History of Costume

DigitalResearch Book

History of Costumes

RKL-DFJ030

Assessment 3: Research Book

Name: Yong Hey Ki

Student ID: RKL-FM2209014

Lecturer:Mr Muhamad Rizal Bin Md Zawawi

Submission Date: 31/03/2023 (Week 12)

Topic Outline

Ancient Egypt

Mesopotamia

Ancient Greece & Minoan,Mycenaean

Ancient Rome

Byzantine

The Middle Age

Renaissance

Baroque & Rococo

Romantic Period

Directories & Empire Period

EGYPT ANCIENT

APPROXIMATELY 3100 BCE - 30 BCE

THE DYNASTIC PERIOD STARTED WITH THE REIGN OF EGYPT’S FIRST KING, NARMER, IN APPROXIMATELY 3100 BCE, AND ENDED WITH THE DEATH OF CLEOPATRA VII IN 30 BCE DURING THIS LONG PERIOD THERE WERE TIMES OF STRONG CENTALISED RULE, AND PERIODS OF MUCH WEAKER, DIVIDED RULE, BUT EGYPT REMAINED ONE, INDEPENDENT LAND BEFORE NARMER UNITED HIS KINGDOM ,THE LAND THAT WAS TO BECOME EGYPT CONSISTED OF A SERIES OF SOPHISTICATED NEOLITHIC CITYSTATES, SUPPORTED BY AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITIES AND LINKED TOGETHER BY TRADE. AFTER CLEOPATRA’S DEATH, EGYPT WAS ABSORBED BY ROME, BUT MANY OF THE OLD TRADITIONS AND CULTURE CONTINUED.

PREDYNASTICPERIOD(C.5000-3100B.C.):KINGMENESSUBDUEDTHENORTH ANDUNIFIEDTHECOUNTRY,BECOMINGTHEFIRSTKINGOFTHEFIRST DYNASTY.

•ARCHAIC(EARLYDYNASTIC)PERIOD(C.3100-2686B.C.):SAWTHE DEVELOPMENTOFTHEFOUNDATIONSOFEGYPTIANSOCIETY,INCLUDINGTHE ALL-IMPORTANTIDEOLOGYOFKINGSHIP.

•OLDKINGDOM:AGEOFTHEPYRAMIDBUILDERS(C.2686-2181B.C.):THE KING’SWEALTHWASSTEADILYDEPLETED,PARTIALLYDUETOTHEEXPENSEOF PYRAMID-BUILDING,ANDHISABSOLUTEPOWERFALTEREDINTHEFACEOFTHE GROWINGINFLUENCEOFTHENOBILITYANDTHEPRIESTHOODTHATGREWUP AROUNDTHESUNGODRA.

•FIRSTINTERMEDIATEPERIOD(C.2181-2055B.C.):CONSISTEDOFARAPID SUCCESSIONOFRULERSUNTILABOUT2160B.C.,WHENTHECENTRAL AUTHORITYCOMPLETELYDISSOLVED,LEADINGTOCIVILWARBETWEEN PROVINCIALGOVERNORS.CHAOSWASINTENSIFIEDBYBEDOUININVASIONS ALONGWITHFAMINEANDDISEASE.AROUND2055B.C.,THETHEBANPRINCE MENTUHOTEPMANAGEDTOTOPPLEHERACLEOPOLISANDREUNITEDEGYPT.

• PREDYNASTIC PERIOD (C. 5000-3100 B.C.): KING MENES SUBDUED THE NORTH AND UNIFIED THE COUNTRY, BECOMING THE FIRST KING OF THE FIRST DYNASTY.

• ARCHAIC (EARLY DYNASTIC) PERIOD (C. 3100-2686 B.C.): SAW THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOUNDATIONS OF EGYPTIAN SOCIETY, INCLUDING THE ALL-IMPORTANT IDEOLOGY OF KINGSHIP .

• OLD KINGDOM: AGE OF THE PYRAMID BUILDERS (C. 2686-2181 B.C.): THE KING’S WEALTH WAS STEADILY DEPLETED, PARTIALLY DUE TO THE EXPENSE OF PYRAMID-BUILDING, AND HIS ABSOLUTE POWER FALTERED IN THE FACE OF THE GROWING INFLUENCE OF THE NOBILITY AND THE PRIESTHOOD THAT GREW UP AROUND THE S UN GOD RA.

• FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD (C. 2181-2055 B.C.): CONSISTED OF A RAPID SUCCESSION OF RULERS UNTIL ABOUT 2160 B.C., WHEN THE CENTRAL AUTHORITY COMPLETELY DISSOLVED, LEADING TO CIVIL WAR BETWEEN PROVINCIAL GOVERNORS. CHAOS WAS INTENSIFIED BY BEDOUIN INVASIONS ALONG WITH FAMINE AND DISEASE. AROUND 2055 B.C., THE THEBAN PRINCE MENTUHOTEP MANAGED TO TOPPLE HERACLEOPOLIS AND REUNITED EGYPT.

• MIDDLE KINGDOM: 12TH DYNASTY (C. 2055-1786 B.C.): PURSUED AN AGGRESSIVE FOREIGN POLICY, COLONIZING NUBIA (WITH ITS RICH SUPPLY OF GOLD, EBONY, IVORY AND OTHER RESOURCES) AND REPELLING THE BEDOUINS. BUILT DIPLOMATIC AND TRADE RELATIONS WITH SYRIA, PALESTINE AND OTHER COUNTRIES.

• SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD (C. 1786-1567 B.C.): A LINE OF FOREIGN RULERS KNOWN AS THE HYKSOS TOOK ADVANTAGE OF EGYPT’S INSTABILITY TO TAKE CONTROL. CONFLICT EVENTUALLY FLARED BETWEEN THE HYKSOS AND THEBAN, A WAR WAS LAUNCHED AROUND 1570 B.C., DRIVING THE HYKSOS OUT OF EGYPT.

• NEW KINGDOM (C. 1567-1085 B.C.): AFTER EGYPT REUNITED, IT WENT ON TO ESTABLISH THE WORLD’S FIRST GREAT EMPIRE, STRETCHING FROM NUBIA TO THE EUPHRATES RIVER IN ASIA. EVENTUALLY, EGYPT LOST ITS PROVINCES IN PALESTINE AND SYRIA AND SUFFERED FROM FOREIGN INVASIONS, WHILE ITS WEALTH WAS BEING STEADILY BUT INEVITABLY DEPLETED.

• THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD (C. 1085-664 B.C.): SAW IMPORTANT CHANGES IN EGYPTIAN POLITICS, SOCIETY AND CULTURE. CENTRALIZED GOVERNMENT UNDER THE 21ST DYNASTY PHARAOHS GAVE WAY TO THE RESURGENCE OF LOCAL OFFICIALS, WHILE FOREIGNERS FROM LIBYA AND NUBIA GRABBED POWER FOR THEMSELVES AN D LEFT A LASTING IMPRINT ON EGYPT’S POPULATION.

• FROM THE LATE PERIOD TO ALEXANDER’S CONQUEST (C.664-332

B.C.): THE LAST RULER OF PTOLEMAIC EGYPT–THE LEGENDARY CLEOPATRA VII–SURRENDERED EGYPT TO THE ARMIES OF OCTAVIAN (LATER AUGUSTUS) IN 31 B.C. SIX CENTURIES OF ROMAN RULE FOLLOWED, DURING WHICH CHRISTIANITY BECAME THE OFFICIAL R ELIGION OF ROME AND THE ROMAN EMPIRE’S PROVINCES (INCLUDING EGYPT).

MENS WEAR

FARMERSGREWFLAXANDWOVENITINTOEXQUISITELINENFORCLOTHES.

MENINTHEWORKINGCLASSWORELOINCLOTHSORSHORTKILTS,ASWELLAS LONGSHIRT-LIKEGARMENTSTHATWERETIEDATTHEWAISTWITHASASH.

KILTSWERECONSTRUCTEDBYFOLDINGARECTANGULARPIECEOFLINEN AROUNDTHETORSOANDTYINGITATTHEWAIST.

WEALTHYMENWOREKNEE-LENGTHSHIRTS,LOINCLOTHS,ORKILTSAND ACCESSORISEDWITHASTRINGOFBEADS,ARMLETS,ANDBRACELETS

LEATHERLOINCLOTHSWERENOTUNCOMMON, HOWEVER.THEIRGARMENTSWERESOMETIMES DECORATEDWITHGOLDTHREADAND COLOURFULBEADWORK.

THEPRIESTS,VIZIERSANDCERTAINOFFICIALS WORELONGWHITEROBESTHATHADASTRAP OVERONESHOULDER,ANDSEM-PRIESTS(ONEOF THERANKSINTHEPRIESTHOOD)WORELEOPARD SKINSOVERTHEIRROBES.

WOMENS WEAR

EGYPTIANWOMENWORESTRAIGHTFULL-LENGTH GOWNSWITHONEORTWOSHOULDERSTRAPS

PLEATEDORDRAPEDGARMENTSBECAMETRENDY THROUGHOUTTHENEWKINGDOMPERIOD.

RICHEGYPTIANWOMENWOREGARMENTSMADEOF BEAUTIFULTRANSPARENTLINEN.

ASWITHMEN,WEALTHYEGYPTIANWOMENADORNED THEIRGARMENTSWITHJEWELLERYANDHEADDRESSES

THROUGHOUTHISTORY,LADIESWOREBASICSHEATH DRESSESMADEOFARECTANGULARPIECEOFCLOTH FOLDEDONCE,SEWEDDOWN,ANDFORMEDINTOA TUBESHAPE.

THEDRESSREACHEDJUSTABOVETHEANKLEAND ENDEDJUSTABOVETHECHESTTHEDRESSESWERE SUPPORTEDBYSHOULDERSTRAPS

APOPULARFORMOFTHISDRESSOMITTEDTHESTRAPS INFAVOUROFASHORT-SLEEVEDTOPWITHA GATHEREDNECKHOLE.

JEWELLERY ACCESSORIES

The style of jewellery worn indicated on Egyptians believed that wearing jewellery made them more appealing to the gods,and thus wore as much as possible. Frequently adorned themselves with bracelets, necklaces, rings, ornate buttons, earrings, neck collars, and pendants. The bulky appearance of the jewels gave them an Asian influence. -The higher a person's class, the more gold and valuable gems were used in the creation of the jewellery.

Turquoise, a greenish-blue gemstone, Lapis-lazuli, a wonderfully vivid blue gemstone, and Carnelian, a smooth reddish-brown stone, were the most popular gems. The lower classes continued to accessorise with an abundance of heavy jewellery, however they did so with clay beads or glassware rather than diamonds.

The common man could afford copper, but the nobles preferred gold.

Throughout the New Kingdom, colouredglass was utilised, which was extremely costly due to its scarcity.

Beads of various shapes were fashioned from wood and ceramics for their headgear, neckpieces, and bracelets.

Earrings became popular during the New Kingdom, and Egyptians began piercing their ears in order to wear them. A l t id ed to be talismans or charms that filled the rotected the wearer.

HEADDRESS SHAVEN HEAD

THEWEALTHIESTEGYPTIANS-MENANDWOMEN-SHAVED THEIRHEADS.

CLEANSHAVENONTHEHEADANDFACEWASASIGNOF ARISTOCRACY,ASEVIDENCEDBYMETALRAZORSFOUND INUPPER-CLASSEGYPTIANTOMBS.

ARCHEOLOGISTS,WHORESEARCHTHEPASTUSING TANGIBLEEVIDENCE,BELIEVEEGYPTIANSSHAVEDTO STAYCOOLINTHEHOTHEAT.

WIGS

WHILESOMEEGYPTIANSSHAVEDTHEIRHEADS,OTHERSWOREAVARIETY OFATTRACTIVEWIGS

EGYPTIANSCOULDMANUFACTUREWIGSTHEYFASHIONEDWIGSFROM HUMANHAIRANDADORNEDTHEMWITHHEADBANDSANDHEADDRESSES BYTHENEWKINGDOM(C.1500-750B.C.E.),WIGSWEREHIGHLYDECORATED WITHGOLDANDDIAMONDS.

POOREREGYPTIANSWOREWOOLWIGS.

DURINGCERTAINOCCASIONS,EGYPTIANKINGSWOREBEARDWIGS.

HEADPIECE

EGYPTIANSWOREHATSANDHEADDRESSESSUCHASNAMES, KHEPRESH,VULTURECROWN,MODIUS,URAEUS,ETC

THEPHARAOHWORETHEUNUSUALTWINCROWN KNOWNASAPSCHENT.

CEREMONIESNEEDOTHERTYPESOFHATS.MANY

CEREMONIALHATSINCLUDEDAURAEUS,AHOLYHOODED COBRA.

DURINGTHENEWKINGDOM,EGYPTIANSEMPLOYEDGEMS

ANDINTRICATEBRAIDING,RESEMBLINGTOCORNROWS.

BEAUTY

WOMENANDMENOFHIGHSTATUSINEGYPTUTILISEDANANCIENTKINDOF EYELINERTODEFINETHEIREYESAROUND12,000YEARSAGO.ITWASALSO CONSIDEREDTOPROTECTTHEDELICATEEYEAREAFROMWRINKLESCAUSEDBY EXPOSURETOTHEDESERTSUNANDWINDONAREGULARBASIS

THEFIRSTEYESHADOWWASATHICK,BRIGHTGREENPASTEMADEFROMTHE MINERALMALACHITE.GREENPIGMENTWASAPPLIEDTOTHEEYELIDSAND BENEATHTHEBROWBONE

ANCIENTEGYPTIANSWORELIPSTICKTOSHOWSOCIALSTATUSRATHERTHAN GENDERSUCHASREDLIPSTICK.

ANCIENTEGYPTIANSALSODEVELOPEDANATURALWAXINGMETHODUSINGA HONEYANDSUGARMIXTURE

ICON & MUSES CLEOPATRA VII THEA PHILOPATOR

CLEOPATRA,WHORULEDEGYPTFOR21OFHER39YEARSANDWASAWOMAN OFOUTSTANDINGBEAUTYANDFLAIR,WASBORNIN30BCE ADDITIONALLY,SHEWASARUTHLESSLEADERWHODESIREDPOWERAND CONTROL.

CLEOPATRATOOKNUMEROUSBOLDACTIONSTOMAINTAINHERPOWERAND CONTROL,INCLUDINGOPTIMISINGHERSOCIALSTATUS,FEMININITY,AND CHARM,PERSONALLYLEADINGAFLEETOFSHIPSINTOBATTLE,ASSISTINGINTHE ORGANISATIONOFWAREFFORTS,ANDPARTICIPATINGINTHEASSASSINATION OFTHREEOFHERRIVALSIBLINGS.

CLEOPATRA'SPOPULARITYWITHTHEEGYPTIANSWASCRITICALDURINGTHE HEIGHTOFHERPOWERANDBEAUTYFORVARIOUSREASONS.

SHEWOREEXOTICHAIRSTYLES,JEWELRY,ANDCLOTHINGASDOALLFASHION ICONS;SHEWASTHEFIRSTMEMBEROFHERF SHEBELIEVEDHERSELFTOBETHEREINCARNA ISIS.

THELADIESIMPERSONATEDHERANDDRESSED

NEFERNEFERUATEN NEFERTITI ICON & MUSES

NEFERTITI,AGODDESSOFBEAUTYANDAMYSTERYQUEEN,WASBORNDURING THISGOLDENAGEOFEGYPTIANCULTURE,AROUND1370BCEHERSTOREY, HOWEVER,BEGANWITHLUXURYANDEXCESSNEFERTITITRANSLATESAS"THE BEAUTIFULONEHASARRIVED."

NEFERTITI'SICONICBUSTDEPICTSHERWEARINGATAPERINGBLUEHEADPIECE UNLIKEANYOTHERQUEENORPHARAOH'S.ITISFLATONTOPANDGENTLY WIDENSOUTWARDASITRISESFROMTHEQUEEN'SBROW.ITWOULDHAVE ORIGINALLYHADAREARINGCOBRAPROTRUDINGFROMTHECROWN'S FRONT.

THEQUEEN'SATTIREISSHOWNINPAINTINGSASASHEERLINENGOWNTHAT WASAFEATUREOFROYALWOMEN'SAPPARELHERCLOTHESENVELOPHER SLIM,FEMININEBODY

SHEFREQUENTLYWEARSTHEBLUECROWNWITHAFLATTOP,BUTISALSO DEPICTEDWEARINGAPLUMEDHEADPIECEWITHASUNDISC.ALONGWITHTHE WIDEJEWELLEDCOLOURACCENTEDWITHMULTICOLORSTONES,SHE OCCASIONALLYWEARSWIDEMATCHINGARMBAND ELBOW.

INFLUENCE

EARSHAPESUSEDINTAILORINGANDBODYWRAPPING LUENCEDBYEGYPTIANSCULPTURESFROMTHENEW GOMERA.

THETRADITIONALBODY-CONSILHOUETTEALSOBEARSA STRONGRESEMBLANCETOTHESHEATHDRESS

THEPLEATEDCHARACTERISTICOFTHEKALASIRISHASENDURED THETESTOFTIME,ASEVIDENCEDBYITSCONTINUEDPRESENCE INCONTEMPORARYDESIGN,FROMDRESSESTOSK

EGYPTIANSPIONEEREDTHECURRENTTRENDOFT ANDTOPSWITHWAISTBELTSFORTHEBEAUTIFUL FORM.

THELONGROBESWORNAROUNDTHEWAISTBE RESEMBLANCETOTHELEGENDARYFLAPPEROUTFITOFTHE1920S

DESIGNERSEMPLOYTHEAESTHETICOFASTRONGMUSCULAR SHOULDERANDANEMPHASISONPROPORTIONALBALANCE.

THEFEMININESILHOUETTEISTHEMOSTSIGNIFICANTEGYPTIAN IMPACTCONTEMPORARYFASHIONTRENDS

ALOTOFRUNWAYSHOWSINSPIREDBYTHEANCIENTEGYPT ERA,SUCHASCHANELPRE-FALL2019COLLECTION

MAKEUPPRODUCTSSUCHASEYELINER,EYESHADOW,ANDRED LIPSTICKARESTILLINHIGHDEMANDANDREMAININTHE TRENDUNTILTHISPRESENTTIME

BACKGROUND OF MESOPOTAMIA

Mesopotamia is lcoated in the southwest of Asia in the Tigris and Euphrates rivers system. This current area is known as the Middle East. Mesopotamia is part of the Fertile Crescent which is the “Cradle of Civilisation“ due to many revolutions are from that region in early societies. Their inventions that changed the world include wheels, maps, sail boats and etc. In another way, Mesopotamia also means that different areas in the region are controlled by a changing succession of ruling bodies over thousands of years.

During the Palaeolithic era, it was first rise of Mesopotamia's human civilisation as humans were living in small towns and villages. After 5000 years, the people started agriculture processes and build farms to raise animals and grow crops.

The Sumerians were the ones that created the earliest form of written language and cuneiform in clerical record. Not only that, they also built one of the first cities of Mesopotamia. For example Uruk was one of these cities built around 3200 B.C. The city had temples, gigantic columns and public art, the highest population of it reached 50000 people.

After the Sumerians, it was the rise of the Akkardian empire. They built the world's first multicultural empire with a government. Their empire expanded with military power and took over the Sumerians. The Akkadians caused Mesopotamian borders to grow and more

advanced architecture.

The Babylons were always at war and at one point they became the most powerful empire of Mesopotamia. They are also famous for their law system which was the code of Hammurabi. The law system was used to make sure everyone followed their code and governers in different areas did not made their own code.

The Assyrians Empire rose in the areas where the land was controlled by the Hitties and the Kassites. Their King TukultiNinurta I desired to rule all Mesopotamia and take over the Babylon. At that time, the Assyrians were busy with war fighting the alliance between Syria, Babylon and Egypt, and taking over Israel.

The Persian Empire was the empire that ended both the Assyrians and Babylonians. Their ruling had made the use of cuneiform and cultural hallmarks to slowly decrease.

Mesopotamia Costumes

In Mesopotamia, wool was the common fabric used to produce clothing or practically every type of garment from cloak to shoes. In early 3000 B.C.E. looms were used to weave fabric. The fabric linen was a luxurious fabric at that age and was used to make clothing for the wealthy, priest and adorn statue gods. Some pieces of linen can be also found in royal tombs woven perfectly. Another fabric was soft cotton, this is introduced in Assyria around 700B.C.E. which then later became silk. Other than clothing, Mesopotamians also used dyes, embroidery and beads to decorate their garments. There was a special dye colour called Tyrian purple which was a high prized dye produced from a type of shell named Maoris.

MENSWEA

Sumerians- males clothing didn't provide much coverage They just wore wool kilts to cover their lower bodies. Their coverings were from their lower legs all the way to the shoulders. These knee lenght skirts were worn by both male and female. These skirts were made from sheep hide and the exterior of the skirt were cluster of wools and interior were skins. To secure the skirt,Sumerians used pins.

Babylonians- Males and females would wear skirts and shawls that look like the Sumerians. Their fringed skirts would be decorated with pieces of fabric cut into flower petals

Assyrians- Males would usually wear the tunic and shawl. The tunic is short sleeved and shortened to the knee length according to rank. The fringed shawls are form of formal costume The usual badge of rank was a long fringed shawl, intermediate was shawl with short fringes and lower grade had no shawl While for high status males such as kings or military officers. They would wear woven cloaks red, blue, purple or white.

Persians- They wore loose-fitting garments that were not open at the front. They appeared to be placing shirts on their heads by wearing the robe on their heads. In Persia, the earliest known civilisation to adopt trousers, they were quite well known. They resembled pyjama bottoms because they were baggy. Men in ancient Persia wore tall hats with fluted brims.

WOMENSW

Sumerians- They wore skirts made from fleece like fabrics called kanunakes. They tied a belt at the waist to hold the skirts up. The length of their skirts depend on their hierarchical status. For example, servants and slaves wore short skirts while royalty and deities wore long skirts.

Babylonians- There was not much information on Babylonian womenswear However they have shown Goddesses wearing sleeve dresses,V necks and straight skirts.

Assyrians- They also wore fringed garments such as a long tunic with fringed hem, long fringed shawl or a plaid tunic with a wide belt over it.

Persians- Women would wear clothes that covers their whole body except for the face. They wore long drapping dress that was not too tight or loose Women clothing are more colourful and decorated than mens. They used different laces, fabrics,tunics and style of sleeves.

Accessories

Men women and children all wore accessories in Mesopotamia. The poor people could only get simple garment while rich people can get jewellery. It is also a hierarchy status for the royalty. Men would wear necklaces, earrings, headbands and pectoral ornaments. Women would wear large necklaces, belts, chokers, crescent shaped earrings, headdress with foliage, flowers made from sheet gold and rings. The raw materials for accessories are usually copper, silver, gold and electrum. Less common gem stones are also used such as agate, carnelian, chalcedony, crystal, jasper, and lapis lazuli. Pearls and shells were also employed. Their jewellery designs are mainly ribbons, cones, spirals, leaves, stars and rosettes.

He was a Persian king during that age He is dressed in long, pleated robes and is holding a lotus blossom in his left hand as a representation of his unending power A thick head of hair froths beneath his crown, and a big crocheted beard that is as long and thick as his upper arm protrudes from his chin

He wore a famous headgear which is similar to a tiara In any case, the tiara had a hood-like top that was frequently lined on the interior with plush animal fur Typically, it was worn flat, dropping in folds on either side or being pressed down in front to form three knobs The only person who was permitted to wear their tiara (kyrbasa) "upright," or with the top erect and carried by an inner retainer, was the great monarch

Influence

Fringes are still used in contemporary designs and are a fashion staple.Seen in contemporary skirts, dresses, blouses, shawls, scarves, and handbags, among other items. Numerous designers have been inspired by the Kaunakes to produce similar outfits such as Aquilano.Rimondi. A lot of jewellries design nowadays inspired by the Ancient Mesopotamia era accessories.

Back ground ancientgreece

The polis, or city-state, was invented in Archaic Greece For hundreds of years, the polis dominated Greek politics.

The City-Birth State's

-Before the Archaic period, people lived in small farming villages scattered across Greece. These villages evolved as they expanded in size. Some erected a Most established a marketplace and a community centre. They created governments and organised their citizens around constitutions and laws They built armies and taxed And each of these city-states (poleis) was claimed to be guarded by a specific god or goddess, to whom the polis' residents owed reverence, adoration, and sacrifice. By the seventh century B.C., the city- states shared a number of traits They all had agricultural economies, not trade: Land was thus every city-most state's precious resource. Aristocrats ruled most of the countries once their hereditary monarchs, or basileus, were deposed.

Colonization

Emigration helped ease some of the strain. Land was the city-states' most important source of riches, but it was also scarce. Many males left their home poleis to live in sparsely populated locations around Greece and the Aegean A Greek colony sprang up between 750 and 600 B C along the Black Sea coast. There were over 1500 colonial poleis by the 7th century B.C. Each poleis was a city-state. The people who resided there were not ruled or bound by the city-states from which they came. The new poleis

were autonomous

The Tyrants' Rise

These agricultural city-states began producing consumer products like pottery, linen, wine, and metals as their populations swelled The trade in these items made certain people very wealthy, usually not aristocrats. They despised the oligarchs' unfettered power and gathered together, often aided by highly armed hoplites, to install new rulers. They were dubbed tyrants Some tyrants resembled the oligarchs they replaced, while others were progressive leaders. (Pheidon of Argos organised weights and measures, and Theagenes of Megara gave running water to his city.) Their reign did not last: during the classical period, a series of political reforms formed the Ancient Greek democracy known as demokratia, or “people's rule.”

Archaic Renaissance

The Archaic period's colonial movements influenced its art and literature by spreading Greek influences and inspiring people from all across to join in the creative revolutions.During the Archaic period, the Ionian poet Homer wrote his “Iliad” and “Odyssey”. Sculptors developed kouroi and korai, human figures memorialising the dead Anaximandros developed a theory of gravity, Xenophanes discovered fossils, and Pythagoras of Kroton discovered his famous Pythagorean Theorem.

Menswear ancientgreece

Men wore a chiton identical to the one worn by women in ancient Greece, but knee-length or shorter.

Exomis, a short chiton secured to the left shoulder, was worn for exercise, horseback riding, and manual labour. Both women and men wore cloaks (himation), which were essentially rectangular pieces of thick cloth,either woollen or linen.

As with a stole, it was worn diagonally over one shoulder or symmetrically over both shoulders. For riding, young men frequently donned a short cloak (chlamys). Greek males used broad-brimmed hats on occasion (petasos).

Women and men both wore sandals, slippers, soft shoes, or boots, t went barefoot at home.

Menswear

Workers wore basic tunics occasoinally belted , or chiltons , a loosely gathered garmet also worn by mainland Greeks . Men wore simple knee-length wrap skirts with ties or belts . Many males bare-chested in the warm island climate . They wore a form- fitting garmet similar to modern cycling shorts , trimmed on the bias for stretch . the guys also wore large codpieces on the front of their skirts . Simple leather sandals or boots were the only option for the common man . The usually including orn Long hair in braids or daggers with daggers wealth .

The My attire

Men in have w those w they al shortbelted Mycena defens them f bronze and bo

Menswear

MYCENAEAN

woMenswear

ancientgreece

In ancient greece , women wore a chiton comparable to what males wore .

Both women and men wore cloaks ( himation ) ,which were essentially rectangular pieces of thick cloth , either woollen or linen .

Over the peoples or chiton , women occasionally wore an epiblema ( shawl ) .

Greek women wore a hat with a flat brim and a high peaked crown .

Women and men both wore sandals , sli[ppers ,soft shoes , or boots , though they frequently went barefoot at home .

woMenswear minoan

Workers wore basic tunics, occasionally belted, or chitons, a loosely gathered garment also worn by mainland Greeks.

Men wore simple kneelength wrap skirts with ties or belts. Many males bare-chested in the warm island climate. They wore a form- fitting garment similar to modern cycling shorts, trimmed on the bias for stretch. The guys also wore large codpieces on the front of their skirts.

Simple leather sandals or boots were the only options for the common man. The wealthier classes had more options, usually including ornately decorated leather boots.

Long hair in braids or ringlets. The males wore elaborate daggers with jewelled hilts to show their wealth.