khY drvysu] (pg 1381)

Word Pronunciation/Meaning (A~Kr dw aucwrx/ArQ): gunheeˆn/with Virtues (gunhIN/guxw nwl) Wrong Meaning: I walk around filled with virtues, and the people call me a saint (glq ArQ): (mYN guxw nwl BirAw hoieAw iPrdw hW qy jgq mYƒ &kIr AwKdw hY)

46

Now let us apply Persian/Arabic Grammar rules to the bold words & do the meanings of each Tuk (hux AwpW gUVy A~KrW qy PwrsI/ArbI ivAwkrx inXmW Anuswr qukW dy ArQ krIey) 1. gunhW bKsxhwru sbd kmwvhI] (pg 420)

Word Pronunciation/Meaning (A~Kr dw aucwrx/ArQ): gunaahaaˆn/Sins (gunwhW/gunwhW) Correct Meaning: Praise that Lord, who is the forgiver of all the sins (shI ArQ): (aus pRBU dI is&iq-swlwh kr, auh swry gunwhW nUM b^Sx vwlw hY)

2. ipCly gunh bKswie jIau Ab qU mwrig pwie] (pg 994)

Word Pronunciation/Meaning (A~Kr dw aucwrx/ArQ): gunaah /Sins (gunwh/gunwhW nUμ) Correct Meaning: O’ God, forgive my past sins, now keep me on the right path (shI ArQ): (hy pRBU jI! myry ipCly gunwhW nUμ b^S, hux qUM mYƒ shI rsqy auqy qor)

3. gunhI BirAw mY iPrw loku khY drvysu] (pg 1381)

Word Pronunciation/Meaning (A~Kr dw aucwrx/ArQ): gunhaaheeˆn/with Sins (gunwhIN/gunwhW nwl) Correct Meaning: I walk around filled with sins, and the people call me a saint (shI ArQ): (mYN gunwhW nwl BirAw hoieAw iPrdw hW qy jgq mYƒ &kIr AwKdw hY)

In view of above, let us look at some of the following simple rules 1. If the last letter of a Persian/Arabic word is h Muktaa, then although “ w ” is not written with the letter before it, but is pronounced Pronunciation (aucwrx)

Word (A`Kr)

Paˆŋjaabee

gunh

gunwh

drgh

drgwh

( w nUM dIrG nw hox idE)

Word (A`Kr)

Transl.

Pronunciation (aucwrx) Trans.

Paˆŋjaabee

gunaah (Short aa sound)

nh

nwh

naah

dargaah

pnh

pnwh

panaah

2. When h does not produce full sound, then h is essentially not pronounced Pronunciation (aucwrx)

Word (A`Kr)

Paˆŋjaabee qosh

qoSw

AMdysh

AMdySw

( w nUM dIrG nw hox idE)

Word (A`Kr)

toshaah (Short aa sound)

kwbh

Pronunciation (aucwrx) Trans.

Paˆŋjaabee kaabaah kwbHw

aˆndayshaah

Alh

A~lHw

Transl.

a˘laah

47

3. If the last letter of a Persian/Arabic word is h with “ i ” (Indicative of Case), then “ i ” is not pronounced, but “ w ” with the Muktaa letter before h is pronounced (Although h is not muktaa, I purposely included this rule here to keep Persian/Arabic words together) Pronunciation (aucwrx)

Word (A`Kr)

Paˆŋjaabee Alih Kwnih

Word (A`Kr)

Transl.

A~lwh ( w nUM dIrG nw hox idE) Kwnwh

sih*

a˘laah (Short aa sound) khaanaah

Pronunciation (aucwrx) Trans.

Paˆŋjaabee shaah Swh

Note: * Paˆnjaabee word is pronounced as saih (sYh)

Notes (it~pxIAW): • • •

Whenever reciting Persian/Arabic Shabad apply this general rule for pronouncing s as S, and j as z.

Persian/Arabic words in other places in Gurbaannee require special attention for correct pronunciation. It is learned mostly through experience/education The Gurmukhee Numbers also use this “w” rule above (e.g., ATwrh as atthaaraaˆn (ATwrWh) etc.)

Pronunciation of (aucwrx) Akhar (A`Kr) hu 12,24

1. If the word is a Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, or Interjection & the letter before hu is with lag (lg), then u is not pronounced as shown below: Last Letter hu ( u removed) Pronunciation (aucwrx)

Word (A`Kr) dyhu

dyh

dayh

nyhu

Pronunciation (aucwrx) Trans.

Paˆŋjaabee nayh nyh

iehu

ieh

eh

vwhu

vwh

Paˆŋjaabee

Word (A`Kr)

Transl.

vaah

2. If the letter preceding hu is a h with lag (lg), then the second h is replaced with a as shown below: Last Letter hu (h=a) Pronunciation (aucwrx)

Word (A`Kr)

Paˆŋjaabee

hohu

hoau

(ho+(hu=au))

ho+(AKIr ivc au DunI E vWg huMdI hY, pr dIrG nw hox dyvo)

Transl. ho-o ho+(au as the last letter sounds like “o”, but do not prolong)

Note: hohu is a verb, second person means ‘You become’ (qum hovoy)

48

3. If a word Verb ends with hu and is used as Plural Second Person, then hu is pronounced as hau as shown below: Note: In the examples below word tum (qum) is used for God, therefore, it is customary to make the accompanying verb plural to show respect

Last Letter hu (hu=hau

)

Like ho (ho vWg)

Pronunciation (aucwrx)

Word (A`Kr)

Paˆŋjaabee

Transl.

dyhu

dyhau

dayho

audwhrn: hir jIau qum Awpy dyhu buJweI] (pMnw 601)

Example: har jee-o tum aapay dayho bujhaa-ee (Pg 601)

dyhu

dyhau

dayho Example: jo tum dayho so-ee sukh paa-ee (Pg 386)

audwhrn: jo qum dyhu soeI suK pweI] (pMnw 386)

4. If the letter preceding hu is a muktaa consonant or A, then o or O should be applied to that muktaa letter. If the hu is the second letter, then use O and in all other cases use o with the letter preceding h as illustrated below: Second Letter hu ( u=AO= O with the letter before h and the h remains in the word) Pronunciation (aucwrx)

Word (A`Kr) shu (s+AO)+h

Paˆŋjaabee SOh

Transl. shauh (Persian word)

(PwrsI dw A~Kr)

s dI DunI pYr ivc ibMdI nwl S vwlI hY

shu

sOh

khu

kOh

s sound becomes sh

sauh (paˆnjaabee

(pMjwbI A~Kr)

word)

kauh

Word (A`Kr)

Pronunciation (aucwrx) Paˆŋjaabee

rhu

rOh

Trans. rauh

bhu

bOh

bauh

bhuq

bOhq

bauhat

Last Letter hu (hu=E= o with the muktaa letter before h and hu is removed) Pronunciation (aucwrx)

Word (A`Kr)

Paˆŋjaabee

Transl.

Word (A`Kr)

Pronunciation (aucwrx) Paˆŋjaabee

Trans.

sMqo

saˆnto

jnhu

jno

jano

khhu

kho

kaho

bhhu

bho

baho

rhhu

rho

shhu

sho

saho

lhhu

lho

laho

suxhu

suxo

sunno

pwvhu

pwvo

paavo

jwvhu

jwvo

jaavo

hhu

ho

ho (Means tum ho)

cwhhu

cwho

chaaho

sMqhu sM+q+(E= o )

sidAhu Ahu=Ao=E

(ArQ: qum ho)

pihlw h ivAMjn qy dUjw sÍr hY

1st h is consonant & 2nd is Vowel

sidE

sadi-o

49

Last Letter hu added to a Noun (hu=EN= o with ibMdI is a Vowel sound) Pronunciation (aucwrx)

Word (A`Kr)

Paˆŋjaabee

Word (A`Kr)

Transl.

Pronunciation (aucwrx) Trans.

Paˆŋjaabee

rahoˆn

swhhu

SwhoN

shahoˆn

isAwhoN

siahoˆn

ivchu

ivcoN

vichoˆn

kwblhu

kwbloN

kaabloˆn

muKhu

muKoN

mukhoˆn

mnhu

mnoN

manoˆn

ivthu

ivtoN

vitoˆn

jIAhu

jIEN

jee-oˆn

rwhhu

rwhoN

rw+(h+EN=hoN)

(ArQ: rwh qoN)

isAwhhu

(meaning: From Path)

5. If the letter preceding hu is a sÍr (Vowel) A or e with lag (lg), then hu is pronounced as E as shown below: Last Letter hu preceded by Long Vowel ( hu = o = E ) Pronunciation (aucwrx)

Word (A`Kr) firAwhu

Paˆŋjaabee

Word (A`Kr)

Transl. dare-aa-o

firAwE

iDAwiehu

Pronunciation (aucwrx) Paˆŋjaabee iDAwieE

Trans. dhi-aa-e-o

Pronunciation of (aucwrx) Akhar (A`Kr) ih 12,24,30

i has been used extensively in Gurbaannee with the last letter consonants of Gurmukhee words as prepositions. Except in the case of ih, it is not pronounced. The Gurmukhee Grammar plays an important role in determining its pronunciation.

1. If ih is the last letter of a Noun, then i is not pronounced Last Letter ih ( ih=h ) Pronunciation (aucwrx)

Word (A`Kr) moih poih

Paˆŋjaabee moh

Transl. moh

ArQ: moh ivc

Meaning: In Attachment

poh

poh ( Name of a

(poih pMjwbI mhIny dw nwm hY)

(gurbwxI ivc ieh sdw i nwl hI iliKAw igAw hY)

paˆnjaabee month) In Gurbaannee word poih is always written with ‘i’

2. If ih is the last letter of a Noun and used as a Case (kwrk), then i is not pronounced

50

Last Letter ih ( ih=h ) Pronunciation (aucwrx)

Word (A`Kr)

Paˆŋjaabee

Word (A`Kr) Asnyih

Pronunciation (aucwrx) Trans.

Paˆŋjaabee asnayh Asnyh

kmlyih

kmlyh

Transl. kamlayh

nyih

nyh

nayh

roih

roh

roh

Koih

Koh

khoh

joih

joh

joh

muih

mMuh (mUMh vWg)

muˆnh (Like mooˆnh- Don’t prolong muˆn sound like in mooˆn)

(mMu dI DunI nUM mUM vWg dIrG nhIN hox dyxw)

3. If ih is the last letter of a Demonstrative Pronoun (inscyvwick pVnwNv) or a Demonstrative Adjective, then i is not pronounced Last Letter ih ( ih=h ) Pronunciation (aucwrx)

Word (A`Kr)

Paˆŋjaabee eyih

eyh

Word (A`Kr)

Pronunciation (aucwrx) Trans.

Paˆŋjaabee oh Eh

Transl.

Eih

ayh

4. If ih is the last letter of a Pronoun (exception- Demonstrative Pronouns), then i is pronounced Last Letter ih (i=ey) Pronunciation (aucwrx)

Word (A`Kr) moih

Paˆŋjaabee mohy (ArQ: mYnUM) mo+(ih=h+ey) ‘ey’ dI DunI nUM dIrG nhIN hox dyxw

Transl. mohay

(meaning: Me) Do not prolong the sound of ‘ay’

Examples: 1. moih as a Noun (nWv): Pronounced as moh (moh) See item 1 above (aupr m~d 1 dyKo) kwim k®oiD loiB moih mnu lInw ] bMDn kwit mukiq guir kInw ]2] The mind is engrossed in sexual desire, anger, greed and emotional attachment. By breaking my bonds, the Guru has liberated me. ||2|| 2. moih as a Pronoun (pVnwv): Pronounced as mohay (mohy) Do not prolong the ay sound hir crx kvl mkrMd loiBq mno Anidnuo moih AwhI ipAwsw ] My mind is enticed by the honey-sweet Lotus Feet of the Lord. Day and night, I thirst for them.

51

5. If h with i is added at the end of a Mool mUl (original) word Noun as a Preposition, then it becomes y to the letter before ih and h remains at the end of the word Last Letter ih ( ih= ey+h) Pronunciation (aucwrx)

Word (A`Kr) gurih jlih

Paˆŋjaabee guryh

Word (A`Kr)

Transl. guray (By Guroo)

(gurU ny)

( y & h donW dI hlkI DunI rKo)

( y & h both pronounced with short soft sounds)

jlyh

jalay (water’s)

(jl dw)

iprih

Pronunciation (aucwrx) Paˆŋjaabee ipryh (ipr qoN)

Trans. piray (From Husband)

6. If ih is in a Verb (Imperative Mood), then it is not pronounced Pronunciation (aucwrx)

Word (A`Kr)

Paˆŋjaabee

Transl.

lyih

lyh

(ArQ: qMU lY))

audwhrn: mn myry iqin kI Et lyih ] (pMnw 286)

Example: man mayray tin kee ot layh (Pg 286)

dyih

dyh

(ArQ: qUM dyh))

dayh (meaning: You give)

layh (meaning: You take)

audwhrn: mnu qnu Apnw iqn jn dyih ] (pMnw 286)

Example: man tan apnaa tin jan dayh (Pg 286 )

7. If i is used as a kwrk (Case) with the last letter (h or a consonant) in a Verb, it is not pronounced Pronunciation (aucwrx)

Word (A`Kr)

Paˆŋjaabee

mwir

mwr

rij

rj

(ArQ: mwr ky) (ArQ: rj ky)

Word (A`Kr)

Transl.

Pronunciation (aucwrx) Trans.

Paˆŋjaabee

maar (Meaning: By Killing)

iqAwig

iqAwg

ti-aag

raj (Meaning: One’s fill)

kuih

kuh

kuh

Note (it~pxI): Table above contains words without h. This is done purposely to show that we do not pronounce a short vowel with the consonants as the last letter in a word.

Therefore, the same rule applies for the h

General comments on the use of Biˆndee: As mentioned earlier, the rules of pronunciation of words provided in this section are based on the second school of thought (Missionary College). It is worth pointing out here that the use of laghaakhar, especially Biˆndee & Tippee when explicitly not used with Gurbaannee words is a controversial matter. Plural verbs in Gurbaannee often use ih and they are pronounced with nasal sound by many people. The implicit use of Adhak is not a controversial matter at all. Therefore, before proceeding any further with ih rules, I like to clearly point out that not everyone accept the implicit use of Biˆndee & Tippee. Most scholars, however, do accept the implicit use of Biˆndee (Pair Vaalee or with Lagaaˆn) and Tippee. Some Sampardaavaan, have mixed reaction to such uses of Biˆndee & Tippee.

52

Many among them accept the use of Adhak & Biˆndee with Lagaaˆn, but refuse to accept such use of Pair Valalee Biˆndee. They argue that all words should be pronounced as written. On the other hand, the persons favoring their use, argue that it is not possible to comprehend the meanings of some of the words without using an appropriate Laghaakhar where needed. They often give the example of <> to support their point of view. Other examples, substantiating their claims, are provided below for your information.

Examples (audwhrnW): Consider the following Tukaaˆn from Gurbaannee containing simple Paˆŋjaabee words used in our daily life Pronounce (without any Biˆndee) and do the meanings of the word “glI” in each of the following Tukaaˆn (qukW). (hyTlI qukW ivc “glI” A~Kr dw aucwrx Aqy ArQ kro) 1. myro suMdru khhu imlY ikqu glI ] (pg 527) 2. glI ijn@w jpmwlIAw loty hiQ inbg ] (pg 476) 3. mqu jwx sih glI pwieAw ] (pg 24) Note that in all three cases spelling is the same for the word ‘glI’ Now pronounce (with approprite Biˆndee in Pair or with Lag) and do the meanings of the word “glI” in each of the following Tuk (quk)

1. myro suMdru khhu imlY ikqu glI ] (pg 527) glI is pronounced as gLI (Galhee) means Street Tell me - on what street will I find my Beauteous Lord?

2. glI ijn@w jpmwlIAw loty hiQ inbg ] (pg 476) glI is pronounced as gLIN (Galheen) meaning around Neck They have rosaries around their necks, and they carry glittering jugs in their hands.

Knowledge of the context is important for pronouncing this word in each of the example above. However, the meaning becomes clear with correct pronunciation of this same word in the context of each Tuk.

Examples (audwhrnW) : Consider the following Tukaaˆn containing Persian/Arabic words used in Gurbaannee Pronounce (without Pair Vaalee Biˆndee) the Persian/Arabic bold words in the following Tukaaˆn (qukW) 1. ijnI nwmu iDAwieAw gey mskiq Gwil ] nwnk qy muK aujly kyqI CutI nwil ]1] (pMnw 8) 2. hovY isPiq KsMm dI nUru Arshu kurshu JtIAY ] quDu ifTy scy pwiqswh mlu jnm jnm dI ktIAY ] (pMnw 967)

Now pronounce (with Pair Vaalee Biˆndee). Almost everyone pronounces this way. It is worth pointing out that everyone pronounces the above word ‘mS~kq’ of Jap Jee Saahib Baannee with A˘tdhak.

1. ijnI nwmu iDAwieAw gey mS~kiq (mS~kq) Gwil ] nwnk qy muK aujly kyqI CutI nwil]1]

(pMnw 8)

53

mskiq is pronounced as mS~kq (Mashakat) meaning ‘hard work’ 2. hovY isPiq KsMm dI nUru ArShu (ArSoN) kurshu JtIAY ] quDu ifTy scy pwiqSwh mlu jnm jnm dI ktIAY ] (pMnw 967) Arshu is pronounced as ArShu (Arshoˆn) meaning ‘From Sky’

Examples (audwhrnW) : Consider the following complete Shabads containing Persian/Arabic words used in Gurbaannee Pronounce each word as written (without Pair Vaalee Biˆndee)

rwgu iqlµg mhlw 1 Gru 1

<> siq nwmu krqw purKu inrBau inrvYru Akwl mUriq AjUnI sYBM gur pRswid ]

Xk Arj guPqm pyis qo dr gos kun krqwr ] hkw kbIr krIm qU byAYb prvdgwr ]1] dunIAw mukwmy PwnI qhkIk idl dwnI ] mm sr mUie AjrweIl igrPqh idl hyic n dwnI ]1] rhwau ] jn ipsr pdr ibrwdrW ks nys dsqMgIr ] AwiKr ibAPqm ks n dwrd cUM svd qkbIr ]2] sb roj gsqm dr hvw krdym bdI iKAwl ] gwhy n nykI kwr krdm mm eNØI icnI Ahvwl ]3] bdbKq hm cu bKIl gwiPl bynjr bybwk]nwnk bugoXd jnu qurw qyry cwkrW pw Kwk]4]1] (pMnw 721) Now pronounce words (with Pair Vaalee Biˆndee where appropriate). Most experts pronounce this way.

Xk Arz gu&qm pyiS qo dr goS kun krqwr ]h~kw kbIr krIm qU byAYb prvdgwr ]1] dunIAw mukwmy &wnI qhkIk idl dwnI ] mm sr mUie AzrweIl igr&qh idl hyic n dwnI ]1] rhwau ] zn ipsr pdr ibrwdrW ks nys dsqMgIr ] Awi^r ibA&qm ks n dwrd cUM Sv~d qkbIr ]2] Sb roz gSqm dr hvw krdym bdI i^Awl ] gwhy n nykI kwr krdm mm eNØI icnI Ahvwl ]3] bdb^q hm cu b^Il Zwi&l bynzr bybwk]nwnk bugoXd jnu qurw qyry cwkrW pw ^wk]4]1] (pMnw 721) Note: The two words ‘jn’ and ‘jnu’ are of special interest in this example. The first one is a Persian word and the second one is Paˆnjaabee word. If both words were Paˆnjaabee words, the one without u would be the plural form of the word with u meaning person. That is not the case. Therefore, their pronunciation and meanings are completely different. The ‘jn’ is pronounced as ‘zn’ meaning woman.

Pronounce each word as written (without Pair Vaalee Biˆndee) iqlµg mhlw 5 Gru 1 <> siqgur pRswid ] Kwk nUr krdM Awlm dunIAwie ] Asmwn ijmI drKq Awb pYdwieis Kudwie ]1] bMdy csm dIdM Pnwie ] dunNØIAw murdwr KurdnI gwPl hvwie ] rhwau ] gYbwn hYvwn hrwm kusqnI murdwr bKorwie ] idl kbj kbjw kwdro dojk sjwie ]2] vlI inAwmiq ibrwdrw drbwr imlk Kwnwie ] jb AjrweIlu bsqnI qb ic kwry ibdwie ]3] hvwl mwlUmu krdM pwk Alwh ] bugo nwnk Ardwis pyis drvys bMdwh ]4]1] (pMnw 723)

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Now pronounce words (with Pair Vaalee Biˆndee where appropriate). Most experts pronounce this way. iqlµg mhlw 5 Gru 1 <> siqgur pRswid ] ^wk nUr krdM Awlm dunIAwie ] Asmwn izmI dr^q Awb pYdwieiS ^udwie]1] bMdy cSm dIdM Pnwie ] dunNØIAw murdwr ^uurdnI Zw&l hvwie ] rhwau ] ZYbwn hYvwn hrwm kuSqnI murdwr b^oorwie ] idl kbz kbzw kwdro dozk szwie]2] vlI inAwmiq ibrwdrw drbwr imlk ^wnwie ]jb AzrweIlu bsqnI qb ic kwry ibdwie]3] hvwl mwlUmu krdM pwk A~lwh ] bugo nwnk Ardwis pyiS drvyS bMdwh ]4]1] (pMnw 723) Pronounce each word as written (without Pair Vaalee Biˆndee) iqlµg bwxI Bgqw kI kbIr jI <> siqgur pRswid ] byd kqyb iePqrw BweI idl kw iPkru n jwie ] tuku dmu krwrI jau krhu hwijr hjUir Kudwie ]1] bMdy Koju idl hr roj nw iPru pryswnI mwih ] ieh ju dunIAw ishru mylw dsqgIrI nwih ]1] rhwau ] drogu piV piV KusI hoie byKbr bwdu bkwih ] hku scu Kwlku Klk imAwny isAwm mUriq nwih ]2] Asmwn im´wny lhMg drIAw gusl krdn bUd ] kir Pkru dwiem lwie csmy jh qhw maujUdu ]3] Alwh pwkM pwk hY sk krau jy dUsr hoie ] kbIr krmu krIm kw auhu krY jwnY soie ]4]1] (pMnw 727)

Now pronounce words (with Pair Vaalee Biˆndee where appropriate). Most experts pronounce this way. iqlµg bwxI Bgqw kI kbIr jI <> siqgur pRswid ] byd kqyb ie&qrw BweI idl kw i&kru n jwie ] tuku dmu krwrI jau krhu hwizr hzUir ^uudwie ]1] bMdy ^oju idl hr roz nw i&ru prySwnI mwih ] ieh ju dunIAw ishru mylw dsqgIrI nwih ]1] rhwau ] drogu piV piV KuSI hoie by^br bwdu bkwih ] hku scu ^wlku ^lk imAwny isAwm mUriq nwih ]2] Asmwn im´wny lhMg drIAw gusl krdn bUd ] kir &kru dwiem lwie cSmy jh qhw maujUdu ]3] A~lwh pwkM pwk hY S~k krau jy dUsr hoie ]kbIr krmu krIm kw auhu krY jwnY soie ]4]1] (pMnw 727)

8. If ih is after h in a Verb ( Third Person ), then i is pronounced Last Letter ih ( i = AYN or eyN and remove h) Pronunciation (aucwrx)

Word (A`Kr)

Paˆŋjaabee

hih

hYN

hoih

hohyN

(bhu bcn) (ArQ: hovyN,hovn,jwN huMdy hn)

ih sÍr dw TIk aucwrx hoeyN cwhIdw hY

Transl. haiˆn (Plural) ho-hayˆn (Meaning: happens, will happen)

correct pronunciation of ih as a vowel should be hoeyN

55

9. If ih is in a Verb (Plural, Third Person), then pronounce with a ibMdI Last Letter ih ( ih=ihN ) Word (A`Kr) auqrih

Pronunciation (aucwrx) Paˆŋjaabee

Transl. utarayˆnh

auqrihN

ArQ: auqrdy hn

Pronunciation (aucwrx)

Word (A`Kr)

Paˆŋjaabee

Trans.

BvweIAih

BvweIAihN

pbhavaa-aiˆnh

Meaning: Climbing down

stIAih

stIAihN

sattee-ainh

krih

krihN

karayˆnh

Bvih

BvihN

pbhavayˆnh

lwvih

lwvihN

laavayˆnh

Bwvih

BwvihN

pbhaavayˆnh

10. If ih is in a Verb (Singular, Second Person, Present Tense), then pronounce with a ibMdI Last Letter ih ( ih=ihN ) Word (A`Kr)

Pronunciation (aucwrx) Paˆŋjaabee

johih

johihN

suxwieih

suxwieihN

(ArQ: dyKdy hn)

Word (A`Kr)

Transl.

Pronunciation (aucwrx) Trans.

Paˆŋjaabee

johayˆnh (Meaning: Are seeing) rwKih

rwKihN

raakhayˆnh

sunnaa-i-ayˆnh

krihN

karayˆnh

krih

11. If ih is in a Verb (Third Person Plural, or Second Person Singular, Future Tense) pronounce without ibMdI Last Letter ih ( ih=ih ) Word (A`Kr) pwieih lhsih

Pronunciation (aucwrx) Paˆŋjaabee pwieih

Transl. paa-i-ayh

ArQ: pwvyNgw

Meaning: will obtain

lhsih

laihsayh

ArQ: lhyNgw

Meaning: will hold

Word (A`Kr)

Pronunciation (aucwrx) Paˆŋjaabee

Trans.

jwsih

jwsih

jaasayh

cwlsih

cwlsih

chaalsayh

Note (it~pxI): Tables 9,10, 11 1. Pronounce the ‘i’ with the last letter h like an aspirated short ‘ay’ or ‘ai’ nasal sound as indicated, but do not let it become a full ‘ay’ or ‘ai’ sound (AMqly ‘h’ dI ‘i’ nUM k~s ky lW jW dulwvW dI nwskI DunI vWg aucwrx kro, pr pUrI lW ‘ y’ jW dulwvW ‘ Y’ dI DunI nw bxn idE)

56

Key Differences Between Pronunciation Schools of Thought (aucwrx dIAW socW ivcly Kws Prk) 12, ,1720, 24,

The three approaches depicted below are based on the last two schools of thought presented earlier. The differences among the three approaches are minor and are summarized on this page. It is worth pointing out that it is extremely difficult to recognize the difference in the aucwrx of Gurbaannee by the experts of each of these approaches except in the limited areas mentioned below. Between the two main schools of thought, one is documented by the Sikh Missionary College (Reference 12) and is depicted as 1st approach below. The second school of thought is covered by 2nd & 3rd approaches. The 3rd approach is fully documented by Pbhaa-ee Joginder Singh Jee Talwaaraa (Ref 17).

The Dam-Damee Taksaal approach (Ref 20) presented as 2nd approach is only partially documented. All three approaches mainly differ with each other in the pronunciation of ‘hu’ and ‘ih’, only in some cases, when they are used as the last letter of a word. They also have other minor differences & some of those are pointed below.

Summary of noticeable pronunciation of words among 3 approaches Word Pronunciation Pronunciation Pronunciation A~Kr aucwrx (1 Approach) aucwrx (2 Approach) aucwrx (3 Approach) st

mhlw vwhu khu bhu iehu ieih guoibMd diX duXw duXY AXo

nd

12,24

Transl.

Paˆŋjaabee maihalaa mYhlw ( Y dI DunIN CotI)

(short ai sound)

vwh kOh bOh ieh ieh guibMd deI***** -

vaah kauh bauh eh eh gubiˆnd da-ee

rd

20

17,29

Paˆŋjaabee mh~lw

Transl. maha˘llaa

Paˆŋjaabee mhlw

Transl. mahalaa

vwho** kho** ieho** iehy** guoibMd*** deIie duieAw**** duieAY**** AieE****

vaaho** kaho**

vwhu* kOh* / kAauh / bOh* iehu* ieih* guibMd deIie dueIAw dueIAY AeIE

vaaho* ka-uh* ba-uh* eho* ehay* gubiˆnd da-ee-ay du-ee-aa du-ee-ai a-ee-o

eho** ehay** Mid-sound*** da-ee-ay du-e-aa**** du-e-ai**** a-e-o****

Notes (itpxIAW): 1. 3rd Approach: *Pbhaa-ee Joginder Singh Jee (Reference 17) a. All the lagaaˆn (lgwN) have both Grammatical and pronunciation significance.

Therefore each lag (lg) has a specific pronunciation. However, proper training and practice are necessary to learn how to pronounce words containing short-vowels or vowel signs, used with the last letter of a word. He specifically remarks: “hRsÍ sÍr (AONkV Aqy ishwrI) jdoN SbdwN dy AMqly ivAMjn A~KrwN nMU lgdy hn qW iehnW dI DunIN bhuq sUKm boldI hY, jo iek~ly iek~ly Sbd nUM sihjy sihjy piVHAW qW BlI BWq spStweI jw skdI hY, pr clMq pwT ivc Aijhw kr skxw sMBv nhIN”[ (pMnw 46)

57

“dUjy pwsy AMqly sÍr A~KrW (a,e) Aqy sÍrI guxw vwly ivAMjn ‘h’ nwl lgy AONkV Aqy ishwrI cUMik sDwrn nwloN lMmyrI huMdI hY, ies nUM clMq pwT ivc vI shjy spStwieAw jw skdw hY”[(pMnw 26) “...AMqly ‘h’ nUM lgy hRsÍ sÍr ‘ie’ dI DunI nUM k~s ky bolxw cwhIdw hY, qW ju ieh lW ‘ y’ dI DunI nw bx jwey”[(pMnw 66) b. He also promoted the use of diphthongs for correct pronunciation of the Gurbaannee words. c. His approach replaces ‘X’ in the last four words of the Table above with ‘eI’, which is different from the 3rd approach. His book contains his rational.

2. 2nd Approach: The Taksaal Approach (Reference 20) a. ** The Taksaal’s pronunciations of ‘hu’ and ‘ih’ as documented are very much consistent with the other two approaches. There are only few differences. However, it seems that people have generalized some of the rules for the ease in reciting Gurbaannee, thus causing some additional differences. Usually wherever ‘hu’ and ‘ih’ appear in the Gurbaannee, they pronounce them as ‘ho’ and ‘hy’ respectively. If ‘hu’ is meant to be pronounced as ‘ho’ in all cases, then why is ‘bhuq’ pronounced as ‘bOhq’ instead of ‘bhoq’.

Similar cases are noticed in the pronunciation of words containing ‘ih’. b. *** The Taksaal’s approach is to pronounce these double Lagaaˆn (lgW) by creating a new sound, which lies in the middle of the sounds of those two lgW. The basis for this determination is not documented. The other two approaches are in agreement with each other and documented the same basis for their reasoning. c. **** The Taksaal’s approach is different from the 3rd approach that it replaces ‘X’ with the vowel ie instead of eI in these words st 3. 1 Approach: The Sikh Missionary College (Reference 12) a. ***** The Sikh Missionary College document say that since the ‘iX’ is part of the original word ‘diX’ that came from Sanskrit, therefore it should not be pronounced. The other approaches disagree with the above pronunciation. b. The other two approaches also do not agree with their treatment of ‘h’ in general. The foremost objection is in some situations where ‘h’ is explicit in words but completely silenced in the word’s pronunciation. Another objection is in the pronunciation of word ‘mhlw’.

It is worth pointing out here that Pbhaa-ee Saahib Singh Jee has not written a separate book on Gurbaannee aucwrx only. However, Reference 2 and the ten volumes of Sree Guroo Graˆnth Saahib Darpan contain considerable material on pronunciation of Gurbaannee words. The Sikh Missionary College approach is mostly based on his works.

Bottom-line: All three approaches seem to be consistent, and the pronunciation differences are minor when reciting Paatth (pwT) ‚

58

5

Gurbaannee Headings & Numbers (gurbwxI dy isrlyK qy AMk) 14,17,29

Significance of Gurbaannee’s Headings & Numbers and Pronunciation (gurbwxI dy isrlyKwN Aqy AMkw dI mhq`qw Aqy aucwrx) isrlyK/AMk pMnw aucwrx so dr rwgu Awsw mhlw 1 ]rwgu isrI rwgu mhlw pihlw 1 Gru 1] ]isrI rwgu mhlw 1 Gru dUjw 2] ]slok m:1] ]pauVI 5] (vwrwN mhlw 4 iv~c mhlw 5 dI pauVI) ]pauVI m:5] ]gauVI guAwryrI sRI kbIr jIau ky caupdy 14] ]gauVI8] ]gauVI 9] (dmdmI tkswl dw aucwrx hY- gauVI nwvIN ) ]rwgu gauVI vwr kbIr jIau ky 7] ]mhlw 4 rwgu Awsw Gru 6 ky 3] ]rwgu Awsw Gru 8 ky kwPI2 mhlw 4]

(8) (14) (23) (137) (315) (316) (323) (336) (337) (344) (368) (369)

so dr, rwg Awsw, mhlw pihlw rwg isrI rwg, mhlw pihlw, Gr pihlw isrI rwg, mhlw pihlw, Gr dUjw slok, mhlw pihlw pauVI, pMjvwN pauVI, mhlw pMjvwN gauVI guAwryrI, sRI kbIr jIau ky cOpdy cOdwN gauVI (AMkw dy aucwrx dw koeI ivDwn nhIN hor Koj dI loV hY) gauVI (nOvwN jwN nOvIN aucwrxw TIk nhIN jwpdw- hor Koj dI loV hY) rwg gauVI, vwr kbIr jIau ky s~q mhlw cOQw, rwg Awsw, Gr CyvyN ky iqMn rwg Awsw, Gr ATvyN ky kwPI, mhlw cOQw

]Awsw mhlw 5 iekquky 2] ]Awsw mhlw 5 dupdw 1] ]Awsw sRI kbIr jIau ky pMcpdy 9 duquky 5] ]dyvgMDwrI 5] ]Cky 3] ]slok mrdwnw 1] (AMk 1 mhly dw sUck hY) ]mrdwnw 1] ]vfhMsu mhlw 3 mhlw qIjw] ]iblwvlu mhlw 4 sloku] ]mwrU sohly 3] (AMk 3 mhly dw sUck hY) ]pauVI mhlw 5] ]swrMg mhlw 5 sUrdws sveIey mhly pihly ky 1

(374) (393) (479) (531) (532) (553) (553) (582) (845) (1052) (1251) (1253) (1389)

Awsw, mhlw pMjvwN, iekquky do Awsw, mhlw pMjvW, dupdw iek Awsw, sRI kbIr jIau ky pMcpdy nON, duquky pMj dyvgMDwrI, pMjvwN Cky iqMn slok, mrdwnw, pihlw mrdwnw, pihlw vfhMs, mhlw qIjw iblwvl, mhlw cOQw, slok mwrU, sohly, qIjw pauVI, mhlw pMjvwN swrMg, mhlw pMjvwN, sUrdws sveIey mhly pihly ky

(2 kwPIAwN idqIAwN hn)

(AMk 2 dy aucwrx dw koeI ivDwn nhIN hY)

Notes (it~pxIAW): 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Gru dw AMk (Number) 1 qwl jwN sur dy itkwxy dw AMk hY[ gurbwxI ivc 1 qoN 17 qk Gr idqy hn[ “mhlw” Aqy Gr dw AMk dw aucwrx pihlw, dUjw, … huMdw hY[ Cky dy AMk dw aucwrx iek, do, iqMn… huMdw hY] iekquky, dupdy,… dy AMkw dw aucwrx BI iek, do, … huMdw hY[ “]1]rhwa]u” dy AMk dw aucwrx nhI huMdw[ ijQy “]1]rhwau dUjw]” iliKAw hovy auQy “rhwau dUjw” pVHnw hY] hor swry AMk igxqI vjoN hn aunwN dw aucwrx nhIN huMdw[audwhrn: pMnw 175: ]4]6]20]18]32]70] ]4] Bwv Sbd dw 4 pdw[ ]6] Bwv gauVI mwJ m:4 dy hux qk 6 Sbd hn[ ]20] Bwv guaVI m:1 dy hux qk 20 Sbd hn[ ]18] Bwv guaVI m:3 dy hux qk 18 Sbd hn[ ]32] Bwv swry gauVI (pUrbI 12; guAwryrI 6; byrwgix 8; mwJ 6) m:4 dy hux qk swry 32 Sbd hn[ ]70] Bwv guaVI rwg ivc swry SbdwN dw joV (20 m:1+18 m:3+32 m:4) hux qk 70 ho igAw hY[

59

Gurbaannee Headings & Numbers

14,17,29

Significance of Gurbaannee’s Headings & Numbers and Pronunciation Headings/Numbers so dr rwgu Awsw mhlw 1 ]rwgu isrI rwgu mhlw pihlw 1 Gru 1] ]isrI rwgu mhlw 1 Gru dUjw 2] ]slok m:1] ]pauVI 5] (This indicates that in vaar of maihlaa 4, the

Page

Pronunciation/Trans.

(8) (14) (23) (137) (315)

so dar, raag aasaa, maihalaa paihilaa raag siree raag, maihalaa paihilaa, kghar paihilaa siree raag, maihalaa paihilaa, kghar doojaa salok, maihalaa paihilaa paurhee, paˆŋjvaaˆn

]pauVI m:5] ]gauVI guAwryrI sRI kbIr jIau ky caupdy 14]

(316) (323)

]gauVI8] ]gauVI 9] (Dam-Damee Taksaal pronounces nauveeˆn )

(336) (337)

paurhee, maiahlaa paˆŋjvaaˆn gaurhee gu-aarayree, sree Kabeer jee-o kay chaupaday chaudaaˆn gaurhee (The number is not pronounced, research is needed) gaurhee (Either nauvaaˆn or nauveeˆn does not appear to be

]rwgu gauVI vwr kbIr jIau ky 7] ]mhlw 4 rwgu Awsw Gru 6 ky 3]

(344) (368)

]rwgu Awsw Gru 8 ky kwPI2 mhlw 4]

(369)

paurhee belongs to maihlaa 5)

appropriate, more research is needed )

(subscript indicates 2 kaafee)

]Awsw mhlw 5 iekquky 2] ]Awsw mhlw 5 dupdw 1] ]Awsw sRI kbIr jIau ky pMcpdy 9 duquky 5]

(374) (393) (479)

]dyvgMDwrI 5] ]Cky 3] ]slok mrdwnw 1] (1 is indicative of maihlaa paihilaa) ]mrdwnw 1] ]vfhMsu mhlw 3 mhlw qIjw] ]iblwvlu mhlw 4 sloku] ]mwrU sohly 3] (3 is indicative of maihlaa teeja) ]pauVI mhlw 5] ]swrMg mhlw 5 sUrdws sveIey mhly pihly ky 1

(531) (532) (553) (553) (582) (845) (1052) (1251) (1253) (1389)

raag gaurhee vaar Kabeer Jeeo-o kay sa˘t maihalaa chauthaa, raag aasaa, kghar chhayvayˆn kay tin raag aasaa, kghar atthvayˆn kay kaafee, maihalaa chauthaa ( 2 is not pronounced ,more research is needed) aasaa, maihalaa paˆŋjvaaˆn, i˘k-tukay do aasaa, maihalaa paˆŋjvaaˆn,, dupadaa i˘k aasaa, sree Kabeer Jee-o kay paˆŋch-paday nauˆn, du-tukay paˆŋj dayv gaˆndhaaree, paˆŋjvaaˆn chhakay tin salok, mardaanaa, paihilaa mardaanaa, paihilaa vadhaˆns, maihalaa teejaa bilaaval, maihalaa chauthaa, salok maaroo, sohalay, teeja paurhee, maihalaa paˆŋjvaaˆn saaraˆġg, maihalaa paˆŋjvaaˆn, Soordaas sava-ee-ay maihalay paihilay kay

Notes (it~pxIAW): 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

60

A number after kghar (Gr) signifies beat (taal or sur). In Gurbaannee these range from 1 to 17 A number after maihalaa (mhlw) or kghar (Gr) is pronounced paihilaa, dooja, teejaa etc.

A number after chhakaa (Ckw) is pronounced i˘k, do, tin etc.

A number after i˘k -tukay, du-paday etc., is pronounced i˘k, do, tin etc.

A number before rahaa-o (rhwau) is pronounced. But ]1]rhwa dUjw] is pronounced Rahaa-o dooja Other numbers are for counting purposes & are not pronounced, e.g., Pg 175: ]4]6]20]18]32]70] ]4] means 4th padaa of shabad ]6] means that up to this point there are 6 shabads of m:4 in gaurhee maajh raag ]20] means that up to this point there are 20 shabads of m:1 in gaurhee raag ]18] means that up to this point there are 18 shabads of m:3 in gaurhee raag ]32] means total shabads of m:4 in gaurhee raag are 32 (poorabee 12 ; gu-aarayree 6; bairaagann 8; maajh 6) ]70] means Total of all shabads of all guroo jee in gaurhee raag is 70 (20 m:1+18 m:3+32 m:4)

6 Pronunciation of Difficult Words of Gurbaannee (gurbwxI dy AOKy A~KrW dw aucwrx) 12,14,17,18,24,29,30

Nit-Naym (inq-nym)

Number AMk 1 (mUl mMqR) 1 (mUl mMqR) 1 (mUl mMqR) 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 16 16 16 17 19 22 22 23 25 25 25 27 32 35 37 37 38

Jap Jee Saahib (jpu jI swihb) Word Pronunciation (aucwrx) A~Kr Transliteration Paˆŋjaabee mUriq jpu pRswid n hoih pweIAih bKsIs pwih rwhu AwKih dyih drgih suAwilhu kvwau muh khih shs ATwrh swlwih muih is iB swhw rwih AwKhu mwih soie Ahrix

mUrq jp pRswd nw ( w dI DunIN CotI) hohyN ( y dI DunIN CotI) pweIAYh ( Y dI DunIN CotI) bKSIS pwhyN ( y dI DunIN CotI) rwh AwKyNh ( y dI DunIN CotI) dyh drgwh ( w dI DunIN CotI) suAwilEh (E dI DunIN CotI) kvwE mUMh ( U dI DunIN CotI) khYN ( Y dI DunIN CotI) sYhs ( Y dI DunIN CotI) ATwrWh ( w dI DunIN CotI) swlwh mUMh ( U dI DunIN CotI) sy ( y dI DunIN CotI) By ( y dI DunIN CotI) SwhW rwh AwKo ( o dI DunIN CotI) mwhyN ( y dI DunIN CotIo) soey AYhrx ( Y dI DunIN CotI)

moorat jap prasaad naa (short aa sound) hohayˆn (short ay sound) paa-ee-aih (short ai sound) bakhsheesh paahayˆn (short ay sound) raah aakhayˆnh (short ay sound) dayh dargaah (short aa sound) su-aa-li-oh (short o sound) kvaa-o mooˆnh (short oo sound) kahaiˆn (short ai sound) saihs (short ai sound) atthaaraaˆn (short aaˆn sound) saalaah mooˆnh (short oo sound) say (short ay sound) pbhay (short ay sound) shaahaaˆn raah aakho (short o sound) maahayˆn (short ay sound) so-ay aihrann (short ai sound)

61

Jaap Saahib (jwpu swihb) (X vwly A`KrwN dw aucwrx) “S” DunI vwly A`Kr: ssqR, swh swhM, iest, iesty, dust, swsqR, swhwn swh, hmysul, swNq

Number AMk 31 62 83 93 93 98 118 171 173 174 31 93 93 98 118 118 171 173 174

Word A~Kr ADyX (AD+ey+X) jlyX suXMBv AwidRsX (AwidR+is+A) bwFX dwnXY (dwn+X+AY) jwpXY kruxwlX mwinX pwisX AByX AwilsX BrxwFX mwnXY pRDwnXY QwpXY GwlXY jwinX nwisX

Pronunciation (aucwrx) Paˆŋjaabee A-DyA ey+(ie+A) ( y lmkwky) jlyA ( y lmkwky) suAMBv AwidRsy ( y dI DunIN CotI) bwiFAy ( y dI DunIN CotI) dwinAY (ie+A)+AY=ie+(A+AY) jwipAY kruxwly ( y dI DunIN CotI) mwny (y dI DunIN CotI) pwsy ( ydI DunIN CotI) ABy ( y lmkwky) Awilsy ( y dI DunIN CotI) BrxwFy ( y dI DunIN CotI) mwinAY pRDwinAY QwipAY GwilAY jwny ( y dI DunIN CotI) nwsy ( y dI DunIN CotI)

Transliteration a-tdhay (prolong ay sound) jalay (prolong ay sound) su-aˆmpbhav aadrisay (short ay sound) baaddi-ay (short ay sound) daani-ai jaapi-ai karunnaalay (short ay sound) maanay (short ay sound) paasay (short ay sound) apbhay (short ay sound) aalisay (short ay sound) bharnaadhay (short ay sound) maani-ai pardhaani-ai thaapi-ai kgaali-ai jaanay (short ay sound) naasay (short ay sound)

Jaap Saahib (jwpu swihb) (X qoN ielwvw A`KrwN dw aucwrx) Number Word Pronunciation (aucwrx) AMk A~Kr Transliteration Paˆŋjaabee isrlyK 1 1 2 2 10 14 16 17 24 51 74 79 62

qÍ sumiq nmsqMÍ nmsqM inRkrmy Asrgy nmsqsq Amjby nmosq rwjysÍrM AMimRq Awid audwr

quA ( qo vWg; O dI DunIN CotI) su-mq nmsquAM| nmsqM| nirkrmy A-srgy nmsqsq (iek`Tw s dI koml DunI) A-mjby nmosq (iek`TI DunI) rwjysuArM| AM-mirq (mir dI iek`TI DunI) Awid-audwr

tu-a ( Like to; short o sound) su-mat namastu-aˆġ namastaˆġ nrikarmay a-sargay namastast (together soft sound of s) a-majabay nmost (together sound) raajaysu-araˆġ aaˆm-mrit aad-udaar

113 122 137 137 149 155 159 168 172 174 177 177

Number AMk isrlyK 6 6 9 3 6 6 10

Bwho isksqY AjY ibrkq Aimqo jubwN AclM Awijj prmysÍr nwisX Ajpw AQpw

Bwho (iek`TI DunI) iSk~sqY A-jY ib-rkq (k dI koml DunI: iek~Tw) A-imqo zubwN ( W lmkwky) A-clM| Awijz prmysuAr nwisA (sy vWg pr y dI DunIN CotI) A-jpw A-Qpw

Tu-a Parsaad Sava˘ee-ay (qÍ pRswid sv~Xy) Word Pronunciation (aucwrx) A~Kr Transliteration Paˆŋjaabee sv~Xy (sv+X+ey) BCXw lvXw BXo hX mlXw idvXw Dr´o

sv~eIey (sv+eI+ey) BC~eIAw lv~eIAw BieE hY ml`eIAw idv~eIAw DirE

sava˘ee-ay pbhachha-ee-aa lava˘ee-aa pbhai-o hai mala˘ee-aa diva˘ee-aa tdhari-o

Bayntee Chaupa-ee (bynqI cOpeI) Word Pronunciation (aucwrx) A~Kr Transliteration Paˆŋjaabee

Number AMk 3 4 5 9 9 19 3 5 5 9 19

bhaaho (together sound) shika˘stai a-jai bi-rakt (soft sound of k: 1 syllable) a-mito zubaaˆn (prolong aaˆn sound) a-chalaˆġ aajiz parmaysuar nasay (short ay sound) a-japaa a-thapaa

kirXY iDXwaUN invirXY bnwXo smiJXhu suXMBv sMGirXY aubirXY kirXhu aupjwXo BXo

krIAY iDAwaUN inv`rIAY bnwieE smJIAhu (smJIEh vWg) suAMBv sMG`rIAY aub`rIAY krIEh ( o dI DunIN CotI) aupjwieE BieE

karee-ai tdhi-aa-ooˆn nivar˘ee-ai banaa-i-o samjhee-oh (short o sound) su-aˆmbhav saˆġkga˘ree-ai ubar˘ee-ai karee-oh upjaa-i-o pbhai-o 63

Anaˆnd Saahib (AnMdu swihb) Word Pronunciation (aucwrx) A~Kr Transliteration Paˆŋjaabee

Number AMk 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 4 5 7 7 8 9 9 9 9 10 11 12 12 12 13 13 14 18 18 19 34

q sbd qU rhu Ehu mnhu dyih sWq qh mohu eyhu krih krh sauip kau mMinhu TgaulI ij jIA vKwxey su ikRpw Blw KMinAhu shjY jwie mih Awgm

64

taaˆn (short aaˆn sound) shabad tooˆn rauh oh manoˆn (short o sound) dayˆnh shaaˆnt taih (short ai sound) moh ayh krayˆnh (short ay sound) krayh (short ay sound) sauˆnp (short au sound) kau (short au sound) maˆnnioh (short o sound) tthagaulee (short au sound) jayh (Who) (short ay sound) jee (prolong ee sound) vakhaann-ay so (short o sound) kripaa pbhalhaa (light soft bh sound) khaˆn-ni-oˆnh (short o sound) saihjai (short ai sound) jaa-ay maiˆnh (short ai sound) aagam

Raihraas Saahib (rihrws swihb Aqy sÍYXw) Word Pronunciation (aucwrx) A~Kr Transliteration Paˆŋjaabee

Number AMk 1 1 2

qW ( w dI DunIN CotI) Sbd qUM rOh Eh mnoN ( o dI DunIN CotI) dyNh SWq qYh ( Y dI DunIN CotI) moh eyh kryNh ( y dI DunIN CotI) kryh ( y dI DunIN CotI) sONp ( O dI DunIN CotI) kO ( O dI DunIN CotI) mMinEh ( o dI DunIN CotI) TgOlI ( O dI DunIN CotI) jyH (ArQ:ijhVw) ( y dI DunIN CotI) jI ( I lmkw ky) vKwx-ey so ( o dI DunIN CotI) ikRpw (kir+pw) BLw (koml B) KMinENh ( o dI DunIN CotI) sYhjY ( Y dI DunIN CotI) jwey mYNh ( Y dI DunIN CotI) Awgm (iek~Tw pVHo)

hau mih Akl

hauN (hON vWg pr O dI DunIN CotI) mYh ( Y dI DunIN CotI) A-kl

hauˆn (short au sound) maih (short ai sound) a-kal

2 soo dru soo dru soo dru soo dru soo dru 1 1 1 4/2 1 2 3 2 1 1 2 2 3

Number AMk sÍYXw sÍYXw dohrw sÍYXw sÍYXw slok

khu bih khIAih bRhmMfw pwiqswhu swhw kihAw khxY smwie dyih AauKw pwih Ehu iqRpqwish jIA iDAwvhu pwrbRhm syvih jwxwieih

kauh (short au sound) bhaih (short ai sound) kahee-aih (short ai sound) braihmaˆnndaa paatshaah shaaˆnhaaˆn kaih-aa (short ai sound) kaihnnai (short ai sound) smaa-ay dayˆnh aukhaa (short au sound) paahayˆn (short ay sound) oh triptaasayˆn (short ay sound) jee (prolong ee sound) tdhi-aavoh (short o sound) paar-brahm sayvayˆnh (short ay sound) jaannaa-ayˆnh

Suvai-ee-aa, Dohraa & Salok ( sÍYXw, dohrw Aqy slok) Word Pronunciation (aucwrx) A~Kr Transliteration Paˆŋjaabee AwnXo jwnXo bWih mwnXo bKwnXo kIqoeI

Number AMk 1 2 3 4 5

kOh ( O dI DunIN CotI) bYh ( Y dI DunIN CotI) khIAYh ( y dI DunIN CotI) bRYhmMfw pwiqSwh SwNhwN kYh-Aw ( Y dI DunIN CotI) kYhxY ( Y dI DunIN CotI) smwey dyNh AOKw ( O dI DunIN CotI) pwhyN ( y dI DunIN CotI) Eh iqRpqwsyNh ( y dI DunIN CotI) jI ( I lmkw ky) iDAwvoh ( o dI DunIN CotI) pwr-bRhm syvyNh ( y dI DunIN CotI) jwxweyNh

AwinE jwinE bWh mwinE bKwinE kIqo-eI

Word A~Kr isvirhu iCA quohI AMjulI bhuir

aani-o jaani-o baaˆnh maani-o bakhaani-o keeto-ee

Sohilaa (soihlw) Pronunciation (aucwrx) Paˆŋjaabee isvirhau (isvirho vWg) Cy qohI A\julI (\ vwlI nwskI DunI) bOhr

Transliteration sivriho chhay tohee aˆŋjulee (Nasal sound of ŋ) bauhr

65

Other Baannees (hor bwxIAW) Sukhmanee Saahib (suKmnI swihb) Word Pronunciation (aucwrx) A~Kr Transliteration Paˆŋjaabee

Number AMk isrlyK isrlyK mUl mMqR sloku sloku 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/2 1/2 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/4 1/5 1/7 1/7 1/8 sloku 2/1 3/4 3/8 4/2 4/3 4/4 4/7 4/6 4/7 5/2 5/2 66

gauVI sloku pRswid gurey nmh ismir mwih suDwK´r AwK´r mihmw sMig n prhrY Bau drgh su ismrih bsih dieAwlw kbhu mieAw mih qum@wrI muskl moih Ehu hsih drgh dieAwl su lyhu blUAw Agnq swhu

gOVI ( O dI DunIN CotI) slok pRswd (pr dI juVvIN DunI) guur-ey nmYh ( Y dI DunIN CotI) ismr mwhy ( y dI DunIN CotI) suDwiKAr AwiKAr mYhmw ( Y dI DunIN CotI) s|g nw ( w dI DunIN CotI) pr-hrY BO ( O dI DunIN CotI) drgwh ( w dI DunIN CotI) so ( o dI DunIN CotI) ismryNh ( y dI DunIN CotI) bsyNh ( y dI DunIN CotI) dYAwlw ( Y dI DunIN CotI) kboNh ( o dI DunIN CotI) mYAw ( Y dI DunIN CotI) mYh ( Y dI DunIN CotI) qum@wrI (m dI DunI aucI kro ) muSkl moh (nwv) ( o dI DunIN CotI) Eh (inscyvwcI pVnwv) hsyNh ( y dI DunIN CotI) drgwh ( w dI DunIN CotI) dYAwl ( Y dI DunIN CotI) so ( o dI DunIN CotI) lyhau blU-Aw A-gnq (n qy q dI iek~TI DunI) Swh

gaurhee (short au sound) salok prasaad (joint sound) gur-ay namaih (short ai sound) simar maahay (short ay sound) sutdhaakhi-ar aakhi-ar maihamaa (short ai sound) saˆġg naa (short aa sound) par-harai (Compound word) pbhau (short au sound) dargaah (short aa sound) so (short o sound) simrayˆnh (short ay sound) basayˆnh (short ay sound) dai-aalaa (short ai sound) kaboˆnh (short o sound) mai-aa (short ai sound) maih (short ai sound) tumaaree (Raise tone of m ) mushkal moh (Noun means Attachment) oh (Demonstrative Noun) hasayˆnh (short ay sound) dargaah (short aa sound) dai-aal (short ai sound) so (short o sound) layho baloo-aa a-gant (n & t sound together) shah

5/2 5/3 5/6 slok 6/1 slok 7/2 7/3 8/1 8/5 slok 9/1 10/3 10/3 10/3 10/8 10/4 11/4 11/4 11/6 13/4 16/2

Number AMk 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2

ibsÍws btwaU ijh AhMmyv CqIh Acrj supRsMn hau bsuDw AhMbuiD Aprs thl bYsMqr ssIAr nK´qR smud jK´ bKsIs jgdIS ijau Apivqu sunIAih

Word A~Kr pRyim ksvtI sau cVih ijau khu PlIAih duXI cwau loA pwiqswh su jw

ibsuAws btw-aU jyh ( y dI DunIN CotI) Ahmmyv C~qIh A-crj suu-pRsMn hON ( O dI DunIN CotI) b-suDw Ah|-buD A-prs tYhl ( Y dI DunIN CotI) bY-snqr s~sIAr niKAqR smuMd jKy ( y dI DunIN CotI) bKSIs jgdIS ijEN A-pivq sunI-eyh ( y dI DunIN CotI)

bisu-aas bataa-oo jayh (short ay sound) ahaˆmmayv chha˘tee a-charaj su-parsaˆnn hauˆn (short au sound) ba-sudhaa ahaˆġ-budh a-paras taihl (short ai sound) bai-saˆntar sa˘see-ar nakhi-atar samuˆnd jakhay (short ay sound) bakh-sheesh jag-deesh ji-oˆn a-pavit sunee-ayh (short ay sound)

Vaar Aasaa (vwr Awsw) Pronunciation (aucwrx) Paˆŋjaabee

pRym ksv~tI sO ( O dI DunIN CotI) cVyHN ( Y dI DunIN CotI) ijEN kOh ( O dI DunIN CotI) PlIeyh dueI ( I lmkw ky) cwE lo ( o lmkw ky) pwqSwh so ( o dI DunIN CotI) jW

Transliteration praym kas-va˘tee ((touchstone) sau (short au sound) charhayˆnh (short ay sound) ji-oˆn kauh (short au sound) falee-ayh (short ay sound) du-ee (prolong ee sound) chaa-o lo (prolong o sound) paatshaah so (short o sound) jaaˆn

67

2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 11 11 11 11 12

68

inAwau iB jwpeI ij jIA muh paux rihAw bih paudIeI mih glIeI eyhu suixAhu phr hoih lieAY punhu pweIAY icqwie srIAiq bhkwr AlK shsw mohu eyhu mwih suikRq suAsiq shj lK swhu FoA rhsIAY rXiq slwhh Awphu vjig bRwhmxh

inAWE By ( y dI DunIN CotIo) jwp-eI jy ( Y dI DunIN CotI) jI ( I lmkw ky) mUMh ( U dI DunIN CotI o) pOx rYhAw ( Y dI DunIN CotI) bYh ( Y dI DunIN CotI) pONdINeI ( O dI DunIN CotI qy eI lmkw ky) mYh ( Y dI DunIN CotI) glINeI (eI lmkw ky) eyh suixEh ( Y dI DunIN CotI) pYhr ( Y dI DunIN CotI) hohyN ( Y dI DunIN CotI) lY-AY ( Y dI DunIN CotI) punoh ( o dI DunIN CotI) pweI-AY icqwey SRIAq (iek`Tw) bYhkwr ( Y dI DunIN CotIo) A-lK sYhsw ( Y dI DunIN CotI) moh eyh mwhy ( y dI DunIN CotIo) su-ikRq (su-kirq) su-Asq sYhj ( Y dI DunIN CotI) l~K Swh Fo ( o lmkw ky) rYhsI-AY ( Y dI DunIN CotI) reIAq slwhyN ( y dI DunIN CotI) AwpoN ( o dI DunIN CotI) v-jg bRwhmxYh ( Y dI DunIN CotI)

ni-aaˆn-o pbhay (short ay sound) jaap-ee jay (short ay sound) jee (prolong ee sound) mooˆnh (short oo sound) paunn (short au sound) raih-aa (short ay sound) baih (short ai sound) pauˆndeeˆn-ee (prolong ee sound) maih (short ai sound) galeeˆn-ee (prolongee sound) ayh sunni-oh (short o sound) paihr (short ai sound) hohayˆn (short ay sound) lai-ai (short ai sound) punoh (short o sound) paa-ee-ai chitaa-ay shree-at (joint sound of shr) baihkaar (short ai sound) a-lakh saihsaa (short ai sound) moh ayh maahay (short ay sound) su-krit su-ast saihj (short ai sound) la˘kh shaah ddho (prolong o sound) raihsee-ai (short ai sound) ra-ee-at salahayˆn (short ay sound) aapoˆn (short o sound) va-jag braahmannaih (short ai sound)

12 12 12 13 13 13 13 14 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 17 17 18 19 20 20 21 21 22 22 23 24 24 24 24

prwikRqh drgh muih rQvwhu qwih AQrbxu Alhu imrgwih kpwhhu kuih vIAwhu dieAwl pihir aupTI Gwhu muhY muih lwieqbwrI kuhQI muih hih AwskI Awsku vjhu mUhy muih glI AhMkwrIAw iqnY ij rjwie

praa-kritaih (short ai sound) dargah (short aa sound) mooˆnh (short oo sound) rathvaah taa-hayˆn (short ay sound) atha˘r-bann (Single syllable) a˘laah (short aa sound) mirgaaˆnh kapaahoˆn (short o sound) kuh vee-aah dai-aal (short ai sound) paihr (short ai sound) upa˘tthee kghaah mooˆnhaiˆn (short oo sound) mooˆnh (short oo sound) laa-itbaaree kuh-theeˆn (short o sound) mooˆnh (short oo sound) haiˆn aashkee aashak vajoˆnh (short o sound) mooˆnhayˆn mooˆnh (short oo sound) galheeˆn ahaˆġkaaree-aaˆn tinaih jay (short ay sound) rajaa-ay

Other Difficult Words (hor AOKy A~Kr) Word Pronunciation (aucwrx) A~Kr Transliteration Paˆŋjaabee

Number AMk 22 50 60 74

prw-ikRqYh ( Y dI DunIN CotI) drgwh ( w dI DunIN CotI) mUMh ( U dI DunIN CotI o) rQvwh qwhyN ( y dI DunIN CotI) A-Q~rbx (iek~Tw) A~lHw ( w dI DunIN CotI) imrgWh kpwhoN ( o dI DunIN CotI o) kuh vIAwh dYAwl ( Y dI DunIN CotI) pYhr ( Y dI DunIN CotI) aup~TI Gwh mUMhYN ( U dI DunIN CotI) mMUh ( U dI DunIN CotI) lw-ieqbwrI koh-QIN ( o dI DunIN CotI) mUMh ( U dI DunIN CotI) hYN AwSkI AwSk vjHoN ( o dI DunIN CotI) mMUhy mUMh ( U dI DunIN CotI) gLIN Ah|kwrIAW iqnYH jy ( y dI DunIN CotI r~Ko) rjwey

ksvtI igrsq Awvtxu inhqy

ksv~tI ig-rsq Aw-v`tx inh-qy (bMD ley)

kas-va` tee gi-rast aa-va˘tann nih-tay (have tied)

69

81 81 140 142 144 224 263 314 435 565 692 762 796 810 923 923 1096 1138 1329 1383 1402 1412

moihEhu suixEhu hohu grh (gRh) jr shsbwhu chuM bhih fubohu Akhu hhu CwvVIeyih DrktI imlhu kirAhu sidAhu pnwih lhhu hrht ivsirEih vwihgurU siVEih

moihEh suixEh hoE grYh ( Y dI DunIN CotI) zr sYhs-bwho ( Y dI DunIN CotI) cONh ( O dI DunIN CotI) bYhyN ( Y qy y dI DunIN CotI) fuboh AkoNh ho ( o dI DunIN CotI) CwvVIeyh Dr~ktI imloh ( o dI DunIN CotI) kirEh sidEh pnwh lho h~rHt ivsirENhyN ( y dI DunIN CotI) vwih-gurU (vwh gurU vWg) siVENhyN ( y dI DunIN CotI)

mohi-oh sunni-oh ho-o graih (short ai sound) zar saihs-baaho (short ai sound) chauˆnh (short au sound) baihayˆn (short ai & ay sounds) duboh akoˆnh (short o sound) ho (short o sound) chhaavarhee-ayh dhara˘ktee miloh (short o sound) kari-oh sadi-oh panaah laho (short o sound) ha˘r(h)tt ((h) is a soft sond of h) visri-oˆnhayˆn (short ay sound) vaah-guroo sarhi-oˆnhayˆn (short ay sound)

Persian/Arabic Words Pronunciation (PwrsI/ArbI A~KrW dw aucwrx) Number Word Pronunciation (aucwrx) AMk A~Kr Transliteration (meaning) Paˆŋjaabee (meaning) 3 144 144 225 281 315 327, 793 376 345 345 440 441

70

sumwru jyr Aw kulh nh Prysqw sh gunh shr jvwlu shY sih

Sumwr (igxqI) zyyr (hyTW) AW (aus) k~ulwh (topI) ( w dI DunIN CotI) nwh (nhIN) ( w dI DunIN CotI) PrySqw (dyvqw) Swh (mwlk) ( w dI DunIN CotI) gunwh (pwp) ( w dI DunIN CotI) Sihr (SYihr vWg: Y dI DunIN CotI) zvwl (igrwvt) ShY (mwlk) Swh (mwlk nUM) ( w dI DunIN CotI)

shumaar (Counting) zayr (Below) aaˆn (He) ku˘laah (Cap) (short aa sound) naah (Not) (short ay sound) frayshtaa (Angel) shaah (Master) (short aa sound) gunaah (Sin) (short aa sound) shaihir (City) (ai dI DunIN CotI) zavaal (Deterioration) shahai (Master) shah (To Master) (short ay sound)

30

518 721 721 721 721 721, 967 723 723 723 795 893 564, 899 1138 1161 8 16 53 199 105 141 144 155 301 315 345 352 358 430 469 727 727 727 792 903 965 1033 1083 1216 1299

syr gos svd sb gsqm jn pyis csm kusqnI AsnweI igrh Adysw ngj pnh mskiq qursI suhdy mhjr srm isnwKqu jr kUjw srIk AjrweIl qsvIs swKw Purmwies jyjIAw gunhgwr sk KuisKbrI pryswnI subh srw gwih qmwsw srIAq bwsw jhIr

Syr goS (kMn) Sv~d (hovy) Sb (rwq) gSqm (mYN iPirAw) zn (pqnI) pyS (swhmxy) cSm (A~K) kuS-qnI (mwrnw) ASnweI (dosqI) igrwh (gMF) ( w dI DunIN CotI) AMdySw (icMqw) nZz (sohxy) pnwh (Srx) ( w dI DunIN CotI) mS~kq (krVw kMm) qurSI (K~tw) Suhdy (ShId) (Bhu bcn) mhzr (myjrnwmw) Srm (lwj) iSnwKq (jWixAw hY) zr (sonw/dOlq) kUzw (imsrI) SrIk (ivroDI) AzrweIl (mOq dw dyvqw) qSvIS (iPkr/fr) SwKW (twhxIAW/ih~sy) PurmwieS (ArzoeI) jyzIAw (msUl) gunwhgwr (pwpI) ( w dI DunIN CotI) S~k (dubdw) KuSKbrI (mubwrk) prySwnI (kSt) subHw (svirw) ( w dI DunIN CotI) SrHw (mrXwdw) gwh (QW auqy) qmwSw (nzwrw) SRIAq (kurwn dw knUNn) bwSw (iSkwrI ipRMdw) zhIr (duKdwiek)

shayr (Lion) gosh (Ear) sha˘vad (Happen) shab (Night) gashtam (I wandered) zan (Wife) paysh (Presence) chasham (Eye) kush-tanee (To kill) ashnaa-ee (Friendship) giraah (Knot) (short aa sound) aˆndayshaa (Anxiety) naghaz (Handsome/Beautiful) panaah (Refuge) (short aa sound) mashakat (Hard Work) turshee (Sour/Tart) shuhday (Martyrs) mahzar (General Petition) sharam (Honor) shinaakhat (To Know/Recognize) zar (Gold/Riches/Wealth) koozaa (Sugar Lump) shareek (Rival) azraa-eel (Angel of Death) tashvees (Worry/Apprehension) shaakhaaˆn (Branches/Sub-sections) furmaa-ish (Request) jayzee-aa (Tax) gunaahgaar (Sinner) (short aa sound) shak (Doubt) khush-khabaree (Pleasing News) paray-shaanee (Distress) subaah (Ambrosial Hour) (short aa sound) sharaah (Code of Coduct) (Soft h sound) gaah ( On Place) tamaashaa (Spectacle) shree-at (Quranic Law) baashaa (A Bird of Prey; Hawk) zaheer (Suffering of Humiliation)

71

Same Words from different Languges Pronounced Differently Word

(A~Kr)

Pronunciation Trans.

Persian/Arabic aadaysaa (Salutation) AMdySw (899) saih (Refuge) Swh (327,793-4, 990) saih (Tolerate) Swh (441,520,794,966) saah (Breath) Swh (268,893,936) sahai (Tolerates) ShY (440) sauh (To Tolerate) SOh (357, 460,722,794,) saa-ir (Ocean) Swier (53,434,660) sayr (~2 Pounds) Syr (518) saakhaa (Sect) SwKW (352,974,1108, 1149) saraa (Alcohl) SrHw (903,1083) sarai (Suffice) SrHY (84,465) saram (Effort) Srm (105,135,140,) kulaih (Ancestry) ku~lwh (225,1167) giraih (Home) igrwh (893) gwh (965) gahayˆn (Singing) jan (Servant) zn (721,967) jayr (Placenta) zyr (143) jar (Oldness) zr (143,417) tursee (Basil) qurSI (16) baasaa (Abode) bwSw (776,1216) bYSw (481) baisaaˆn (Sit) maasaa (Month) mwSw (170,127,1171, 1239)

30

Indian Trans.

Awdysw Awdysw (564) aˆndayshaa (Worry) shaah (Master) sh sYh (613) shaah (Master) sih sYh (225,462) shaah (Master) swh swh (15,137,465,398) shahai (Master) shY shY (271,488) shau (Master) shu sOh (410,467,1110) shaa-ir (Poet) swier swier (363,437,942) shayr (Lion) syru syr (656) swKw swKw (1369) shaakhaaˆn (Branches) shraah (Code of Coduct) srw srw (15) shraih (Code of Coduct) srY srY (847,1160) sharam (Honor) srm srm (6,468,810) ku˘laah (Cap/Crown) kulh kulYh (986,1231) giraah (Knot) igrh igrYh (901,1246) gaah gwih gwhyN (724,838) zan (Wife) jn jn (132,819) zayr (Below) jyr jyr (1204) zar (Gold/Wealth) jru jr (584,705) turshee (Tart/Sour) qursI qursI (338) baashaa (Hawk) bwsw bwsw (1371) baishaa (Branches) bYsw bYsW (14) maashaa (1/12 Tolaa) mwsw mwsw (1109) Notes (it~pxIAW): 1. In Persian/Arabic Shabads usually pronounce “s” as ”S”, and “j” as “z” (PwrsI/ArbI dy SbdW iv~c Awm “s” nUM “S” Aqy “j” nUM “z” vWg aucwrx kro) 2. Persian/Arabic words in other places require attention for pronunciation (pwT kridAW PwrsI/ArbI dy A~KrW dy aucwrx ivc Kws iDAwn rKo[) - Need education & practice (sMiQAw qy AiBAws dI loV hY) 3. Use “ w ” for h in numbers (AMkW iv~c h dI jgw kMnw vrqo) 4. The vowel sign always goes with the letter in the pair (lg hmySw pYr vwly A`Kr nwl jWdI hY[) 5. Pronounce Tippee with the last letter of a word as aġ (Soft Sound) (AKIrly A~Kr nwl l~gI hoeI i~t~pI dw aucwrx AM| (koml DunI) vwNg huMdw hY[ 6. The material on X is based on Bhaa-ee Joginder Singh Jee’s book, Ref. 17 (X dI smgrI BweI joigMdr isMG jI dI ikqwb qy ADwrq hY, hvwlw 17)

‚

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7

Taking Vaak (vwk lYxw)

9,12,14,17,24,29,32

Why take Vaak/Hukam (vwk /hukm ikauN leIdw hY )?

It is God’s word provided to us through our Satguroo (siqgurU) to cleanse our mind & thus live a truthful life.

sRI gurU gRMQ swihb jI (Sree Guroo Graˆnth Saahib Jee): gur vwku inrmlu sdw cwnxu inq swcu qIrQu mjnw ]1] m:1

(Pg 687)

Meanings: grU dw pivqR Sbd mnu`K nMU sdw Awqmk cwnx dyNdw hY, iehI in`q sdw kwiem rihx vwlw qIrQ hY, iehI qIrQ-ieSnwn hY[1[ The Guroo`s Word (“Vaak” wisdom/knowledge) is immaculate and pure; it radiates a steady light of spiritual enlightenment that dispels darkness (ignorance) from a person’s mind. The Vaak (vwk) is “the true shrine of pilgrimage.” Daily bathing in such a pilgrimage Vaak (vwk) is the real bathing that cleanses the mind. ||1||

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Why recite stanzas before taking Vaak (vwk lYx qoN pihlW pdy ikauN pVHdy hW)?

To Set the stage and create an attentive environment to collectively receive the Guroo’s word Vaak/Hukam (vwk) We can recite any Shabad (Sbd) or stanzas from Sree Guroo Graˆnth Saahib Jee to prepare the Sangat for a Vaak (vwk). The following “Three Attention Getter/Grabber Stanzas” are usually recited by the Sikhs when taking Vaak/Hukam (vwk). These are always recited at Harmandir Saahib:

su khu tl guru syvIAY Aihinis shij suBwie ] drsin prisAY gurU kY jnm mrx duKu jwie ]10]

(pMnw 1392)

So say O Tal (Bhatt)! The Guroo (Reference is made to Guroo Jee) should be served day and night, in tranquility with intuitive love.

Having a glimpse of such a Guroo, all the sufferings of the death and birth cycle disappear ]10] (pg 1392)

hovY isPiq KsMm dI nUru Arshu kurshu JtIAY ] quDu ifTy scy pwiqswh mlu jnm jnm dI ktIAY ]

(pMnw 967)

When the Praises of the Master are being recited (Reference is made to Guroo Jee’s Darbaar), it appears as if the Splendor (Divine Light) shaken from the disc of Sun or Moon is falling from the sky toward the earth.

Catching a glimpse of you, O True King Satguroo (siqgurU), the filth of countless past births is cleansed. (pg 967)

sjxu scw pwiqswhu isir swhW dY swhu ] ijsu pwis bihiTAw sohIAY sBnw dw vyswhu ]22]

(pMnw 1426)

My companion (God) is the True Supreme King, the King of Kings.

Sitting by whose side, we appear dignifiedly beautified; God is the Support of all. ]22] (pg 1426)

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Process for Taking Vaak (vwk lYx dI ivDI) Immediately after the “Ardaas”, properly seat yourself behind Sree Guroo Graˆnth Saahib Jee. Start reciting attention getter stanzas mentioned before. Randomly open up the Sree Guroo Graˆnth Saahib Jee while reciting those stanzas. If a Vaak (vwk is to be taken in congregations, the specific procedure provided below from the Sikh Raihit Mari-aadaa should be followed. Any other time, while taking a Vaak (vwk for yourself or with your family at home, you could select any Vaak (vwk) from the 1430 Pages of Sri Graˆnth Saahib Jee as you desire. In either case, the rules explained below for what constitutes a complete vwk must be observed.

Vaak Selection Procedure (vwk k~Fx dw qrIkw) “is`K rihq mrXwdw ” 32

“4. swD sMgq ivc juV ky gurbwxI dw AiBAws” “gurduAwry (g)

sRI gurU gRMQ swihb dw Ardwsw soD ky prkwS kIqw jwvy]pRkwS krn vyly sRI gurU gRMQ swihb ivcoN iek Sbd dw vwk ilAw jwvy[”

“hukm lYxw (h)

‘hukm’ lYx l`igAwN K`by pMny dy auqly pwisEN pihlw Sbd jo jwrI hY, mu`F qoN pVHnw cwhIey[jy aus Sbd dw mu`F ipCly pMny qoN SurU huMdw hY qwN p`qrw prq ky pVHnw SurU kro Aqy Sbd swrw pVHo[ jy vwr hovy qwN pauVI dy swry slok qy pauVI pVHnI cwhIey[ Sbd dy AMq ivc ijQy nwnk nwm Aw jwvy, aus quk qy Bog pwieAw jwvy[

(k)

dIvwn dI smwpqI jwN Bog dw Ardwsw ho ky AMqm hukm ilAw jwvy[”

English Translation: Sikh Raihit Mari-aadaa iv. Practice of Gurbaannee in Congregations Gurdwaaray (h) The Parkaash of Sree Guroo Graˆnth Saahib should be preceded by Ardaas. At the time of Parkaash, Vaak of one Shabad should be taken.

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Taking Hukam (e)

To take a Hukam, the first Shabad at the top of the left page that is continuing should be read from the beginning. If the beginning is on the preceding page, then turn over the page, start reading the Shabad, and read the entire Shabad. If it is a Vaar then all of the Saloks of the Pauree and the Pauree should be read. At the end of the Shabad where name Naanak appears in the line of the verse, reading should be concluded at the end of that verse.

(f)

At the end of Deewaan or after completion of the Bhog Ardaas, a Hukam should be read

What constitutes a complete Vaak (pUrw vwk ikvyN bxdw hY)?

A. Sbd: The whole dupdw, iqpdw, caupdw, or pMcpdw etc.

See Example # 1, 2, 3 B. CMq: A CMqu, or a combination of all slok and CMq See Example # 4 C. vwr: One or more slok and a pauVI of a vwr See Examples # 5, 6 & 7 D. Sbd of Bgq: The whole dupdw, iqpdw, caupdw, pMcpdw, or AstpdI See Example # 8 & 9 E. Sbd starting with name of a rwg: The whole dupdw, iqpdw, caupdw, pMcpdw, or AstpdI See Example # 10 F. bwxI (i.e., AnMdu swihb; jpu jI swihb etc.,): 1 pauVI; or 5 pauVIAW * See Example # 11 G. AStpdI: a AstpdI, or slok and AstpdI See Example # 12 H. Sbd (Three Variations): ]rhwau dUjw] See Examples # 13, 14, and 15 Note (it~pxI): 1. *This rule was adopted at Harmandir Saahib in 1960’s when Jathaydaar Kirpaal Singh Jee was the Head Graˆnthee.

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Helpful Hints for Finding Beginning & End (SurU qy AMq BwLx dy shwiek nukqyy) If the left hand page you randomly selected begins with a Mool Maˆntar (mUl mMqR) or one of its abbreviations or such words as ]slok mhlw 1], ]gUjrI mhlw 1] etc., that indicates the beginning point for a vwk. In some cases, you will find only the name of a Bgq or a B`t (e.g., ]Dnw], ]rf] etc.) That also indicates the beginning of a new sbd and is the proper place to start a vwk. In some other cases, you will find that a new sbd begins with such words as ]slok], rwg… ]goNf] (Name of a Raag) etc., which may also indicate the beginning of a Sbd. In some other cases of Bgq bwxI or B`t bwxI, when there are more than one Sbd recited by the same person, the Sbd will sometimes end with a number or a set of numbers only, without any introductory heading. There, you have to rely on the number(s) only. Also in the case of a vwr or a slok, it may be difficult to determine the beginning or the ending of a Sbd for completeness.

The most simplistic and prudent approach for determining the beginning and the ending of a vwk is to take advantage of the numbering system used by Guroo Arjan Dayv Jee in Sree Guroo Graˆnth Saahib Jee. In all cases, following the simple two-step approach below will ensure that a complete vwk is recited.

1. Search for the ending first: Begin your search from the top of the left hand page that you opened in the Sree Graˆnth Saahib Jee and move toward the bottom of the page.

The following conditions indicate an ending for a vwk: a. In most cases a “set” of numbers, i.e. two or more numbers (e.g. ]4]7] or ]1]6]17] etc.)* b. While searching if words ]rhwau dUjw] or ]pauVI] appear, then the ending is after - words “]rhwau dUjw]” with or without a number or a set of numbers - reciting “]pauVI]” ending with a single number (e.g. ]1] or ]25] etc.)** c. In cases of a bwxI (e.g., AnMdu swihb etc.), a single number only (e.g. ]1] or ]25] etc.) d. In cases of Bgq bwxI or B`t bwxI, a number or a set of numbers*** Examine those numbers carefully and pay special attention to the last number in that set (e.g., ]7],]17]etc., in bullet one above). This will help you in the next step to search for the beginning of the vwk.

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2. Search for the Beginning next: Once you have found the number or a set of the numbers for the ending of a vwk, the effort required for finding the beginning is minimal.

The following conditions indicate beginning for a vwk: e. An introductory heading (e.g., mUl mMqR or its abbreviated forms). f. If not, turn one page back from the page you have selected and start your search by moving from the bottom of the page toward the top.

- A number or a set of number similar to the one you found in step 1 above.

This number or the last number of this set will be one less than the one you found for the ending of a vwk.

The starting point for the vwk is immediately after that number.

Notes (it~pxIAW): 1. *There is only one exception to this rule on page 1002 where ]rhwau dUjw] appears after a set of numbers. In that case, ]rhwau dUjw] must also be recited for a complete vwk. However, there are couple of instances when there is no number after ]rhwau dUjw] at all. The Shabad still ends after ]rhwau dUjw]. However, in such cases, look for the next set of numbers and decrement the last number of that set by two to find the beginning of vwk. These may be printing errors in Sree Guroo Graˆnth Saahib Jee. The Paˆnth needs to research these areas.

2. ** In few cases, “rhwau” shows up at the end of a “pauVI” and a number. In those cases, the vwk ends after the “rhwau.” Use the number after the “pauVI” for finding the beginning for the vwk, if necessary.

3. ***However, further careful search will reveal that the name of that person (i.e., Bgq or B`t) will appear in the last pdw (sentence) of the Sbd preceding that number(s). Then the ending point for a vwk is just prior to that number(s).

4. The page numbers referenced in the specific examples are for the page you randomly selected. Usually the ending for the Vaak is on that page and to find the beginning, you may have to turn to the page before that.

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Specific Examples (Kws audwhrnw)

9

Example #1 (Sbd: A Heading starting with mUl mMqR indicates starting point of a vwk)

<> siq nwmu krqw purKu inrBau inrvYru Akwl mUriq AjUnI sYBM gur pRswid] rwgu iblwvlu mhlw 1 caupdy Gru 1] qU sulqwnu khw hau mIAw qyrI kvn vfweI ] jo qU dyih su khw suAwmI mY mUrK khxu n jweI ]1]qyry gux gwvw dyih buJweI ] jYsy sc mih rhau rjweI ]1] rhwau ] jo ikCu hoAw sBu ikCu quJ qy qyrI sB AsnweI ] qyrw AMqu n jwxw myry swihb mY AMDuly ikAw cqurweI ]2] ikAw hau kQI kQy kiQ dyKw mY AkQu n kQnw jweI ] jo quDu BwvY soeI AwKw iqlu qyrI vifAweI ]3] eyqy kUkr hau bygwnw Baukw iesu qn qweI ] Bgiq hIxu nwnku jy hoiegw qw KsmY nwau n jweI ]4]1] (pMnw 795)

Example #2 (Sbd: A Heading starting with the name of a rwg and name of a Bgq along with an abbreviated mUl mMqR also indicates starting point of a vwk )

rwgu soriT bwxI Bgq rivdws jI kI

<> siqgur pRswid]

jb hm hoqy qb qU nwhI Ab qUhI mY nwhI ] Anl Agm jYsy lhir mie EdiD jl kyvl jl mWhI ]1] mwDvy ikAw khIAY BRmu AYsw ] jYsw mwnIAY hoie n qYsw ]1] rhwau ] nrpiq eyku isMGwsin soieAw supny BieAw iBKwrI ] ACq rwj ibCurq duKu pwieAw so giq BeI hmwrI ]2] rwj BuieAMg pRsMg jYsy hih Ab kCu mrmu jnwieAw ] Aink ktk jYsy BUil pry Ab khqy khnu n AwieAw ]3] srby eyku AnykY suAwmI sB Gt BuogvY soeI ] kih rivdws hwQ pY nyrY shjy hoie su hoeI ]4]1] (pMnw 658)

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Example #3 ( Sbd: Name of rwg and mhlw indicate a complete vwk ) ]4]10] soriT mhlw 3] ibnu siqgur syvy bhuqw duKu lwgw jug cwry BrmweI] hm dIn qum jugu jugu dwqy sbdy dyih buJweI ]1] hir jIau ik®pw krhu qum ipAwry ] siqguru dwqw myil imlwvhu hir nwmu dyvhu AwDwry ] rhwau ] mnsw mwir duibDw shij smwxI pwieAw nwmu Apwrw ] hir rsu cwiK mnu inrmlu hoAw iklibK kwtxhwrw ]2] sbid mrhu iPir jIvhu sd hI qw iPir mrxu n hoeI ] AMimRqu nwmu sdw min mITw sbdy pwvY koeI ]3] dwqY dwiq rKI hiQ ApxY ijsu BwvY iqsu dyeI ] nwnk nwim rqy suKu pwieAw drgh jwpih syeI ]4]11] (pMnw 604)

Example #4 (CMq: All slok and & associated CMq indicate a complete vwk )

jYqsrI mhlw 5 Gru 2 CMq

<> siqgur pRswid]

]sloku] aUcw Agm Apwr pRBu kQnu n jwie AkQu ] nwnk pRB srxwgqI rwKn kau smrQu ]1]CMqu] ijau jwnhu iqau rwKu hir pRB qyirAw ] kyqy gnau AsMK Avgx myirAw ] AsMK Avgx Kqy Pyry inqpRiq sd BUlIAY ] moh mgn ibkrwl mwieAw qau pRswdI GUlIAY ] lUk krq ibkwr ibKVy pRB nyr hU qy nyirAw ] ibnvMiq nwnk dieAw Dwrhu kwiF Bvjl PyirAw ]1] sloku ] inriq n pvY AsMK gux aUcw pRB kw nwau ] nwnk kI bynµqIAw imlY inQwvy Qwau ]2] CMqu ] dUsr nwhI Twau kw pih jweIAY ] AwT phr kr joiV so pRBu iDAweIAY ] iDAwie so pRBu sdw Apunw mnih icMidAw pweIAY ] qij mwn mohu ivkwru dUjw eyk isau ilv lweIAY ] Arip mnu qnu pRBU AwgY Awpu sgl imtweIAY ] ibnvMiq nwnku Dwir ikrpw swic nwim smweIAY ]2] sloku ] ry mn qw kau iDAweIAY sB ibiD jw kY hwiQ ] rwm nwm Dnu sMcIAY nwnk inbhY swiQ ]3] CMqu ] swQIAVw pRBu eyku dUsr nwih koie ] Qwn Qnµqir Awip jil Qil pUr soie ] jil Qil mhIAil pUir rihAw srb dwqw pRBu DnI ] gopwl goibMd AMqu nwhI byAMq gux qw ky ikAw gnI ] Bju srix suAwmI suKh gwmI iqsu ibnw An nwih koie ] ibnvMiq nwnk dieAw Dwrhu iqsu prwpiq nwmu hoie ]3] sloku ] iciq ij icqivAw so mY pwieAw ] nwnk nwmu iDAwie suK sbwieAw ]4]CMqu] Ab mnu CUit gieAw swDU sMig imly ] gurmuiK nwmu lieAw joqI joiq rly ] hir nwmu ismrq imty iklibK buJI qpiq AGwinAw ] gih Bujw lIny dieAw kIny Awpny kir mwinAw ] lY AMik lwey hir imlwey jnm mrxw duK jly ] ibnvMiq nwnk dieAw DwrI myil lIny iek ply ]4]2] (pMnw 705)

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Example #5 (vwr: vwk in a vwr sometimes begins with an abbreviated form of mUl mMqR and ends with rhwau, which comes after a pauVI) <> siqgur pRswid ] rwmklI kI vwr mhlw 3 ] joDY vIrY pUrbwxI kI DunI ] sloku mÚ 3 ] siqguru shjY dw Kyqu hY ijs no lwey Bwau ] nwau bIjy nwau augvY nwmy rhY smwie ] haumY eyho bIju hY shsw gieAw ivlwie ] nw ikCu bIjy n augvY jo bKsy so Kwie ] AMBY syqI AMBu rilAw bhuiV n inkisAw jwie ] nwnk gurmuiK clqu hY vyKhu lokw Awie ] loku ik vyKY bpuVw ijs no soJI nwih ] ijsu vyKwly so vyKY ijsu visAw mn mwih ]1] mÚ 3 ] mnmuKu duK kw Kyqu hY duKu bIjy duKu Kwie ] duK ivic jMmY duiK mrY haumY krq ivhwie ] Awvxu jwxu n suJeI AMDw AMDu kmwie ] jo dyvY iqsY n jwxeI idqy kau lptwie ] nwnk pUrib iliKAw kmwvxw Avru n krxw jwie ]2] mÚ 3 ] siqguir imilAY sdw suKu ijs no Awpy myly soie ] suKY eyhu ibbyku hY AMqru inrmlu hoie ] AigAwn kw BRmu ktIAY igAwnu prwpiq hoie ] nwnk eyko ndrI AwieAw jh dyKw qh soie ]3] pauVI ] scY qKqu rcwieAw bYsx kau jWeI ] sBu ikCu Awpy Awip hY gur sbid suxweI ] Awpy kudriq swjIAnu kir mhl srweI ] cMdu sUrju duie cwnxy pUrI bxq bxweI ] Awpy vyKY suxy Awip gur sbid iDAweI ]1] vwhu vwhu scy pwiqswh qU scI nweI ]1] rhwau ] (pMnw 947)

Example #6 (vwr: All slok and a pauVI indicate a complete vwk”) ]6] slok mÚ 1]hau ivic AwieAw hau ivic gieAw ] hau ivic jMimAw hau ivic muAw ] hau ivic idqw hau ivic lieAw ] hau ivic KitAw hau ivic gieAw ] hau ivic sicAwru kUiVAwru ] hau ivic pwp puMn vIcwru ] hau ivic nrik surig Avqwru ] hau ivic hsY hau ivic rovY ] hau ivic BrIAY hau ivic DovY ] hau ivic jwqI ijnsI KovY ] hau ivic mUrKu hau ivic isAwxw ] moK mukiq kI swr n jwxw ] hau ivic mwieAw hau ivic CwieAw ] haumY kir kir jMq aupwieAw ] haumY bUJY qw dru sUJY ] igAwn ivhUxw kiQ kiQ lUJY ] nwnk hukmI ilKIAY lyKu ] jyhw vyKih qyhw vyKu ]1] mhlw 2 ] haumY eyhw jwiq hY haumY krm kmwih ] haumY eyeI bMDnw iPir iPir jonI pwih ] haumY ikQhu aUpjY ikqu sMjim ieh jwie ] haumY eyho hukmu hY pieAY ikriq iPrwih ] haumY dIrG rogu hY dwrU BI iesu mwih ] ikrpw kry jy AwpxI qw gur kw sbdu kmwih ] nwnku khY suxhu jnhu iequ sMjim duK jwih ]2] pauVI ] syv kIqI sMqoKIeIN ijn@I sco scu iDAwieAw ] En@I mMdY pYru n riKE kir suik®qu Drmu kmwieAw ] qUM bKsIsI Aglw inq dyvih cVih svwieAw ] vifAweI vfw pwieAw]7] (pMnw 467)

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Example #7 (vwr: slok indicates the starting point for a vwk and it ends with a pauVI) ]4]slok] koit dwn iesnwnµ Aink soDn pivqRqh ] aucrMiq nwnk hir hir rsnw srb pwp ibmucqy ]1] eIDxu kIqomU Gxw BorI idqImu Bwih ] min vsMdVo scu shu nwnk hBy fuKVy aulwih ]2]pauVI] koit AGw siB nws hoih ismrq hir nwau ] mn icMdy Pl pweIAih hir ky gux gwau ] jnm mrx BY ktIAih inhcl scu Qwau ] pUrib hovY iliKAw hir crx smwau ] kir ikrpw pRB rwiK lyhu nwnk bil jwau ]5] (pMnw 707)

Example #8 (Sbd: Where the name of a Bgq and the numbers provide the clues for the beginning & the ending of a sbd as well as the vwk ) ]]2]]3] DMnw] gopwl qyrw Awrqw ] jo jn qumrI Bgiq krMqy iqn ky kwj svwrqw ]1] rhwau ] dwil sIDw mwgau GIau ] hmrw KusI krY inq jIau ] pn@IAw Cwdnu nIkw ] Anwju mgau sq sI kw ]1] gaU BYs mgau lwvyrI ] iek qwjin qurI cMgyrI ] Gr kI gIhin cMgI ] jnu DMnw lyvY mMgI ]2]4] (pMnw 695)

Example #9 (Sbd: Name of Bgq mentioned in the last pdw ]3] & the set of numbers at the end provide the clues for the ending of vwk ; only the set of numbers up front provides the clue for the beginning) ]4]6] ikAw pVIAY ikAw gunIAY ] ikAw byd purwnW sunIAY ]pVy suny ikAw hoeI ] jau shj n imilE soeI ]1] hir kw nwmu n jpis gvwrw ] ikAw socih bwrM bwrw ]1] rhwau ] AMiDAwry dIpku chIAY ] iek bsqu Agocr lhIAY ] bsqu Agocr pweI ] Git dIpku rihAw smweI ]2] kih kbIr Ab jwinAw ] jb jwinAw qau mnu mwinAw ] mn mwny logu n pqIjY ] n pqIjY qau ikAw kIjY ]3]7] (pMnw 656)

Example #10 (Sbd: ]goNf] the name of a rwg up front indicates the beginning, and the last line containing the pbhagat’s (Bgq) name “nwmy” indicates the end of the Sbd as well as vwk. The set of numbers up front and the end provide the additional clues)

82

]4]2]goNf] mo kau qwir ly rwmw qwir ly ] mY Ajwnu jnu qirby n jwnau bwp bITulw bwh dy ]1] rhwau ] nr qy sur hoie jwq inmK mY siqgur buiD isKlweI ] nr qy aupij surg kau jIiqE so AvKD mY pweI ]1] jhw jhw DUA nwrdu tyky nYku itkwvhu moih ] qyry nwm Aivlµib bhuqu jn auDry nwmy kI inj miq eyh ]2]3] (pMnw 874)

Example #11 (bwxI: Shows how to take vwk when one of the bwxI such as AnMdu swihb comes up – Read 5 pauVIAwN or 1 pauVI ) ]20] jy ko isKu gurU syqI snmuKu hovY ] hovY q snmuKu isKu koeI jIAhu rhY gur nwly ] gur ky crn ihrdY iDAwey AMqr AwqmY smwly ] Awpu Cif sdw rhY prxY gur ibnu Avru n jwxY koey ] khY nwnku suxhu sMqhu so isKu snmuKu hoey ]21] jy ko gur qy vymuKu hovY ibnu siqgur mukiq n pwvY ] pwvY mukiq n hor QY koeI puChu ibbykIAw jwey ] Anyk jUnI Brim AwvY ivxu siqgur mukiq n pwey ] iPir mukiq pwey lwig crxI siqgurU sbdu suxwey ] khY nwnku vIcwir dyKhu ivxu siqgur mukiq n pwey ]22] Awvhu isK siqgurU ky ipAwirho gwvhu scI bwxI ] bwxI q gwvhu grU kyrI bwxIAw isir bwxI ] ijn kau ndir krmu hovY ihrdY iqnw smwxI ] pIvhu AMimRqu sdw rhhu hir rMig jiphu swirgpwxI ] khY nwnku sdw gwvhu eyh scI bwxI ]23] siqgurU ibnw hor kcI hY bwxI ] bwxI q kcI siqgurU bwJhu hor kcI bwxI ] khdy kcy suxdy kcy kcIN AwiK vKwxI ] hir hir inq krih rsnw kihAw kCU n jwxI ] icqu ijn kw ihir lieAw mwieAw bolin pey rvwxI] khY nwnku siqgurU bwJhu hor kcI bwxI ]24] gur kw sbdu rqMnu hY hIry ijqu jVwau ] sbdu rqnu ijqu mMnu lwgw eyhu hoAw smwau ] sbd syqI mnu imilAw scY lwieAw Bwau ] Awpy hIrw rqnu Awpy ijs no dyie buJwie ] khY nwnku sbdu rqnu hY hIrw ijqu jVwau ]25] (pMnw 920)

Example #12 (AStpdI: If an AStpdI comes up – Read the entire AStpdI including the slok up front e.g., suKmnI swihb) ]8]20] slok] srgun inrgun inrMkwr suMn smwDI Awip ] Awpn kIAw nwnkw Awpy hI iPir jwip ]1] AstpdI ] jb Akwru iehu kCu n idRstyqw ] pwp puMn qb kh qy hoqw ] jb DwrI Awpn suMn smwiD ] qb bYr ibroD iksu sMig kmwiq ] jb ies kw brnu ichnu n jwpq ] qb hrK sog khu iksih ibAwpq ] jb Awpn Awp Awip pwrbRhm ] qb moh khw iksu hovq Brm ] Awpn Kylu Awip vrqIjw ] nwnk krnYhwru n dUjw ]1] jb hovq pRB kyvl DnI ] qb bMD mukiq khu iks kau gnI ] jb eykih hir Agm Apwr ] qb nrk surg khu kaun Aauqwr ] jb inrgun pRB shj suBwie ] qb isv skiq khhu ikq

83

Twie ] jb Awpih Awip ApnI joiq DrY ] qb kvn infru kvn kq frY ] Awpn cilq Awip krnYhwr ] nwnk Twkur Agm Apwr ]2] AibnwsI suK Awpn Awsn ] qh jnm mrn khu khw ibnwsn ] jb pUrn krqw pRBu soie ] qb jm kI qRws khhu iksu hoie ] jb Aibgq Agocr pRB eykw ] qb icqR gupq iksu pUCq lyKw ] jb nwQ inrMjn Agocr AgwDy ] qb kaun Cuty kaun bMDn bwDy ] Awpn Awp Awp hI Acrjw ] nwnk Awpn rUp Awp hI auprjw ]3] jh inrml purKu purK piq hoqw ] qh ibnu mYlu khhu ikAw Doqw ] jh inrMjn inrMkwr inrbwn ] qh kaun kau mwn kaun AiBmwn ] jh srUp kyvl jgdIs ] qh Cl iCdR lgq khu kIs ] jh joiq srUpI joiq sMig smwvY ] qh iksih BUK kvnu iqRpqwvY ] krn krwvn krnYhwru ] nwnk krqy kw nwih sumwru ]4] jb ApnI soBw Awpn sMig bnweI ] qb kvn mwie bwp imqR suq BweI ] jh srb klw Awpih prbIn ] qh byd kqyb khw koaU cIn ] jb Awpn Awpu Awip auir DwrY ] qau sgn Apsgn khw bIcwrY ] jh Awpn aUc Awpn Awip nyrw ] qh kaun Twkuru kaunu khIAY cyrw ] ibsmn ibsm rhy ibsmwd ] nwnk ApnI giq jwnhu Awip ]5] jh ACl ACyd AByd smwieAw ] aUhw iksih ibAwpq mwieAw ] Awps kau Awpih Awdysu ] iqhu gux kw nwhI prvysu ] jh eykih eyk eyk BgvMqw ] qh kaunu AicMqu iksu lwgY icMqw ] jh Awpn Awpu Awip pqIAwrw ] qh kaunu kQY kaunu sunnYhwrw ] bhu byAMq aUc qy aUcw ] nwnk Awps kau Awpih phUcw ]6] jh Awip ricE prpMcu Akwru ] iqhu gux mih kIno ibsQwru ] pwpu puMnu qh BeI khwvq ] koaU nrk koaU surg bMCwvq ] Awl jwl mwieAw jMjwl ] haumY moh Brm BY Bwr ] dUK sUK mwn Apmwn ] Aink pRkwr kIE bK´wn ] Awpn Kylu Awip kir dyKY ] Kylu sMkocY qau nwnk eykY ]7] jh Aibgqu Bgqu qh Awip ] jh psrY pwswru sMq prqwip ] duhU pwK kw Awpih DnI ] aun kI soBw aunhU bnI ] Awpih kauqk krY And coj ] Awpih rs Bogn inrjog ] ijsu BwvY iqsu Awpn nwie lwvY ] ijsu BwvY iqsu Kyl iKlwvY ] bysumwr AQwh Agnq AqolY ] ijau bulwvhu iqau nwnk dws bolY ]8]21] (pMnw 292)

Example #13 (sbd: A set of numbers before and after ]rhwau dUjw]; vwk complete after ]rhwau dUjw]) ]4]1]10] mwrU mhlw 5 ] gupqu krqw sMig so pRBu fhkwvey mnuKwie ] ibswir hir jIau ibKY Bogih qpq QMm gil lwie ]1] ry nr kwie pr igRih jwie ] kucl kTor kwim grDB qum nhI suinE Drm rwie ]1] rhwau ] ibkwr pwQr glih bwDy inMd pot isrwie ] mhw swgru smudu lµGnw pwir n prnw jwie ]2] kwim k®oiD loiB moih ibAwipE nyqR rKy iPrwie ] sIsu auTwvn n kbhU imleI mhw duqr mwie ]3] sUru mukqw ssI mukqw bRhm igAwnI Ailpwie ] suBwvq jYsy bYsMqr Ailpq sdw inrmlwie ]4] ijsu krmu KuilAw iqsu lihAw pVdw ijin gur pih mMinAw suBwie ] guir mMqRü AvKDu nwmu dInw jn nwnk

84

sMkt join n pwie ]5]2] ry nr ien ibiD pwir prwie ] iDAwie hir jIau hoie imrqku iqAwig dUjw Bwau ] rhwau dUjw ]2]11] (pMnw 1002)

Example #14 (Sbd: A number; vwk complete after ]rhwau dUjw]) ]4]11] Awsw mhlw 5 pMcpdy ] pRQmy qyrI nIkI jwiq ] duqIAw qyrI mnIAY pWiq ] iqRqIAw qyrw suMdr Qwnu ] ibgV rUpu mn mih AiBmwnu ]1] sohnI srUip sujwix ibcKin ] Aiq grbY moih PwkI qUM ]1] rhwau ] Aiq sUcI qyrI pwkswl ] kir iesnwnu pUjw iqlku lwl ] glI grbih muiK govih igAwn ] siB ibiD KoeI loiB suAwn ]2] kwpr pihrih Bogih Bog ] Awcwr krih soBw mih log ] coAw cMdn sugMD ibsQwr ] sMgI Kotw k®oDu cMfwl ]3] Avr join qyrI pinhwrI ] iesu DrqI mih qyrI iskdwrI ] suienw rUpw quJ pih dwm]sIlu ibgwirE qyrw kwm]4]jw kau idRsit mieAw hir rwie]sw bMdI qy leI Cfwie] swDsMig imil hir rsu pwieAw] khu nwnk sPl Eh kwieAw ]5] siB rUp siB suK bny suhwgin] Aiq suMdir ibcKin qUM ]1]rhwau dUjw ]12] (pMnw 374)

Example #15 (Sbd:No number; vwk complete after ]rhwau dUjw]) <> siqgur pRswid ] isrIrwgu kbIr jIau kw ] eyku suAwnu kY Gir gwvxw jnnI jwnq suqu bfw hoqu hY ieqnw ku n jwnY ij idn idn AvD Gtqu hY ] mor mor kir AiDk lwfu Dir pyKq hI jmrwau hsY ]1] AYsw qYN jgu Brim lwieAw ] kYsy bUJY jb moihAw hY mwieAw ]1] rhwau ] khq kbIr Coif ibiKAw rs iequ sMgiq inhcau mrxw ] rmeIAw jphu pRwxI Anq jIvx bwxI ien ibiD Bv swgru qrxw ]2] jW iqsu BwvY qw lwgY Bwau ] Brmu Bulwvw ivchu jwie ] aupjY shju igAwn miq jwgY ] gur pRswid AMqir ilv lwgY ]3] iequ sMgiq nwhI mrxw ] hukmu pCwix qw KsmY imlxw ]1] rhwau dUjw ] (pMnw 92)

‚

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8

Appendices (AMqkw)

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10

Sree Guroo Graˆnth Saahib Jee (sRI gurU gRMQ swihb jI) History (ieqhws) (1604 - Present: Eternal) 4,5,6,9,14

Birth- 1604 - Compiled By Guroo Arjan Dayv Jee- Beerh Saahib Jee/Pothee Saahib - Started in 1601 (Bhaa-ee Saahib Gurdaas Jee did the Sevaa of writing) - Completed in 1604 (1st Parkaash at Harmandir Saahib, Amritsar: Baabaa Buddhaa Jee was the 1st Graˆnthee). The 1st Vaak was: sUhI mhlw 5 ] sMqw ky kwrij Awip KloieAw hir kMmu krwvix AwieAw rwm ] Driq suhwvI qwlu suhwvw ivic AMimRq jlu CwieAw rwm ] AMimRq jlu CwieAw pUrn swju krwieAw sgl mnorQ pUry ] jY jY kwru BieAw jg AMqir lwQy sgl ivsUry ] pUrn purK Acuq AibnwsI jsu vyd purwxI gwieAw ] Apnw ibrdu riKAw prmysir nwnk nwmu iDAwieAw ] 1 ]... (pMnw 783) 1. Amritsar: 1604- 1631 (27 years)

- 27 Yrs: When Guroo Hargobiˆnd Saahib Jee left for Ddarolee in March 1631, he took Beerh Saahib Jee with him.

2. Ddarolee: 1631- 1632 (1 Year)

- 28 Yrs: After a year at Ddarolee, Guroo Jee sent Beerh Saahib Jee to Kartaarpur 3. Kartaarpur: 1632 - 1662 (30 years)

-

28 Yrs: When 6th Guroo Jee left Kartaarpur, Beerh Saahib Jee was left with his grandson, Tdheer Mal.

4. Bakaalaa: 1662- 1678 (16 Years)

- 58 Yrs: When Tdheer Mal left Kartaarpur on 23 March 1662, he took Beerh Saahib Jee to Bakaalaa where Tayg Bahaadar Jee was also living.

86

- 60 Yrs: When Tayg Bahaadar Jee became Guroo, Tdheer Mal attacked and looted Guroo Kghar. However, Makhan Shaah Labhaannaa and other Sikhs attacked Tdheer Mal during his retreat and recovered all Guroo Kghar possessions along with Beerh Saahib. Tayg Bahaadar Jee sent back everything to Tdheer Mal including Beerh Saahib. Aurangzayb imprisoned Tdheer Mal in 1676 at Rannthambpur and he died there next year. His descendents then possessed Beerh Saahib Jee. - 74 Yrs: In 1678, Guroo Gobiˆnd Siˆngh Jee sent Pbhaa-ee Manee Raam Jee to attend Pbhog ceremony of the older son of Tdheer Mal, Raam Chaˆnd, at Bakaalaa who died earlier in jail at Delhi.

Pbhaa-ee Manee Raam Jee requested the Beerh Saahib Jee from Tdheer Mal’s younger son Pbhaar Mal and mentioned that the reason behind this request was to authenticate recently prepared Beerh Saahib Jee at Anaˆndpur Saahib (Dam-Damaa).

The new Beer Saahib also incorporated Guroo Tayg Bahaadar Jee’s Baannee. Pbhaar Mal replied that next day he was leaving forKartaarpur and Guroo Jee could send the new Beerh Saahib Jee to Kartaarpur for the comparison. Upon receiving this answer, Guroo Jee personally authenticated the newly prepared Beerh Saahib Jee and named it Aad Graˆnth Saahib Jee. However, most of the experts believe that the Aad Graˆnth Saahib Jee was compiled later at Dam-Damma Saahib (Talwaˆnddee) in 1706. Although the date is different but the story is pretty much the same.

5. Anaˆndpur Saahib: 1699 - 95 Yrs: Guroo Gobiˆnd Siˆngh Jee sent Pbhaa-ee Manee Siˆngh Jee as Graˆnthee at Amritsar; he was given a copy of the Graˆnth Saahib Jee and a Nishaan Saahib Jee to take them with him.

6. Dam-Damaa Saahib (Talwaˆndee): 1706 (See Note 6 )

- 102 Yrs: Baabaa Deep Siˆngh Jee did the Sevaa of making copies and transliterating into Maraatthee and several other languages. A copy was sent to each of the four Takhats.

7. Gurooship: 1708 - 104 Yrs: Gurga˘dee was given at Naˆndayrh (Hazoor Saahib) by Guroo Gobiˆnd Singh Jee to the Aad Graˆnth Saahib Jee.

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The vwk, when Gurga˘dee was given to Aad Graˆnth Saahib Jee: mwrU mhlw 5 ] KuilAw krmu ik®pw BeI Twkur kIrqnu hir hir gweI ] sRmu Qwkw pwey ibsRwmw imit geI sglI DweI ] 1 ] Ab moih jIvn pdvI pweI ] cIiq AwieE min purKu ibDwqw sMqn kI srxweI ] 1 ] rhwau ] kwmu k®oDu loBu mohu invwry invry sgl bYrweI ] sd hjUir hwjru hY nwjru kqih n BieE dUrweI ] 2 ] suK sIql srDw sB pUrI hoey sMq shweI ] pwvn piqq kIey iKn BIqir mihmw kQnu n jweI ] 3 ] inrBau Bey sgl BY Koey goibd crx EtweI ] nwnku jsu gwvY Twkur kw rYix idnsu ilv lweI ] 4 ] 6 ] (pMnw 1000) Present Guroo: Sree Guroo Graˆnth Saahib Jee Jot: Eternal (Guroo Forever) Notes (it~pxIAW): 1. The original 1st Beerh Saahib Jee (Total Shabads and Saloks - 5751) is now at Kartaarpur with Tdheermalee-ay since 1678 2. “Bhaa-ee Baˆnno Jee Vaalee Beerh” is now called “Khaaree Beerh” because it contains other Baannees. Some say that this happened when first Beerh Saahib Jee was taken to Lahore by Pbhaa-ee Baˆnno Jee for a hard cover; still exists today at Kaan Pur 3. The only addition to Beerh Saahib Jee was accomplished under Guroo Gobiˆnd Singh Jee’s personal guidance by Pbhaa-ee Manee Singh Jee - called Aad Graˆnth Saahib Jee. Added Guroo Tayg Bahaadar Jee’s Baannee (Total Shabads and Saloks - 5867) Original had been lost in Va˘ddaa Kghaloo-kghaaraa at Kup-Raheerhaa; copies still exist 4. Beerh Saahib Patnaa was sent there by Guroo Gobiˆnd Singh Jee in 1691, and the Beerh Saahib Jee at Ttddhaaccaa was sent in 1675; both contain Guroo Tayg Bahaadar Jee’s Baannee 5. Dam-Damaa (Anaˆndpur Saahib)- See Mahaan Kosh By Pbhaa-ee Kaahn Siˆngh Jee Naabhaa. Some experts believe that Aad Graˆnth Saahib Jee was compiled there 6. Most experts and the Sikh Paˆnth, however, say that Aad Graˆnth Saahib Jee was compiled at Dam-Damaa Saahib, Talwandee, in 1706 7. Gurga˘dee was given to Aad Graˆnth Saahib Jee, now called Sree Guroo Graˆnth Saahib Jee, by Guroo Gobiˆnd Siˆngh Jee at Naˆndayrh (Hazoor Saahib) in 1708 8. First Sadhaaran Paatth - Aramb the day of Guroo Arjan Dayv Jee's Jotee Jot Samaa-ay, and Pbhog on the 13th day. Baabaa Buddhaa Jee did the whole Paatth 9. First Akhaˆnd Paatth – Some say: Dam-Damaa Saahib (Talwanddee), the day Guroo Gobiˆnd Siˆngh Jee left for the South in October 1706. And Some Say: Tradition started

by Buddhaa Dal in the early part of the 18th century after Guroo Gobiˆnd Singh Jee

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Beerh Saahib Chronology (bIV swihb kwl kRm)

1,2,3,4,7,8,10

Beerh Saahib Kartaarpur Vaalee Beerh Saahib Original- compiled by Guroo Arjan Dayv Jee: writer- Pbhaa-ee Gurdaas Jee Now with Tdheer Mal’s Descendants at Kartaarpur Contains Raag Maalaa at the end Only one scriber- Pbhaa-ee Gurdaas Jee Ink consistency throughout the Beerh Saahib 476 Sheets (leafs) of paper- each sheet counted as 1 page One side of each sheet is blank Other notes

Pbhaa-ee Baˆnno Vaalee Beerh Saahib (Known as Baˆnno’s Recension-Khaaree Beerh) Was at Maaˆngatt, now with Pbhaa-ee Ban ˆ no’s Descendants at Kaan Pur

Dates

Source

#

16 Aug 1604 Completed Text 2 Aug 1604; 56 Pages Tatkaraa: +10 to 12 Days Binding: +2 to 4 Days; Parkaash at Harmandir Saahib

Baannee collected by Guroo Jees & passed on to each successor

1

30 Aug 1604

1+

2

Manuscript of 1

Original written by 12 writers under Bhaa-ee Banno’s supervision Ink consistency except for spurious compositions Spurious compositions (Completed Pbhagat Soordaas’s Shabad; Added Meeraa Baa-ee’s Shabad; At the end removed Raag Maalaa and inserted the following in this order- Salok “Jit Dar Lakh Muhammadaa”; Salok “Baa-i-aatish Aab Khaak”; Ratan Maalaa; Hakeekat Raah Mukaam; Raag Maalaa; Si-aahee Kee Vidhee Handwriting; ink are different; paper construction different; Original Pages removed and new pages added

+Sometime later Spurious Composition was inserted

Note: After the composition of Guroo Jees, it contains the dates of demise of the first nine Guroo Jees (proves that pages are inserted after 1675)

Beerh Saahib of village Bohat (Tehsil Fali-aa)-5 miles from Maaˆngatt Original written by one scriber Ink consistency except spurious compositions Spurious Compositions (9th Guroo Jee’s Saloks, Sava-ee-ays of Bhatts, Muˆndavanee, Salok Maihlaa 1- “Jit Dar Muhammadaa” & ” Baa-i-aatish Aab Khaak”, Ratan Maalaa, Hakeekat, Raag Maalaa, Si-aahee Kee Vidhee, Dates of 9 Guroo Jees demises Handwriting, Ink & paper different for inserted pages Appears that last page 569 with Muˆndavanee and Raag Maalaa removed & 26 new pages inserted at the end

1605

2+ Sometime later Spurious Composition was inserted

3

Note: Guroo Tayg Bahaadar Jee’s demise date correctly annotated proves that these pages were inserted sometime after 1675

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Boorhay Sandhoo Vaalee Beerh Saahib

1605

Was located at Maha˘laa Saidpuree Darwaajaa of Rawalpˆinddee Original written by one scriber Ink consistency except spurious compositions Spurious Compositions (Saloks “Jit Dar Muhammadaa” & “Baa-i-aatish Aab Khaak”, Raag Raamkalee Ratan Maalaa, Hakeekat, Raag Maalaa, Siaahee Kee Vidhee, Dates of demises of first four Guroo Jees Handwriting, Ink & Paper different for inserted pages New Pages Inserted 587 to 591 Pages 587 & 588 removed Notes: Composition “Hakeekat” was written during Aurangzayb’s time around 1673; Date of completion of this Beerh Saahib of 1605 was unchanged and copied this same date on leaf # 589

Beerh Saahib of Village Piˆndee Laalaa (Gujraat)

1675 (Dec)

2+ Sometime later Spurious Composition was inserted

4

2,3, or 4

5

Original written by one scriber Ink Consistency Spurious Compositions (9th Guroo Jee’s Saloks, Tathaa Gosht Malaar naal ho-ee, Ratan Maalaa, Hakeekat, Raag Maalaa, Si-aahee Kee Vidhee Inserted Pages 538 to 549 containing 9th Guroo Jee’s Baannee with different handwriting & ink Inserted additional 5 pages of spurious composition at the end with different handwriting & ink (2,3,4,5

In the following Beerh Saahibs, there was no need to insert pages of the spurious compositions because they were copied later than 1675 (Original scribers):

or their combination)

Beerh Saahib of Vaasoo

June 1829

6

Beerh Saahib of Akhnoor

April 1813

7

1729

8

Beerh Saahib of Kaaˆngarh (Naabhaa)

The Following Puraatan Beerh Saahibs do not contain spurious compositions: Kartaarpur Vaalee Beerh Saahib

16 Aug 1604

Beerh Saahib of Dayhraa Doon

1659

Notes: This Beerh Saahib is in the possession of “Dayhraa Baabaa Raam Raa-ay, Dayhraa Doon”, was written under the supervision of Guroo Har Raa-ay Jee who gave this Beerh Saahib to Raam Raa-ay when he went to Delhi to meet Aurangzayb.

Meeraa Baa-ee’s Shabad was added in small letters but at the end it is written “Meeraa Baa-ee’s Shabad is not in the 5th Guroo Jee’s Graˆnth” Also Pbhagat Ravidaas Shabad is written in the margin with remarks “Shabad was taken from the Graˆnth of 5th Guroo”

Beerh Saahib of Kaaˆngarh (Patti-aalaa State)

1661

Beerh Saahib of Village Sarankay

1671

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Original Original’s, or its copy’s copy

Observations: 1. Beerh Saahibs written before 1675 AD, with few exceptions, were tampered with by inserting new pages (Batch) and by removing few original pages. The scribes of new pages are different from the original.

2. Some Beerh Saahibs written after 1675 (~1700 or later) did not need removal & insertions because they were copied from the tampered Beerh Saahibs. Same scribers wrote the spurious compositions.

3. It appears that before turn of the century 1700 AD, spurious matter was added with connivance of certain Sikhs.

4. Pbha-eee Baalaa Jee’s Saakhee appears to be written around 1700 AD also to add confusion.

5. “Puraatan Janam Saakhees” believed to be written by Mayharbaan, son of Prithee Chaˆnd also contains Puraanic stories. It praises Baabaa Haˆndaal (He was removed as head of Maˆnjee by 3rd Guroo Jee for altering Baannee) and defaming 1st Guroo Jee. 6. It is worthwhile to point out that, Niraˆnjanee-ay (Descendants of Mayharbaan & Baabaa Haˆndaal) were in control of Harmandir Saahib from 1634 to 1696.

7. Some of the spurious compositions were part of the Graˆnth prepared by Har Jee (son of Mayharbaan), Puraatan Janam Saakhees, and Pbha-eee Baalaa Jee’s Saakhee.

8. One could conclude from the above that the tampering of some the original Beerh Saahibs may have been done by Niraˆnjanee-ay between 1675 and 1696.

Notes (it~pxIAW): 1. Pbha-eee Gurdaas Jee put his signature on the Kartaarpur Vaalee Beerh Saahib & dated it 16 August 1604 in the table of contents 2. Reference 7 “The Janam Saakhee of Pbhaa-ee Baalaa Jee” is also a spurious document created to mislead the Sikhs. It appears to be the work of the same group of people who inserted the spurious compositions in the “Puraatan Beerh Saahibs.” Some significant points from Reference 7, which question its authenticity:  The word “Tarkhaan” derived from Balochee word “Darkhaan” is used in Reference 7 instead of “Baddh.” A much later change than Pbha-eee Baalaa Jee’s time

91

 “Gur Mili-ai Man Rahasee-ay….” Salok by Guroo Amardaas Jee is mistakenly quoted as Guroo Naanak Dayv Jee’s Salok in Reference 7. This also proves that Reference 7 was written after Pbha-eee Baalaa Jee  Reference 7 mentions Eminaabaad. Eminaabaad was called Saidpur during Guroo Naanak Dayv Jee’s time as he mentioned in the Baannee. The name was changed to Eminaabaad during Akbar’s time  “A˘laah Agam Khudaa-ee Baˆnday…” Shabad of Guroo Arjan Dayv Jee is in Reference 7 as Guroo Naanak Dayv Jee’s Shabad.

Again it points out that Reference 7 is written later than 1604 and not by Pbha-eee Baalaa Jee  Reference 7 contains words for appointing “Masaˆnds”; this tradition started in Guroo Arjan Dayv Jee’s time  The musical instrument “Ttddhaddh” is mentioned in the Reference 7, which was introduced by the 6th Guroo Jee  Reference 7 also created the confusion of Guroo Naanak Dayv Jee’s date of birth as “Katik” which is contradictory to all other sources. The 1st Guroo Jee’s Life history is also written by Pbhaa-ee Manee Siˆngh Jee, and Saroop Daas of Vairowaal  Reference 7 exalted Baabaa Haˆndaal & defamed Guroo Naanak Dayv Jee. It says they were both Sikhs brothers in the Traytaa Jug “Masaˆnds of Raajaa Janak”  Reference 7 also talks about Guroo Naanak Dayv Jee’s dress as “Niraˆnjanee-aas.” The Niraˆnjanee -ay became popular when they took control of Harmandir Saahib after the death of Har Jee. This happened around the end of the 17th century

Bottom-line: The famous Sikh historian Karam Siˆngh says

Niraˆnjanee-ay created the Spurious Compositions as well as Reference 7 ‚

92

Shabad (Sbd)

9

Shabad is God and True-Husband (Sbd pRBU (scw-pqI) hY) scw sbdu Bqwru hY sdw sdw rwvyie] (pMnw 311) kMcn dyhI sbdu Bqwro] Anidnu Bog Bogy hir isau ipAwro]

(pMnw 1058)

Shabad is the Hukam of God (Sbd pRBU dw hukm hY) auqpiq prlau sbdy hovY] (pMnw 117) cuh idis hukmu vrqY pRB qyrw chu idis nwm pqwlM] sB mih sbdu vrqY pRB swcw krim imlY bYAwlM] (pMnw 1275) eyko sbdu eyko pRBu vrqY sB eyksu qy auqpiq clY] (pMnw 1334) sBu ieko sbdu vrqdw jo kry su hoeI] (pMnw 654)

Shabad is Duty (Sbd Drm hY) jog sbdM igAwn sbdM byd sbdM bRwhmxh] KqRI sbdM sUr sbdM sUdR sbdM prwikRqh] srb sbdM eyk sbdM jy ko jwxY Byau] nwnku qw kw dwsu hY soeI inrMjn dyau] (pMnw 469)

Shabad, Baannee, Guroo, and Satguroo are Synonymous (Sbd, bwxI, gurU, Aqy siqgurU ieko hn) sbdu gur pIrw gihr gMBIrw] ibnu sbdyY jgu baurwnM] (pMnw 635) sbdu gurU suriq Duin cylw] (pMnw 943) bwxI gurU gurU hY bwxI ivic bwxI AMimRqu swry] guru bwxI khY syvku jnu mwnY prqiK gurU insqwry[ (pMnw 982) siqgur bcn bcn hY siqgur pwDru mukiq jnwvYgo] (pMnw 1310)

Shabad is Knowledge/Enlightenment (Sbd igAwn/pRkwS hY) siqgur sbid aujwro dIpw] ibnisE AMDkwr iqh mMdir rqn koTVI Kul@I AnUpw] (pMnw 821) sbdu dIpku vrqY iqhu loie] jo cwKY so inrmlu hoie] (pMnw 664) sbid sUr jug cwry AauDU bwxI Bgiq vIcwrI] eyhu mnu mwieAw moihAw AauDU inksY sbid vIcwrI] (pMnw 908) AMDkwru imitE iqh qn qy guir sbid dIpku prgwsw] BRm kI jwlI qw kI kwtI jw kau swDsMgiq ibsÍwsw] (pMnw 208)

93

myrY min sbdu lgo gur mITw] Kuil@E krmu BieE prgwsw Git Git hir hir fITw] gurbwxI iesu jg mih cwnxu krim vsY min Awey] (pMnw 67)

(pMnw 1212)

Shabad is Nectar (Sbd AMimRq hY) gur kw sbdu AMimRq hY bwxI] Anidnu hir kw nwmu vKwxI] (pMnw 1057) gur kw sbdu AMimRq rsu pIau] qw qyrw huie inrml jIau] (pMnw 891) AMimRqu eyko sbdu hY nwnk gurmuiK pwieAw] (pMnw 644) AMimRqu nwmu sdw min mITw sbdy pwvY koeI] (pMnw 604)

Naam is obtained Through Shabad (Sbd nwl hI nwm pweIdw hY) sbdy hI nwau aUpjY sbdy myil imlwieAw] ibnu sbdY sBu jgu baurwnw ibrQw jnmu gvwieAw] (pMnw 644) AidRstu Agocru pkiVAw gur sbdI hau siqgur kY bilhwrIAY ] (pMnw 1114) hm mUV mugD AsuD miq hoqy gur siqgur kY bcin hir hm jwny ]1] rhwau ]

‚

94

(pMnw 169)

Satguroo (siqgurU)

9

Significance of Satguroo (siqgurU dI mh`qqw) ibnu siqgur iknY n pwieE min vyKhu ko pqIAwie ] (pMnw 1277) siqgur hiQ kuMjI horqu dru KulY nwhI guru pUrY Bwig imlwvixAw ]7] (pMnw 124) jo boly pUrw siqgurU so prmysir suixAw ] (pMnw 854) siqgur kI bwxI sdw suKu hoie ] (pMnw 1175) igAwn AMjnu siqgur qy hoie ] (pMnw 1130) siqgur imilAY miq aUqm hoie ] (pMnw 1188) siqgur qy gux aUpjY jw pRBu mylY soie ] (pMnw 428) siqgur kI ijs no miq AwvY so siqgur mwih smwnw ] (pMnw 797) siqgur ivic nwmu inDwnu hY ipAwrw kir dieAw AMimRqu muiK coie ] rhwau ] (pMnw 605) AYsw siqguru jy imlY iqs no isru saupIAY ivchu Awpu jwie ] (pMnw 921) ijh siqgur lig pRBu pweIAY so siqguru ismrhu nrhu ]5]54] (pMnw 1405) siqgur scw Swh hY hor Swh vyswh aucwvy] (15/1)* (* BweI gurdws jIdIAwN vwrwN dy vwr/pauVI dw sUck)

Definition of Satguroo (siqgurU dI pRIBwSw) siq purKu ijin jwinAw siqguru iqs kw nwau ] (pMnw 286) Gr mih Gru idKwie dyie so siqguru purKu sujwxu ] (pMnw 1291) bRhmu ibMdy so siqguru khIAY hir hir kQw suxwvY ] pMnw (1264) siqguru mhw purKu hY pwrsu jo lwgY so Plu pwvYgo ] (pMnw 1311) nwnk siqguru AYsw jwxIAY jo sBsY ley imlwie jIau ]10] (pMnw 72) siqguru myrw sdw hY dwqw jo ieCY so Plu pwey ] (pMnw 1333) vwhu vwhu siqguru purKu hY ijin scu jwqw soie ] (pMnw 1421) vwhu vwhu siqgurU hY ij scu idRVwey soie ] (pMnw 1421) ijsu imilAY min hoie Anµdu so siqguru khIAY ] (pMnw 168) soeI siqguru purKu hY ijin pMjy dUq kIqy vis iCky ] (pMnw 304) krn krwvn sgl ibiD so siqgurU hmwrw ]1] rhwau ] (pMnw 399) Bgqu siqguru purKu soeI ijsu hir pRB Bwxw Bwvey ] (pMnw 923) sq sMqoKI siqguru pUrw ] (pMnw 1023) siqguru KoitAhu Kry kry sbid svwrxhwru ] (pMnw 143) so siqguru Dnu DMnu ijin Brm gVu qoiVAw ] (pMnw 522) so siqguru vwhu vwhu ijin hir isau joiVAw ] (pMnw 522) so siqguru pUrw Dnu DMnu hY ijin hir aupdysu dy sB isRis† svwrI ] (pMnw 586) aupdysu ij idqw siqgurU so suixAw isKI kMny ] (pMnw 314) nwnk Gir bYiTAw jogu pweIAY siqgur kY aupdyis ]64] (pMnw 1421) siqgur pUrn bRhm ko invws hY ] (37/118)* pUrn prmjoiq siqgur siqrUp (37/132)* 95

inrgux srgux siqgurU ivrlw ko gur sbd smwsI]

(36/21)*

Attributes of Satguroo (siqgurU dIAwN inSwnIAwN ) siqguru purKu dieAwlu hY ijs no smqu sBu koie ] (pMnw 300) siqguru dwqw dieAwlu hY ijs no dieAw sdw hoie ] (pMnw 302) siqguru AMdrhu inrvYru hY sBu dyKY bRhmu ieku soie ] (pMnw 302) siqguru sBnw dw Blw mnwiedw iqs dw burw ikau hoie ] (pMnw 302) gurisKw AMdir siqguru vrqY cuix kFy lDovwry ] (pMnw 312) gurisKW AMdir siqgurU vrqY jo isKW no locY so gur KusI AwvY ] (pMnw 317) dovY isry siqgurU inbyVy so bUJY ijsu eyk ilv lwgI jIAhu rhY inBrwqI ] siqguru AwKY scw kry sw bwq hovY drhwlI ] (pMnw 967) siqguru DrqI Drm hY iqsu ivic jyhw ko bIjy qyhw Plu pwey ] (pMnw 302) ibnu siqgur soJI nw pvY AhMkwru n ivchu jwie ] (pMnw 303) siqgur kI ijs no miq AwvY so siqgur mwih smwnw ] (pMnw 797)

(pMnw 992)

Virtues of Satguroo (siqgurU dIAwN vifAweIAwN ) siqgur vcnu rqMnu hY jo mMny su hir rsu Kwie ] (pMnw 41) siqgur ivic nwmu inDwnu hY krim prwpiq hoie ] (pMnw 88) AMimRq sru siqguru siqvwdI ijqu nwqY kaUAw hMsu hohY] (pMnw 493) AMimRq bcn siqgur kI bwxI jo bolY so muiK AMimRqu pwvY ]2] (pMnw 494) siqgur ivic AMimRqu hY hir auqmu hir pdu] (pMnw 300) siqguru srvru rqnI BrpUry ijsu pRwpiq so pwvY ] (pMnw 960) siqguru syvy qw mukqu hovY pMc dUq vis AwieAw ]7] (pMnw 1068) jlin buJI sIqlu hoie mnUAw siqgur kw drsnu pwey jIau ]1] (pMnw 103) qIrQu pUrw siqgurU jo Anidnu hir hir nwmu iDAwey ] (pMnw 140) mY myly imqRü siqguru vycoly jIau ] (pMnw 173) siqgur sMig nwhI mnu folY ] (pMnw 183) siqgur ivic vfI vifAweI jo Anidnu hir hir nwmu iDAwvY ] (pMnw 303) gur siqgur ipCY qir gieAw ijau lohw kwT sMgoieAw ] (pMnw 309) khu nwnk ijsu siqguru ByitAw so jnu inhclu QIAw ]3]9]149] (pMnw 407) siqgur bcnI eyko jwqw ] (pMnw 415) gurmuiK eyko jwxIAY jw siqguru dyie buJwie ] (pMnw 994) bwGu mrY mnu mwrIAY ijsu siqgur dIiKAw hoie ] (pMnw 1410) siqgur kY BwxY jo clY iqpqwsY hir gux gwie ] (pMnw 1414) ibnu siqgur syvy iPkw bolxw nwmu n vsY min Awie ] (pMnw 552) siqguru jwir gieE BRmu morw ]2] (pMnw 855) nr qy sur hoie jwq inmK mY siqgur buiD isKlweI ] (pMnw 874) khY nwnku Anµdu hoAw siqgurU mY pwieAw ]1] (pMnw 917)

96

siqguru shjY dw Kyqu hY ijs no lwey Bwau ] (pMnw 947) siqguru srvru rqnI BrpUry ijsu pRwpiq so pwvY ] (pMnw 960) siqgur kI jy srxI AwvY iPir mnUrhu kMcnu hohw ] (pMnw 960) siqguru syiv sdw suKu pweIAY sIlu sMqoKu sBu qwhw hy ]5] (pMnw 1057) Awpu gvwie siqgurU no imlY shjy rhY smwie ] (pMnw 1246) siqguru pUrw vYdu hY pMjy rog AswD invwry] (25/19)* nON gRih swD igRhsq ivc pUry siqgur dI vifAweI] (7/9)*

Satguroo is the Ship (siqgurU boihqw hY) siqguru boihQu hir nwv hY ikqu ibiD ciVAw jwie ] (pMnw 40) siqgur kY BwxY jo clY ivic boihQ bYTw Awie ] (pMnw 40) siqgur scw hY boihQw sbdy Bvjlu qrxw ]6] (pMnw 70) siqgurU hY boihQw sbid lµGwvxhwru ] (pMnw 1009) pwir pvMdVy ifTu mY siqgur boihiQ cwiV ]6] (pMnw 1015) siqguru boihQu byVu scw rKsI ] (pMnw 1290)

Satguroo is God (siqgurU pwrbRhm hY) so siqguru ipAwrw myrY nwil hY ijQY ikQY mYno ley CfweI ] (pMnw 588) khY nwnku siqgurU bwJhu hor kcI bwxI ]24] (pMnw 920) nwnk sy sohwgxI ij siqgur mwih smwih ]1] (pMnw 1088) lyhu AwrqI ho purK inrMjnu siqgur pUjhu BweI ] (pMnw 1350) siqguru dwqw jIA jIAn ko BwghIn nhI BwvYgo ] (pMnw 1310) pwrbRhm pUrn bRhmu Awid purKu hY siqguru soeI] (28/17)*

Satguroo is Guroo (siqgurU gurU hY) guru swieru siqguru scu soie ] (pMnw 363) siqgur bwJhu guru nhI koeI ingury kw hY nwau burw ]13] (pMnw 435) hm rulqy iPrqy koeI bwq n pUCqw gur siqgur sMig kIry hm Qwpy ]

(pMnw 167)

10 Guroo Saahib Jees are Satguroo (siqgurU 10 gurU swihb hn) siqgurU prqiK hodY bih rwju Awip itkwieAw ] (pMnw 923) AMqy siqguru boilAw mY ipCY kIrqnu kirAhu inrbwxu jIau ] (pMnw 923) hir BwieAw siqguru boilAw hir imilAw purKu sujwxu jIau ] (pMnw 923) siqguru purKu ij boilAw gurisKw mMin leI rjwie jIau ] (pMnw 923) koeI kir bKIlI invY nwhI iPir siqgurU Awix invwieAw ] (pMnw 924) qKiq bYTw Arjn gurU siqgur kw iKvY cMdoAw ] (pMnw 968) qIrQ audmu siqgurU kIAw sB lok auDrx ArQw ] (pMnw 1116) pRQm Awey kulKyiq gur siqgur purbu hoAw ] (pMnw 1116) guru siqguru guru goivdu puiC isimRiq kIqw shI ] (pMnw 1117)

97

siqgur ky crn Doie Doie pUjhu ien ibiD myrw hir pRBu lhu ry ] rhwau ] (pMnw 1118) siqgurU DMnu nwnku msqik qum DirE ijin hQo ] (pMnw 1391) siqguir nwnik Bgiq krI iek min qnu mnu Dnu goibMd dIAau ] (pMnw 1405) AMgid ikrpw Dwir Amru siqguru iQru kIAau ] (pMnw 1408) siqgur nwnk pRgitAw imtI DuMD jg cwnx hoAw] (1/27)* siqgur nwnk dyau hY prmysru soeI] (34/49)* siqgur nwnk dyau gurW gur hoieAw] (3/12)* joqI joq imlwiekY siqgur nwnk rUp vtwXw] (1/45)* siqgur hoAw siqgurhu Acrju Amr Amir vrqwieAw] (23/33)* bYTw soFI pwiqSwh rwmdws siqgurU khwvY] (1/47)*

Satguroo is Gur Shabad, Baannee, and Sree Guroo Graˆnth Saahib Jee (siqgurU hI gur sbd, bwxI, Aqy sRI gurU gRMQ swihb jI hY) mo kau siqgur sbid buJwieE ]1] rhwau ] (pMnw 208) iksY pVwvih piV guix bUJy siqgur sbid sMqoiK rhy ]1] (pMnw 353) siqgur sbid aujwro dIpw ] (pMnw 821) siqgur no sBu ko vyKdw jyqw jgqu sMswru ] (pMnw 594) scI Bgiq siqgur qy hovY scI ihrdY bwxI ] (pMnw 602) ihrdY crx sbdu siqgur ko nwnk bWiDE pwl ]2]7]38] (pMnw 680) scw siqguru scI bwxI ijin scu ivKwilAw soeI ] (pMnw 769) siqgur bcn bcn hY siqgur pwDru mukiq jnwvYgo ]5] (pMnw 1310) siqgur bcnu bcnu hY nIko gur bcnI AMimRqu pwvYgo ] (pMnw 1311) siqguru sbdu dyie ird AMqir muiK AMimRqu nwmu cuAwvYgo ]1] (pMnw 1310)

There is no Congregation without Satguroo (siqgurU ibnW sMgq nhIN huMdI) siqgur bwJhu sMgiq n hoeI ]

(pMnw 1068)

Satguroo is the Giver of Naam (siqgurUu nwm dw dwqw hY) siqguru dwqw rwm nwm kw horu dwqw koeI nwhI ] (pMnw 1258) siqguru dwqw hir nwm kw pRBu Awip imlwvY soie ] (pMnw 39) nwmY hI qy sBu ikCu hoAw ibnu siqgur nwmu n jwpY ] (pMnw 753) siqgur sc dwqwr hY hor dwqy iPrdy pwCwvy] (15/1)* nwnk siqgur vwhu vwhu ijs qy nwmu prwpiq hoie ]2] (pMnw 1421) so sqguru khhu siB DMnu DMnu ijin hir Bgiq BMfwr lhwieAw ]3] siqguru scu dwqwru hY mwxs jnmu Amolu idvwieAw] (25/4)*

(pMnw 586)

Kwlsw myro siqgur pUrw ] Brm ByK qy rhY inAwrw so Kwls siqgurU hmwrw ] Raihitnaamaa (rihqnwmw) ‚ 98

Naam (nwm)

9

Purpose of Human Body (mnu~Kw dyhI dw mnorQ) BeI prwpiq mwnuK dyhurIAw ] goibMd imlx kI ieh qyrI brIAw ] gur syvw qy Bgiq kmweI ] qb ieh mwns dyhI pweI ] (pMnw 1159) ies dyhI kau ismrih dyv ] so dyhI Bju hir kI syv ] (pMnw 1159) Bjhu guoibMd BUil mq jwhu ] mwns jnm kw eyhI lwhu ] (pMnw 1159)

(pMnw 12)

Main Task (prmu~K kMm) jip mn nwmu eyku Apwru ] pRwn mnu qnu ijnih dIAw irdy kw AwDwru ] jphu q eyko nwmw ] Avir inrwPl kwmw ] (pMnw 728) gux inDwn hir nwmw ] jip pUrn hoey kwmw ] (pMnw 621)

(pMnw 51)

Old Traditional Approach was Flawed (purwqn rIq vwly qrIky ivc qrutI sI) rwmu rwmu krqw sBu jgu iPrY rwmu n pwieAw jwie ] (pMnw 555) rwm rwm sBu ko khY kihAY rwmu n hoie ] (491) muKhu hir hir sBu ko krY ivrlY ihrdY vswieAw] (pMnw 565)

Sikhee Secret (is~KI ivclw Byq): Gurmat/Bibayk (gurmiq/ibbyk) kbIr rwm khn mih Bydu hY qw mih eyku ibcwru ] kbIr rwmY rwm khu kihby mwih ibbyk ] (pMnw 1374) gur bcnI hir nwmu aucrY] (pMnw 286) rwm nwmu gur bcnI bolhu ] (pMnw 1030)

(pMnw 1374)

Sikhee Approach (is~KI vwlw qrIkw) gur kY sbid ByidAw ien ibiD visAw min Awie ] (pMnw 555) gur pUry ibnu ibiD n bnweI ] (pMnw 259) ij siqguru syvin sy aubry hir syqI ilv lwie] (pMnw 65) ivxu siqgur prqIiq n AwveI nwim n lwgo Bwau ] (pMnw 65) ibnu siqgur nwau n pweIAY buJhu kir vIcwru ] (pMnw 649)

Obtain Naam Through Satguroo (siqgurU dy rwhIN nwm prwpq kro) siqguru dwqw rwm nwm kw horu dwqw koeI nwhI ] (pMnw 1258) siq purKu ijin jwinAw siqguru iqs kw nwau ] iqs kY sMig isKu auDrY nwnk hir gun gwau] (pMnw 286)

siqgur ivthu vwirAw ijin idqw scu nwau] Anidnu scu slwhxw scy ky gux gwau]

(pMnw 53)

Who is Satguroo? (siqgurU kOx hY?) siqguir nwnik Bgiq krI iek min qnu mnu Dnu goibMd dIAau ]

(pMnw 1405)

99

boihQu nwnk dyau guru ijsu hir cVwey iqsu Baujlu qrxw ] (pMnw 1102) bwxI gurU gurU hY bwxI ivic bwxI AMimRqu swry ] guru bwxI khY syvku jnu mwnY prqiK gurU insqwry] (pMnw 982)

Sikhee Methodology (is~KI vwlI ivDI) BweI ry swcI siqgur syv ] siqgur quTY pweIAY pUrn AlK AByv ] 1 ] (pMnw 53) iksu hau syvI ikAw jpu krI sqgur pUCau jwie ] sqgur kw Bwxw mMin leI ivchu Awpu gvwie ] (pMnw 34) eyhw syvw cwkrI nwmu vsY min Awie ] nwmY hI qy suKu pweIAY scY sbid suhwie ] (pMnw 34) horu ikqY Bgiq n hoveI ibnu siqgur ky aupdys ] (pMnw 22)

Sikhee Process (is~KI dI qrkIb) ismir iDAwie gwie gun goibMd idnu rYin swJ svyrY ] (pMnw 530) gun khu hir lhu kir syvw siqgur iev hir hir nwmu iDAweI ] (pMnw 669) iequ mwrig cly BweIAVy guru khY su kwr kmwie jIau ] iqAwgy؈ mn kI mqVI ivswryN dUjw Bwau jIau] (pMnw 763)

Sikhee Way & its Consequence (is~KI vwlw FMg Aqy PL) gurisK mIq clhu gur cwlI ] jo guru khY soeI Bl mwnhu hir hir kQw inrwlI ] (pMnw 667) kQnI JUTI jgu BvY rhxI sbdu su swru ] (pMnw 56) schu ErY sBu ko aupir scu Awcwru ] (pMnw 62) krxI bwJhu qrY n koie ] (pMnw 952) BlI su krnI soBw DnvMq ] ihrdY bsy pUrn gur mMq ] (pMnw 290) min inrml nwmu iDAweIAY qw pwey moK duAwru ] (pMnw 33) guir kihAw sw kwr kmwvhu] gur kI krxI kwhy Dwvhu] nwnk gurmiq swic smwvhu] (pMnw 933)

Brief Summary (sMKyp incoV): Naam Japnaa is the essential part of Sikhism and is the main task for all human beings. The Sikhee approach of Naam Japnaa is different than the traditional approach (i.e., before Sikhee). This approach prescribes Naam Japnaa in accordance with Gur-Updaysh (Gurmat/Babayk). One must become Guroo Vaalaa first by taking Amrit (Khanday-Dee-Pauhl) from Paˆŋj Pi-aa-ray in the presence of Sree Guroo Graˆnth Sahib Jee. Then he/she must Jap Naam as instructed by the Guroo Roop Paˆŋj Pi-aa-ray. Once you have taken Amrit, then you must live a Truthful Living (i.e., Raihnee, Baihnee, & Kaihnee) must be per Gur-Updaysh (i.e., Gurbaannee & other additional instructions from our 10 Guroo Saahibs.) Then & only then Naam takes abode in your cleansed heart. Thus with Guroo’s grace only, one could achieve the human objective.

‚

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Gurmukhee Learning Approach (gurmuKI is~Kx dI ivDI) Follow the steps below in sequence (hyTly kdm qrqIb ivc vrqo): 1. Knowledge of Gurmukhee script (Paiˆntee) - several web sites are very useful for gaining this basic knowledge. They provide sound of each letter with its symbol.

- Learn name of each letter (use this book in conjunction with web sites) - Master name of each letter by rote (recitation drill) - Learn to write each letter from memory 2. Repeat step 1 for expanded Paiˆntee 3. Repeat step 1 for Gurmukhee numbers 4. Understand the grouping of Paiˆntee letters 5. Understand the categories of the Paiˆntee letters 6. Understand the difference between consonants and vowel letters 7. Recognize the semi-vowel letters 8. Acknowledge the special case letter h 9. Knowledge of Lagaaˆn - Learn name of each Lag by Rote - Learn to write each Lag from memory - Learn what is their function 10. Knowledge of vowels - Learn how vowels are formed - Learn what is their function 11. Learn the sound of each vowel - Learn to recognize sound of each vowel - Learn which vowels are short and which ones are long - Learn to produce & differentiate between Short & Long Vowel Sounds - Master each vowel sound by rote (recitation drill) - Learn to write each vowel sound from memory 12. Learn the sound of each consonant - Learn to recognize sound of each consonant - Learn to produce each sound (learn to use appropriate parts of your mouth) - Master each consonant sound by rote (recitation drill) - Learn sound of each consonant with each vowel (recitation drill) - Learn to write all sounds from memory 13. Knowledge of Lagaaˆn - Learn to recognize each Lag - Learn to recognize symbol for each Lag - Learn the use of each Lag with Paiˆntee letters - Learn to recognize the vowel that is represented by the use of a Lag 14. Knowledge of Lagaakhars - Learn to recognize each Lagaakhar - Learn to recognize symbol for each Lagaakhar - Learn the use of each Lagaakhar with Paiˆntee letters

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- Learn the sound impact of Lagaakhar on Paiˆntee letters 15. Learn Gurbaannee & Paˆŋjaabee differences 16. Learn basics of Gurbaannee grammar Once the above knowledge base is built, one is ready to learn how to pronounce words. I highly recommend everyone, whether you know Paˆŋjaabee or not, to go through the above steps. One should use a Paˆŋjaabee Kaa-idaa (a book for the beginners) to learn construction of simple words. The time required to master the above information depends upon individual’s background & knowledge base. The above steps are extremely important for the beginners. The steps below are highly recommended for all, it will provide an ease in comprehending the contents of this book. Again, please follow the steps in the sequence presented below.

17. Learn to Pronounce words with Lagaaˆn (master it)  Knowledge of words with two or more Muktaa letters o Learn to pronounce two letter words (practice) o Learn to write two Letter words (practice) o Do same for more than two letter words  Knowledge of two or more letters with Lagaaˆn o Learn to pronounce two letter words with only one Lag  Learn to pronounce words with a Lag with one letter  Learn to pronounce words with same Lag with both letters  Learn to write words (practice) o Repeat the above step for each Lag o Repeat steps above for same Lag with both letters  Knowledge of two or more letters with Lagaaˆn (mixed) o Learn to pronounce two letter words with mixed Lagaaˆn (practice) o Repeat the above step for more than two letters (Practice) 18. Learn to Pronounce words with Lagaakhars (master it)  Knowledge of sound of Biˆndee (master its nasal sound) o Learn use of Biˆndee o Learn to pronounce words with a Biˆndee (practice) o Learn to write words with Biˆndee (Practice)  Knowledge of A˘tdhak (understand its sound effect) o Learn use of A˘tdhak o Learn to pronounce words with A˘tdhak, but without any Lag o Learn to write words with A˘tdhak, but without any Lag (practice) o Learn to pronounce words with A˘tdhak & an appropriate Lag o Learn to write words with A˘tdhak & with an appropriate Lag (practice)  Knowledge of Tippee (understand its sound effect) o Learn use of Tippee o Learn to pronounce words with Tippee, but without any Lag o Learn to write words with Tippee, but without any Lag (practice) o Learn to pronounce words with Tippee & an appropriate Lag o Learn to write words with Tippee & with an appropriate Lag (practice)

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Some Additional Suggestions (kuJ hor suJwE) Pick any one approach of Uchaaran from the three discussed (iqMnw iv~coN iksy BI iek m~q dw aucwrx SurU kr dyvo)

- Get Saˆnthi-aa if possible (jy ho sky qW sMiQAw lY lvo) - Recite Gurbaannee daily & be consistent in Uchaaran (pwT in~q kro aucwrx ieko hI r~Ko) - Occasionally use Guttkaa when doing Nit-Naym (ikqy ikqy gutky qoN inq-nym zrUr kro) -- Pay attention to all Lagaaˆn Matraaˆn (swrIAW hI lgW dw Kws iDAwn rKo) -- I use Pbhaa-ee Joginder Singh Jee’s Nit-Naym Saral Steek (mYN BweI joigMdr isMG jI dw inq-nym srl stIk vrqdW hW) - Get a CD/Tape of Nit-Naym (koeI inq-nym dI sI fI jW typ lY lvo) -- Your preferred approach (quhwfI AwpxI psMd dI m~q vwlI hovy) -- Listen to it while you read from the Gutkaa (ies nUM suxo Aqy nwl gutky qoN pwT kro) --- Do this at least once a week (hPqy iv~c iek vwrI zrUr ies qrW kro) - Daily do pwT from Sree Guroo Graˆnth Saahib Jee (hr roz sRI gurU gRQ M swihb jI qoN pwT kro) -- Listen to pwT recordings with proper punctuations & Uchaaran (shI ibsrwm Aqy aucwrx kIqy hoey pwT dI rIkorifMg suxdy rho) --- I listen to Paatth By Gi-aanee Harbhajan Singh Jee (mYN igAwnI hrBjn isMG jI dw kIqw pwT suxdw hW) --- The whole Paatth is recited very well in 67 hours (swrw hI pwT suhxy FMg nwl 67 GMitAW iv~c kIqw hoieAw hY)

Fine-tune Uchaaran with experience & time (hOlI hOlI smyN nwl aucwrx nUM TIk kro)

“Just Do It” (b~s SurU kr dyvo) ‚ 103

9

References (hvwly)

Parts 1 and 8 1. “About Compilation of Sri Guru Granth Saahib”; Prof Sahib Singh Translated by S. Dalip Singh; 1996 2. “Pracheen Beerhan”; G. B. Singh 3. “Katak or Baisakh”; S. Karam Singh; 2nd Edition; 1932 4. “History of Guru Khalsa”; Giani Gian Singh; 1878 5. “Gur Partap Suraj Parkash”; Santokh Singh; 1776 6. “Gur Bilas of the Sixth Guru”; 1718 7. The “Janam Sakhi” of Bhai Bala; 1693 (See Note 2 in Part 7- This is the date claimed by S Karam Singh the great Sikh Historian) 8. “Puratan Janam Sakhis; 1635 Note: (The date is determined from a statement that “Kalyug has completed year 4,735…i.e., 1900 AD= 5,000th yr of Kaljug thus 1900-265 (5,000-4,735=265)= 1635)

9. Sree Guroo Graˆnth Saahib Jee 10. “Essays on The Authenticity of Kartarpuri Bir and The Integrated Logic and Unity of Sikhism”; Daljeet Singh, I.A.S. (Retd.), Punjabi University Patiala; 1987

11. The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People; Dr. Stephen R. Covey Parts 2 through 7 12. SuD gurbwxI aucwrx; gurmiq imSnrI kwlj, id`lI 13. gurbwxI ivAwkrx; pRoPYsr swihb isMG 14. sRI gurU gRMQ swihb drpx (ds poQIAW); pRoPYsr swihb isMG 15. gurbwxI aucwrx; ipRMsIpl qyjw isMG 16. ikRq ipRM: hrBjn isMG 17. gurbwxI aucwrx; joigMdr isMG qlvwVw 18. inqnym srl stIk; joigMdr isMG qlvwVw 19. nvIn gurbwxI ivAwkrx (srl nymw qy SuD aucwrx-syDW sihq): BweI swihb igAwnI hrbMs isMG 20. gurbwxI pwT drSn ArQwq sRI guru gRMQ swihb jI ivc Awey hoey kTn pwTwN dI vIcwr; krqw sRI mwn pMQ rqn sc KMf vwsI sMq igAwnI gurbcn isMG jI Kwlsw 21. pMjwbI ivAwkrx qy rcnwvlI, nirMdr isMG du~gl, mu~KI pMjwbI ivBwg (rItwierf),bI.XU.sI. kwlj, btwlw 22. SbdwrQ sRI gurU gRMQ swihb jI; SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMdk kmytI sRI AimRqsr 23. pMjwbI BwSw dw ivAwkrx; dunI cMdR 24. gurbwxI ivAwkrx dy srl nym; gurmiq imSnrI kwlj, id`lI 25. gurbwxI dI BwSw qy ivAwkrx; fw. hrkIrq isMG, pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw 26. gurbwxI pVHn sMbMDI do hor g`lW, pRkwSk gurmiq pRcwr sBw pitAwlw 27. hukmnwmy, fw. gMfw isMG, pMjwbI XUnIvristI pitAwlw 29. gurbwxI dIAW lgWmwqRW dI ivl~Kxqw; BweI swihb rxDIr isMG 29. gurbwxI dw srl ivAwkrx-boD, ijld 1 Aqy 2; joigMdr isMG qlvwVw 30. sRI gurU gRMQ swihb jI dI gurbwxI dw Su~D aucwrx, DMnw isMG rItwierf kimSnr pitAwlw 31. iqMn ikqwbW “Interact with Panjaabee Language & Sounds” By Prof. Sukhchain Singh 32. is~K rihq mrXwdw; SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMdk kmytI sRI AimRqsr 33. rihqnwmw; BweI dysw isMG

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Observations and Thoughts for More Research (soc ADwrq hor pVcol leI rwey) As emphasized in this book, correct punctuation and pronunciation in Gurbaannee is indeed important for a Sikh way of life. They help both the readers and the listeners to understand Gurbaannee so that they can make it part of their lives. Understanding Gurbaannee is not possible, unless one can totally comprehend the Gurmukhee Grammar and know the reasons behind the use of Numbers, Lagaakhars, and Lagaaˆ n. It should not require a scholar to understand Gurbaannee! The experts must develop simple logical explanations and clear rules for general public use. Some shortcomings do exist in Gurmukhee literature in this regard, which warrants immediate attention of the Paˆnth (scholars and SGPC). The following areas need further research: a. As suggested by Pbhaa-ee Saahib Singh Jee, Pbhaa-ee Joginder Singh Jee Talwaaraa, Principal Tayjaa Singh Jee, and several other scholars of Gurbaannee, the Lagaaˆn Matraaˆn differs in the existing Guroo Saroops. These differences are found both in Puraatan (old) hand-written as well as new printed versions of the Guroo Saroops. The Paˆnth (scholars and SGPC) must undertake an effort to thoroughly research the Puraatan Saroops and create a corrected version of the Guroo Saroop. Then, the print machines (templates) for the Guroo Saroops must be updated for correct publication. All printing should be controlled, and/or validated, by the SGPC. Otherwise, this serious shortcoming will continue to lead to different interpretations and meanings of Gurbaannee. b. The judicious applications of Lagaakhar (lgwKr), i.e., A˘tdhak, Tippee, and Biˆndee in Gurbaannee need further study by the scholars for a concise understanding of their use. 



The ‘ ˘ ’is not used in Sree Guroo Graˆnth Saahib Jee, however it is commonly used in Guroo Gobiˆnd Singh Jee’s Baannee. Therefore, the reason is clear that when Sree Guroo Graˆnth Saahib Jee was written, the use of A˘tdhak was not popularized. This does not appear to create any problems in the interpretation of Gurbaannee, but will help in correctly pronouncing the words.

The Tippee does create some interpretation as well as pronunciation problems. The Sikh literature does address the reasons for using and not using the Tippee. As Pbhaa-ee Saahib Singh Jee pointed out, its use determines the overall weight of a quk (Tuk), and that helps a poet to maintain balance among Tukaaˆn. Any further clarifications will help both interpretation and pronunciation.

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

The reasons for the limited use of Biˆndee (Pair Vaalee not used at all & with Lagaaˆn used selectively) in Gurbaannee cannot be found in any Sikh literature at all. This clearly separates it from the other two lgwKr. When reciting Gurbaannee, the need for the Biˆndee becomes apparent. To communicate a thought as we do naturally in Paˆŋjaabee, the Biˆndee must be used. The fundamental Grammar rules also substantiate its need. However, why Guroo Jee chose to use it selectively needs to be understood and documented by the experts. The Paˆnth needs a logical unified position in this matter.

c. “rhwau” is mostly preceded by AMk ]1]. However, in soirTu rwg especially, and many other places it is written without ]1]. The significance of this is not addressed by any of the scholars. This needs some research and a logical reason for this difference must be explained and documented. d. As indicated in part 5 of this book, some words (gauVI, kwPI, pMcpdy, etc.) have subscripts (i.e., 1,2, 3,.....,8 etc.) associated with them. The Sikh literature again does not address their significance. It is common practice, though, that these numbers are not pronounced when reciting Gurbaannee. However, these subscripted numbers continue to go up to 8 for gauVI on page 336, and then on page 337 appears “]gauVI 9]”. Almost all readers, per their own preference, pronounce it nOvwN,nOvIN, or nwvIN. However, little investigation of only a few pages around this page leads one to believe that the significance of number “9” is the same as the subscripted word gauVI. Most people believe it indicates a Gr or qwl, which makes sense. This raises at least two important questions regarding its pronunciation. If we pronounce such a number, then should we pronounce subscripts also? Secondly, how should we pronounce it? Suppose we pronounce it as “nOvwN” for a Gr, then it creates another problem. As we see on page 531 “]dyvgMDwrI 5]” indicates that this Shabad is revealed by the 5th Guroo Jee, and therefore, it is pronounced as “dyvgMDwrI pMjvwN.” So pronouncing it as “gauVI nOvwN” will erroneously indicate that Guroo Tayg Bahaadar Jee revealed this Shabad. No doubt, the points raised in this paragraph require further research to develop a position endorsed by the Paˆnth.

Ajmel Singh

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Key Words (Kws A~Kr) Paˆnjaabee Word Transliteration

Meaning/Explanation

A~Kr A~Dk ibMdI bIVH bIVH swihb icMnH gRMQ gRMQ swihb gurbwxI gurmuKI gurU hmwrI hmwrI ipAwrI hukm jI joiq lgW lgW mwqRW mwqRW mukqw nwm inq-nym ipAwrI pYr pYr vwly A~Kr rhwau siqgurU swihb sbd sRI sRI gurU gRMQ swihb jI it~pI aucwrx vwk vwlw

Single Character or a word A symbol for stressed sound A symbol for nasal sound A volume of Sikh Scripture Honorable volume of Sikh Scripture A Sign/Mark A sacred book An Honorable Sacred Scripture Composition of the Guroo Name of Script for writing Paˆŋjaabee Preceptor My My beloved (Referring to Gurbaannee) Order, Command, Devine Law (Vaak) Suffix of Honor/ Respect Divine Light Vowel Symbols for Vowel Sounds Time measure for sound of Lagaaˆn Time measure for two vowel types A short vowel ‘A’ seldom written God, Reality, Mystical meditating word Daily/Routine Prayers of Sikhs Dear, Loveable, Pleasing, Beautiful Foot Letters belonging to the foot of letters Pause True Guroo/Preceptor An Honorific Suffix Hymn, Word, or Sound Suffix for a rank used for a “Head” Addressing Sikh Scripture with honor Symbol for a stressed & nasal sound Pronunciation A complete Hymn (Shabad) Belonging to

akkhar (A˘khar) addhak (A˘tdhak) biˆndee beerh beer saahib chiˆnh graˆnth graˆnth saahib gurbaannee gurmukhee guroo hamaaree hamaaree pe-aa-ree hukam jee jot lagaaˆn lagaaˆn maatraaˆn maatraaˆn muktaa naam nit-naymm pe-aa-ree pair pair vaalay a`khar rahaa-o satguroo saahib shabad sree sree guroo graˆnth saahib jee ttippee uchaarann vaak vaalaa

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rqnw rqn pdwrQ bhu swgru BirAw rwm ] bwxI gurbwxI lwgy iqn@ hiQ ciVAw rwm ] gurbwxI lwgy iqn@ hiQ ciVAw inrmolku rqnu Apwrw ] hir hir nwmu Aqolku pwieAw qyrI Bgiq Bry BMfwrw ] smuMdu ivroil srIru hm dyiKAw iek vsqu AnUp idKweI ] gur goivMdu guoivMdu gurU hY nwnk Bydu n BweI ]4]1]8] (pMnw 442)

Sree Guroo Graˆnth Saahib Jee

<> sRI gurU gRMQ swihb jI

<>

sbdu

rqnu

xI

vwihgurU vwihgurU vwihgurU vwihgurU vwihgurU

gurU

siqgurU

nwm

gu r bw

gu r bw xI

O’ Brothers ! think about this human body as an ocean full of the treasures of jewels upon jewels i.e., Great Virtues of God (Naam).

O’ Brothers! those who are always committed to the Word of the Guroo (Gurbaannee), see these jewels come into their hands (receive these Jewels). This priceless jewel “Naam” of boundless God comes into the hands of those who are devotionally committed to the Gurbaannee.

They obtain the immeasurable “Naam,” Har, Har; their treasure overflows with devotional worship of You O’ Lord. I have churned the ocean of the body, and I have seen the incomparable thing come into view. The Guroo is God, and God is the Guroo, O’ Naanak; there is no difference between the two, O’ Brothers! (pg 442) ‚

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