Beespoke Magazine July 2023

JULY 2023

The magazine of the INTERREG North Sea Region Project

including final project outputs & recommendations

BEESPOKE

1. Foreword

It was encouraging to see that many land managers’ motivation for

Looking back on the BEESPOKE project

supporting pollinators was for conservation. Our hope is that the

Professor John Holland, Project Coordinator

policy recommendations and practical advice developed by the project will be utilized and thereby help land managers establish higher

The project has been a pleasure to coordinate, and I am so pleased that we have managed to deliver such a wide variety of new information and practical recommendations that can help with the conservation of pollinators in agricultural areas.

as we learn much from outside our normal spheres of influence and can use this to develop our own skills. For myself, I have been particularly intrigued by the results of the surveys which provided new insights into land managers attitudes to pollinators. The majority were

unconcerned

about

levels of crop pollination, and this is understandable given that the high proportion of respondents that were arable farmers growing crops such as oilseed rape which is primarily wind pollinated. However, the fruit growers were also not so concerned and this may be because they use honeybees, there are still sufficient wild pollinators for their needs or because they are not monitoring levels of pollination or pollinators and so are unaware of any declines. The project has provided the tools to help monitor pollinators and pollination whilst the new predictive maps will also help identify potentially deficient areas.

However, we know that pollinators are declining as are many other types of insects and it would be prudent to implement measures now to support pollinators thereby ensuring we have sufficiently robust and diverse suite of pollinators to survive climatic fluctuations, but also as important, to support pollination of wild plants to which wild pollinators are intrinsically linked, as is the functioning of agroecosystems.

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project have shown the challenges of establishing and managing new wildflower areas and that land managers need greater flexibility and effective training alongside financial support, but without too much bureaucracy, to ensure such high-quality habitats are achieved.

Such international projects are also highly valuable for the participants

photo: John Holland

quality and effective habitats for pollinators. Our experiences in the

Indeed, the whole agricultural landscape needs to deliver a greater abundance and diversity of flowering plants and trees if pollinators are not to decline further, and this is our key message to all land managers and policy makers.

photo: Jayna Connelly

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List of contents 1.

Foreword

2-3

List of contents

4-5

2.

Key Outputs & Recommendations

6-12

3.

Recommendations

12-13

3.1 Policy Recommendations

14-15

3.2 Principles for Selecting Seed Mixes for Wildflower Strips

16-21

3.3 Herb-rich Grasslands for Cows and Pollinators

22-25

4.

26-27 28-29

4.2 Autogamy and flower visitation by pollinators in different varieties of flowering crops

30-31

4.3 Wider Biodiversity Benefits of Wildflower Areas

32-33

4.4 Farm Level Costs and Benefits from Adoption of BEESPOKE Pollinator Friendly Seed Mixes

34-35

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From Fields to Landscapes

36-39

6.

Predictive Tools

40-43t

7.

Guides, Tutorials, & Inspiration

44-45

7.1 Guides & Tutorials

46-51

7.2 The BEESPOKE Poster

52-56

8.

4

Research Insights

4.1 Cup-plant: A Perennial Fodder Crop with Potential

Contact and colophon

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photo: Vlaamse Landmaatschappij

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2. Key Outputs & Recommendations

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2. Key Outputs & Recommendations of the Project Professor John Holland, Project Coordinator & Michelle Fountain, NIAB East Malling

represented by 7 North Sea Region (NSR) countries with 18 partners including researchers, seed companies, and advisors.

Key outputs

Seed mixes developed Standard seed mixes contain a limited range of plant species. The project developed bespoke seed mixes to support pollinators of crops

After four years the BEESPOKE project comes to an end in June 2023. For our final conference organized as the ‘Policy Influencer Event: New solutions to help reverse Europe’s biodiversity and pollinator crisis on farmland’ (together with the Interreg NSR project PARTRIDGE) we summarized our key outputs and recommendations. This article highlights the main aspects. The following articles in the magazine will cover these outputs and recommendations in more detail.

Project overview

photos: NIAB

The North Sea Region is one of the most productive agricultural areas in the EU and across the EU the value of crop pollination was

reliant upon bees for pollination (e.g. apples, and strawberries). We

estimated at 15 billion. Support for creating pollinator rich habitats has

measured the attractiveness of our wildflower mixes to pollinators and

been available for many years in most member states to help reverse

other beneficial insects, and quantified the success of the seed mixes

declines in pollinators. However, uptake is often low. In addition, levels

on farms.

of crop pollination are rarely considered in crop management yet can

Recommendations for seed mixes in general (page 16) and grassland

have considerable impact on crop yields and quality.

mixes (page 18)

The project was established to develop new expertise and tools for land managers and policy makers so that they can improve levels of pollinators and crop pollination, thereby creating more sustainable and resilient agroecosystems. photos: BEESPOKE (left), NIAB (right) This included developing new wildflower seed mixes, training materials to improve management pollinators and measuring crop

New wildflower areas

pollination, and predictive land management software. Many

New wildflower areas were established on over 300 sites and the

demonstration sites were also established to help us engage more

project partners reached out to over 350,000 people. This shows the

directly with land managers and obtain feedback on our new tools. We

level of interest in pollinators by all actors in the agricultural industry.

also wanted to understand why land managers were not encouraging

Recommendations for establishment, management and AES for

pollinators and whether current agri-environment schemes could

wildflower areas (page 14)

be improved to better support pollinators. Surveys and economic investigations were therefore conducted. The BEESPOKE project was

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Farmers attitudes Very little information is available regarding farmer attitudes to pollinators and crop pollination. We carried out surveys of land managers to determine attitudes and experiences of supporting pollinators, crop pollination and agri-environment schemes across the NSR countries.

Research insights into costs & benefit from adaption of seed mixes (page 34) and adoption of pollinator management (page 36)

Agri-environment schemes SWOT analyses were conducted for each countries agri-environment schemes (AES) measures to support pollinators. These were then analyzed to identify how their schemes could be improved. These findings and those from the project were used to develop a series of future policy recommendations.

Policy recommendations (page 14)

Training, guidance & online resources In-field training events were conducted in each NSR country. Such approaches are the best way to engage land managers but do require considerable financial resources. We produced 10 guides on how to support pollinators and measure crop pollination and 30 videos covering pollinator identification, measuring pollination and wildflower

photos: Jan-Willem van Kruyssen

habitat management. The project partners have widely promoted project findings and pollinator conservation through a wide range of media. We have created a legacy of free online resources available to farmers, politicians, advisors and the public.

Guides & tutorials (page 48-52) and research insights (page 27)

Predictive tools Two predictive tools were also developed. The first quantified the levels of crop pollination by region or farm, and the second estimates the added value of flower areas for pollinators.

Predictive tools (page 41)

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Key recommendations

Food for pollinators Pollinators respond positively to the total abundance of floral

Seed mixes

resources and diversity of flowering species. The amount land taken

Wildflower seed mixes should be tailored for the locality (soil

out of production can be reduced if higher quality areas are created

type), target insect groups and achievable maintenance regimes of

but this depends on land managers having the support, motivation

mowing and management if to be successful. Annual and perennial

and skills to create such habitats.

flower seed mixes should be sown.

Multiple Benefits

Native seeds - location

Ideally, floral resources should span from March to October via

We recommend the use of locally grown seed, where possible, as

a range of flower-rich habitats which can include grasslands,

local seed will be adapted to the local environment. However, no

woodlands and hedgerows. Weeds can also provide valuable

single seed mix fits all situations, targets or even budget and must

resources therefore herbicides should be used sparingly and scruffy

be adapted to the needs of the farmer, crop and environment.

areas left alone. By supporting insect fauna year-round, multiple benefits will be realized; not only pollination, but pest control

AES payments - economics

services, biodiversity gains and added social value.

AES payments vary widely across the NSR countries. The costs of establishing and maintaining small areas of AES habitats is much

Advice

higher than for crops and targeted wildflower mixes are also more

We believe that land managers need access to free training on

expensive. As a result of this AES payments need to reflect these

benefits for crop pollination and management of pollinators and

higher costs. AES should also include options to support flowering

their habitats. Those providing the advice need knowledge of

plants in all non-crop habitats such as woodland, scrubland,

not just biodiversity and management but also agronomy and

grassland and field margins.

constraints that farmers are under.

Flexibility

The BEESPOKE project goes a long way toward these key

AES rules need to be more flexible to give farmers ownership of

recommendations and helps farmers, policy makers and advisors

what they plant and where. This will ultimately lead to an interest

reach a more sustainable farming delivery system with greater

in implementing floral areas and deliver better results for the

benefits for wildlife, the environment and people. Overall,

benefit of pollinators and the environment. The establishment of

our key message is that we need to increase plant diversity

new wildflower areas can be difficult, hence AES should be flexible

and flower abundance on farmland if we are to create more

to accommodate variable weather, farm equipment and skills of the

resilient agro-ecosystems.

land manager.

photo: Will George 10

photo: Anna Vollmer

Final conference of BEESPOKE & PARTRIDGE: Policy Influencer Event in Brussels, May 2023 How can agri-environmental schemes be improved to increase farmland biodiversity and crop pollination?

Suggestions and solutions for these challenges were presented and discussed in Brussels during the final conferences of the BEESPOKE and PARTRIDGE projects at the European Committee of the Regions in Brussels.

Watch both projects presented their key outputs and recommendations and follow the inspiring stakeholder panel discussions where a European Commission member, scientists and a farmer expressed their point of view.

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photo: NIAB

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3. Recommendations

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3.1 Policy Recommendations

Our partners from the Flemish Land Agency developed these recommendations on the following main points. You can find the detailed recommendations here.

Flemish Land Agency (VLM - Vlaamse Landmaatschappij)

1. Seed mixture Agri-Environment Schemes (AES) are important for the conservation

use of locally adapted species

of farmed environments of high nature value, for the protection of agroecosystems and arable wildlife. In most member states (MS), farmers can have a sown flower areas as part of their AES.

2. Sowing and managing flower strips more flexibility

However, uptake has been low despite these being one of the most valuable habitats for a range of wildlife. Ways to increase uptake need to be explored.

Sustainable protection of wild bees in agricultural areas assumes a wide range of measures of which maintaining natural flower-rich vegetation,

3. Quality control of seed mixes encourage locally produced seeds 4. Remuneration financial encouragement

grasslands, flowering hedges and woodland, ‘messy corners’, regulating pesticide, etc., form the basis. These can be reinforced with additional supporting measures such as establishment of flower fields/edges on

5. Legislation voluntary measures

farms.

6. Advisory services Establishment of flower areas within fields is a measure promoted

importance of proper advice

as AES in several MS. The BEESPOKE policy recommendations are made specifically for flower areas and can be considered when developing AES’s or Eco Schemes.

7. Engagement actions improve communication and participation

photo: Vlaamse Landmaatschappij 14

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3.2 Principles for Selecting Seed Mixes for Wildflower Strips Lene Sigsgaard (University of Copenhagen and Norwegian University of Life Sciences), Thomas van Loo (Inagro), Regine Albers (Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg), John Holland (Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust)

need open flowers, which have nectar accessible. Flower families include for example Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Rosaceae, Malvaceae or Geranium.

Perennials!

• Choose perennial mixes. A flower strip that remains in place for several years will build up a population of beneficials year by year and thus increase in value with time.

Pollinators and pollination are under pressure, as pollinators lack food and habitat in the landscape. In many places the natural flowering vegetation is not enough to support pollinators. The EU considers that there is a pollination deficit.

By sowing wildflower strips pollen and nectar can be provided to insects. Perennial flower strips and flowering hedgerows also provide overwintering sites and year-round habitat so pollinator communities can build up. Hereby wildflower strips can be used to increase pollinators and insect biodiversity and the stronger pollinator community ensures that crops get a more reliable pollination service.

In order to establish a wildflower strip, we recommend considering the following principles for the selection of the right seed mix:

photo: Lene Sigsgaard

• Create a flower mix which provides food for different beneficial insects, which will be flowering from early spring to late autumn to support pollinators and natural enemies all season.

Native seeds • Choose plants that are compatible with region, climate and soil type.

• Include native plants in the mix. Insects are evolutionarily adapted

• Annual flower strips will provide food during spring-summer only. Annual strips can be relevant in annual crops and should then be connected with permanent habitats such as hedgerows providing nesting and overwintering sites.

to the native plants of the region, for this reason native plants will

• Including grasses in the mix can make a flower strip more robust

have value beyond providing pollen and nectar food for the natural

to traffic. However, in North-Western European climate grasses

enemies and will also contribute to biodiversity and wildlife.

can become too dominant. Select non-competitive and tussock forming grasses and include less than 15% by weight and certainly

Attract the right audience • Choose flowers with known value to beneficial insects: - Leguminous plants (Fabaceae), such as clovers and vetches, are great for bees especially for honeybees and bumblebees, which can use their tongues to get to the nectar.

- Solitary bees and natural enemies of pests (predators, parasitoids)

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no more than 40%.

Sowing, cutting, mowing • Perennial strips do not flower the year they are sown but will flower the following spring when sown in autumn. Autumn sowing works best in North-Western Europe as spring may be too dry.

• If a perennial mix is sown in spring up to 20% annuals can be added to have some flowers the first year after sowing. Possible annuals to use are a mix of cornflower, poppy and corncockles.

• Flower strips should be cut 1-3 times per year. Find more details about the management of flower strips in our guides here.

• Phased mowing of Lucerne. Lucerne is a flowering crop and by phased mowing flowers are secured pollinators. Such an approach can also be used for legume only seed mixes.

• More flowering crops in the landscape. Examples: field beans, read beans, chickpeas, cup plant

Care for your weeds • Weeds are also a good source of floral food for solitary bees, hoverflies and natural enemies of pests. Some species also flower early (Dandelions) or late in the year (Dead nettles) and so can extend the time over which floral resources are available. Natural regeneration or cultivating the soil in early spring can encourage annual weeds whilst leaving scruffy areas allows both annuals and perennial weeds to survive.

Not all bloom at once Lene Sigsgaard from the University of Copenhagen investigated perennial flower strips on demo sites in Denmark. While “these native, highly diverse, perennial flower strips do look more like green ‘vegetation strips’ as not all species bloom at once, interestingly we still see more pollinators in apple trees near flower strips than in apple trees near ‘grass strips’ even when grass strips have more flower heads per m2 [of dandelions and daisies] than flower strips.”

photo: Lene Sigsgaard

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Examples of seed mix compositions Example 1 Highly diverse, native perennial flower mix to support pollinators and natural enemies. For interrow flower strips and marginal strips in various crops including apples and strawberries (University of Copenhagen and HortiAdvice, Denmark) Grasses

Herbs

Taller herbs1

Poa trivialis

Hypochaeris radicata

Vicia sepium

Hypericum perforatum

Lolium perenne

Prunella vulgaris

Medicago lupulina

Knautia arvensis

Festuca guestfalica

Centaurea jacea

Leucanthemum vulgare

Pastinaca sativa

Poa pratensis

Lotus corniculatus

Galium mollugo

Origanum vulgare

Cynosurus cristatus

Achillea millefolium

Leontodon autumnalis

Poa nemoralis

Bellis perennis

Carum carvi

Festuca rubra rubra Mit.

Sanguisorba minor

Campanula rotundifolia

Anthoxanthum odoratum

Cichorium intybus

Geranium pyrenaicum

Silene dioica

Trifolium pratense

Myosotis scorpioides

Leontodon hispidus

Primula elatior

Silene flos-cuculi

Crepis capillaris

Daucus carota

Lathyrus pratensis

Example 2 Highly diverse mix in grassland field margins (Agrarisch Collectie Waadrâne, the Netherlands)

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1

Species

Mix % (weight)

Durability

Plantago lanceolata

1.63

Perennial

Trifolium prantese

4.07

Biennial

Achillea millefolium

1.95

Perennial

Daucus carota

4.88

Biennial

Pastinaca sativa

6.83

Biennial

Cichorium intybus

4.88

Perennial

Trifolium repens

0.81

Perennial

Leucanthemum vulgare

5.69

Perennial

Lotus corniculatus

5.69

Perennial

Centaurea jacea

5.85

Perennial

Melilotus albus

3.25

Biennial

Galium mollugo

2.44

Perennial

can be omitted if more traffic is anticipated as for interrow planting in apples

Species

Mix % (weight)

Durability

Trifolium dubium

2.44

Perennial

Ranunculus acris

4.88

Perennial

Prunella vulgaris

3.25

Perennial

Vicia cracca

2.44

Perennial

Rumex acetosa

1.63

Perennial

Vicia cracca

5.69

Perennial

Tanacetum vulgare

0.01

Perennial

Anthriscus sylvestris

6.50

Perennial

Lathyrus pratensis

0.49

Perennial

Centaurea cyanus

14.63

Annual

Glebionis segetum

0.49

Annual

Crepis capillaris

0.81

Annual

Papaver rhoeas

3.41

Annual

Tripleurospermum maritimum

3.25

Annual

Matricaria chamomilla

0.49

Annual

Medicago lupulina

1.63

Annual

photo: Inagro - perennial flower strip at demofield nature based agriculture

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Example 3 Diverse grassland mixes (Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Germany)

photos: Regine Albers

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photo: Inagro - Bombus pascuorum on cup-plant

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3.3 Herb-rich Grasslands for Cows and Pollinators

four to five cuts per year. Five mixtures of increasing diversity were

Regine Albers (Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg)

created to and tested on three different soil types. They were surveyed

In the Northwest of Germany, dairy production is of major importance.

This is where the University Oldenburg and the Grassland Center started a study on seed mixtures for intensively used grasslands with

for vegetation development, floral resources, pollinators, and fodder Historically, grasslands that were shaped by agricultural practice

quality. We found that a mix of grasses, legumes, and herbs produced

have been some of the most important habitats for pollinators in

great fodder quality and quantity, frequently provided many flowers,

Central Europe. A great number of plants flowered in them and

and was popular with insect pollinators.

there were plenty of nesting opportunities. This changed with the intensification of grasslands. Grasses were bred for more biomass, meadows became larger in size, soil were

Grassland seed mix composition

, and fertilizers increased the amount of fodder produced. The

1. Grasses

productivity increased food production greatly but changed

Grasses are of course the most important part of a grassland seed mix.

the landscape to a grass-dominated environment with harsh

A highly productive species like perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) is a

conditions that only few plant species can withstand. Flower

great base. Grasses are most productive in spring when great amounts

strips are not an option in grasslands, but bringing back some

of fresh roughage are needed for the cattle. Depending on the local

of the plant species to the meadows can be of great value for

conditions and the soil, it can be valuable to include more grass species.

the farmer as well as the insects.

Further, mixing several species decreases the spread of plant diseases.

Climate change increases the probability of droughts, so including a

Biodiversity effects can assist in getting the most value out of a

drought resilient species like cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) can reduce

meadow. These consist of two mechanisms: the selection effect,

the risk of losses that are likely to happen with just L. perenne.

meaning that in a mix of species there is always one that can be the most productive under the current conditions, and the complementarity

2. Legumes

effect. This describes the ability of species to harvest different

The second component to a good grassland mix are legumes. The most

resources, for example, by having different rooting depths. Both effects

commonly used species are white and red clover (Trifolium repens and

lead to the coexistence of species over time.

T. pratense). Both have a strong summer growth that complements the spring growth of the grasses.

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photo: Grassland drought: with only Lolium perenne but healthy-looking clover (left) and with more grass species (right) The greatest value of legumes is through, the symbiosis with nitrogen fixing bacteria meaning that they produce their own

Management recommendations Our five project farmers who managed the 25 ha of BEESPOKE

N fertilizer that they also share with surrounding plants. In our

grassland are all convinced that clover is part of the solution and

study, the farmers could reduce the use of inorganic fertilizers,

established it on more fields. Some even worked with clovers for

lowering production costs.

many years. They are very engaged in exploring new farming methods and sharing their experiences with others. The knowledge exchange

The high N availability is mirrored in the high protein content of legume

between farmers and project partners was of great worth for both

fodder. Cows like the taste and even increase their fodder intake when

sides.

fed legumes. Clovers also have deeper roots that reduce vulnerability to droughts. There are more legumes that can be used, for example birds-

The fields do not require special management. The mixture is created for

foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) which is very popular with bumblebees

cutting but can be adapted for pastures and for oversowing established

and thrives on slightly alkaline soils.

meadows. The local soil conditions must be taken into account in the

3. Herbs

selection of plant species. It is important though to control weeds thoroughly as herbicides are not an option after establishment.

The last part of the mix is herbs which is the most challenging one as

Furthermore, insect-friendly mowing techniques like mowing from

most herbs cannot withstand the frequent cutting of an intensive

one side to the other or from the middle to the outsides, increase the

management. We used ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata), a deep-

potential benefits for pollinators. If possible, mowing should take place

rooting species that is resilient to drought, produces a lot of biomass

after the legumes and herbs bloomed.

in summer and adds easily accessible flowers that attracted many hoverflies in our study. It further adds healthy plant metabolites to the cow’s diet. Another herb with similar properties that is increasingly being used is chicory (Cichorium intybus). This species is of high nutritional value and adds another kind of flowers for pollinators.

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Herb-rich grasslands are a great alternative for grass monocultures, but they do not stand by themselves.

A diverse environment is essential for the lifecycle of pollinators.

The importance of extensively managed or semi-natural habitats like hedges, buffer strips and ditches cannot be overstated.

Diverse grasslands can be a valuable addition the landscape mix.

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Do you want to learn more about grasslands?

We recorded our webinar on herb-rich grasslands from June 2023. You can watch it here.

Learn about the value of reestablishing diverse herb-rich grasslands, their benefits for pollinators, biodiversity and farmers as well as and the management of those meadows. Our project partners from Germany and the Netherlands share their expertise and learnings from 4 years of the BEESPOKE project.

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4. Research Insights

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4.1 Cup-plant: A Perennial Fodder Crop with Potential A prospection of the properties of cupplant (Silphium perfoliatum) as a fodder crop Thomas van Loo, Inagro

Currently the main interest in the crop is focussing on its usage as an energy-crop, for methanization. A study shows that plants harvested at the end of the flowering period also show promising nutritional properties.

• The plants contain a lot of sugar, so the product is tasty and possible for silage.

• You do have to supplement the crop with other products that are less structured.

• The protein content seems to vary widely but is probably related to soil fertility and the degree of dehydration of the plants.

A changing climate with more extreme weather conditions,

• Some trace elements and minerals are clearly increased in

a decrease in biodiversity, fewer permitted pesticides, soil

sunflower crown: For example, there is 10 times more calcium than

erosion... These are current topics where the cup-plant can

in corn.

possibly offer help as an alternative crop. To estimate whether this crop has potential as a fodder crop, Inagro studied the

Results from plants that already are about 10 years old are not

pollinators on cup-plant flowers and analysed five different

performing less than the younger plants. Attractiveness for pollinators

plots. Inagro carried out this research in the framework of

was investigated on 1 location, but only on a handful of plants due to

BEESPOKE, where we look for ways to support pollinators in the

unforeseen circumstances.

agricultural landscape.

Would you like to know more about the study of cup-plant as a fodder

Cup-plant, a plant with many assets

crop? Then read our extensive report here.

The cup-plant is a perennial crop that can remain productive for more than 20 years without having to till the soil. Moreover, it is a very tall plant, which can reach more than 3 m in height and accordingly produces a lot of biomass. Its ability to withstand drought thanks to its roots that grow more than 2 m deep, combined with its ability to withstand flooding for several days in winter, make it an attractive crop in today’s weather patterns. Moreover, the deep roots make it possible to recover nutrients that might otherwise have leaked away too deep into the soil.

In addition, the cup-plant has interesting flowering properties. The plants produce many flowers, which are very attractive to many beneficial insects such as hoverflies (natural enemies) and bees (pollinators). The plants flower quite late in the summer, at a time when few other plants produce nectar. The cup-plant thereby offers the needed food resources for many insects at this time of the season.

Promising fodder photo: Inagro - Apis mellifera on cup-plant 28

photo: Inagro - Bombus pascuorum on cup-plant

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4.2 Autogamy and flower visitation by pollinators in different varieties of flowering crops Thomas van Loo, Inagro

In this study, Inagro investigated to what extent a series of crops 2 Inagro - B. terrestris stealing naectar from phaseolus beans

are attractive for pollinators and thus play a role in supporting these insects in the landscape. The study took place on a small-scale trial field at the premisses of Inagro in Beitem, Belgium in 2022.

Additionally, a trial was set up to investigate to what extend several

Flower visitors: (un)faithful?

Although Inagro counted quite some pollinators in the earliest flowering

varieties of these crops benefit from insect pollination. The crops

crops (summer field beans, gold-of-pleasure and lupins), the pollinator

in this study were lupins, summer field beans, gold-of-pleasure,

activity dropped dramatically from mid-July onwards. Furthermore,

soybeans, red Phaseolus beans and chickpeas.

many flower visits were registered as “nectar robbing”, which is a

Pollinators and crops: bees and flowers need each other Pollinators need plants to provide them with food to survive and to reproduce. Many plant species in their turn need pollinators for their own reproduction. Some flowering plants produce flowers but are also able to produce seeds without pollinators. Although being able to produce seeds without pollinators, yield in these plants often still is higher if they are supplementary pollinated by insects.

behaviour where pollinators surpass the pollination mechanism of the flowers by gnawing a hole at the base of the flower. Therefore, there was little activity that resulted in effective pollination in this trial study.

• Only Buff-tailed bumblebees (B. terrestris) has been observed making these holes, both in this study as well as in previous studies.

• Honeybees themselves cannot make the holes but they to use the premade holes as well.

• From other pollinator species it is known that they only access the flowers via the regular way: these species have longer tongues with which they can reach the nectar glands at the base of the flower through a regular flower visit.

In previous, more large-scale studies, we found that both B. terrestris and honeybees show a mixed behaviour of robbing nectar combined with regular flower visits, so they both do act as true pollinators as well. When performing a regular visit, they probably collect pollen to feed to their larvae, instead of nectar.

Buff-tailed bumblebees and honeybees: dominant, but not in all crops • In summer field beans, the highest densities of pollinators were 1 Inagro - honeybee visiting field bean flowers

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observed (B. terrestris and honeybees), and here almost exclusively

nectar robbing was observed as a type of flower visit.

• In gold-of-pleasure, many hoverflies were observed in addition to honeybees.

• In lupins, only regular flower visitation was observed. Possibly the

Conclusion Since true pollinator activity was low in almost all of the crops, the present study cannot draw conclusions on the effect of insectpollination in terms of nutritional value and yield parameters for

flower tube of lupins is shorter, or the nectar glands are higher in the

most of the crops.

flowers than in field beans.

It would be valuable to revisit this kind of study, under a higher true

• Flower visitation in red beans was dominated by B. terrestris, which

pollination pressure (more bees, and/or a higher diversity of bees

exclusively robbed nectar. The honeybees showed mainly regulatory

including long tongued species). However, what the present study

behaviour.

might point to regarding crop pollination is on the one hand the need

• In chickpeas, almost all flower-visiting behaviour was regulatory (no

to support pollinators throughout the whole year to avoid drops

individuals of B. terrestris were observed in the chickpea fields

in pollinator activity, and on the other hand the need to support

during monitoring).

bumblebee species which have longer tongues in the agricultural

• Very few individuals were observed visiting soybean (B. terrestris

landscape, since these are the species which generally only exhibit

and honeybees), but then this crop only started flowering at a time

regular flower visitation behaviour.

when pollinator activity was already declining.

These species however are the ones which have declined the most in the recent past. It is unclear to what extent the crops themselves also

Of all the observations in this study, B. terrestris and honeybees

provide valuable pollen in terms of nutritional value for pollinators: this

were the dominant species.

is needed to feed their larvae throughout the season in their colonies.

In any case, flowering crops alone are probably not sufficient to meet all pollinator needs throughout the year. In addition, bumblebees also need nesting facilities in the near vicinity.

3 Inagro - overview trial study area

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4.3 Wider Biodiversity Benefits of Wildflower Areas

Survey setup

Exploring the benefits of encouraging pollinators for wild plants on farmland

(photo 1).

In the summer of 2022, we measured hawthorn pollination of 31 hedges across two regions of the UK, Southern and Eastern

We visited the hedges when the hawthorn was in flower (in

Lucy Capstick, Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust

May) and marked 20 clusters of flowers along a 60 m

As part of work carried through the extension to the BEESPOKE

transect, counting the number

project, the Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust aimed to demonstrate

of flowers in each cluster. We

some of the wider biodiversity benefits of wildflower areas.

went back to the hedges in photo1: L. Capstick

The decline in pollinators on farmland is threatening populations

July and again in September to count the number of flowers

of wild plants which depend on pollinators for reproduction.

in each cluster that produced

Management which encourages pollinator populations on

photo2: J. Connelly

farmland to support crop pollination could therefore also

immature and mature fruits respectively. The greater the

benefit these wild plants.

proportion of flowers that produced fruits (fruit set) the

Aims of the study

higher the pollination levels.

We aimed to explore how the amount of wildflower habitat and different farming practices affected the pollination of wild plants,

On the May and July visits we

specifically hawthorn. We looked at hawthorn pollination because it is

also measured the number of

common on farmland in the UK and previous work (Jacobs et al., 2009)

pollinators present on each

has shown that it is dependent on insect pollination for reproduction

site; we walked along the 60

and therefore berry production (an important winter food source for

m transect and counted all

farmland wildlife) but was also under-pollinated.

the bumblebees, solitary bees, hoverflies, and butterflies seen

We compared hawthorn pollination in hedges on farms employing

within 2m (photo 2). After this

more regenerative practices (16) and more conventional practices

survey we also set pan traps

(15) and with varying amounts of wildflower habitat. Regenerative

(small brightly coloured bowls

agriculture practices aim to protect soil health and includes reducing

filled with water) at either end of the transect for 48 hours. This meant

tillage, increasing use of cover crops and using diverse crop rotations.

we could get an insight into the pollinators present in the habitat over

These practices have some benefits for wildlife, however the impacts

a longer period.

on pollinators are less well understood.

Finally, we assessed the availability of floral resources on and adjacent to the hedge at six points along the transect (every 10 m). We counted and identified the flowerheads in a 1 m x 2 m vertical quadrat on the side of the hedgerow and in a 1 m x 1 m horizontal quadrat placed on the adjacent hedge bank (photo 3).

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Study results

photo: L. Capstick

Across the 31 sites we observed many species of pollinators on our hedge transect in May and July including 151 bumblebees, 423 butterflies and 54 solitary bees. Notable solitary bees seen included Andrena tibialis (Grey-gastered Mining Bee) which is nationally rare and Andrena haemorrhoa (Early mining bee) which is known to forage on hawthorn.

We aimed to relate the availability of floral resources to the pollinators present and consequently to the pollination of hawthorn.

More nature friendly farming methods could increase the availability of floral resources and or pollinator numbers and diversity.

• We did find that fruit set of hawthorn was higher on regenerative farms in both the Southern and Eastern regions, but this did not clearly link to the number of pollinators present.

• The number of pollinators seen adjacent to the hedge varied depending on region and by the functional group of pollinators. For example, more bumblebees were seen on more regenerative farms and more butterflies were observed in the Southern region.

• Conversely in the pan trap samples more pollinators were counted on farms using more conventional practices and in the Eastern region.

We explored whether these patterns could be linked to the floral resources available. We did see a trend towards higher numbers of flower heads and umbellifers adjacent to the hedge on farms with

photo 3: L. Capstick

more regenerative practices and for both regions. This could explain the higher number of bumblebees seen on these sites.

Our next steps are to explore specific interactions between pollinators and plant species and to relate this to the specific farming practices used and the wildflower area in the landscape.

Acknowledgements We thank all the landowners and managers who gave us access to their farms for this study. This work was partially funded by the BEESPOKE and partial funding also came as part of the H3 project. H3 is part of the ‘Transforming UK food systems’ research programme funded via UKRI’s Strategic Priorities Fund (BB/ V004719/1).

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4.4 Farm Level Costs and Benefits from Adoption of BEESPOKE Pollinator Friendly Seed Mixes

• Do they have the appropriate land management knowledge and skills to support pollinator friendly activities?

• Do they have the necessary land and other resources, including time, available to devote to this type of activity?

• Do the financial implications of adoption make sense?

To examine these questions, we have examined two AEP options available in England as part of the Countryside Stewardship Scheme

Iain Fraser, University of Kent, June 2023

(CSS) (AB1: Nectar flower mix; and AB8: Flower-rich margins and plots). The scenarios we examine also apply to other Interreg North

Introduction There is a significant body of research demonstrating that insects in

Sea Region (NSR) partner countries that employ very similar policy

general and pollinators in particular are in decline. As a result, there are

options. Our analysis considers how changes to the cost of wildflower

a myriad of government policies (e.g. Agri-environmental policy (AEP))

seed mixes might influence the economic incentives facing potential

and associated initiatives that seek to reverse the decline. However,

adopters. It has been implemented in Excel and it includes key land

photo: NIAB

photo: Anna Vollmer

there is still the need to train land managers in the skills needed to

use management decisions and the associated economic implications.

identify pollinators and determine the pollination levels required for

Although our analysis is only illustrative it does enable us to see how

optimal crop production. And even when suitable training is available

the choice of alternative seed mixes impacts the financial incentives

there is also a need to understand the potential likelihood of adoption

arising from the management of land used to support pollinators.

of farm level practices explicitly designed to support pollinators either for production or biodiversity.

The Cost of Seed Mixes The cost of seeds used to create the wildflower margins and strips

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The decision to adopt or not one or more of the pollinator friendly

varies significantly. For example, in the UK costs can range from around

practices can be a complex choice. This is because adoption requires

£100 per hectare to in-excess of £2,000 per hectare. This variation

land managers to simultaneously consider:

depends on the composition and source of the seed used. Similar

variations in seed costs are also reported in other NSR countries.

crop production such as planting within orchards or replacing grassy

Currently, agricultural seed suppliers advertise seed mixes that can be

non-productive areas between and around fields fields. In addition, in

used when adopting the AEP options such as AB1 and AB8. However,

the case of orchards there can be an increase in fruit yield and quality

research conducted as part of the BEESPOKE project indicates that

that strengthens the economic incentive. Also, in some NSR countries,

seed mixes that include a greater proportion of perennial flowers

it has been found that there are also economic and biodiversity benefits

and less grass (and less aggressive grass) not only yield an increased

when modifying seed mixes used in pasture production for livestock.

number of flowers but a mix of flowers that can yield pollen for a much longer period each year. In addition, the BEESPOKE seed mixes will last much longer (up to 20 years) and require far less active management to supress excessive grass growth.

But, these mixes are significantly more expensive and so the question remains: Will land use managers adopt them?

Costs, Benefits and Adoption?

In undertaking our analysis, we identified the costs and benefits associated with growing wildflower strips on arable and orchard farms.

Our analysis included versions for which AEP payments are available because of adoption of AB1 or AB8 as well as the potential impact on crop production. We also included the opportunity cost of lost production, variation in costs associated with seed bed preparation,

photo: NIAB

ongoing management of flower strips and if the flower strips are grown

Concluding Observations

on fragmented parcels of land.

Our analysis indicates that the economic incentives facing land managers in terms of flower strip adoption to support pollinators are

In general, the cost of seed mix is not the main issue driving the balance

(in England) marginal. This result holds even before we consider the

between costs and benefits. That said, the use of a lower cost seed mix

higher cost associated with employing the BEESPOKE seed mixes. But

will increase the financial attractiveness of adoption. However, many of

these seed mixes produce higher environmental benefits.

these mixes are not as effective as those developed by the BEESPOKE project when it comes to supporting pollinators. But, the impact on

Very simply, if policy makers really want to increase levels of

crop production as a result of enhanced pollination is less clear.

adoption and more importantly the ecological effectiveness of

Employing land that is currently in production can have a significant

flower strips then payment levels, certainly in England, will need

impact on the economics of whether or not to adopt this type of land

to increase.

use activity. Also, as parcels of land become more fragmented the

Finally, there is evidence that adoption is also being hindered by

costs of land preparation and management increase significantly. The

complexity and overly prescriptive AEP design.

magnitude of these costs is such that the economic incentives from adoption are negative for the given levels of payments on offer for AB1

Clearly, the scientific evidence exists for how we can support

and AB8. Importantly, the level of payments on offer in other NSR

pollinators, but this must be aligned with better policy design and

countries for related activities are generally higher and this clearly

implementation if efforts to reverse the decline in wild pollinators is

has a positive impact on the likelihood of adoption.

to be successful.

It is only when there is little or no lost income from reducing existing

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5.From Fields to Landscapes Challenges of scaling out innovative solutions

inspire other farmers to change their practices. Over time, various strategies for on-farm demonstrations and research have emerged, including the monitor farm model, which emphasizes a participatory and practice-oriented approach.

Participatory group-based extension models offer several advantages,

Lotta Fabricius Kristiansen & Magnus Ljung (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences)

Bridging the implementation gap New approaches to pollinator management and monitoring are necessary, along with empowering land managers to adopt such practices. The BEESPOKE project aims to address these challenges by promoting a bottom-up, land manager approach for scaling out developed solutions. Implementing these measures on a broad scale will instigate change at various levels, from fields to landscapes.

In agriculture and horticulture, traditional methods like field trials and experimental farms have facilitated the adoption of new technologies. photo: Charlotte Holde

However, the uptake of valuable measures, especially those related to ecosystem services like pollination, often suffers from a significant implementation gap. Collaborative efforts among landowners and

such as higher adoption rates, improved farm productivity, enhanced

growers are crucial in these cases, requiring engagement beyond

social well-being among farmers, and increased knowledge and skills

farm gates and managing diverse perspectives through effective

through peer support. Such models could be viewed as a steppingstone

communication and learning methodologies.

between formal demonstration processes and farmers’ actions, by demonstrating innovations and facilitating monitoring and

Work package six of BEESPOKE focuses on formative evaluation

comparisons within a familiar context.

and monitoring to facilitate communication and scaling out.

Recognizing that no single solution is universally applicable, the

Within the BEESPOKE project, farm-level demonstrations have been

development of a toolbox for advisors and others involved in the

established across the North Sea Region. These farms, with diverse

process of change becomes invaluable. Within BEESPOKE, various

production lines, serve as monitoring farms for methods and practices

communicative tools have been applied and refined to bridge the

that promote tailored solutions for crop-specific pollinators and

implementation gap, enabling actors to operate at both field and

biodiversity enhancement. Additionally, these demo farms inspire and

landscape levels. Some of these tools will be discussed further.

provide a learning environment for fellow farmers. Through demo farm events, experiences and knowledge are shared and discussed.

1. Demonstration farms

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On-farm demonstrations have a long tradition in Europe, originally

2. Educational material and field guides

driven by the need for efficient agriculture to sustain a growing

Most farmers growing insect-pollinated crops do not measure

population. These demonstrations aimed to transfer knowledge and

pollinator visits to their crops, what types they are, or whether their

crop yield is being limited by inadequate pollination, and few know

networking, the focus would be on whether participants expanded their

how to do so. Usually, they are depending on advisors to help with

network. If the objective is the adoption of new measures, organizers

the assessment. By adding a possibility for farmers to a simplified

should monitor participants’ inclination to adopt the demonstrated

valuation on their own, the way towards action is shorter. BEESPOKE

innovation. Understanding what the targeted group perceives and

has developed simple protocols for the monitoring of pollinator

takes away, both in the short and long term, is key.

populations in a variety of crops, including field guides and videos to It is also valuable to keep different knowledge aspects apart. It enables us to specify the aim of an activity or measure. Ask yourself, what do we want the growers and farmers to improve?

• Know-why (motivation, raised awareness): Participants are aware that there are specific problems or challenges and/or that new options are available and may be needed in the future.

• Know-what (the demo topic): Participants are informed on specific novelties (new practices, materials, varieties, machinery, etc.)

• Know-how: Participants can connect the new information to their own practices and are able to assess possibilities to implement it on their farm. photo: Lotta Fabricius Kristiansen

We also might want to know “what do participants do with what they brought home?”

enable non-specialists to identify insect pollinators. The protocols

Evaluating new practices resulting from specific events or guidelines

show the growers how to measure whether their crop yield is limited

is complex. It takes time for participants to make actual changes in

by inadequate pollination.

their farming practice since it might require financial investments,

Making the training materials available and tested, training sessions for

additional skills and knowledge, and a readjustment in the farmer’s

farmers and agronomists have been held on the demonstration farms.

usual routine or even a change of mindset. Decision-making for change

The materials produced are now available in different languages and

is influenced by multiple information sources such as publications,

can be used for educational purposes in schools, farmers’ events or

demos, workshops, newsletters, advisory services, and interactions

citizen science projects in the future.

with other farmers. Thus, a comprehensive and long-term strategy is crucial for scaling out innovative solutions. It is important to take the

All BEESPOKE guides & tutorials can be found on page 48 or directly on

abovementioned evaluations and reflections seriously to improve

our website and Youtube channel.

future events, on-farm demonstrations, and other activities.

3. Monitoring and evaluation Learning from experience is vital for improving communication and

4. Connecting social networks to the ecological network

ensuring sustainable uptake. Monitoring and evaluating the effects of

Moving from field to landscape, not only changes how we must

measures and events are essential to assess their success. Formative

approach the ecological network and its potential, but it also

evaluation is used for continuous improvement, and it is crucial to

changes the social system, whom to involve and finding new ways of

align the evaluation with the objectives. For example, if the objective is

interacting. This is in itself an innovative process, asking for specific

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competencies. Social and institutional innovations, like biodiversity

Specific strategies for scaling out will need to be tailor-made and

conservation, are a shared responsibility and therefore easily becomes

context-specific. For this, we do not only need standards and

nobody’s responsibility. When fostering stakeholder collaboration,

guidelines, but individual and collective competencies as well

long-term considerations are essential. Designing the work with

as conducive spaces for appropriate strategy development and

sufficient intensity, particularly during critical phases, and ensuring

implementation. Only then we can move from field to landscape,

continuity over time due to the slow pace of land management change

from an individual grower to a learning community, as well as

is crucial to maintain stakeholder engagement.

be able to approach the pollination challenges as holistically as possible.

There is a strong link between farm business economics and socioecological sustainability. Conservation of certain ecological values

The vision of scaling the restoration of ecosystem services connecting

often relies on active and traditional cultivation. A holistic development

the social network with the ecological network.

perspective for rural areas, including entrepreneurship and the local economy, is important. A strong and shared vision for rural areas, held by core actors, becomes instrumental because it is about creating supporting structures in many areas of development. Therefore responsible scaling out is not just about technical feasibility but relates also to different ideas on progress and development.

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figure: Lotta Fabricius Kristiansen

5. Key recommendations for policy It is important to create good enough external preconditions for

3. Motivate landowners to invest in pollination management by

the abovementioned measures to be scaled out. It is about creating

funding new measures for improved biodiversity, and make sure that

conducive policy environments, both on regional and (inter)national

such schemes are sustained over a longer period.

levels.

4. Demand systems for formative evaluation, for continuously Some recommendations are:

improving preconditions and methods when scaling out social and

1. Support the development of new approaches to facilitate change,

institutional innovations, so that we consciously learn from our

including adapting these to the unique characteristics of local networks

experiences.

and platforms for learning and co-innovation in new areas (creating space for experiments).

2. Establish systems for vertical integration of actors in the policy chain.

photo: Charlotte Holde -Frydenlund

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photo: Jan-Willem van Kruyssen

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6. Predictive Tools

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6. Predictive Tools for Farmers BEESPOKE helps farmers to promote pollination Dr. Ivan Meeus & Dr. Daniel Ariza (Ghent University)

BEESPOKE provides two tools which help farmers to improve land use to promote pollinators. More specific we make suggestions how pollination services can be improved for a specific crop of interest.

TOOL 1

Expected pollination service and effect of a flower strip Tool 1 calculates the free pollination service of wild bees based on the landscape characteristics in the landscape around the crop of interest.

The user is able to draw an area where landscape improvement (for example a flower strip) can be placed; the tool calculates the percentage that the pollination service increases.

TOOL 2

Selecting wildflower seeds for your crop A second tools helps to select good flower seeds, i.e. flowers to support the bee species that will pollinate the crop of interest, a second tool will give some suggestion of flowers supporting good pollinator species per crop and country. Note the suggestions made here are for inspiration, and knowledge on how attract bee crop pollinator species, abiotic factors like soil, sun, … are not integrated.

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On the BEESPOKE Tools Website you can find: BEESPOKE helps farmers to promote pollination Dr. Ivan Meeus & Dr. Daniel Ariza (Ghent University)

• Both tools • Step by step explanation how to use the tools • Background information on the mechanisms & calculations behind it and the data supporting the tools

All information will be placed on: beespoketools.weebly.com The work on this site is still ongoing, it will be updated and finally a new site will be made: UGpollinationtools.com (not yet online)

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photo: Jan-Willem van Kruyssen

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7. Guides, Tutorials, & Inspiration

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7.1 Guides & Tutorials

Monitoring Pollination & Pollinators By monitoring the numbers and diversity of pollinators you can gain valuable insight in the relationship between crop yield and pollination

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One aim of BEESPOKE is to develop farmer friendly methods for

(potential pollination deficit). Thereby evidence can be provided to

measuring their own pollination and levels of pollinators and to

what extent the wildflower margins are benefitting crop pollination.

improve pollination by establishing bespoke wildflower areas. To

With our guides you can learn how to estimate your pollination

support these activities as well as general biodiversity we developed

potential, how to conduct pollinator monitoring and how to identify

several guides and video tutorials.

solitary bees and bumblebees.

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Supporting Pollinators & Biodiversity If you want to take action for pollinators and general biodiversity on your land, the following guides are developed to support you with your efforts. Learn how to establish and maintain a perennial wildflower area, how other habitats can help biodiversity or how to build a nesting possibility for solitary bees.

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Upcoming guides!

Follow us on social media and our website to not miss out our upcoming guides this summer: • Estimating Pollination in Blackcurrant • Estimating Pollination in Cherry • Estimating Pollination in Raspberry • Estimating Pollination in Strawberry • Matching Flowers to Pollinators • BEESPOKE Seed Mix for Solitary Bee • BEESPOKE Seed Mix for Easement strips

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Video Tutorials, Interviews & More On our Youtube channel you can find many additional as well as complementary video tutorials which can help you support your efforts for pollinators. Get inspired by interviews with farmers who share their experiences and knowledge about pollinator-friendly measures. You can also find more videos with additional knowledge about pollinator-friendly farming, webinars, the BEESPOKE project in general or our project partners.

Visit our webpage for all of our guides. If you are interested in scientific literature, you can find our publications as well as further reading here as well.

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7.2 The BEESPOKE Poster Brighten up your office wall!

Jayna Connelly, Lucy Capstick, John Holland (Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust) Illustrations by Anne-Lieke Faber

Your flower strips and hedges are colourful habitats With this poster we aim to inspire land managers to support pollinators and other wildlife with flower strips and hedges throughout the year.

We provide concise habitat management recommendations per season for wildflower areas and hedges. In each season you can find the main plant species, pollinators and other wildlife for which you can provide habitat on your farmland.

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The poster is available to download here: in English, Dutch or German On our website you can find detailed instructions to establish wildflower areas and recommendations for their management.

You can print the single seasons in A4 format and combine them to the whole year on your wall.

Transform your land into the colourful, lively home for pollinators and other wildlife which not only benefit the whole ecosystem but you and your crops as well!

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DO NOT CUT HEDGES DURING SPRING

Follow the seasons and find out what you can do for pollinators and other wildlife in your wildflower areas and hedges.

BEESPOKE

SPRING

SUMMER HEDGEROW FOLIAGE

They provide pollen for pollinators and habitat for nesting

provides food for

birds.

caterpillars of butterflies and moths and flowers for pollinators.

Hedges provide

WINDBREAKS

Illustrations by Anne-Lieke Faber

creating warm micro climates for wildlife.

In first year,

PREPARE SEED BED

for broadcasting seed in August.

Sunny, low fertility, not water-logged areas are best for

WILDFLOWER STRIPS.

Cut legume

FLOWER STRIPS AND GRASSLAND.

Leave scruffy areas with weeds for Please visit our website for detailed management recommendations.

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bees.

WINTER

AUTUMN Cut hedges on

Hedges are

ROTATION

IMPORTANT SHELTER

of every 2-3 years.

for birds and other

Hedges of different

wildlife from wind and rain.

growth stages should be present.

Plant new

HEDGES

to fill in gaps.

IVY

Cut or lay

is an important

overgrown hedges

late flowering

in rotation.

plant.

During mild winters

BUFF-TAILED BUMBLEBEES will have a

second brood.

REMOVE GRASS CUTTINGS to maintain low

SOW SEED

nutrient soil for

late August to

plant diversity.

September.

Hoverflies Cut plot in September.

Leave 1 metre wide section uncut for

OVERWINTERING INSECTS.

such as

DRONE FLIES

will be active as early as January.

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If you would like to stay in touch with us and receive all updates on the BEESPOKE project, just visit our website or social media pages!

K E C Q P Website

Facebook

LinkedIN

Instagram

YouTube

Colophon Graphic design Statuur, Bastiaan Blaauw Editing John Holland, Anna Vollmer BEESPOKE Project Coordinator John Holland beespokensrproject@gmail.com BEESPOKE Project Communication Jan-Willem van Kruyssen jw@vankruyssen.eu

All rights reserved, 2023

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