Summary Introduction ……………………………………………………………….... …1 Key Findings………………………………………………………………....….4 Recommandations ………………………………………………….... … …. .….5 1. Youth’s participation in the RCPSs…………………………………………...6 1.1. Youth’s opinion concerning the acts of corruption in the RCPSs …..……....7 2. Youth’s perception and awareness ……………………………………..……..9 2.1. Main consequences of no-transparent practices……..…....……..................15 3. Personal experiences with small-scaled acts of corruption in RCPSs…..........18 4. Youth’s opinions and recommendations……………………………………...22 4.1. Perception of the solutions to the problem of corruption in the RCPSs….....23 4.2. The interviewee’s level of commitment to future advocacy campaigns…....24 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………….....30 ANNEX1: Méthodology………………………………………………………...31 ANNEX2 : The Questionnaire…………………………………………………..34
Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions
INTRODUCTION The Tunisian Revolution, erupting in December, 17th, 2011 by Mohammed Bouazizi, a young street vendor from Sidi Bouzid, was from the very start a revolution against an authoritarian state’s oppression. This was a symbolic reflection of an act of the same nature: setting oneself on fire as a reaction against an injustice of this so called state, represented in a municipal police officer. The people, especially those who held university degrees, were the main victims of this system: favoritism and bribery were very common, especially when it comes to getting a position as an administrative officer through recruitment competitions, whose final results were, often, criticized or even doubted. It is in this context that we are conducting our survey. This subject was chosen because of its tremendous importance, especially after a Revolution led essentially by young people demanding the right to employment and stamping out corruption. In fact, a major part of Tunisian youth aim to pass these recruitment competitions and get a job based on their professional capacity and competence. Despite these young people’s hope to see this scourge disappear from the civil service recruitment competitions after the Revolution, reality shows otherwise. In fact, violations continued, and even increased, which led to the creation of mistrust between applicants and the officers who are in charge of the competitions: These officers were accused, many times, of basing their choices on the political allegiance of the applicants and of favoring those who are close to the ruling political party. Corruption in recruitment competitions was tackled by some organizations of the civil society as well as by some political parties through real-life cases. Yet they were considered by those who were in charge exceptions that are, in general, the result of technical mistakes. The Public Service Employment Act, adopted by the National Constituent Assembly in July of 2012, temporarily organizes the integration of public services. Article 3 of this Act states in particular: The external examinations based on applicants’ resumes, mentioned in paragraph 1 of this Act, occur as follows:
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Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions
1- At least 70% of the positions to be allocated as follow: Step 1: Applicants are categorized according to their age and their graduation year. Step 2: Applicants having a particular total score, set by decision, are asked to take oral or practical tests or to take multiple choices questions. 2- At least 30% of the positions to be allocated through oral or practical tests or multiple choices questions for the other applicants. Exceptions to the external recruitment competitions based on the applicants’ resumes and to the tests were granted to particular categories to recruit them directly: First, recruitment that in favor of the martyr’s families and the people injured during the revolution. It allows only one member of each martyr’s or one family member of a person injured during the Revolution. Second, recruitment in favor of those benefitting of the general amnesty. Third, recruitment made every year in favor of the handicapped. The 2012 version of this Act is considered better than the one of the previous year, especially because of adding the criterion of passing the oral tests. Despite this, doubts and lack of confidence remains mainly among the young unemployed people. This leads to the need for more clarity and transparency in recruitment processes. Through this project, and based on the findings, primarily, on a statistical study, our organization aims to assess the young people’s knowledge of the concept of transparency in the recruitment for the public services. It also aims at assessing their opinions concerning the applied criteria and the degree of their adaptability to the status quo. We will also try to get their proposals. Finally, according to this survey’s findings, a campaign supporting these proposals will be organized in order to reform the system of recruitment in the public services and to improve the transparency of this operation. In this situation, it is every Tunisian’s duty to allocate some of their time and money to help the country diagnose this kind of corruption issues, so that appropriate measures to remedy them can be taken.
2
Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions
As for us, as a civil society organization that works in the field of transparency and fighting corruption, we carried out an opinion poll in order to gather the perceptions and views of young people concerning corruption in the public services recruitment competitions. This idea is so important that, since the revolution different points of view have been given by experts regarding the level of corruption in the public services recruitment competitions. However, few of those have reflected the perspectives of youth who are most affected by corruption in this area. Thus, the findings of this survey provide an additional angle and completes the views of different experts by taking into account the views and opinions of youth in Tunisia. Among the different things tackled in this survey, we list: The extent of young people’s understanding of the meaning of “corruption in the public services recruitment competitions ” The youth’s perception vis-à-vis the degree of corruption in the public services recruitment competitions, the temporary government’s performance in its fight against corruption… The degree of the youth’s satisfaction concerning the way the public services recruitment competitions work. The risks noticed by young Tunisians concerning their chances to get hired in the future national public services. The youth’s view regarding the responsibilities in life and the distribution of corruption The youth’s behavior towards the cases of corruption in the public services recruitment competitions and the extent of their dedication to fight it. The recommendations and solutions proposed by young people to eradicate corruption in the public services recruitment competitions. In this document, our goal is to objectively analyze the findings of the survey. At the end of the results of each question, we recommend some solutions related to the treated issue. The study ends up by presenting a number of recommendations that would help guide decisionmakers in their choices.
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Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions
Key Findings: The main conclusions of the Integrity Survey of Youth:
Youth in Tunisia estimate the state of corruption to be serious. 74% of the interviewees believe that the state of corruption in Tunisia is alarming, while 20% think that corruption is widespread.
Corruption in recruitment competitions for the public services is widespread and generalized. On a scale from 0 to 10 (where “0” indicates that corruption is very important and widespread while “10” indicates that corruption is nonexistent), 2.1 is the average grade given by the young people surveyed to assess the degree of corruption in the recruitment competitions for the public services.
The level of corruption in RCPS has increased after the revolution. 80% of the interviewees indicate that corruption in RCPSs has worsened after the revolution.
The experience of small-scale corruption in the recruitment competitions is relatively low. 12% of the young interviewees reported having personally experienced a case of corruption in recruitment competitions for the public services.
Public contests’ selection procedures are discriminatory: According to the surveyed youth, there is discrimination in recruitment competitions that is based on age, gender, ethnic or social origins, political opinions, family and relationships.
Impunity is the main cause of corruption in recruitment competitions for the public services: 70% of the interviewees believe that "the absence of control and dissuasive laws" is the main cause of corruption in recruitment competitions for the public services.
The youth’s level of commitment in reporting of corruption is relatively high: About 60% of the interviewees say that they are willing to denounce a case of corruption.
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Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions
Recommendations: The establishment of an anti-corruption strategy. This new strategy must start with a diagnosis of corruption to facilitate the implementation of an anti-corruption policy. An independent public body that is responsible for contributing to the fight against corruption. In order to fight corruption in RCPS, more severe and effective sanctions shall be applied. The adoption of concrete measures to make governance systems more transparent, accountable and effective, promote the government’s integrity and fight impunity in the high levels of government. In their fight against corruption, civil society components must constitute a real obstacle and conduct the tasks related to information provision, raising awareness, reporting and accountability. For this purpose, a public relations and awareness raising campaign might help to fight corruption in public service recruitment competitions and thereby change youth perceptions of corruption in the country. The relevant regulations must be clear and comprehensive. They must also show a great concern for transparency that officers must enforce, in order to avoid more regional, "ethnic" or linguistic affinities or any other types of favoritism. Simplifying procedures and selection criteria, and introducing a more transparent selection process (publication of results, scores, selection criteria, etc.).
The numbers and results, obtained through this survey, make the need to simplify the procedures for reporting and strengthening legal mechanisms to protect informers, more compelling than ever.
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Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions
1. Youth’s participation in the RCPSs: The first part of the survey is about the youth’s participation in the recruitment competitions for public services and their opinion regarding the acts of corruption in these competitions. In fact, only 42% of the people interviewed had previously participated in one of the recruitment competitions for public services. Figure 1: Participation rate of the youth in recruitment competitions for the public services.
Did you participate in an RCPS?
42%
58%
Yes No
On the basis of interviewees answers (Table 1), we can explain The relatively low participations’ rate by the diversification of applicants (pupils, students, unemployed people, those who already have a job, those who don’t trust the recruitment procedures and those who are not interested in the public services sector and prefer to work in the private sector, instead.) Table1: Reasons why youth didn't participate in RCPs
Why have you never participate in RCPs do not meet the participation conditions Studies / young graduate lack of confidence Without a degree lack of opportunities had a job not interested other reasons DK/REF
11% 22% 5% 15% 15% 8% 11% 3% 10%
More than half of the interviewees, who have never participated in any recruitment competitions (59%), declared that they are ready to participate in the future recruitment competitions for public services.
6
Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions Figure 2: Intention of participation in the next recruitment competitions for the public services
Would you participate in the future RCPS? 5,2% Yes
36,1% 58,9%
No Not Sure
The participation rate can be considered moderately acceptable, as a part of those who have never participated in these competitions, already have a job or do not fulfill the necessary requirements to participate in a recruitment competition. On the other hand, one can explain the decision of 36% of the young interviewees to boycott the future competitions by the little faith they have in being recruited and their mistrust of the selection procedures.
1.1 Youth’s opinion concerning the acts of corruption in the RCPSs People’s attitude towards corruption practices determines the degree of their tolerance and their behavior towards corruption in general. The following paragraph reveals in which extent the young interviewees accept certain acts of corruption and how they behave towards risks of corruption. The interviewees were asked to determine the degree of acceptance of two practices that favor corruption. As shown in figure 3, on average 9% of surveyed people find that bribing to pass in a recruitment competition for the public services or favoring a high recruitment officer’s relative and unfairly passing them the competition, two acceptable acts.
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Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions Figure 3: The youth’s attitude towards corruption practices
A high officer favoring a relative and illegally passing them in an RCPS?
An applicant bribing an officer to pass an RCPS? 9%
10%
Acceptable
Acceptable
Unacceptable
Unacceptable
90%
91%
These results allow us to assert that none of these two corruption practices that are mentioned in the questions are relatively accepted by the interviewed population. Therefore, these results show that the majority of young people consider the corruption practices in recruitment competitions for the public services as being utterly inacceptable, as confirmed by more than 90% of the interviewees. Nonetheless, an important proportion (about 10%) considers it acceptable. As for the socio-demographic analysis, the interviewed youth, who belong to low- and middle-income households, are more tolerant of bribery and favoritism than those belonging to high-income households. By combining these results with the households’ monthly incomes, we deduce that the young people interviewed who belong to low- and modest-income families, are most inclined to bribe than those who belong to high-income families. Table 1: The youth’s attitude towards corruption practices in the RCPSs by monthly income
Less than 200 TND An applicant bribing an officer to pass an RCPS? Total
8
What’s your household’s monthly income? Between Between Between More than 501 and 1001 and 1501 and 2501 TND 1000 TND 1500 TND 2500 TND 20% 10% 8% 2%
Acceptable
10%
Between 201 and 500 TND 28%
DK/REF
Unacceptable
13%
29%
27%
8%
5%
4%
14%
13%
29%
27%
8%
5%
4%
14%
22%
Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions
In fact: 38% of those who consider bribing an officer to pass a recruitment competition for the public services acceptable belong to households whose monthly income does not exceed 500 dinars. Figure 4: The youth’s attitude towards bribery in the RCPSs by monthly income 50% 38%
40% 30%
22%
20% 20% 10%
10%
10% 0% Less than 500 Between 501 Between 1001 More than 1501 dinars and 1000 dinars and 1500 dinars
DK/REF
45% of those who consider that favoring a high recruitment officer’s relative and illegally make them pass the competition two acceptable acts belong to households, whose monthly income does not exceed 500 dinars. Figure 5: The youth’s attitude towards favoritism in the RCPSs by monthly income 60%
54%
50% 40% 30%
27%
20%
11%
8%
9%
More than 1501 dinars
DK/REF
10% 0% Less than 500 Between 501 dinars and 1000 dinars
Between 1001 and 1500
2. Youth’s perception and awareness: In this second part of the survey, the young interviewees were asked to express their opinion and perception regarding the extent of corruption in the recruitment competitions for the public services. As shown in the figure 6, only 34% of surveyed people know the laws
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Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions
regulating these recruitment competitions. This result mirrors the lack of communication between the different recruitment officers in the public ministers and administrations, and the young applicants. Figure 6: Level of the youth’s awareness of the laws regulating the RCPSs
Do you have an idea about the laws regulating RCPs? 34% Yes 66%
No
On the other hand, on average 74% of surveyed people think that the state of corruption in Tunisia is serious, while 21% believe that corruption is very widespread. Figure 7: The level of corruption noted in Tunisia
rarely spread 21%
Spread
74%
Well-spread serious 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Only 0.3% of the interviewees consider the state of corruption in Tunisia uncommon. Having knowledge of this information is important in order to place corruption among other serious problems, according to the perception of young people surveyed, our country is facing. The previous question was followed by a second one about the problem of corruption in recruitment competitions for the public services. We asked the young interviewees to assess the degree of corruption in recruitment competitions for the public services, by placing it on a scale ranging from 0 to 10, where 0 is "corruption is inexistent" and 10 is a "widespread of corruption".
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Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions
43% of the interviewees assigned a score between 9 and 10, while 35% have chosen to place the degree of corruption between 7 and 8. 20% of the interviewees assigned it a mark between 4 and 6, whereas only 2% of them thought that corruption is quasi inexistent in recruitment competitions for the public services. Figure 8: Estimation of the degree of corruption in the recruitment competitions for the public services
2% 20%
[1 3]
43%
[4 6] [7 8] [9 10] 35%
2.1 is the average rating assigned by the young people surveyed to assess the degree of corruption in recruitment competitions for the public services, on a scale from 0 (perceived to be serious and widespread) to 10 (perceived as inexistent). As shown in the figure 9, the interviewees, generally, believe that the government is not fighting corruption in recruitment competitions for the public services. Only 21% do not think so. Figure 9: The interviewees’ opinion regarding the government’s level of commitment in the fight against corruption in the RCPSs
Do you think that the government is fighting corruption in RCPS ? 10% 21%
No
69%
Yes DK/REF
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Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions
Tunisian youth’s perception of the government’s efforts to fight corruption is in no way any better. In fact, 43% of them believe that the government encourages corruption in recruitment competitions for the public services. Figure 10: The interviewees’ opinion regarding the government’s indictment by encouraging corruption in RCPSs
Do you think that the government is encouraging corruption in RCPS ?
18%
39%
43%
No Yes D.K
In fact, Tunisian youth have a negative perception of the entire political class. The results of the Global Corruption Barometer1 confirm this interpretation. True, according to the GCB 2013, Tunisians believe that political parties and public officers are affected by corruption with the respective rates of 66% and 49%. When asked whether it is likely that the government will solve the problem of corruption in recruitment competitions for public service, the majority of the interviewees 63% answered that it would be impossible or very unlikely to succeed. 34% though that it is possible or very likely that the government will succeed. The following diagram illustrates the results obtained:
1
http://www.transparency.org/gcb2013/country?country=tunisia
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Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions Figure 11: The chances of current government to resolve the problems related to corruption in the RCPSs
7% 2% D.K/REF 30%
Impossible
27%
not very likely rather probable Very probable 33%
It turned out that the majority of the young interviewees are not satisfied at all with the way the recruitment competitions for the public services work. In fact, only barely 11% of ten interviewees are satisfied. Figure 12: The level of the youth’s satisfaction with how the RCPSs are conducted
D.K/REF 8%
11%
51%
satisfied
30%
dissatisfied very dissatisfied 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
4438 is the number of those benefiting from the general legislative amnesty and were hired in the public services. This decision is the application of the Decree-law N°1, dated on 2011 and related to the general amnesty and the dispositions of the Decree N°3256, related to the procedures of professional reinstatement and the regularization of the administrative situation of the public officers benefiting from the general amnesty2. This law was recurrently talked about in the media and was heavily criticized. Some people think that it reinstates a kind of favoritism, while others think it is a form of gratitude and that it is natural to reward these people, who were imprisoned and tortured during the era of dictatorship.
2
In a communiqué issued by the head of the government in May, the 16th, 2013, new measures were taken, pursuant to the Decree N°1 dated on 2011, aimed at the beneficiary of the general amnesty, victims of political or union affairs. These measures are as follows: Art. 2 – All those concerned by the amnesty, according to this Decree-law have the right to reinstatement at work and to demand reparation.
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Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions
Therefore we asked the question to the most affected youth by this Law. To the question “Do you think that the reinstatement of the beneficiary of the general amnesty in the public services decreases the chances of young people to be hired?” 67% of the interviewees affirmed that it does. They, indeed, think that their chances to be hired in the public services were affected by this law. On the other hand, only 24% of the interviewees do not see link between the government’s decision and their chances to get a job in the public services. Figure 13: The youth’s opinion regarding the recruitment of the beneficiaries of the general amnesty in the public services
Do you think that the reinstatement of the beneficiary of the general amnesty in the public services decreases the chances of young people to be hired? 10% Yes
24%
No
67% D.K/REF
The analysis reveals that the youth, who think that there is a discrimination based on religion, generally mention more that the integration of the beneficiaries of the general amnesty in the public services reduced their chances to be recruited. In fact, 84% of those who adopt the hypothesis asserting that there is a discrimination based on religion think that the integration of the beneficiaries of the general amnesty in the public services diminished the youth’s chances to be recruited.
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Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions Figure 14: The youth’s opinion regarding the recruitment of the beneficiaries of the general amnesty in the public services by rates of affirmation that there is a discrimination based on religion in the RCPSs
Totally Aagree
84%
Rather agree
10%
63%
Rather disagree
21%
65%
TotallyDisagree
24%
60% 0%
20%
34% 40%
think that there is a discrimination based on religion
60%
80%
100%
Don't think that there is a discrimination based on religion
2.1. Main consequences of non-transparent practices: On average, 90% of the young interviewees think that the lack of transparency in the recruitment competitions for the public services can threaten their future, the economic growth, the country’s development and the social justice. The results are detailed in the following graph: Figure 15: Possible consequences of the corruption practices in the RCPSs on the youth
The social justice
91%
The country's development
5%
89%
Economic growth
9%
87%
Yes No
9%
D.K/REF The youth's future
93% 50%
60%
70%
6% 80%
90%
100%
We read to the interviewees the following scenario: “An unemployed person is a relative of a high-ranking officer (minister, general manager, important politician, etc) this latter uses their influence to get their relative a job.” Then the interviewees were asked if the person committing this act is considered “corrupt and must be punished”, “corrupt but their action is justified” or “not corrupt”. The results, shown in the graph, provide an important explanation of the different views regarding corruption. The overwhelming majority of the interviewees
15
DK/REF
Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions
84% agreed that when a high-ranking officer uses his/her influence to get their relative a job, it is an act of corruption. Surprisingly, 14% say that this high-ranking officer must not be punished. Overall, 37% think that the act of corruption mentioned in the question is justified. This relatively high percentage reveals that there is a considerable tolerance level for acts of corruption. Figure 16: The youth’s opinion regarding the following act of corruption: “An unemployed person is a relative of a highly ranked officer. This latter exerts their influence to get them hired.”
corrupt and must be punished
14% 22%
corrupt but justified
62%
not corrupt D.K / REF
The figure 17 shows that when analyzing the young people’s replies, in terms of proportion of incomes, we conclude that those who come from high-income households are more likely to denounce acts of corruption. Those whose households’ income are between 1001 and 1500 DNT, were more tolerant of acts of corruption. Figure 17: The youth’s judgment towards the acts of corruption by monthly income
more than 2501 DNT
72%
between 1501 and 2500 DNT
72%
between 1001 and 1500 DNT
16% 17%
54%
32%
12% 8%
corrupt and must be punished
14%
corrupt but justified between 501 and 1000 DNT
62%
between 201 and 500 DNT
59%
less than 200 DNT
63% 0%
20%
23% 21%
17%
20% 40%
60%
14%
80%
not corrupt
17% 100%
When asked whether corruption in recruitment competitions for the public services poses a major challenge in Tunisia, 95% of the interviewees affirmed that it does.
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Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions
However, when the question whether there are enough successful prosecutions to dissuade people from giving or receiving bribery to pass these competitions. It is no surprise that more than the half of the interviewees, 53%, said that there are not any. These results show a real lack of confidence in the capacity of the national judicial justice systems to prosecute cases of corruption and bribery in recruitment competitions for the public services. On the other hand, answers to the question about “the government's efforts to fight corruption in recruitment competitions for the public services”, show that the majority of the population considers these efforts ineffective. 26% of interviewees assert that the government’s efforts are effective, while more than two thirds of the interviewees (68%) are convinced of their inefficiency. Furthermore, in accordance with the youth’s perception of the government's efforts, 88% of the interviewees think that the fight against corruption in recruitment competitions for the public services should be the government’s priority. Generally, young Tunisians are generally pessimistic concerning corruption in recruitment competitions for the public services. 83% of them agree that corruption in recruitment competitions for the public services is inevitable; it has always existed. The socio-demographic analysis reveals that young people living in the North-Eastern part of the country are the least pessimistic about corruption in recruitment competitions for the public services. In fact, 23% of them do not agree with the statement according to which “corruption in recruitment competitions for the public services is inevitable; it has always existed”. This percentage is 7% higher than the average. Furthermore, young people living in the East-central area of the country were the most pessimistic, only 6% of them believe that corruption in recruitment competitions for the public services is inevitable, which is 10% lower than the average. Answers to the question about increasing corruption in recruitment competitions for the public services confirm the pessimistic attitude of young Tunisians. True, 80% of them assert that corruption in recruitment competitions for the public services has increased after the revolution.
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Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions
We asked respondents to indicate at which level corruption is encountered the most in recruitment competitions for the public services. More than half of the interviewees, 57%, believe that corruption is widespread at the level of external examinations based on applicants' resumes in recruitment competitions for the public services. In second position and according to the perception of young people, the oral examinations phase was mentioned by 21% of the interviewees. According to 14% of them, the oral examinations are the most corrupt stage of the recruitment competitions. Figure 18: The level of corruption noted in the different stages of recruitment competitions
At which level one faces the highest level of corruption in RCPS? 60% 50% 40% 57%
30% 20% 10%
14%
21%
8%
0% written competitions oral examinations based on examinations resumes
D.K / REF
3. Personal experiences with small-scaled acts of corruption in RCPSs: The third part of this study is dedicated to some young people’s personal experiences with corruption in recruitment competitions for the public services. Indeed, people are creating their own idea of corruption based on their own personal experiences or on facts related to them. Furthermore, a number of questions asked, while conducting the survey, helps create a more precise idea about the youth’s experience with corruption in the recruitment competition for the public services. By exploring the corruption that young Tunisians are exposed to on a daily basis and through this survey, we tried to get more precise information and report examples of shady practices that the interviewees went through.
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Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions
We, then, discovered that, in average, 12% of surveyed people said that they personally went through a case of corruption in the recruitment competitions for the public services. To know the exact number of cases of corruption, the interviewees had to tell how many times they personally faced corruption in the RCPSs. Among the 12% of young people who confessed being personally subject to cases of corruption in the RCPSs, 63% said that they experienced many times. Figure 19: The number of the acts of corruption witnessed in the RCPSs
6% 31% Once Many Times D.K/REF 63%
From a socio-demographic point of view, one notices that women are less likely to take action against a case of corruption in the recruitment competitions for the public services, than men. In fact, only 10% of the interviewed women, which is 3% less than the average, confessed having personally experienced a case of corruption in these competitions. This result can be explained by the fact that women tend to avoid risks. The second factor, influencing young people’s experiences in the cases of corruption in the RCPSs is the monthly income of their households. As shown in the table 2 below, youth belonging to high-income households are the most numerous to say that they experienced corruption in the RCPS. In fact, 20% of interviewees belonging to households, whose monthly income is between 1501 and 2500 dinars, report that they experienced corruption in the recruitment competition for the public services.
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Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions Table 2: Percentage of the young people reporting that they were subject to corruption in the RCPSs by monthly income Did you personally experience a case of corruption in the recruitment competitions for the public services?
Monthly income of the household
Less than 200 Dinars Between 201 and 500 Dinars Between 501 and 1000 dinars Between 1001 and 1500 dinars Between 1501 and 2500 dinars More than 2501 dinars D.K Refuse Total
YES 12% 12% 11% 14% 20% 16% 9% 8% 12%
NO 88% 85% 84% 84% 80% 84% 86% 85% 85%
D.K/REF 0% 4% 5% 2% 0% 0% 5% 6% 3%
Moreover, the analysis reveals that the interviewees’ attitude is a factor that allows distinguishing the differences in their behavior in a clear way. Indeed, we interpreted that those who find bribing a highly ranked officer to pass a recruitment competition for the public acceptable have 2.5 times more chances of having experienced a case of corruption in the recruitment competitions for the public services (28% versus 11%) When asked if they ever heard of problems of corruption occurring in the recruitment competitions for the public services during the past two years, 67% of the interviewees said that they have. This result confirms the magnitude and extent of corruption in recruitment competitions for the public services. Discrimination consists in favoring or putting someone at a disadvantage due to some of their characteristics or some of their personal choices. It is classified as one of the anticompetitive practices that cause preventing, restricting or twisting competition. In order to identify the extent of these discriminatory practices and clarify their types in recruitment competitions for the public services, we sought the opinion and perception of the young interviewees. We asked the interviewees to affirm or refute the existence of discrimination based on religion, age, ethnic or social origin, color, gender, political opinions and wealth. As shown in the figure 20 and according to the perception of the surveyed youth, there is a discrimination in recruitment competitions for the public services that is based on age, gender, ethnic or social origins, political opinions and wealth. The interviewees refute the existence of discrimination based on color or religion.
20
Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions Figure 20: The youth’s opinion regarding the existence of discrimination in the RCPSs
Family & relations
5% 7%
Political opinion
7%
Gender
16%
70%
11%
18%
17%
61%
24%
Color
24%
42%
Ethnic or social origins
16%
Age
33% 21%
22%
Religion
23%
D.K/REF
Totally disagree
27%
40% Rather disagree
10%
37%
30%
20%
12%
23%
28% 0%
32%
23% 18%
60% rather agree
20% 80%
100%
Totally agree
78% of interviewees totally agree on the existence of discrimination based on political opinions, and 85% strongly believe in the existence of discriminatory criteria based on the family and relations of candidates. In addition, 75% of interviewees do not agree with the statement affirming that there is a discrimination based on color, and 58% of interviewees do not believe in the existence of discrimination based on religion in recruitment competitions for the public services. Figure 21: The youth’s opinion regarding the existence of discrimination in the RCPSs (2)
90% 80% 70% 60% 50%
40%
Disagree
30%
Agree
20% 10% 0% Religion
21
Age
Ethnic or social origins
Color
Gender
Political Family & opinions relations
Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions
The results of this series of questions show that on average 55% of the interviewees believe that unequal treatment based on discrimination exists in recruitment competitions for the public services. Thus, predominantly, the public perceives the selection criteria as largely unfair. All candidates are not equal and do not enjoy the same rights before the law governing the recruitment competitions for the public service. The socio-demographic analysis shows that men are more likely to believe in the existence of discrimination based on gender in recruitment competitions for the public services, 61% (5% higher than the average) of men affirmed the hypothesis of the existence of sexual discrimination.
4. Youth’s opinions and recommendations: To the question, aiming to reveal what, according to the interviewees, explains corruption in the recruitment competitions for the public services, they had to answer by choosing one or many suggested options: The absence of supervision and off-putting laws, the citizen’s indifference, or the absence of religious and moral beliefs. We noticed that the more frequent reason they chose is “the absence of supervision and offputting laws”, which was mentioned by 70% of the interviewees. Furthermore, nearly one third of the interviewees (32%) think that the absence of religious and moral beliefs is one of the major causes of corruption. On the other hand, 21% of the interviewees blame the citizens’ silence towards corruption practices. The following graph shows the importance given by the interviewees to each one of the causes. Figure 22: The reasons behind corruption in the RCPSs, according to the youth
80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
71%
32% 22%
The absence of supervision the citizen’s indifference and off-putting laws
22
the absence of religious and moral beliefs
Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions
The reasons, other than those that were mentioned in the survey, are suggested by an extremely small minority of the interviewees: they revolve around dysfunction of the state, impunity, the destitution and poverty. The analysis of these results allows detecting differences at the level of perception of the importance of these causes on corruption in the recruitment competitions for the public services. Therefore, those who belong to low-income households increasingly believe in the absence of religious or moral beliefs are the major cause of corruption in the recruitment competitions for the public services. Figure 23: Proportion of the youth who think that the absence of religious and moral beliefs is a major reason behind the RCPSs by monthly income
More than 2500 DNT Between 1501 and 2500 DNT Between 1001 and 1500 DNT
No Yes
Between 501 and 1000 DNT Between 200 and 500 DNT Less than 200 DNT 0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
4.1 Perception of the solutions to the problem of corruption in the RCPSs: After thinking about extent of the corruption practices and determining their types, causes and consequences in the recruitment competitions for the public services, we concluded that, so far, the majority of youth think that corruption is a major problem in the recruitment competitions for the public services. Therefore, we asked the interviewees to try to suggest solutions that would reduce the level corruption. They came up with many ideas.
23
Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions
These remedies revolve around the following axes: The setting up of an appropriate legislation and its effective enforcement (a court specializing in administrative corruption) The enforcement of laws and the establishment of off-setting and punitive measures for the offenders. The inclusion of the state in the stamping out of corruption. The simplification of the procedures and criteria of selection. Educating the citizens and razing their awareness The instauration of a more transparent selection process (posting the results, the criteria, etc.)
4.2 The interviewee’s level of commitment to future advocacy campaigns: The youth showed their dissatisfaction with the levels of corruption and its consequences on their daily life, and their growing feelings of despair and injustice. According to the public, corruption has prevented people from enjoying their rights and freedoms. It also misappropriated valuable resources that could have been used to promote economic and social development. Compelled to experience corruption, these young people do it in silence. This is the most inhuman aspect of corruption. In order to perceive the youth’s engagement in fighting corruption in recruitment competitions for the public services, we started by determining whether they were interested in this issue. We noticed that, 29% of interviewees claimed to be indifferent to corruption in recruitment competitions for the public services. Figure 24: The level of interest in corruption in the RCPSs
People like me do not care whether the responsible for RCPS is corrupt 29%
NO YES 69%
24
D.K
Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions
We asked the interviewees whether they would report corruption in one of the recruitment competitions for the public services. 59% of surveyed people agreed that they would, which indicates a general willingness to contribute to eradicating corruption. Figure 25:The intention to report corruption practices in the RCPSs
4% No
37%
Yes
59%
D.K/REF
The answers to the question “To whom would you report these acts?” were as follows: In case they held information about an act of corruption, 34% of the interviewees prefer reporting it to the administrative authority, while 33% of them would resort to the public opinion (press and civil society), and 28% of them would turn to the judicial authority. Figure 26 summarizes the reasons that the interviewees gave, for not reporting corruption. 65% of the interviewees said they were sure that their complaints would not make any difference, while 22% preferred not to report corruption, out of fear of the denunciation’s consequences. 17% of the interviewees would not report such acts, because of their lack of knowledge of the denunciation process and to which body they should complain. Figure 26: Motives provided for not bearing the intention of reporting corruption in the RCPSs 65%
70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20%
17%
22%
10%
5%
0% I do not know whom to report the act of corruption to
25
I fear the denunciation consequences
my denunciation will make no difference
D.K
Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions
In order to interpret the youth’s perception on corruption, we also asked them about the obstacles that prevented them from reporting corruption in recruitment competitions for the public services. Based on the results, the reasons were absence of evidence (mentioned by 45% of the interviewees). Then, 28% referred to the complexity of reporting procedures. 22% also think that the discomfort of being treated as an informer, held them from reporting corruption in recruitment competitions for the public services. Figure 27: the impediments that would hinder exposing corruption practices in the RCPSs the absence of proofs 2% the complexity of denunciation procedures
22% 45%
the discomfort of being treated as an informer Other
28% DK/REF
75% of interviewees think that preventing and fighting corruption in the RCPSs is the government’s responsibility. 11% believe that it is the legal system’s duty, while 10% think that the civil society’s organizations can also be responsible for this issue. Figure 28: The responsible for preventing and fighting corruption in the RCPSs, according to the youth
According to you, whose responsibility it is to fight corruption 10% 11%
ONGs and other associations Government Judiciary System
75%
26
DK
Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions
Concerning the perspectives of change, 78% of the young interviewees think that ordinary people can make a difference in the fighting corruption in the RCPSs. In spite of the fact that 80% of the interviewees believe that the organizations’ efforts in fighting corruption in the RCPSs are not enough, the youth keep have faith in the civil society’s components. As a matter of fact, 85% of the interviewees think that the civil society can make a difference in fighting corruption in the recruitment competitions for the public services. Many people are ready to act. 82% of interviewees asserted that they are ready to support a colleague or a friend, if they fought corruption in the recruitment competitions for the public services. In addition to that, 70% stated that they are ready to personally commit themselves to this cause. The men’s higher percentage, 70%, indicates that they are more ready than women, 68%, to commit themselves to fighting corruption. Compared with the levels of education, there are differences in terms of will to personally commit oneself to fighting corruption. Those who reached secondary education are less committed to supporting a friend in their fight against corruption (44%). Figure 29: Personal commitment to fighting corruption by academic level 90% 80% 70% 60% 50%
40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
Ready to personally commit themselves in fighting corruption in the RCPSs Would support a colleague or a friend if they would fight corruption in RCPSs
Previous experiences with corruption in the RCPSs have a negative impact on the youths’ idea about their will to be involved in fighting this problem. Almost 79% of young
27
Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions
interviewees, who did not experience a case of corruption in the RCPSs, see themselves personally getting involved in fighting this problem, while only 69% of those who encountered this problem, think the same thing. Figure 30: The people’s commitment to fighting corruption and their experiences with corruption in the RCPSs
69%
Did not personally experience corruption in the RCPSs
80% 66%
78% 82%
Personally experienced corruption in the RCPSs
70% 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Ordinary people can make a difference in fighting corruption in the RCPSs Would support a colleague or a friend if they fought corruption in the RCPSs. Ready to personally get involved in fighting corruption in the RCPSs
The young people who are willing to get involved in the fight against corruption in recruitment competitions for the public services are provided with a number of opportunities. Table 3: Responses to the different proposed actions
Action
YES
NO
D.K/REF
75%
20%
5%
Participating in a peaceful protest against corruption in RCPSs
62%
36%
2%
joining an organization that fights corruption in RCPS
62%
35%
3%
promoting the issue of corruption in RCPS on social media
72%
24%
4%
signing a petition to ask the governorate to make greater efforts concerning fighting corruption in RCPSs
It has already been noted that the interviewees were rather pessimistic about the government's efforts in the fight against corruption in RCPS. However, signing a petition requesting the government to make further efforts to fight corruption is a top priority. In second position, we found that young people prefer promoting their cause via social media. Participating in a
28
Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions
peaceful protest comes in third position, just before joining an organization that fights corruption in RCPS. Only 62% of the interviewees are interested in this last action.
29
Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions
CONCLUSION: This study quantified the different situations that can help in the decision making process. For most variables of the study, the points of view of the population were not opposed enough to each other (the population has almost the same vision on issues related to corruption). The ongoing changes that took place after the youth’s revolution have not highlighted the fight against corruption as an essential priority for action. Despite the establishment of public structures, aiming at fighting corruption, their prerogatives and means were limited. This is due to the lack of political will. Concerning the fight against corruption, the youth have shown a willingness to engage in such a cause. Thus, nearly 60% of the interviewees believe they are willing to report cases of corruption. But for some people, the administrative procedures are complicated and obscure. Furthermore, the fear of the consequences still hinders them. However, the government’s action alone is not enough to prevent and fight corruption. It is essential that trade unions, civil society’s components and ordinary citizens also take complementary measures and mutually support each other. Finally, this research has also allowed us to discuss the issue of corruption based on figures. It provides political and administrative officers as well as the anticorruption community with an exceptional opportunity to assess the state of corruption in recruitment competitions for the public services, as reflected by the views and experiences of young people. Just like any scientific study, this one is not devoid of flaws, yet, it has the merit of being carried in a clear and rigorous methodological approach.
30
Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions
ANNEX1: Methodology Following the Vietnamese methodology of sample-based studying and taking into consideration the characteristics of the Tunisian population, the sample was selected according to the quota method per region (50% men, 50% women), environment (rural, urban) and age. For representational reasons according to the level and type of education and gender, a recovery was applied on the collected data. A recovery ratio was given to each individual who would be used to weight the answers. This method is called an empirical stratification. It consists in calculating the coefficients of weighting to the people who took part in the survey to make the sample representative of the population, from which it was taken, according to certain criteria. In the case of the under-review survey, the variables used are represented in the following table:
By gender
By environment
The survey was conducted in 14 governorates and in two environments (urban and rural). The methodology followed in selecting the individuals can be summed up in four steps:
31
Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions
1st step: Selecting the targeted governorates in each area according to the method of Proportional Probability to Size (PPS)
The representative sample was divided according to the seven main areas (Grand Tunis, the northwestern area, northeastern area, central-western area, central-eastern area, south-western area and south-eastern area), to the environment (rural and urban) proportionally to the size of the targeted population (young people between 18 and 35 in Tunisia).
Grand Tunis Northeastern area Northwestern area Centraleastern area Centralwestern area Southeastern area Southwestern area Total
TOTAL
% TOTAL
Total sample
% Urban
Urban Total
Rural Total
755439 450401
23% 14%
153 94
92% 61%
141 57
12 37
361227
12%
83
37%
31
52
728811
23%
152
72%
109
43
416800
14%
92
32%
30
63
294712
9%
63
71%
44
18
181390
6%
38
68%
26
12
100%
675
438
237
2nd step: Selecting the governorates in every area based, again, on the PPS method, while taking into account the environment criteria.
3rd step: Based on the list of rural/urban areas, the targeted communities were selected.
4th step: It consists in a systematic survey (the first house hold is chosen randomly while the others are chosen according to the same steps). Then, the targeted individual is selected in every household, according to the “kish” method.
Sample Size: The objective is to create a sample so that the observations can be generalized to include the entire population. Basically, three factors determine the size of the sample for a survey conducted on a population:
The estimated prevalence of the studied variable.
The targeted level of trust.
The acceptable error rate.
32
Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions
For a survey template based on a random simple sample, the necessary size of the sample is calculated according to the following formula:
n= t² x p(1-p) m²
n = the required size of the sample t = level of trust up to 95% (typical value of 1.95) p = estimated prevalence of the risk factors in the targeted population. (p = 0.5) m = error rate up to 2.97% (typical value of 0.03) n=675
with an error rate of +/- 3.77%
The size of this sample is distributed on the observation sites proportionally to their demographic weight. The data collection method was based on a paper-based questionnaire composed of 8 pages and including 31 questions (Annex I). The questionnaire was conducted in a face-to-face meeting. Thus, the targeted population was asked spontaneously in their households.
33
Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions
ANNEX 2: The Questionnaire
Public opinion survey about corruption in civil service examinations Application form n°1 Application number
Place
0
Delegation
0
0 1
Street name and number where you started the questionnaire
House number
Number of people aged between 18 and 35 living in the house
Introduce yourself to the person who answered the door I am ... working as an investigator for I WATCH, which is an independent non-political, non-governmental and non-profit organization. I WATCH is realizing a public opinion survey about corruption in civil service examinations. Your participation in this survey is voluntary. I’d like to know your opinion, so I encourage you to answer this survey’s questions. However, I wish you’d inform me if there is a question you do not understand. Your answers will be completely confidential and all data will be analyzed as a whole, not only at an individual level. Choose the person whom you will interview Now how can we choose the person we are going to interview without pattern? To work in a scientific way, I need to randomly choose one of the adults living in the house, aged between 18 and 35 years old. The interview can be anonymous; I would only need to know the age of the interviewee, along with his sex and how he is related to people living in the house. Let’s start with you, how old are you? How many people aged between 18 and 35 live in this house? Table of family members how are you related to the person interviewed
Male/ female
Age
Test number ( the eldest male = 1 the youngest male then the eldest female to the youngest one)
1
34
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Who gave us the information
Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions
The schedule you follow to choose the person to interview Application number
The schedule you follow to choose the person to interview, the numbers symbolise the number of people aged more then 18 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
2
2
2
4
2
7
7
7
1
5
Following this table we randomly choose this person……………………… Date of the interview
Day/month/ year
Name and code of the interviewer
Time
Beginning of the interview
…. : ….
End of the interview
……. : ………
Duration
How much time it takes to check the application
Name and code of the supervisor
Signature of the interviewer
Number of the chosen person
Is the person who started the interview the same one who finished it? 1st meeting
2nd meeting
3rd meeting
1st meeting
Interview totally done
Closed empty
Interview partly done
Unqualifie d place
Interview postponed
Refused
Person unqualified
Others
If the interviewee refused to answer, write down a reason
35
or
2nd meeting
3rd meeting
Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions
Public opinion survey about corruption in civil service examinations
Définition des codes : codes 1, 2, 3, 4,80, 90 were mentioned to facilitate data entry tasks 80: REF (the respondent refused to answer) 90: DK (the respondent didn’t know what to answer)
Concept :
Q01. Have you ever participated in a civil service examination?
□ Yes □ No Q01.a
1
skip to Q01.a
2
skip to Q02
How many times? ….
□ DON’T KNOW □ Refuse to answer Q02
why?
………………………………………………… Q02.a Are you ready to sit for the coming civil service examinations? □ Yes □ No □ REFUSE TO ANSWER □ DON’T KNOW
1 2 80 90
Q03. What do you think about these behaviors? Q03.a. A person passed the civil service examination, bribing a public official to succeed? □ Acceptable □ Not acceptable □ REFUSE TO ANSWER □ DON’T KNOW
1 2 80 90
Q03.b. A senior public official gave priority to his relative, making him succeed the civil service examination in an illegal way? □ Acceptable □ Not acceptable □ REFUSE TO ANSWER □ DON’T KNOW
36
1 2 80 90
Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions
Perception and awareness Q04. Do you have any idea about the laws regulating the civil service examinations? □ Yes 1 □ No 2 □ REFUSE TO ANSWER 80 □ DON’T KNOW 90 Q05. How would you consider the state of corruption in Tunisia? □ Uncommon 1 □ Widespread 2 □ Very Widespread 3 □ Serious 4 □ REFUSE TO ANSWER 80 □ DON’T KNOW 90 Q06. On a scale from 1 to 10, how would you rate corruption in civil service examinations, (knowing that n° 1 refers to non-existing corruption, while n° 10 relates to the fact that corruption is markedly spread) what will be your rating?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
REF DK
Q07. According to you, is the current government fighting corruption in the civil service examinations? □ Yes □ No □ REFUSE TO ANSWER □ DON’T KNOW
1 2 80 90
Q08. According to you, must fighting corruption on the civil service examinations be one of the government’s priorities? □ Yes □ No □ REFUSE TO ANSWER □ DON’T KNOW
1 2 80 90
Q09. According to you, is the government helping the corruption in the civil service examinations? □ Yes 1 □ No 2 □ REFUSE TO ANSWER 80 □ DON’T KNOW 90 Q10. According to you, will the current government be able to eradicate corruption in the civil service examinations in Tunisia? □ Yes □ No □ REFUSE TO ANSWER □ DON’T KNOW
37
1 2 80 90
Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions Q11. Generally, how are you satisfied with the way the civil service examinations are being generated? □ VERY SATISFIED 1 □ SATISFIED 2 □ UNSATISFIED 3 □ VERY UNSATISFIED 4 □ REFUSE TO ANSWER 80 □ DON’T KNOW 90 Q12. According to you, did including the beneficiaries of the general legislative amnesty law, harmed the chances of youth to integrate in the civil services? □ HIGHLY PROBABLE □ PROBABLE □ LAWLY PROBABLE □ NOT PROBABLE AT ALL □ DON’T KNOW □ REFUSE TO ANSWER
1 2 3 4 80 90
Q13. According to you, the lack of transparency in the civil service examinations could threaten: Yes
No
Refuse to answer
DON’T KNOW
Q13a. The future of YOUTH
1
2
80
90
Q13b. The economic growth
1
2
80
90
Q13c. The country progress
1
2
80
90
Q13d. The social justice
1
2
80
90
↓
Q14. Now I’d like you to tell me what you think of this situation: An unemployed person is a relative of a senior (Minister, General Manager...), who used his power to get him a job: Do you think the top part is: □ Corrupt and should be punished □ Corrupt but justified □ Not Corrupt □ DON’T KNOW □ REFUSE TO ANSWER
38
1 2 3 80 90
Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions
Q15. Please evaluate to what extent you would agree or disagree with the statements below: Mention in order ↓
STRONGLY AGREE
AGREE
DISAGREE
STRONGLY DISAGREE
Refuse to answer
DON’T KNOW
Q15a. Corruption is a serious problem in the civil service examinations in Tunisia
1
2
3
4
80
90
Q15b. There are enough successful prosecutions in Tunisia to deter people from giving or taking bribes, in order to succeed a public service examination
1
2
3
4
80
90
Q15c. The government efforts to eradicate corruption in the public services examinations are effective
1
2
3
4
80
90
Q15d.The corruption in the public service examinations is inevitable; it has always existed and will always exist
1
2
3
4
80
90
Q15e.The corruption in the public service examinations worsened after the revolution
1
2
3
4
80
90
Q16. What public services contests are most corrupt? □ □ □ □ □
Contests on CVs Orals examinations Written contests REFUSE TO ANSWER DON’T KNOW
1 2 3 80 90
Personal Experiences: Q17. Have you personally experienced a corruption case in a public services contest, or has one of your relatives? □ Yes □ No □ REFUSE TO ANSWER □ DON’T KNOW
1 2 80 90
Q17.a How many times did it occur? Q18. During the past two years, have you known about corruption cases in public services contests? □ Yes □ No □ REFUSE TO ANSWER □ DON’T KNOW
39
1 2 80 90
Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions
Q19. Referring to your personal experiences and those of your friends’ you have known about, may you please indicate whether you agree with the following statements:
In public services contests there is discrimination based on: Mention in order ↓
STRONGLY AGREE
AGREE
DISAGREE
STRONGLY DISAGREE
Refuse to answer
DON’T KNOW
Q19a. Religion
1
2
3
4
80
90
Q19b. age Q19c. Social and racial origins Q19d. Color Q19.e. sex
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
80 80 80 80
90 90 90 90
Q19.f. Political opinions
1
2
3
4
80
90
Q19.g. Family and relations
1
2
3
4
80
90
Opinions and recommandations: Q20. Do you agree with the next sentence? For people like me, the existence or non existence of corruption in the public service examinations doesn’t matter nor has it an influence on my life. □ Yes □ No □ REFUSE TO ANSWER
1 2 80
Q21. According to you, what are the reasons of corruption in the public service examinations? □ The absence of firm laws and control □ Complacency of the citizens □ Absence of religious and moral faith □ Other (mention them) □ REFUSE TO ANSWER □ DON’T KNOW
1 2 3 4 80 90
Q22. What solutions do you propose to reduce corruption in the public service examinations? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Level of commitment of the interviewee in the next advocacy campaigns: Q23. Now, are you ready to report about a corruption case in the public service examination you are aware of? □ Yes 1 Skip to Q23.a □ No 2 Skip to Q23.b □ REFUSE TO ANSWER 80 □ DON’T KNOW 90
40
Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions Q23.a To whom would you report? Skip to Q24. □ □ □ □ □
The administrative authority (ministry, administration ...) The legal authority (Attorney of the Republic, police ...) The public (press, associations, civil society ...) REFUSE TO ANSWER DON’T KNOW
1 2 3 80 90
Q23.b Why aren’t you willing to report? □ I don’t know whom to report to □ I am afraid of the consequences □ My report will change nothing □ REFUSE TO ANSWER □ DON’T KNOW
1 2 3 80 90
Q24. In your opinion, what are the obstacles that prevent from revealing corruption cases in the public service examinations? □ The Lack of proofs □ The procedures or the report are complicated and unclear □ The Fear of people’s reaction □ Other (mention it) □ REFUSE TO ANSWER □ DON’T KNOW
1 2 3 4 80 90
Q25. According to you, whose responsibility it is to fight corruption in the public service examinations? □ □ □ □ □ □
The government’s Judiciary system’s NGOs and associations’ Other (mention them) REFUSE TO ANSWER DON’T KNOW
1 2 3 4 80 90
Q26. Do you think ordinary people can have an effective role in the fight against corruption in the public service examinations? □ Yes □ No □ REFUSE TO ANSWER □ DON’T KNOW
1 2 80 90
Q27. Do you think that the components of civil society can make a difference in the fight against corruption in the public service examinations? □ Yes □ No □ REFUSE TO ANSWER □ DON’T KNOW
41
1 2 80 90
Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions Q28. How do you think of the current efforts of associations in the fight against corruption in the public service examinations? □ Very sufficient □ Sufficient □ Not really sufficiennt □ Not sufficient at all □ REFUSE TO ANSWER □ DON’T KNOW
1 2 3 4 80 90
Q29. Would you support a colleague or a friend if he fought against corruption in the public service examinations? □ Yes □ No □ REFUSE TO ANSWER □ DON’T KNOW
1 2 80 90
Q30. Are you ready to become personally involved in the fight against corruption in the public service examinations? □ Yes □ No □ REFUSE TO ANSWER □ DON’T KNOW
1 2 80 90
Now I wish you may answer my yes/no questions: Ready!? Q31.a Will you sign a petition asking the government for more efforts to eradicate corruption in the public service examinations? □ Yes □ No □ REFUSE TO ANSWER □ DON’T KNOW
1 2 80 90
Q31.b Will you participate in a march against corruption in the public service examinations? □ Yes □ No □ REFUSE TO ANSWER □ DON’T KNOW
1 2 80 90
Q31.c Will you join an association or a NGO to eradicate corruption in the public service examinations? □ Yes □ No □ REFUSE TO ANSWER □ DON’T KNOW
42
1 2 80 90
Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions Q31.d Will you to publish and inform others about the case of corruption in the public service examinations, in the social Medias (Twitter, Facebook…)? □ Yes □ No □ REFUSE TO ANSWER □ DON’T KNOW
1 2 80 90
DEMOGRAPHY D01.
How old are you? …………..
D02.
What is the highest level of school you completed? □ I never went to school 1 □ Primary Level 2 □ Secondary level (College) 3 □ Secondary Level II (Lycee) 4 □ Professional training 5 □ University 6 □ REFUSE TO ANSWER 80 □ DON’T KNOW 90
D03.
What is the salary of your household per month? □ less than 200 Dinars □ 201 to 500 Dinars □ 501 to 1000 dinars □ 1001 to 1500 dinars □ 1501 to 2500 dinars □ more than 2501 dinars □ Refuse to answer □ DON’T KNOW
D04.
□ REF
80
□ DK
90
1 2 3 4 5 6 80 90
Which one of the next suggestions could better describe your financial status?
□ I find it hard to buy even the most basic things to feed my family and myself
1
□ I have enough resources to survive, but I do not have enough money for extra things
2
□ I am able to afford things like new clothes and eating in restaurants but not often □ I am able to afford things like new clothing and eating out and also support other family members who are not able to do so □ REFUSE TO ANSWER □ DON’T KNOW
3
D05.
Do you have internet access at home? □ Yes □ No □ Refuse to answer □ DON’T KNOW
43
1 2 80 90
4 80 90
Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions
D06.
Where do you use Internet most often? □ At home □ At work □ In school □ anywhere via mobile phone □ Autres □ REFUSE TO ANSWER □ DON’T KNOW
D07.
1 2 3 4 70 80 90
Do you own your house or it’s one of your family members’ house? □ Yes □ No □ Refuse to answer □ DON’T KNOW
44
1 2 80 90