IVSA Rampur Vetzine Issue 03 by ivsarampur

Vol ume1 I ssue03 Sept ember2021

Ve t z i ne TheMagazi neofVetSt udent s

Case Book

Expl or et hedi f f er ent caseswi t ht hei rphot os

Ar t Gal l er y

Moment swher e cr eat i vi t ymeet sski l l

MO’ sAl l y Wi ng

Know mor eaboutour I VSA f ami l y

St andi ngCommi t t e Cor ner

Expl or et hedi f f er entaspect s ofani mall i f ei nNepal

I VSARa mpura ndI VSARa mpurVe t z i neEdi t or i a lBoa r dwoul d l i ket oe xpr e s ss i nc e r egr a t i t udet ot heOf f i c eofDe a n( F AVF , AFU) ,I nt e r na t i ona lVe t e r i na r ySt ude nt s ’ As s oc i a t i on( I VSA) , St a ndi ngCommi t t e eonVe t e r i na r yEduc a t i on( SCOVE) , I nt e r na t i ona lVe t e r i na r ySt ude nt s ’ As s oc i a t i onNe pa l( I VSANe pa l ) Mr .Sudi pRe gmi ,Mr . Aa s hi r ba dPokhr e l ,Mr .Di be kKa r kia ndt o a l lt e a c he r s ,pr of e s s or s&ot he rhe l pi ngha ndswhodi r e c t l yor i ndi r e c t l yhe l pe dust hr oughoutourmove me nta ndt hepubl i c a t i on pr oc e s s . Bi gt h a nkst oa l l! ! ! ! !

I nt e r na t i ona lVe t e r i na r ySt ude nt s ’ As s oc i a t i on( I VSA)Ra mpur , Agr i c ul t ur ea ndFor e s t r yUni ve r s i t yi sal oc a lCha pt e rof I nt e r na t i ona lVe t e r i na r ySt ude nt s ’ As s oc i a t i on( I VSA)Ne pa l .I ti s ano npr of i ta ndc ompl e t e l yt e c hni c a lor ga ni z a t i onba s e dont he mi s s i onofI VSAGl oba lwhi c hi st obe ne f i tt hea ni ma l sa ndpe opl e oft hewo r l dbyha r ne s s i ngt hepot e nt i a la ndde di c a t i onof ve t e r i na r ys t ude nt st opr omot et hei nt e r na t i ona la ppl i c a t i onof ve t e r i na r ys ki l l s ,e duc a t i ona ndknowl e dge .I VSARa mpuri s f or me dwi t ht hemot i vet oupl i f tve t e r i na r ye duc a t i ona nda ni ma l he a l t ha nda s s i s t i ngi nma i nt a i npr ope rwe l f a r eofa ni ma l sa swe l l a si ndi vi dua l sofAgr i c ul t ur ea ndFor e s t r yUni ve r s i t ya ndi t s pr e mi s e s .

Basi cal l y ,t hepur poseofi nst i gat i ngt hi smagazi nei deai st o encompassal lani malr el at edi ssuesbyt heact i vepar t i ci pat i onand col l abor at i onofal lent husi ast i cf acesal lar oundt hegl obe.Wear e nother et oj ustcol l ectandpubl i sht hear t i cl es,r esear chpaper sbut wear et r yi ngt odi ver si f yourappr oacht owar dssomecr eat i vear eas t oo.Wear ehopi ngf orsomecr eat i vi t yi nourVet er i nar yf i el dt oo. Whynotmakei tengr ossi ng? Whycan’ twewr i t epoems,st or i es r egar di ngani mali ssues?Notonl yt hat ,weal soacceptphot ogr aphy r el at edt ovetdr awi ngs,f act s,amazi ngandmanymor e. So,wehavet r i edt owor kj oi nt l yt oi ncl udeal lt hevet sar oundt he gl obet ocent r al i zevar i ouscr eat i vewor ksi noneshor tmagazi ne. Ourmai nef f or twi l lal waysbet omaket hewor ksf asci nat i ngand engr ossi ng.Vet Magazi nej ustdoesn’ tf ocusonourcur r i cul um r el at edar t i cl esbutal sosomenew exper i encesencount er edi nour f i el d,someawar enessr el at edpost s,somef unwor ks.

I ti sama t t e rofi mme ns epl e a s ur ea ndpr i det obr i ngoutt hes e c ondi s s ue of' I VSA Ra mpurVe t z i ne , 'a nonl i net r i mont hl yma ga z i ne .I twa sa t e di ousye t e xc i t i ngj our ne yt oha vet hi sf i r s t publ i c a t i o na va i l a bl e . Iwa nt t oe xpr e s smys i nc e r egr a t i t udet oa l lt hehe l pi ngha ndss uppor t i nga nd wor ki ngr e s pons i bl yt hr oughoutt hi sj our ne y . I VSARa mpur ,al oc a lc ha pt e rofI VSANe pa l ,i sanonpr o f i t ,t e c hni c a l or ga ni z a t i on ma r c hi ng a he a d wi t h a mot i ve t o upl i f tVe t e r i na r y Educ a t i on a nd Ani ma l He a l t h.The unf a l t e r i ng j our ne y of t hi s or ga ni z a t i on ha s br ought f or wa r d s i gni f i c a nt c ha nge si n t he unde r s t a ndi ng r e ga r di ng t he ve t e r i na r y pr o f e s s i on a nd ve t e r i na r y s e r vi c e sa mongt hes t a ke hol de r s .Thi sf i r s te di t i onof' I VSA Ra mpur Ve t z i ne ' c ompr i s e sRe vi e ws ,Poe ms ,St or i e s ,Bl ogs ,Es s a ys ,Phot os ,a nd Ar t sr e l a t e dt oVe t e r i na r ySc i e nc ea ndAni ma lHus ba ndr y . I ti ss ur et oa c ta sar e f r e s hi nga ndi ns i ght f ul gui de f or t he be t t e r me nt of ve t e r i na r y e duc a t i on.Fi na l l y ,Iwoul dl i ket oe xpr e s s c or di a lgr a t i t udet ot her e s pe c t e dt e a c he r s a nds e ni or s , c ol l e a gue s , a n de nde a r e dj uni or s wi t hout whom t hi s ma ga z i ne ' s ma t e r i a l i z a t i onwoul dha vebe e ni mpos s i bl e . I VSA Ra mpur he a r t i l y we l c ome s s ugge s t i onsa ndc ompl i me nt sont hi svol ume of' I VSARa mpurVe t z i ne , ' whi c hwi l la c tt o be t t e r me ntofupc omi ngma ga z i nei nf ut ur e .

Mr .Sami nDhahal Pr esi dent I VSA Rampur2020/ 21 Advi sor I VSA RampurVet zi ne

Ia ms oe l a t e dt oi ns t i ga t et het hi r dt r i mont hl yma ga z i neofI VSAe nt i t l e d " I VSARa mpurVe t z i ne "ont hebe ha l fofwhol eI VSAf a mi l y . Wi t ha na i m ofe nc ompa s s i ngs e ve r a la ni ma lr e l a t e dmi l i e ua l ongwi t h publ i s hi ngupt oda t er e s e a r c hpa pe r s ,c a s e s t udi e s ,a nds e ve r a lc r e a t i ve &a r t i s t i cwor ksofs t ude nt s ,I VSARa mpurha ss t e ppe df or wa r dt ol a unc h t hi se xc i t i ngma ga z i ne . I VSA ha sa l wa ysbe e nwor ki ngf ort hebe t t e r me ntofs t ude nt sl e a r ni ng s ki l l se i t he ri npa pe r sori nt hef i e l d.Thi sne ws t e pha sbe e nagr e a t c ha l l e ngef orusa ndha sa l s oe xpe c t e ds omes wi t c ha nddi ve r s i t yt oour out r e a c h. Pe r s ona l l ys pe a ki ng,a sf a ra sIa mc onc e r ne d,t hi ski ndofma ga z i n ei sa t r e a tf ore nt hus i a s t i ca nde me r gi ngpr of e s s i ona l sl i keus .Ha vi ngbe e nn ot i nvol ve di nt hepr a c t i c a l f i e l dt ha t muc h, wec oul dge t t ogr a bal ot oft hi ngs f r omhe r e , a s s i s t i nga ndgui di ngusi nadi ve r s i f i e da ppr oa c h. Wec oul da l s o s howourc r e a t i vi t yhe r ea nda t t e mpt s ome t hi ngne wa l ongwi t hwr i t i ngour us ua la r t i c l e s .Ar t i s t i cwor ks ,phot ogr a phy , poe ms ,bl ogs ,opi ni ons ,s hor t s t or i e sa r es omeoft heopt i onsyouc oul dc hoos ef r om. Weha vea l s oi nt r oduc e daMOAl l y’ sWi ngs e c t i on t oi nc l udeas hor ti nt r oduc t or ya r t i c l eofr e s pe c t i v e MOsa ndt hea c t i vi t i e sf r oma l lI VSAc ha p t e r sf ora l l a r oundt hegl obe .Fr om t hi si s s ue ,weha vea l s o i nt r oduc e das e c t i on“ Ca s eBook”wi t ha na i mt o i nc r e a s e knowl e dge ofve t e r i na r ys t ude t ns wi t h phot osofdi f f e r e ntc a s e s . I tgoe swi t houts a yi ng,pe r s ona lorc ol l a bor a t i ve wor kswoul dbea c c e pt e d.Thi si sac ha l l e ngef o rus a ndwee xpe c tal otofe nt hus i a s t i cf a c e sc omi ng f or wa r d.Tha nk you a l lofyou i na dva nc ef or c ont r i but i ngt o" Ve t z i ne " .

Mr .Saur abhGel al Edi t or I VSA Rampur2020/ 21 Edi t or i nChi ef I VSA RampurVet zi ne

He r eweg l a d l yp r e s e n tt h et h i r di s s u eo f“ I VSA Ra mp u rVe t z i n e ” ,a t r i mo n t h l y ma g a z i n eo fI n t e r n a t i o n a lVe t e r i n a r y St u d e n t ’ sAs s o c i a t i o n ( I VSA)Ra mp u rwh i c hi sc r e a t e dt op r o v i d ev e t e r i n a r ys t u d e n t sap l a t f o r m t os h a p ea n ds h a r p e nt h e i rc r e a t i o n s .Web e l i e v ee v e r yb e a u t i f u lmi n dh a s s k i l l st od oa n ywo r ki nac r e a t i v ewa y . Th i sma g a z i n eh o l d st h ewh o l ep a c k a g eo fd e e d sa n dg a l l e r yo fI VSA Ra mp u r . Weh a v ed i v i d e dt h ema g a z i n ei nf o u rd i f f e r e n ts e c t i o n s . Th ev e r y f i r s t s e c t i o ns h o wst h ee v e n t sa n da c t i v i t i e so fI VSARa mp u re l a p s e dd u r i n g t h ef i r s tt h r e emo n t h so fo u rt e n u r e .Th es e c o n dh a ss u r p r i s e swi t ht h ea r t a n dc r e a t i o no fv e t e r i n a r ys t u d e n t s .Th et h i r ds e c t i o nt r a v e l st oo t h e rMOs , wh i c hd e mo n s t r a t e sa mu t u a lr e l a t i o n s h i pa n db r o t h e r h o o do fI VSA Ra mp u ra n dt h el a s tr e f l e c t st h eg r e a two r k sb yt h eSt a n d i n gCo mmi t t e e Co o r d i n a t o r so fI VSARa mp u r . Al o to fh e l p i n gh a n d swe r ei n v o l v e ds p e n d i n g t h e i rt o i l t oe x t r a c t t h eg r e a t ma t e r i a l s . Wewo u l d l i k et oa c k n o wl e d g eo u rt e a c h e r s ,me n t o r sa n d s e n i o r s , ma t e sa n dj u n i o r swh oh a v eg i v e ne v e r y b i to fe f f o r tt oc r a f ta n di mp r o v et h ema g a z i n e . o p ey o uf i n dt h i sf i r s ti s s u ev a l u a b l et oy o u Weh a n dh e l pg a t h e rs o meme mo r i e swi t hI VSA Ra mp u r .Wea l wa y swe l c o met h ef e e d b a c k s , s u g g e s t i o n sa n da p p r e c i a t i o n st or e v i t a l i z et h e ma g a z i n eo ni t st h i r di s s u e . Th a n ky o us omu c h !

Mr .Somnat hAr yal Secr et ar y I VSA Rampur2020/ 21 Cont entManager I VSA RampurVet zi ne

I VSA RampurVet zi ne

CONTENTS

33ArtGallery 35 MO Ally’sW ing 37 CaseBook 45

St andi ng Commi t t ee Cor ner

I VSA RampurDi ar i es

Wewoul dl i ket oe xpr e s sourgr a t i t udet oourr e s pe c t e dgue s t sDr . Ami rSa da ul a ,Dr . Bi j a yKuma rShr e s t ha ,Mr .Bi s hnuShr e s t ha ,Mr .Suma nBha t t a r a if o rt he i rva l u a bl e pa r t i c i pa t i on. Wewoul da l s ol i ket ot ha nka l lt hepa r t i c i pa nt sf ort he i rpr e s e nc ei nt hi se ve nt . I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

I VSA RampurDi ar i es

I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

I VSA RampurDi ar i es

I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

I VSA RampurDi ar i es

I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

I VSA RampurDi ar i es

Wi t h a n a i m of de ve l opi ng c ur i os i t ya nds ha r i ngknowl e dge a mong t he Ve t e r i na r y St ude nt s , I VSA Ra mpurma dea ni ni t i a t i ve t os ha r eque s t i onsori nf or ma t i on r e l a t e dt omi c r os c opi cor ga ni s ms e ve r yMonda y . Eg. I de nt i f yt hee ggoft hepa r a s i t e gi ve nbe l ow. Hi nt : -I ti sf oundi nbi l educ t sof dome s t i ca ni ma l s .

I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

I VSA RampurDi ar i es

I nt e r na t i ona l Ve t e r i na r y St ude nt s ' As s oc i a t i onRa mpur( I VSA Ra mpur )i n c ol l a bor a t i onwi t hGr oupofAgr i c ul t ur e a ndFor e s t r ySt ude nt s( GAVS)c onduc t e d apa ne ldi s c us s i on on " I mpor t a nc eof Chur eRa ngei nAgr i c ul t ur e ,Li ve s t oc k Pr oduc t i on,a ndWi l dl i f eCons e r va t i on. " Thema j ort he meoft hi spr ogr a m wa st o a s s e s st hei mpor t a nc eofChur ei nNe pa l a nd poi nt out t he ne c e s s i t y of i t s c ons e r va t i on. We a r et ha nkf ult o ourpa ne l i s t sDr . Ka ma lP .Ga i r he ,Mr .Ri s hiRa m Ka t t e l a nd Mr .Ros ha n Sr i va s t a vf or t he i r va l ua bl et i mea ndi nf or ma t i ona boutt he t opi ca nd our gr a t i t ude t oa l lt he pa r t i c i pa nt sa nd he l pi ng ha nds f or ma ki ngt hi spr ogr a ms uc c e s s f ul . I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

I VSA RampurDi ar i es

I nt e r na t i ona lVe t e r i na r ySt ude nt s 'As s oc i a t i onRa mpur( I VSA Ra mpur )c onduc t e da we bi n a rs e r i e son " Da y 1 Compe t e nc i e sf orVe tGr a dua t e s "ba s e d on t he " OI E Re c omme nda t i onsont heCompe t e nc i e sofgr a dua t i ngve t e r i na r i a ns( Da y1gr a dua t e s )t o a s s ur e" Na t i ona lVe t e r i na r ySe r vi c e sofqua l i t y"byt h eWor l dOr ga ni s a t i onf orAni ma l He a l t h( OI E) . Thi swe bi na rs e r i e swa se xpe c t e dt obehe l pf ulf ora l lve t e r i na r ys t ude nt sa nde s pe c i a l l y t hei nt e r ns hi ps t ude nt swhoa r egoi ngt obeve t e r i na r ypr of e s s i ona l ss oon. I nl i newi t ht hi s ,weor ga ni z e dt hef ol l owi ngwe bi na r sondi f f e r e ntda t e s; 1.Epi de mi ol ogyf orDa y1Gr a dua t e s -byDr .Kr i s hnaKuma rTha kur 2.Tr a ns bounda r yAni ma l sDi s e a s e sf orDa y1Gr a dua t e s -byDr .Kha da kSi nghBi s t 3.Zoonos e sf orDa y1Gr a dua t e s -byDr . Tul s iRa mGompo 4.Eme r gi nga ndRe e me r gi ngdi s e a s e sf o rDa y1Gr a dua t e s -byDr .Sur e ndr aKa r ki Weha da l t oge t he r1 19r e s pons e sf r omi na ndout oft hec ount r ya ndar e ma r ka bl enumb e r ofpa r t i c i pa t i ont hr oughoutt hepr ogr a m.

I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

I VSA RampurDi ar i es

I VSARa mpurs uc c e s s f ul l yc onduc t e d XXXV Epi s ode of Good Fr i da y s e s s i onvi at heZoom pl a t f or m.The t opi coft hepr e s e nt a t i onwa s' J our ne y Fr om Wi l dl i f eTr a det oCOVI D 19' pr e s e nt e dbyMsAna mi kaShr e s t ha ,a 7t hs e me s t e rve t e r i na r ys t ude ntf r o m NPI . Theove r a l lpr ogr a m wa si nt e r a c t i ve a ndi nf or ma t i ve . Wea r egr a t e f ult oMs Ana mi ka Shr e s t ha a nd t oa l lt he pa r t i c i pa nt sf orma ki ngt hi spr ogr a m s uc c e s s f ul .

I VSA Ra mpur c on gr a t ul a t e s Mr . Di l i pPa ude lf orbe i ngdr a wna sa l uc ky wi nne r of Onl i ne I VSA Cr os s wor d#17.Ot he rpa r t i c i pa nt s wi t h 100% a c c ur a c ya r e Sa c hi n Bha t t a r a i , Ra s hmi Tha kur , Pr i t i Gur ung, Kr i pa Gi r i , Sus hmi t a Sh a r ma , Sa c hi n Upa dha ya ya , As hi s hCha udha r y ,Sa r uRi ma l ,a nd Smr i t iSha r ma . I VSAc r os s wor dpuz z l e18wa sa l s o l a unc he d.

I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

I VSA RampurDi ar i es

I nt e r na t i ona l Ve t e r i na r y St ude nt s 'As s oc i a t i on Ra mpur( I VSARa mpur )c onduc t e dwe bi na ront he t opi c'BASI CS OF TRANSRECTAL USG I N LARGEANI MALS'pr e s e nt e dbyDrBhumiN De vkot a ,Pr of e s s orofVe t e r i na r yThe r i oge nol ogy , Agr i c ul t ur ea ndFor e s t r yUni ve r s i t y .Hei soneof t hef i r s tVe t e r i na r i a nswhos t a r t e dus i ngUSG i n l a r gea ni ma l si nNe pa l . Ourgr a t i t udet oDr .Bhumi . N De vkot as i rf orhi s wonde r f ulpr e s e nt a t i ona ndknowl e dgehes ha r e d wi t h usa nd woul d a l s ol i ket ot ha nka l l t hepa r t i c i pa nt sa nd he l pi ng ha nds f or ma ki ngt hi spr ogr a m s uc c e s s f ul .

I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

I VSA RampurDi ar i es

I VSA Ra mpurc onduc t e di t s“ GOOD FRI DAY SESSI ON” vi aa n onl i n e pl a t f or m,whi c hi sbe i ngc onduc t e don t hel a s tFr i da ye ve r ymont h.I ta i mst o de ve l op t he pr e s e nt a t i on s ki l l s of s t ude nt sa nd s ha r e knowl e dge a bout va r i ousi mpor t a nta nde xc i t i ngt opi c s . nc ha nTha pa ,whoi sc ur r e nt l yi n MsKa a ni nt e r ns hi ppr ogr a m unde rB. VSca nd A. H,F AVF ,AFU,pr e s e nt e dt hi sFr i da y on t he t opi c " A di s c us s i on on: De mo de c t i cMa ngei nDogs " . Thedi s c us s i on on c l i ni c a lc a s e swa s donea nd t heque r i e soft hes t ude nt s we r et hor oughl ya ddr e s s e d.

I VSA Ra mpur s uc c e s s f ul l y c ond uc t e dawe bi na ron'BASI CS OF FLUI D THERAPY I N CLI NI CALPRACTI CE'whi c hwa s pr e s e nt e dbyDr .Ra nj i t aBa s t ol a .I t wa sa ni nf or ma t i vea ndi nt e r e s t i ng s e s s i on wi t h br i e fi ns i ght son t he t opi cbyt hes pe a ke r . Al ongwi t ht hi s , t he que r i e s oft he s t ude nt s we r e gr a c i ous l ya ddr e s s e d.The ove r a l l pr ogr a m wa s i nt e r a c t i ve a nd a dva nt a ge ousf ort hea t t e nde e s .

I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

Li t er at ur e

Thec l i ma t eofEa r t hi sc ha ngi ngi na n unpr e c e de nt e d wa y .The s t udy oft he I nt e r gove r nme nt a lPa ne l on Cl i ma t e Cha nge( I PCC)s ugge s t st ha twi t hi nt he t i me f r a me of 18802012,t he gl oba l a ve r a ge t e mpe r a t ur e of Ea r t h ha d i nc r e a s e d by 0. 85 ᵒ C. And,i ti sf ur t he r pr e di c t e dt oi nc r e a s et het e mpe r a t ur eby mi ni mum 0. 3ᵒ C1. 7ᵒ C unde r Re pr e s e nt a t i ve Conc e nt r a t i on Pa t hwa ys ( RCP)2. 6a nd ma xi mum by 2. 64. 8ᵒ C unde rRCP 8. 5s c e na r i o.Suc hc ha nge i n c l i ma t e ha s ma j orc ha l l e nge si n bi odi ve r s i t y . Cha nge i n c l i ma t e ha s wi de l ya f f e c t e dt hee nvi r onme nta ndi t s i mpa c ti ss e e n wor l dwi de ,c r e a t i ng gl oba ls i gna lofc l i ma t e i nduc e dr a nge s hi f t s a nd phe nol ogi c a lr e s pons e s c r os s i ng a l l t he e c os ys t e m a nd t a xonomi cgr oups .

Sudi pAr yal B. V. Sc& A. H. ,3r dSem FAVF ,AFU

Pr abi nPokhr el B. V. Sc& A. H. ,3r dSem FAVF ,AFU

Gl a n c i nga tt heda t aof25 ye a r sf r om 19822006, t he t e mpe r a t ur e i n t he Hi ma l a ya s ha s wa r me d up bya r ound 1. 5ᵒ C,whi c hi st hr e et i me smor et ha n t he gl oba la ve r a ge t e mpe r a t ur e .Suc h c ha nge si nc l i ma t eha vepl a c e dat hr e a t f or t he l a r ge ma mma l s of t he mount a i nousc ount r yl i keNe pa l . Cl i ma t ec ha ngei sa ne me r gi ngt hr e a tf or bi odi ve r s i t yc ons e r va t i on.I tha sa l r e a dy s t a r t e di mpa c t i ngs pe c i e sa s s e mbl a ge sa nd e c os ys t e m dyna mi c s . The gr e a t e r one hor ne d r hi noc e r os ( Rhi noc e r os uni c or ni s )i sa ni c oni ca nd gl oba l l y t hr e a t e ne dme ga he r bi vor e .Due t o t he uni que ha bi t a tr e qui r e me nt of t he Rhi noc e r os ,t he yl i ket or e ma i ni nt he a l l uvi a lf l oodpl a i nsdomi na t e d by t he s ubt r opi c a l c l i ma t e ve ge t a t i ons a nd So ur c e : Wor l dr e por tZe r o poa c hi ng i n a va i l a bi l i t y of wa t e ra ndgr a s s e sf or Chi t wa nNa t i ona lPa r k, Ne pa l ye a r r ound. Howe ve r ,t hel i ke l yi mpa c t s I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

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of c l i ma t e c ha nge ha snot be e n a de qua t e l y i nc or por a t e d i nt o c ons e r va t i on pl a nsf ort hes pe c i e sa nd ma y c ha l l e nget hi s s uc c e s s .Gr e a t e r one hor ne d r hi noc e r os ( Rhi noc e r os uni c or ni s ; he r e a f t e r r e f e r r e d t o a s r hi noc e r os ) i s af l a gs hi p wi l dl i f e s pe c i e s .Unt i lt he mi ddl e oft he 19t h c e nt ur y ,r hi noc e r os e xi s t e da bunda nt l y t hr oughout t he f l oodpl a i ns of t he Ga nge s , Br a hma put r a a nd Si ndhu Ri ve r s be t we e n t he I ndoMya nma r bor de ri nt hee a s ta nd Pa ki s t a ni nt he we s t .Howe ve r ,i t spopul a t i on s ha r pl y de c l i ne d due t or a mpa nthunt i ng a nd ha bi t a tl os st ot he poi ntwhe r et he r e we r e f e we r t ha n 500 r hi noc e r os gl oba l l ydur i ngt he1960s ,c onf i ne dt o i s ol a t e d pa t c he sofs ui t a bl eha bi t a t si n t hes out he r npa r tofNe pa la ndnor t he r n f oot hi l l s of I ndi a , i nc l udi ng Br a h ma put r af l oodpl a i ns .Fol l owi ngt he bot h gove r nme nt s ’ s uc c e s s f ul c ons e r va t i on s t r a t e gi e s ,i t s popul a t i on ha s be e n r e c ove r i ng, a nd c ur r e nt l y , t he r ea r emor et ha n 3, 500 i ndi vi dua l s i nt he wi l d.Butwhe t he rorno tt hi s r e c ove r y c a n be s us t a i ne d gi ve n pr oj e c t e d c l i ma t e c ha nge i mpa c t r e ma i nsunc e r t a i n. Cur r e nt l y , Rhi noc e r os uni c or ni si sl i mi t e di nt hes ma l lpoc ke t a r e aofSout hAs i ar e gi on,e s pe c i a l l yi n l owl a nd na t i ona lpa r ks ofNe pa la nd I ndi a .Rhi noc e r os uni c or ns a r e mos t l y I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

f ound i n t he l owl a nds of Ne pa l pa r t i c ul a r l yi nt het hr e epr ot e c t e da r e a s ; Chi t wa n Na t i ona l Pa r k( CNPLi mi t e d i nf or ma t i one xi s t sonhow t hec ha ngi ng c l i ma t ei sgoi ngt oi mpa c twi l dl i f ea nd t he e xa c t me c ha ni s ms of c l i ma t e c ha nge i mpa c t s on t he m,a nd s t udi e s c ond uc t e ds of a rha venotdoc ume nt e d t hel i ke l yi mpa c t sofc l i ma t ec ha nget o r hi noc e r os . Howe ve r , a s pe c i e s c ons e r va t i ona c t i onpl a nf orr hi noc e r os i n Ne pa l( DNPWC 2017) ha s a c knowl e dge dt ha tc l i ma t ec ha nge i s one of t he e me r gi ng t hr e a t s f or r hi noc e r osa ndha si de nt i f i e dt hi sa sa knowl e dgega p( DNPWC 2017) .Thus , a s s e s s i ngt hevul ne r a bi l i t yofr hi noc e r os t o c l i ma t ec ha nge i sa n i mpor t a nt pr i or i t y . ) ,Ba r di aNa t i ona lPa r k( BNP) , Pa r s a Na t i ona lPa r ka nd Shukl a pa nt ha Na t i ona lPa r k. Ta bl e 1. Di s t r i but i on of gr e a t e r one hor ne d r hi noc e r os ( Rhi noc e r os uni c or ni s )i n pr ot e c t e da r e a sofNe pa l ( DNPWC2017) .

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I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

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Pa nt ,G. ,T.Ma r a s e ni , A. Apa n,a ndB.L. Al l e n.2019.Tr e ndsa ndc ur r e nts t a t eof r e s e a r c h on gr e a t e r one hor ne d r hi noc e r os ( Rhi noc e r os uni c or ni s ) :A s ys t e ma t i cr e vi e woft hel i t e r a t ur eove ra pe r i odof33ye a r s( 1985–2018) .Sc i e nc e oft het ot a le nvi r onme nt : 136349 Pa nt ,G. ,Ma r a s e ni ,T. ,Apa n,A. ,Al l e n, B. L. ,Cl i ma t ec ha nge vul ne r a bi l i t y of As i a ’ s mos t i c oni c me ga he r bi vor e : gr e a t e r one hor ne d r hi noc e r os ( Rhi noc e r osuni c or ni s ) ,Gl oba lEc ol ogy a ndCons e r va t i on.

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Sa l mone l l os i si sa ni nf e c t i ousba c t e r i a l di s e a s e of bot ha ni ma l sa nd huma ns c ha r a c t e r i z e d by di a r r he aa nd s ys t e mi c i nf e c t i on.Thege nusSa l mone l l ac ons i s t s oft wos pe c i e s ,S.e nt e r i c aa ndS.bongor i ( Gr i mont & We i l l , 2007) ,a r e t he e t i ol ogi c a l a ge nt s f or t he di s e a s e . Sa l mone l l ae nt e r i c ai saGr a mne ga t i ve , a e r obi corf a c ul t a t i vea na e r obi c ,mot i l e a ndnons por ul a t i ngba c i l l usi nt hef a mi l y Ent e r oba c t e r i a c e a e .Cur r e nt l ymor et ha n 2600 s e r ova r s of Sa l mone l l a a r e r e c ogni z e d( I s s e nhut hJ e a nj e a ne ta l . , 2014) i nc l udi ng Ent e r i t i di s , mur i um,Ga l l i na r um,Pul l or um,e t c . Typhi The Sa l mone l l a e nt e r i c a ha s s i x s ubs pe c i e s , whi c h c ons i s tt he mos t c ommons e r ova r st ha tc a us ei nf e c t i oni n huma nsa nda ni ma l s ,i . e .Ent e r i t i di sa nd Typhi mur i um. Ani ma l s ma y be c ome s ympt oma t i cora s ympt oma t i cc a r r i e r si n c l i ni c a lo rs ubc l i ni c a lc a s e s ,r e s pe c t i ve l y , r e s ul t i ngi nt hec ont i nuouss he ddi ngof ba c t e r i awi t hi nf e c e si nt hee nvi r onme nt . Cons umpt i on of c ont a mi na t e da ni ma l f oodpr oduc t sl i kee ggsa ndt he i rpr oduc t s , me a t , mi l k, c he e s ea ndc ont a mi na t e df r e s h f r ui t sa nd ve ge t a bl e s ,ma yc a us et he s a l mone l l os i s i n huma ns whi c h i s c ons i de r e doneoft hema j ore c onomi c a l l y i mpor t a nt f ood bor ne z oonos e s . The Ce nt e r s f or Di s e a s e Cont r ol a nd I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

Bi nayThapa B. V. Sc& A. H. ,5t hSem FAVF ,AFU

Pr e ve nt i on ( CDC,2013)e s t i ma t e dt ha t s a l mone l l os i sc a us e s mor et ha n 1. 2 mi l l i on i l l ne s s e se a c h ye a ri nt he US a l one . The e pi de mi ol ogi c a ls t a t us of di s e a s eha ss hownt hewor l dwi der i s ka nd t he nont yphoi da lSa l mone l l a be c ome s t he mos t pr e va l e nt i nt he i nt e ns i ve f a r mi ng pr a c t i c e s of pi ga nd poul t r y ( Ba r r ow & Me t hne r ,2013) .Thedi s e a s e ma y ge tt r a ns mi t t e d by c ons umi ng i nf e c t e d c a r c a s s e s , c ont a c t wi t h c ont a mi na t i ng f omi t e s a nd s e wa ge , f a e c a l or a lr out ea ndve r t i c a lt r a ns mi s s i on i n c omme r c i a l poul t r y . Ve t e r i na r i a ns , l a bor a t or y ,a ba t t oi r swor ke r sa nda ni ma l a t t e nda nt sma ya l s oge tt hedi s e a s ebyt he di r e c tc ont a c twi t hi nf e c t e da ni ma l s . Po ul t r yc hi c ke nsofa gel e s st ha n one we e ka r et he mos ts us c e pt i bl et ot he i nf e c t i onwhi c he xhi bi tc l i ni c a ls i gnsl i ke a nor e xi a ,a di ps i a , de pr e s s i on, r uf f l e d f e a t he r s ,huddl i ngt oge t he r ,de hydr a t i on, whi t e di a r r he a , pa s t e d ve nt s ,j oi nt s we l l i ng,c onj unc t i vi t i sa nd de a t h,but e ve n i n young poul t r y ,s ubc l i ni c a l i nf e c t i on i s mos t l y pr e va l e nt ( OI E, 2018b) . The gr os sl e s i ons f ound i n

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i nf e c t e d bi r ds ma y be he pa t ome ga l y , pe r i he pa t i t i s ,s pl e nome ga l y , ne phr i t i s , mul t i f oc a l ne c r os i s on l i ve r ,s pl e e n, i nt e s t i ne , pr ove nt r i c ul us , c r op or oe s opha gus ,e pi c a r di t i s ,pe r i c a r di t i sa nd mus c l e ne c r o s i s , a nd di f f e r e nt i a l di a gnos e si n poul t r y bi r ds c oul d be t r i c homoni a s i s , a vi a n i nf l ue nz a , Es c h e r i c hi a c ol i , Ye r s i ni a s pp. , Pa s t e ur e l l as pp. ,c oc c i di os i s ,gi a r di a s i s a nds omet oxi nsi nc l udi ngl e a da ndz i nc ( OI E,2020) .Thus ,di a gnos i si sba s e don t hei s ol a t i onoft heor ga ni s mi nac ul t ur e me di um f ol l owe dbybi oc he mi c a lt e s t s , a nd s e r ol ogi c a lt e s t si nc l udi ng s e r um a ggl ut i na t i on t e s t a nd ELI SA. I de nt i f i c a t i on of t he a ge nt a nd t he s e r ol o gi c a lt e s t sf or Sa l mone l l a a s e t i ol ogyi nva r i ouss pe c i e sofa ni ma l si s de s c r i be dmor ec ompr e he ns i ve l yi nt he c ha pt e r3. 9. 8onSa l mone l l os i soft heOI E Ma nua lofDi a gnos t i cTe s t sa ndVa c c i ne s f orTe r r e s t r i a l Ani ma l s2018. So mes e r ova r sofSa l mone l l at ha ta r ehos t s pe c i f i ct oa vi a ns pe c i e spos emi ni mum z oon ot i c r i s ks ( Shi va pr a s a d, 200 0) ; Sa l mone l l a Ga l l i na r um c a us e f owl t yphoi da nd S. Pul l or um c a us et he pul l or um di s e a s e or ba c i l l a r y whi t e di a r r he at ha ta r e gr e a t l y di s t r i but e d t hr oughoutt hewo r l di npoul t r y( Ba r r ow & Ne t o,201 1) .Sa l mone l l aGa l l i na r um r e por t e di nt heEur ope a nc ount r i e si nt he e a r l y21s tc e nt ur y( I va ni c se ta l . ,2008) , I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

Whe r e a s S.Pul l or um r e ma i ns a st he r e s e r voi ri n wi l d a nd ga me bi r d s ( Shi va pr a s a de ta l . ,2013) .Thec l i ni c a l s i gnsoff owlt yphoi da r es e pt i c e mi a , r e duc e dha t c ha bi l i t yofi nf e c t e de ggsdue t ot r a ns ova r i a ni nf e c t i on, ol de rbi r dsma y s how a na e mi a , de pr e s s i on, l a bour e d br e a t hi nga nddi a r r he a ,pa s t e dve nta nd i nc r e a s e d mor t a l i t y , but i n pul l or um di s e a s e ,younge rbi r dsof23we e ksa r e mor es us c e pt i bl ewhe r e a sol de rbr e e di ng a nd l a yi ng bi r ds onl y s uf f e rf r om r e duc t i oni ne ggpr oduc t i on,f e r t i l i t ya nd ha t c ha bi l i t y( Shi va pr a s a d,2000; OI E, 2018a ) .Pos t mor t e m gr os sl e s i ons i n ne wl y ha t c he dc hi c ks i nf e c t e d wi t h pul l or um di s e a s e s how pe r i t oni t i s , ge ne r a l i z e dc onge s t i on of t i s s ue a nd una b s or be dyol ks a c .Sma l lwhi t es pot l e s i onsa r epr e s e nti nt hel i ve ra nds pl e e n ofi nf e c t e dbi r dswhi c hi snotpr e s e nti n Ga l l i na r um i nf e c t i on.I nf owlt yphoi d, s e pt i c e mi a ,he pa t ome ga l ywi t hda r ka nd f e br i l ea ppe a r a nc e of l i ve ra nd da r k br ownbonema r r owc a nbenot i c e d. The s ebot hdi s e a s e sofpoul t r yc a nbe di f f e r e nt i a t e dbyt hec l i ni c a ls i gnsa nd gr os sa ndmi c r os c opi cl e s i ons ,howe ve r t hel a bor a t or ydi a gnos i soft he s edi s e a s e s i s hi ghl y r e c omme nde d. Sa l mone l l a Ga l l i na r um a nd S.Pul l or um c a n be di s t i ngui s h e di n bi oc he mi c a lt e s t sa nd s e r ol o gi c a lt e s tpr ovi de dbyShi va pr a s a d ( 2000) . Li ve a t t e nua t e d a nd ki l l e d

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( i na c t i va t e d)va c c i ne sa r ec omme r c i a l l y a va i l a bl e a ga i ns tf owl t yphoi d f or c hi c ke ns ;ki l l e dva c c i ne sc ont a i noi lor a l hydr oge la dj uva nt st oi mpr ove t he i r e f f i c a c y .I de nt i f i c a t i onoft hea ge nta nd t hes e r ol ogi c a lt e s t sf orf owlt yphoi da nd pul l or um di s e a s e sc a us e dbySa l mone l l a s e r ova r sa ndr e qui r e me nt sf orva c c i ne sa r e de s c r i be dmor ec ompr e he ns i ve l yi nt he c ha pt e r 3. 3. 1 1 on FowlTyphoi da nd Pu l l or um Di s e a s eoft heOI EMa nua lof Di a g nos t i c Te s t s a nd Va c c i ne s f or Te r r e s t r i a l Ani ma l s2018. Sa l mone l l os i si n poul t r y ma y be c ome s ubc l i ni c a l a ndt he s ea ni ma l sc ont r i but ea s r e s e r voi rf ort hedi s e a s edi s s e mi na t i oni n t hef l oc k, whe r e a si nhuma ns , f ooda ni ma l i nf e c t i on l e a dt ot he c ont a mi na t i on of me a ta nde ggswhi c he ve nt ua l l ye n t e rt he f oodc ha i nt husbe c omehuma nf oodbor ne i nf e c t i on ( OI E, 2019b) . Sa l mone l l a pr e ve nt i ona ndc ont r olme a s ur e sa r ewe l l de pi c t e di nc ha pt e r6. 6 on Pr e ve nt i on, De t e c t i ona ndCont r olofSa l mone l l ai n Po ul t r y oft he OI E Te r r e s t r i a lAni ma l He a l t h Code 2019 by a dopt i ng good hus ba ndr ypr a c t i c e sa ndha z a r da na l ys i s c r i t i c a lc ont r olpoi nt( HACCP)s ys t e m. Anounc eofpr e ve nt i oni swor t hapound of c ur e ,t hus i n poul t r y pr oduc t i on, bi os e c ur i t ya nd pr e ve nt i on i st hemos t e f f e c t i ve a nd e c onomi c a l me t hod t o c ont r olt hes pr e a dofi nf e c t i ouspa t hoge ns a nd c ont a i nme nt of a ny i nf e c t i on, I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

e s pe c i a l l yi ni nt e ns i vef a r mi ngpr a c t i c e s ( OI E,2019a ) .Bi os e c ur i t ypr oc e dur e si n t hepoul t r yf a r msa ndha t c he r i e sf orl i ve me a tbi r ds ,l a ye r sa ndbr e e de r sa r egi ve n i n t he c ha pt e r 6. 5 on Bi os e c ur i t y Pr oc e dur e si nPoul t r yPr oduc t i onoft he OI ETe r r e s t r i a l Ani ma lHe a l t hCode2019 wi t ht hegoa lofpr e ve nt i ngi nt r oduc t i on a nddi f f us i onofi nf e c t i ousa ge nt si nt he poul t r ypr oduc t i onc ha i n.

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9 .Sh i v a p r a s a d , H. L. ( 2 0 0 0 ) . Fo wlt y p h o i da n d p u l l o r u m d i s e a s e . Re v u e s c i e n t i f i q u e e t t e c h n i q u e( I n t e r n a t i o n a lOf f i c eo fEp i z o o t i c s ) , 1 9 ( 2 ) , 4 0 5 4 2 4 . 1 0 .Sh i v a p r a s a d , H. L. , Me t h n e r , U. &Ba r r o w, P .A.( 2 0 1 3 ) .Sa l mo n e l l ai n f e c t i o n si nt h e d o me s t i c f o wl . Sa l mo n e l l a i n Do me s t i c An i ma l s , 2 , 1 6 2 – 1 9 2 . 1 . Te c h n i c a ld i s e a s ec a r d so nn o nOI ELi s t e d 1 d i s e a s e si nwi l d l i f e .Sa l mo n e l l ae n t e r i c a( a l l s e r o v a r s )( I n f e c t i o n wi t h ) .2 0 2 0 .Re t r i e v e d f r o m ht t ps : / / www. oi e . i nt / e n/ wha t we do/ a ni ma l he a l t ha ndwe l f a r e / a ni ma l di s e a s e s / t e c hni c a l di s e a s e c a r d s / 1 2 .Wo r l d Or g a n i s a t i o nf o rAn i ma lHe a l t h , ( OI E) .( 2 0 1 9 a ) . Bi s e c u r i t y p r o c e d u r e si n p o u l t r yp r o d u c t i o n .Te r r e s t r i a lAn i ma lHe a l t h Co d e , Ch a p t e r6 . 5 ;2 8 2 2 8 6 . 1 3 .Wo r l d Or g a n i s a t i o nf o rAn i ma lHe a l t h , ( OI E) .( 2 0 1 9 b ) . Pr e v e n t i o n , De t e c t i o na n d Co n t r o lo fSa l mon e l l ai n Po u l t r y .Te r r e s t r i a l An i ma lHe a l t hCo d e , Ch a p t e r6 . 6 ;2 8 7 2 9 1 .

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Huma n he a l t ha nd a ni ma lhe a l t ha r e i nt e r de pe nde nta ndboundt ot hehe a l t hof e c os ys t e mi nwhi c ht he ye xi s t .Huma n popul a t i on i s r a pi dl y gr owi ng a nd e xpa ndi ngi nt one wge ogr a phi ca r e a sdue t owhi c hpe opl ea r el i vi ngi nc l os ec ont a c t wi t ha ni ma l s( wi l da nddome s t i c ) .Ast he huma npopul a t i onc ont i nuet ogr ow a nd ourr e l a t i ons hi pswi t ha ni ma lc ont i nuet o gr ow a nd ourr e l a t i ons hi p wi t ha ni ma l c ont i nue st oe vol ve ,unde r s t a ndi ng t he i nt e r de pe nde nc i e sofpe opl e ,a ni ma l sa nd t he e nvi r onme nt be c ome se ve n mor e c r i t i c a lt oourc ol l e c t i vehe a l t ha nds a f e t y . Asourr e l a t i ons hi pswi t ha ni ma lc ont i nue t o e vol ve i t pr ovi de s s uf f i c i e nt oppor t uni t yi n pa s s i ng di s e a s ebe t we e n a ni ma l sa ndpe opl e .The s ec ha nge sha ve l e dt os pr e a dofe nde mi c( known)a swe l l a se me r gi ng ( ne w)Zoonot i c di s e a s e s , whi c ha r edi s e a s et ha tc a ns pr e a dbe t we e n a ni ma l sa nd pe opl e .Thus ,i n or de rt o t a c kl ewi t ht hi ski ndofi nf e c t i ousdi s e a s e t hec onc e ptofonehe a l t hwa si nt r oduc e d. Thet e r m “OneHe a l t h“c oul dbede f i ne d a st hei nt e r di s c i pl i na r ya ppr oa c he sa nd a c t i ons i nvol vi ng s t r ong c oope r a t i on pr i ma r i l y be t we e n phys i c i a n a nd ve t e r i na r i a ns ot ha the a l t hofpe opl ea nd a ni ma l sc oul dbee ns ur e di nc l udi ngs a f e t y of e nvi r onme nt . Communi c a t i on, c oor di na t i on a nd c ol l a bor a t i on a mong I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

Kshi t i zShar ma B. V. ScandA. H. ,3r dsem HI CAST ,PU

huma n,a ni ma l ,e nvi r onme nta nd ot he r r e l e va nt pa r t ne r s a r e r e ga r de d a s f ounda t i onofOneHe a l t h. Thec onc e ptof OneHe a l t hi si nc r e a s i ngl y gr owi ng i n t oda y’ sc ont e xta nd ha sbe c ome mor e i mpor t a ntt of i ghta ga i ns te me r gi nga nd r e e me r gi ngi nf e c t i ousdi s e a s e .De s pi t eof i t shugei mpor t a nc ea ndr ol ei nf i ght i ngof i nf e c t i ousdi s e a s e ,t he r er e ma i ns e ve r a l pr obl e msa ti mpl e me nt a t i onl e ve lofOne He a l t h. The ma j or bot t l e ne c k i n i mpl e me nt a t i onofOneHe a l t ha ppr oa c h a r epooror ga ni z a t i ona ls t r uc t ur e,po or c oor di na t i onbe t we e nva r i ousa ge nc i e s, i ns uf f i c i e ntt e c hni c a le xpe r t i s e ,poor c ommuni c a t i ona ndda t as ha r i ngbe t we e n c onc e r ne d a ge nc i e s . For t he pr ope r i mpl e me nt a t i onofOneHe a l t ha ppr oa c h t hi s ga ps houl d be f i l l e d.I fwe c a n e f f e c t i ve l ywor konOneHe a l t ha ppr oa c h we c a n t a c kl e he a l t h i s s ue s a t huma na ni ma l e nvi r onme nt i nt e r f a c e , i nc l udi ngz oonot i cdi s e a s ewi t ha ne a s e . Mor e ove r ,OneHe a l t hha sa l s obe c ome s i gni f i c a nti n ke yi s s ue ss uc ha sf ood s a f e t y ,t he c ont r olof z oonos i sa nd s t r uggl ea ga i ns ta nt i bi ot i cr e s i s t a nc e.

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One He a l t hi st he c ol l a bor a t i ve a nd i nt e gr a t i vee f f or tofmul t i pl edi s c i pl i ne s whi c hpl a yvi t a lr ol et oa t t a i nopt i ma l he a l t h f or pe opl e , a ni ma l a nd e nvi r onme nt .Ve t e r i na r i a nsha ve ma j or r ol et ope r f or mi nor de rt oi mpl e me ntone He a l t ha ppr oa c ha tgr oundl e ve l .Us i ng t he i re xpe r t i s e ,ve t e r i na r i a nspl a yc r i t i c a l r ol ei nhe a l t hofa ni ma l s ,huma nsa nd e ve n e nvi r onme nt . Al s o, Ve t e r i na r y me di c i neope r a t e sa tt hei nt e r f a c eoft he s e t hr e ec ompone nt sofOneHe a l t h.Apa r t f r om t hi s ,Ve t e r i na r i a nsc a na l s owor ki n f ood s a f e t y a nd Ant i –mi c r obi a l r e s i s t a nc e( AMR) i s s ue sa l ong wi t h di s e a s es ur ve i l l a nc ea tgr ound l e ve li n a ni ma l s . Not onl y ve t e r i na r i a ns , Ve t e r i na r y s t ude nt s ( e me r gi ng ve t s ) I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

s houl da l s o be p r ovi de d wi t h pr op e r e duc a t i ononOneHe a l t ha ppr oa c hs ot ha t t he y c oul d unde r s t a nd de l i c a t e r e l a t i ons hi p be t we e na ni ma l s ,huma ns a nde nvi r onme nta ndt he ne xt e ndt he i r knowl e dget oor di na r ype opl e . OneHe a l t ha l s ohol dske yr ol ei nf i ght i ng ofi nf e c t i ousdi s e a s e . I nf e c t i ousdi s e a s ei s a l s or e ga r de da soneoft hebi gge s ti s s ue s i nmode r nwor l dwhi c ha r ec a us e dby va r i ous pa t hoge ni c mi c r oor ga ni s ms t o a not he r , f r oma ni ma l st ohuma nsa nda l s o t hr ough va r i ous e nvi r onme nt a l c ont a mi na t i ons . He pa t i t i s , Ma l a r i a , Ebol a ,Tube r c ul os i se t ca r ec ons i de r e da s s omeofwi de l ys pr e a di nf e c t i ousdi s e a s e . The r ei snoa nydi vi di ngl i nebe t we e n huma n,a ni ma la nd e nvi r onme ntr a t he r t he ya r ec l os e l yc onne c t e d wi t he a c h ot he r .The s ec l os ei nt e r r e l a t i ons ha ve pr ovi deoppor t uni t yi ns pr e a di ngdi s e a s e s f r om a ni ma lt o hu ma n( z oonos i s ) or huma nt oa ni ma l( Re ve r s e z oonos i s). The WHO e s t i ma t e st ha t61% ofa l l huma ndi s e a s ei sz oonot i ci nor i gi nwhi l e 75% of e me r gi ng ( ne w) di s e a s e di s c ove r e di nl a s tde c a de i sa l s o of z oon ot i cor i gi n.The r e f or ei tha sa l r e a dy be e na na l a r mi ng s i gn wor l dwi dea nd t he r ea r enoot he ropt i onst ha nmut ua l s ha r i n gi n bot h huma na nd ve t e r i na r y me di c i neke e pi nge nvi r onme nt a la s pe c t i nmi nd.I nor de rt opr e ve nti nf e c t i ous di s e a s ef r om s pr e a di ngt he r es houl dbe

Li t er at ur e

I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

Li t er at ur e

Kabi tTi mi l si na B. V. Sc& A. H. ,5t hSem FAVF ,AFU

Somnat hAr yal B. V. Sc& A. H. ,5t hSem FAVF ,AFU

Thema j orf e e di ngr e di e nt sofpoul t r yf e e d a r ede t a i l e dbe l ow: I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

Li t er at ur e

I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

Li t er at ur e

I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

Ar tGal l er y

Ms. Sar uRi mal ,B. V. Sc.& A. H. ,8t hsem, NPI ,Bhar at pur ,PU

I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

Ar tGal l er y

Ms.Pr i t iGur ung,B. V. Sc.& A. H. ,5t hsem, FAVF ,AFU,Rampur

I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 2

MO’ sAl l yWi ng

I VSA Wr oc ł a w ha s be e nr unni ng s i nc e 2008 a tt he Wr oc ł a w Uni ve r s i t y of Envi r onme nt a la ndLi f eSc i e nc e s( UPWr ) .I ti saf or mofa c t i vi t yofs t ude nt se xpa ndi ng t he i ri nt e r e s ti nt hes c i e nt i f i c di da c t i ca ndr e s e a r c hpr ogr a moft heFa c ul t yofVe t e r i na r y Me di c i nea tt heUni ve r s i t yofLi f eSc i e nc e si nWr oc ł a w.

Tha nkst ot hi s ,t hea c t i vi t yi nI VSA Wr oc ł a we na bl e se s t a bl i s hi ng ane t wor k of i nt e r na t i ona lc ont a c t si nve t e r i na r yme di c i ne ,a swe l la sge t t i ngt oknowot he rc ul t ur e s . Be f o r et hepa nde mi cs t a r t e d, t he r e we r er e gul a r we e kl y s t ude nt e xc ha nge s be t we e n t heme mbe r soft heWr oc ł a w br a nc ha nds t ude nt sf r om,f or e xa mpl e ,Tur ke y ,Gr e e c e ,or Ma c e doni a . The s ec ont a c t s ha venow be e nmove dt ot he vi r t ua lz one , whi c h a l s o c r e a t e s ma ny gr e a t oppor t uni t i e s . Exc ha ngewi t hI VSATr i ni da d&Toba go I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

MO’ sAl l yWi ng

Weor ga ni z ewe e kl yl e c t ur e sa swe l la sa nnua lc onf e r e nc e s .Theol de s te ve nt sa r et he f ol l owi ngc onf e r e nc e s :t heSpr i ngSt ude ntConf e r e nc e" Pr a c t i t i one r ' se ye "de vot e dt o t heme di c i neofs ma l la ni ma l s ,a ndt hea ut umnSt ude ntConf e r e nc e" Pr a c t i t i one r sf or St ude nt s " ,whi c hf oc us e sonf a r ma ni ma l s .I nr e c e ntye a r s ,t heEt hi c a l Be ha vi o r i s t Conf e r e nc ea ndt heSt ude ntConf e r e nc e" He a l t hya saHor s e ?-Cl i ni c a lCa s e si n Hypi a t r i c s "ha vea l s os t a r t e d.

Al a r genumbe rofme mbe r sa ndt hec ommi t t e dma na ge me ntboa r dma kei tpos s i bl et o de vo t et i met oot he ra s pe c t sofve t e r i na r ys t udi e sa swe l l .I VSAWr oc ł a wi sa c t i ve l y i nvol ve di nt hes ubj e c tofa ni ma lwe l f a r e ,pr oduc i nge duc a t i ona lc ont e nta ndc r e a t i nga s pa c ef ors t ude ntdi s c us s i on. Muc ha t t e nt i oni sa l s opa i dt ot hes ubj e c tofme nt a l he a l t hi nt hee nvi r o nme nt ofs t ude nt sa ndve t e r i na r i a ns -t ha nkst ot heope nne s st oc onve r s a t i ona nda c t i vi t i e s a i me da ti nc r e a s i ng a wa r e ne s sa boutt hea va i l a bl e s uppor t , t heAs s oc i a t i onwa nt st obeas a f es pa c ef ora l l s t ude nt s .

I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

CaseBook

Gu mb o r od i s e a s ea l s ok n o wna s" i n f e c t i o u sb u r s i t i s "& " i n f e c t i o u sb u r s a ld i s e a s e( I BD) " i sa na c u t e , h i g h l yc o n t a g i o u si n f e c t i o no fy o u n gc h i c k e n s , c a u s e db yab i r n a v i r u s .

Fi g :PM o fc h i k e na f f e c t e dwi t hI BD;Bur s ao ff a b r i c u sc u to p e na n ds h o wsi n f l a mma t i o n ( 1 ) ;He mo r r h a g es e e no nt h es u r f a c eo fk i d n e y( 2 ) .

3 4

Fi g :PM o fc h i k e na f f e c t e dwi t hI BD;He mo r r h a g es e e no nt h es u r f a c eo fk i d n e y( 3 ) ; Bu r s ao ff a b r i c u si se n l a r g e d , i n f l a me d , o e d e ma t o u sa n dc r e a mc o l o u r e d( 4 ) . I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

CaseBook

Cr o pmy c o s i sa l s ok n o wna sTh r u s h ,Ca n d i d i a s i s ,mo n i l i a s i s ,o i d i o my c o s i s ,s o u rc r o p , a n dmy c o s i so ft h ed i g e s t i v et r a c t .Or a l ,o e s o p h a g e a lo rc r o pc a n d i d i a s i so c c u r sq u i t e c o mmo n , b u to n l yr a r e l yc a u s e sc l i n i c a ls i g n s .

2 1

Fi g :Lu me no fc r o p( 1 ) ;Ps e u d o me mb r a n eo rd i p h t h e r i t i cme mb r a n ef o r ma t i o ng r o s s l ya s wh i t ec h e e s yma t e r i a li nt h ec r o p( 2 ) .

Fi g :Mu l t i f o c a lwh i t ec h e e s yma t e r i a lo nt h ec r o p( 3 ) .

I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

CaseBook

Ne wc a s t l eDi s e a s ewh i c hi sa l s ok n o wna s" a v i a np n e u mo e n c e p h a l i t i s "a n d" Ra n i k h e t d i s e a s e " , Ne wc a s t l ed i s e a s ei sa na c u t e , r a p i d l ys p r e a d i n gd i s e a s eo fd ome s t i cp ou l t r ya n d o t h e rb i r d s , c a u s e db yp a r a my x o v i r u st y p e1( PMV-1 ) .

Fi g :Ty p i c a ll e s i o no fNdwh e r ep i np o i n th e mo r r h a g ec a nb eo b s e r v e da tt h et i po f p r o v e n t i c u l a rg l a n d

I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

CaseBook

Bo v i n ema s t i t i si sa ni n f l a mma t o r yr e s p o n s eo ft h eu d d e rt i s s u ei nt h ema mma r yg l a n d c a u s e dd u et op h y s i c a lt r a u mao rmi c r o o r g a n i s mi n f e c t i o n s .I ti sc o n s i d e r e dt h emo s t c o mmo nd i s e a s el e a d i n gt oe c o n o mi cl o s si nd a i r yi n d u t r i e sd u et or e d u c e dy i e l da n dp o o r mi l kq u a l i t y .

Fi g :Ma s t i t i ss e e ni nt h eb u f f a l oc h a r a c t e r i z e db ys we l l i n go ft h eu d d e r .

Fi g :Swe l l i n go fu d d e r&s i g no fi n f l a mma t i o ni nu d d e r , ac l e a rs i g no fma s t i t i s

I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

CaseBook

Ca n i n eEh r l i c h i o s i sa l s ok n o wna sCa n i n eRi c k e t t s i o s i swh i c hi sc a u s e db yEhr l i c h i a c a n i s .Th ed i s e a s ei st r a n s mi t t e db yth et i c kRhi p i c e p h a l u ss a n g u i n e u s .I nAs i a ,t h e d i s e a s eh a sb e e nc a l l e d ," c a n i n et r o p i c a lp a n c y t o p a e n i a " .Mo s ti n f e c t i o n si ndo gsa r e s u b c l i n i c a l

Fi g :Th ed o gh a sf e v e r , s e r o u sn a s a ld i s c h a r g e , v omi t i n g , wi g h tl o s s , a n a e mi a , a n d d e h y d r a t i o n . Th ef l u i dt h e r a p ywa sg i v e ni no r d e rt op r e s e r v ei t sh y d r a t i o ns t a t e .

I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

CaseBook

Dy s t o c i ai sd e f i n e da st h ed i f f i c u l t yd u r i n gp a r t u r i t i o n .Di f f e r e n tn u t r i t i o n a l& n o n n u t r i t i o n a l f a c t o r sa f f e c t t h ed y s t o c i ai ns h e e p . Dy s t o c i ai sc o mmo n l ya s s o c i a t e dwi t h f e t o p e l v i cd i p r o p o r t i o n , u t e r i n ei n e r t i a , f a i l u r eo fc e r v i xt of u l l yd i l a t e , ma l p r e s e n t a t i o n a n d d i s e a s eo rc o n g e n i t a ld e f e c t si nl a mb s .

Fi g :Eweo b s e r v e di nt h ed y s t o c i a .

Fi g :f e t a ld e a t hd u r i n gb i r t hd u et ot h ed y s t o i c i ai ns h e e p

I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

CaseBook

Py ome t r ai sah o r mo n a l l yme d i a t e dd i e s t r u a ld i s o r d e rc h a r a c t e r i z e db yc y s t i ce n d o me t r i a l h y p e r p l a s i awi t hs e c o n d a r yb a c t e r i a li n f e c t i o n . Py o me t r ai sp r i ma r i l yi no l d e rb i t c he s( >5 y ro l d ) , 4 6we e ka f t e re s t r u s .

Fi g :Ov a r i o h y s t e r e c t o myi st h et r e a t me n to fc h o i c ef o rp y o me t r a . He r e , i st h eu t e r u so f b i t c hf i l l e dwi t hp u swh i c hi ss u r g i c a l l yr e mo v e d .

I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

CaseBook

Pa r a mp h i s t o mi a s i swh i c hi sa l s ok n o wna s" s t o ma c hf l u k ed i s e a s e " . t h ei n t e s t i n a l p h a s eo f a mp h i s t o mi a s i si sac o mmo np a r a s i t i cd i s e a s eo fc a t t l e ,a n dt oal e s s e re x t e n t ,s h e e p& g o a t .I ti sc a u s e db yp a r a mp h i s t o mef l u k e s ,an dc h a r a c t e r i z e db ys e v e r ee n t e r i t i s . Th e mo r t a l i t yr a t ei ns h e e p&g o a t h a sb e e na sh i g ha s9 0 %. Ca t t l e , s h e e p , a n dg o a t so fa l l a g e s ma yb ea f f e c t e d , b u ty o u n gc a t t l ea r et h eu s u a ls u b j e c t s .

Fi g :Th e r ewa sas u b c u t a n e o u se d e ma , a n da c c u mu l a t i o no ff l u i di nt h ebo d yc a v i t i e s . I nt h el e f tp i c t u r e , t h eg r a v i dg o a twa ss u c c u mb e dt od e a t hd u et oh i g h p a r a mp h i s t o mi a s i s . Th et wod e a df e t u sc a nb es e e n . I nt h er i g h tp i c t u r e , al a r g en u mb e r o fs ma l l , f l e s h c o l o u r e df l u k e sa r ep r e s e n ti nr u me no fg o a t .

I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

St andi ngCommi t t eeCor ner

Ap p r o a c h i n gt h r o u g hOn eHe a l t hf o rGr e a t e rGo o d ; An t i mi c r o b i a l Re s i s t a n c ea n dAn t i mi c r o b i a lUs ei nt h es t a n d p o i n to fVe t e r i n a r y Ed u c a t i o n Mr .Bi nayThapa SCOH Coor di nat or I VSA Rampur2020/ 21

a ni ma l ; bot h s ha r i ng t he s a me c ons e que nc e s of t he he a l t h of e nvi r onme nta nd t he r e s pons i bi l i t yt o s us t a i nt hee qui l i br i umoft hea s s oc i a t i on. I ti sac ol l a bor a t i ve ,mul t i s e c t or a la nd mul t i di s c i pl i na r ya ppr oa c ha tt hel e ve lof e a c hr e s pe c t i vea ut hor i t yf ora c hi e vi ng opt i ma lhe a l t hout c ome s .I not he rwor ds , t hehuma nhe a l t ha nda ni ma lhe a l t h( bo t h dome s t i ca ndwi l dl i f e )a r ei nt e r de pe nde nt a ndboundt ot hehe a l t hoft hee c os ys t e ms i nwhi c ht he ys ubs i s t .Ont heot he rha nd, ve t e r i na r ye duc a t i oni snotonl yf ort he t r e a t me ntofa ni ma l s ,buta ddi t i ona l l yt he i mpr ove me nt of a ni ma l we l f a r ea nd publ i che a l t hbypr e ve nt i ngt hei nf e c t i ous a ndz oonot i cdi s e a s e s ,a ndpr omot i onof f oods a f e t ya ndf oods e c ur i t yi nt hewor l d. Ve t e r i na r i a nsa r et hos ewhot r e a ta l lt he l i vi ng s pe c i e se xc e pt Homo s a pi e ns . Ve t e r i na r ye duc a t i ona nds e r vi c e s , i nbot h t he i rgove r nme nt a la nd pr i va t es e c t or s i ns i deana t i on, pl a ya ni ndi s pe ns a bl er ol e i nt hede ve l opme nta ndi mpl e me nt a t i on ofpol i c i e st oma na gea ni ma lhe a l t hr i s ks I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

St andi ngCommi t t eeCor ner

byc ommuni c a t i nga ndc ol l a bor a t i ngwi t h awi der a ngeofs t a ke hol de r si npr ot e c t i ng a ni ma l he a l t h a nd we l f a r e ; t he y s i gni f i c a nt l y c ont r i but e t owa r ds i mpr ovi nghuma nhe a l t h,a swe l la sf ood s a f e t ya nds e c ur i t y[ 1] . About 60% of t he e xi s t i ng huma n i nf e c t i ousdi s e a s e sa nda tl e a s t75% of e me r gi ngi nf e c t i ousdi s e a s e sofhuma ns ha vea na ni ma lor i gi n,t ha ti s ,t he ya r e z oon ot i c[ 2] .Ani ma ldi s e a s e st ha ta r e t r a ns mi s s i bl et ohuma ns ,s uc ha sa vi a n i nf l ue nz a ,r a bi e s ,br uc e l l os i sa ndbovi ne s pongi f or m e nc e pha l opa t hy ,a nd t ha t t r a ns mi tbe t we e n pe opl e butha ve a n a ni ma lr e s e r voi r( e g.Ebol a ,Ni pha )pos e awor l dwi det hr e a tt oma nki nda ndmus t bec ont r ol l e dore l i mi na t e dgl oba l l y .The r i s k of di s e a s e out br e a k i nc r e a s e s e xpo ne nt i a l l y wi t h popul a t i on gr owt h, gl oba l wa r mi ng, pol l ut i on, c l i ma t e c ha nge , i nt e ns i ve i ndi s c r i mi na t e l i ve s t oc k a nd poul t r y f a r mi ng, de f or e s t a t i on, huma n be ha vi or , unc o nt r ol l e d ur ba ni z a t i on a nd i ndus t r i a l i z a t i on. The s e a r e t he pr e r e qui s i t e sf orhe a l t hha z a r di nbot h a ni ma la nd huma n popul a t i on,gi vi ng pa t hoge ns nume r ous oppor t uni t i e st o c ol oni z ene whos tr a nge sa ndmut a t ei nt o ne w f or ms .He nc ea ne me r gi ng a nd r e e me r gi ng i nf e c t i ouspa t hoge nc oul d e vol ve .

I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

Fi g .1 :Th e‘ On eHe a l t hUmb r e l l a ’d e v e l o p e d b yt h en e t wo r k s‘ On eHe a l t hSwe d e n ’ a n d‘ On e He a l t hI n i t i a t i v e ’t oi l l u s t r a t et h es c o p eo ft h e ‘ On e He a l t h c o n c e p t ’ . Av a i l a b l e o n www. o n e h e a l t h i n i t i a t i v e . c o m a n d a l s o p u b l i s h e di nRe f . 3 .

Onehe a l t hi sabr oa dt e r mt oe xpl a i n;i t i nc l ude sa l lt hec ont e xt sofi nf e c t i ousa nd c ont a gi ousdi s e a s e s , z oo nos e s , publ i ca nd a ni ma lhe a l t hme di c i nea ndma nymor e whi c hc a n be de pi c t e df r om t he one he a l t humbr e l l ade ve l ope dj oi nt l ybyOne He a l t h Swe de n a nd One He a l t h I ni t i a t i ve s[ 3] . The“ OneHe a l t h”c onc e pt i smor eofa wa r e ne s sf ort hewe l l be i ngof pe op l ebys omene wi nnova t i ves t r a t e gi e s ofc ont r ol l i ng a nd c ont a i nme ntoft he pa t hoge ns a tt he l e ve l of a ni ma l popul a t i on, be f or et he ys pi l l ove ri n huma npopul a t i ona ndnotl e tt he mt o ma keadr a s t i cout br e a k–i st hemos t e f f e c t i vea nde c onomi cwa yofpr ot e c t i ng

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whi c h ha ve a c qui r e d r e s i s t a nc e t o a nt i mi c r obi a lt r e a t me nt .Subt he r a pe ut i c dos e f or gr owt h pr omot i on, i na ppr opr i a t e , i ndi s c r i mi na t e a nd e xc e s s i veus eofa nt i mi c r obi a l sc a nl e a d t ot her e s i s t a nc ei nba c t e r i at ha tdonot r e s pondt oa nt i bi ot i ct r e a t me nt[ 7] , whi c h a r eknownpr e vi ous l ya ss us c e pt i bl ebut now t he r ei sa ne me r ge nc ef oranove l gr oupofa nt i bi ot i cwhi c hi squi t et i me c ons umi ng a nd c e r t a i nl y not a n e c onomi c a ls t r a t e gy .Thi spos e sagr e a t t hr e a tf ordi s e a s ec ont r olf orbot ha ni ma l a nd huma n he a l t h. Ant i mi c r obi a l r e s i s t a nc ei sac ompl e xme c ha ni s m,a nd t he s ea nt i mi c r obi a lr e s i s t a ntba c t e r i aa nd de t e r mi na nt se xi s t e di nt hee nvi r onme nt l ong be f or et he di s c ove r ya nd us e of a nt i mi c r obi a l s by huma n [ 8] . Thi s me c ha ni s ma gr e e st heDa r wi ni a nThe or y , Su r vi va loft heFi t t e s t ,t oe vol ve ,de ve l op a nd a da pt t he e xi s t i ng a nt i mi c r obi a l e nvi r onme nt .Re s i s t a ntge ne sc a n be t r a ns f e r r e d be t we e n ba c t e r i a by hor i z ont a lt r a ns f e ri nvol vi ng a ny t hr e e me c ha ni s ms :c onj uga t i on,t r a ns duc t i on a ndt r a ns f or ma t i on. Ant i ba c t e r i a lr e s i s t a nts t r a i nsofba c t e r i a a r e now pr ove dt o be gl oba lt hr e a t , a ddi t i ona l l ya nt i f unga l ,a nt i vi r a l dr ug r e s i s t a nc ea r ec l i ni c a l l yi mpor t a nta nd e me r gi ngi s s ue s ,a nt he l mi nt i cr e s i s t a nc e i sa l s one gl e c t e donea ndr e s i s t a nc ei n pr ot oz oa li nf e c t i onspos egr e a tr i s kf or I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

bot h huma na nd a ni ma l , whi c ha r e a s s oc i a t e d wi t h poors ur ve i l l a nc ea nd ma na ge me nts ys t e m [ 9] .I na ppr opr i a t e us e of c he mi c a l di s i nf e c t a nt s a nd a nt i s e pt i c sc oul da l s opos s i bl yc ont r i but e i na nt i mi c r obi a lr e s i s t a nc ei n af a r m e nvi r onme nt f or a l i ve s t oc k he r d. Ant i mi c r obi a l s t e wa r ds hi p i s a n i nt e r di s c i pl i na r ya nd r a t i ona l e us e of a nt i mi c r obi a l s ,c ur r e nt l ye mpha s i z i ngi n ve t e r i na r ypr a c t i c e s ,whi c hc l e a r l ys t a t e s t hes e ns i bl ea nd pr ude ntus eoft he s e dr ugs ,s uc ha sba s e donpr ope rdi a gnos i s , pr ope r dos a ge r e gi me n, c hoos ef or na r r ow s pe c t r um a s pos s i bl e ,f ol l ow s t a nda r d gui de l i ne s a nd pr ope r wi t hdr a wa lt i mei nf ooda ni ma l s ,whi c h c oul d beagr e a te f f or tt or e duc et he a nt i mi c r obi a lr e s i s t a nc e[ 10] .Anounc e ofpr e ve nt i oni swor t hapoundofc ur e , he nc et heOI Es uppor t sne wr e s e a r c hi nt o a l t e r na t i ve st oa nt i bi ot i c s ;pa r t i c ul a r l y va c c i ne s .Li ke wi s e ,r a bi e si sknowna s bot h100% f a t a la ndva c c i nepr e ve nt a bl e di s e a s e , whi c hki l l sa r ound50, 000pe opl e a nnu a l l y wor l dwi de ,whe r e Sr iLa nka s howe dt ha tt hema s sdogva c c i na t i on, a wa r e ne s sc a mpa i gn,r e s pons i bl e dog owne r s hi pa nds ur ve i l l a nc ef ora ni ma l s c oul d pos s i bl y e l i mi na t e t he dog me di a t e dr a bi e s de a t h by 2030 [ 1 1] , whi c hi sape r f e c te xa mpl eofOneHe a l t h Appr oa c hf orc ont r ol l i ngt hedi s e a s ei n a ni ma lpopul a t i on.Notonl yf orvi r a l

St andi ngCommi t t eeCor ner

a ni ma l sa swe l la sge ne r a lpe opl ewho de pe nd on t he i r f a r mi ng, be s i de s , out br e a k ofz oonot i ci nf e c t i on i st he ma j or t hr e a t[ 13] .I n t hi sr e ga r d , ve t e r i na r i a ns ,a ni ma lwor ke r s ,t heOI E, t he j oi nt c ol l a bor a t i on s houl d ut i l i z e ve t e r i na r y knowl e dge a nd e xpe r t i s ei n s e ns i bl ea nd t r a ns pa r e ntAMU, a nd c ont i nuousmoni t or i nga nds ur ve i l l a nc e oft heoc c ur r e nc eofr e s i s t a nc e ,whi c h he l pt or e duc et hegr owi ngt r e ndofAMR a nd t os a f e gua r dt hee f f i c a c y oft he s e me di c a t i onsf orf ut ur eus e . Ar e c e nts t udy i nc omme r c i a lpoul t r y f a r mi nQa t a rs howe d96% oft ot a lE. c ol i i s ol a t e swe r er e s i s t a nta ga i ns ta tl e a s tone oft he18pr e va l e nta nt i bi ot i c si nc l udi ng a mpi c i l l i n, c e pha l ot hi n, c i pr oﬂoxa c i n, t e t r a c yc l i ne a nd f os f omyc i ni ndi c a t i ng t he oc c ur r e nc e of r e s i s t a nc ei n bo t h he a l t hya ndi l lbi r dc a r c a s s e spos egr e a t r i s kf orhuma nhe a l t h[ 14] . Anot he rs t udy whi c hc ont a i ne d361i s ol a t e sofE.c ol i O157 r e t r i e ve df r om huma ns ,c a t t l e , s wi ne ,a ndf ooddur i ng1985t o2000, s howe dt ha ta bout27% oft hei s ol a t e s we r er e s i s t a ntt ot e t r a c yc l i ne ,26% we r e r e s i s t a ntt os ul f a me t hoxa z ol e ,17% we r e r e s i s t a ntt oc e pha l ot hi na nd 13% we r e r e s i s t a nt t oa mpi c i l i n[ 15] , t heus eoft he s e dr ugs t he r a pe ut i c a l l yi n huma na nd ve t e r i na r yme di c i nea nda spr ophyl a xi si n a ni ma lf a r m pr ovi de t he s e l e c t i on pr e s s ur et ot hos e ba c t e r i a li s ol a t e st o I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

St andi ngCommi t t eeCor ner

de ve l op r e s i s t a nc e .Duet ot hec ur r e nt i nt e ns i ve a nd s e mi i nt e ns i ve f a r mi ng pr a c t i c e si na qua c ul t ur ebr i ngs t r e s sa nd f r e que ntdi s e a s eout br e a ksi nf i s hwhi c h ne e dt o be s ol ve d by t he us e of a nt i mi c r obi a l s , but t he i na ppr opr i a t e s ubt he r a pe ut i cdos a ge sf oral ongpe r i od i n wa t e r pr ovi de st he s e l e c t i on of r e s i s t a ntde t e r mi na nt sofpa t hoge nsa nd e nha nc e shor i z ont a lge net r a ns f e r ,whi c h t he ns ur pa s sf r om a qua t i cha bi t a t i ont o t e r r e s t r i a la ni ma lhus ba ndr y ,a ndt ot he huma ne nvi r onme nt ,c a n ha vea dve r s e e f f e c t s on huma na ni ma l e nvi r onme nt i nt e r f a c ea swe l la sa qua t i ce c os ys t e m [ 16] . Ac r os ss e c t i ona ls t udyi nChi t wa n, Ne pa lpa r t i c i pa t e d by 150 c omme r c i a l poul t r ypr oduc e r ss howe dt ha t67% of t he mwe r euna wa r ea bout AMR, 13% us e a nt i mi c r obi a l sf orgr owt hpr omot i oni n whi c h 35% oft he mi de nt i f i e dt o us e c ol i s t i n( al a s tr e s or tofa nt i bi ot i ci n huma nme di c i ne )a nd27% ha vel owe r unde r s t a ndi ngf orwi t hdr a wa lpe r i odsi n a ni ma l pr oduc t s a f t e r us i ng a nt i mi c r obi a l s[ 17] ,de mons t r a t e st ha t ma ny poul t r y pr oduc e r sl a c k pr ope r knowl e dger e ga r di ngAMU a ndAMRi n Ne pa l ,t hus i mpr ove dc ommuni c a t i on a nde duc a t i ona s s oc i a t e dwi t hve t e r i na r y r e s our c e sa ndgui de l i ne s ,a nde f f e c t i ve s ur ve i l l a nc eout r e a c hi ne xe c ut i on a nd a ni ma l pr oduc t s , ma y e nf or c e AMR/ AMUa wa r e ne s s . I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

St andi ngCommi t t eeCor ner

pr oduc t si nc i r c ul a t i on.I n ve t e r i na r y f i e l d,onl yf e wc ount r i e sbe c a mes uc c e e d t opr ovi det hei nf or ma t i ona ndda t a ba s e r e ga r di nga nt i mi c r obi a lc ons umpt i ona nd s ur ve i l l a nc eofAMR i na ni ma lr out i ne , howe ve rt her e por t e dda t aa r enote ve n, whi c hs howst hegr e a t ne e dofOneHe a l t h a ppr oa c ht oi mpr ove c oor di na t i on a nd ha r moni z a t i on be t we e n r e s pons i bl e a ut hor i t i e s [ 20] . The ve t e r i na r y pr of e s s i onha sac r uc i a lr ol et opl a yi n f i ght i ng a ga i ns tAMR,pa r t i c ul a r l yi n c ont r ol l i ngt hepr e s c r i pt i ona ndde l i ve r y oft he s ep r oduc t si na ni ma lt he r a pe ut i c s , a ndt he i rr e s pons i bl ea ndpr ude ntus e . Ani ma lh e a l t ha ndwe l f a r ede pe ndont he a va i l a bi l i t y ,e f f e c t i ve ne s sa nda ppr opr i a t e us e of qua l i t y ve t e r i na r y me di c i ne s , i nc l udi nga nt i mi c r obi a l s .Toc ont i nuet he pr ogr e s si ndi s e a s ec ont r olma na ge me nt a ndi ni mpr ovi nga ni ma lwe l f a r e ,a l lt he i nt e r na t i ona l ,r e gi ona l ,na t i ona la ndl oc a l a ni ma ls e c t orl e a de r s ,ne e dt oe nc our a ge a nd a c hi e ve a s us t a i na bl ec ha nge i n be ha vi ors ot ha ta nt i mi c r obi a lus ei n a ni ma l s c l os e l y r e s pe c t s t he OI E I nt e r na t i ona l St a nda r ds on t he i r r e s pons i bl ea ndpr ude ntus e .Pr e s e r vi ng t he e f f i c a c y of t he s e l i f e s a vi ng me di c a t i ons ,a swe l la st he i ra va i l a bi l i t y f orbot h huma na nd ve t e r i na r y us e ,i s t he r e f or ee s s e nt i a lt opr e s e r veourf ut ur e . I n pa r t i c ul a r , ve t e r i na r y s e r vi c e s i nc l udi ng ve t e r i na r i a ns a nd ve t e r i na r y I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

pa r a pr of e s s i ona l sha veake ypa r tt opl a y i nt hi s , t hr ought he i rr ol ei nr e gul a t i nga nd s upe r vi s i ng us e ofa nt i mi c r obi a l sa nd of f e r i ngpr of e s s i ona la dvi c eont he i rus e t of a r me r sa nd a ni ma l owne r s .The a dop t i on of OI Es t a nda r ds a nd t he i r i mpl e me nt a t i on e na bl e s me mbe r c oun t r i e st oi mpr ove bi os e c ur i t y ,t o s uppor ta ni ma lhe a l t ha nd we l f a r e ,t o s us t a i npubl i che a l t ha ndf ur t he r mor e ,t o pa r t i c i pa t ei ns a f ei nt e r na t i ona lt r a def or e c onomi ca ndf oods e c ur i t ybe ne f i t s[ 21] . Toc omba t AMRa ndpr omot et hepr ude nt us eofa nt i mi c r obi a l si na ni ma l s ,f orr i s k a na l ys i s ,s ur ve i l l a nc ea nd moni t or i ng, a ndf orr e por t i ng,t heOI Es e tt he s ef our ba s i cobj e c t i ve s : •I mpr o vea wa r e ne s sa ndunde r s t a ndi ng •St r e ngt he n knowl e dge t hr ough s ur ve i l l a nc ea ndr e s e a r c h •Suppor tgoodgove r na nc ea ndc a pa c i t y bui l di ng •Enc our a ge i mpl e me nt a t i on of I nt e r na t i ona lSt a nda r ds

St andi ngCommi t t eeCor ner 1 3 . Va a r t e n J . Cl i n i c a li mp a c to fa n t i mi c r o b i a l r e s i s t a n c e i n a n i ma l s . Re v u e Sc i e n t i f i q u e e t Te c h n i q u e OI E. 2 0 1 2Ma y ; 3 1 ( 1 ) : 2 2 1 . 1 4 . J o h a rA,Al Th a n iN,Al Ha d i d iSH,Dl i s s iE, Ma h mo u dMH,El t a iNO.An t i b i o t i cRe s i s t a n c ea n d Vi r u l e n c e Ge n e Pa t t e r n s As s o c i a t e d wi t h Av i a n Pa t h o g e n i c Es c h e r i c h i ac o l i( APEC) f r o m Br o i l e r Ch i c k e n si nQa t a r . An t i b i o t i c s . 2 0 2 1Ma y ; 1 0 ( 5 ) : 5 6 4 . 1 5 . Sc h r o e d e rCM,Zh a oC,De b Ro yC,To r c o l i n iJ , Zh a o S,Wh i t e DG,Wa g n e rDD,Mc De r mo t tPF , Wa l k e r RD,Me n gJ .An t i mi c r o b i a lr e s i s t a n c eo f Es c h e r i c h i ac o l iO1 5 7i s o l a t e df r o mh u ma n s ,c a t t l e , s wi n e , a n d f o o d . Ap p l i e d a n d e n v i r o n me n t a l mi c r o b i o l o g y . 2 0 0 2Fe b ; 6 8 ( 2 ) : 5 7 6 . 1 6 . Sa n t o sL,Ra mo sF .An t i mi c r o b i a lr e s i s t a n c ei n a q u a c u l t u r e :c u r r e n tk n o wl e d g ea n da l t e r n a t i v e st o t a c k l e t h e p r o b l e m. I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o u r n a l o f An t i mi c r o b i a l Ag e n t s . 2 0 1 8Au g1 ; 5 2 ( 2 ) : 1 3 5 1 4 3 . 1 7 . La mb r o uAS,I n n e sGK,O’ Su l l i v i a nL,Lu i t e lH, Bh a t t a r a i RK, Ba s n e t HB, He a n e y CD. Po l i c y i mp l i c a t i o n sf o ra wa r e n e s sg a p si na n t i mi c r o b i a l r e s i s t a n c e( AMR) a n da n t i mi c r o b i a lu s ea mo n g c o mme r c i a lNe p a l e s ep o u l t r yp r o d u c e r s . Gl o b a lHe a l t h Re s e a r c ha n dPo l i c y . 2 0 2 1De c ; 6 ( 1 ) : 1 9 . 1 8 . GLOBALA,CONCERNM.( 2 0 1 5 ) . An t i mi c r o b i a l r e s i s t a n c e . 1 9 . OI E St a n d a r d s ,Gu i d e l i n e sa n d Re s o l u t i o no n a n t i mi c r o b i a lr e s i s t a n c ea n dt h eu s eo fa n t i mi c r o b i a l a g e n t s . 2 n d Ed i t i o n , 2 0 2 0 . Av a i l a b l e o n h t t p s : / / www. o i e . i n t / e n / d o c u me n t / b o o k a mr a n g f n l l r / 2 0 . Si l l e yP ,Si mj e eS,Sc h wa r zS.Su r v e i l l a n c ea n d mo n i t o r i n go fa n t i mi c r o b i a lr e s i s t a n c ea n da n t i b i o t i c c o n s u mp t i o n i n h u ma n s a n d a n i ma l s . Re v u e s c i e n t i f i q u ee tt e c h n i q u e( I n t e r n a t i o n a l Of f i c eo f Ep i z o o t i c s ) . 2 0 1 2Ap r1 ; 3 1 ( 1 ) : 1 0 5 1 2 0 . 2 1 . Wo r l dOr g a n i z a t i o nf o rAn i ma lHe a l t h . ( 2 0 1 6 ) . Th e OI Es t r a t e g yo na n t i mi c r o b i a lr e s i s t a n c ea n dt h e p r u d e n tu s eo fa n t i mi c r o b i a l s .

I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

St andi ngCommi t t eeCor ner

Gh a r i a l , Th eBe a u t yo fRa p a t i Na r a y a n iRi v e ri nNEP AL Gha r i a l sa r et he uni que c r oc odi l i a n s pe c i e sc ha r a c t e r i z e dbyt hepr e s e nc eof t he l ong s noutwi t hi nt e r l oc ke ds ha r p r a z or l i ket e e t h, whi c hi sa da pt e dt oc a t c h t he f i s h.The r ea r e di f f e r e ntf a mi l i e s r e pr e s e nt i ngdi f f e r e ntc r oc odi l i a ns pe c i e s l i ke t r ue c r oc odi l e ,c a i ma ns ,a l l i ga t or s a ndgha r i a l swhe r egha r i a li st heonl y l i vi ngme mbe rofFa mi l yGa vi a l i a de a e . Ta xonomi c a l l y , gha r i a li sc a l l e d a s Ga vi a l i s ga nge t i c us ,whe r et he wor d Ga vi a l i sc ome sf r om f a mi l yGa vi a l i da e a ndt hewor dga nge t i c usr e pr e s e nt st he Ga nge sRi ve rofI ndi aa st heGa ngaRi ve r i st hena t i veha bi t a tofgha r i a l s . Thena me GHARI AL or i gi na t e df r om t he Hi ndi wor dGHARAwhi c hi sac l a ypotus e di n I ndi a .Asgha r i a lha st heGHARA l i ke bul bous s we l l i ng a tt he e nd oft he i r s nout , t he ywe r ena me ds o. Ea r l i e rbe f or e1940,t he r ewa sama s s i ve popul a t i onofgha r i a l swhi c hwa smor e t ha n5000buta tt hemi d-1970, t he ywe r e a l mos thunt e dt oe xt i nc t i on.The na f t e r , s t r i c tl a wswe r eputi nt oa c t i onf ort h e c ons e r va t i on ofGha r i a l .Al t hough,t he Gha r i a l sus e dt ooc c upys omes pa c ei n So ut hAs i a nc ount r i e sl i keI ndi a ,Ne pa l , Ba ngl a de s h, Bhut a n but now t he popul a t i onsofGha r i a l sa r ec onf i ne donl y t ot het r i but a r i e sofGa nge sr i ve rwhi c h I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

Mr .Pr ashantGhi mi r e SCAW Coor di nat or I VSA Rampur2020/ 21

i nc l ude st heCha mba la ndGi r uwar i ve r s i nI ndi aa ndt heRa pa t i Na r a ya nir i ve rof Ne pa l . Ra pa t i Na r a ya ni r i ve r s i t ua t e d i n Chi t wa n di s t r i c tofNe pa lof f e r sde e p, c l e a ra ndf a s tmovi ngwa t e rwi t hs a ndy ba nk swhi c hma ke si tt hes ui t a bl eha bi t a t t ot he e xi s t i ng na t i ve popul a t i on of Gha r i a li nNe pa l .Thes a ndyba nksoft he r i ve ra r e ve r y muc hi mpor t a nti nt he da yt o da yl i f e of Gha r i a l . Fi r s t l y , Gha r i a l sus et hes a ndyba nksf orba s ki ng. Wec a ns e eagr oupofGha r i a l sl yi ngi n t hes a ndyba nksoft her i ve rt oge tt he wa r mt hoft hes un. Dur i ngwi nt e rmont hs , t heba s ki nga c t i vi t yi sdonef r om a bout9 a mt o4pm butdur i nghots umme r s ,t he y a r eonl yl i mi t e dt ot hee a r l ymor ni nga nd l a t ee ve ni ngs .Mor e ove r ,whi l eba s ki ng Gha r i a l sr a i s et he i rhe a dup,ope nt he i r s nout a ndr e ma i ni nt hi spos i t i onf ora bout 20 mi nut e s ,whi c hi sc a l l e d Ga pi ng be ha vi our .AsGha r i a li sac ol dbl oode d a ni ma l ,ba s ki nga ndga pi nghe l psi nt he t he r mor e gul a t i on.

St andi ngCommi t t eeCor ner

Thes a ndyba nksa l s opl a yas i gni f i c a nt r ol ei nr e pr oduc t i ona ndde ve l opme ntof Gha r i a l s .Dur i ngt hemont hofJ a nua r yt o J une ,t hewa t e rl e ve li nt her i ve rf a l l s down due t o whi c hs a ndy ba nksa r e e xpo s e d muc h whe r et heGha r i a l sl a y t he i re ggsa ndke e pf ori nc uba t i on. Af t e r s uc c e s s f ul ma t i ng i nt he mont hs of J a nua r yt o Fe br ua r y ,f e ma l e Gha r i a l s moveoutoft hewa t e rt os a ndyba nksa nd di gpi t c he rs ha pe dhol e swhe r ee ggsa r e l a i da ndke ptbur i e df ori nc uba t i on.The f e ma l egua r dst he i rne s t sf r om mongoos e a ndbi r dsdur i ngt hei nc uba t i onpe r i odof e ggswhi c hr a nge sf r om 56t o70da ys . Whe nr e a dyt oha t c h,youngsma kes ma l l gr unt i ngs oundswhi c ha l e r t st hemot he r t os t a r tdi ggi ngt he m out .Asi not he r r e pt i l e s ,t he s e x of t he ha t c hl i ng i s de t e r mi ne d by t he t e mpe r a t ur e of i nc uba t i on,hi ghe rt e mpe r a t ur er e s ul t si n hi ghe rpe r c e nt a geofma l e s . Onebe ha vi orpe c ul i a rt oGha r i a la mong t hedi f f e r e ntc r oc odi l i a ns pe c i e si st ha t l i keot he rc r oc odi l e s ,t he ydonotc a r r y t he i r young one s i n mout h f or t r a ns l oc a t i onofyoungf r om ne s t i ngs i t e t o wa t e rs our c e s . The s nout wi t h r a z or l i ke i nt e r l oc ki ng t e e t h doe s not pe r mi tt h e ha r ml e s st r a ns l oc a t i on of Gha r i a l s .I ns t e a dt he ya r ec a r r i e di nt he ba c k of mot he r . Gha r i a l s hows r e s pons i bl e pa r e nt a lbe ha vi ort ot he i r of f s pr i ngs a nd a r e c a r e d f or a nd I VSARampurVe t z i ne , Vo l ume01,I s s ue0 3

nour i s he d we l l unt i lt he young one be c omei nde pe nde nta ndc a nt ol e r a t et he f l oodi nupc omi ngmons oons e a s on.The r e pr oduc t i ona ndde ve l opme nt ofgha r i a l s a r ec ompl e t e dpr i ort ot hebe gi nni ngof mons oons e a s on. Anot he rpe c ul i a rf e a t ur eofGha r i a li st he c a r t i l a gi nousknobpr e s e nta tt het i pof s nout of ma l e gha r i a l s whi c h a r e de ve l ope donl yi nma l e swhe nt he ya t t a i n 10ye a r sofa ge . Ma l e sma t ur ea ta bout15 ye a r sofa ge whe r e a sf e ma l e sma t ur e e a r l i e ra ta bout8 ye a r s ofa ge .The c a r t i l a gi nousknobc a l l e dGha r ac onve r t s hi s s i ng s ound pr oduc e d by ma l e si nt o buz z i ng s oundswhi c h he l psma l e st o c ommuni c a t e wi t hf e ma l e s .Mor e ove r , t heGha r aofma l e she l psf e ma l e st oge t a t t r a c t e dt owa r dst he mf orma t i ng. The pr e s e nc e ofGha r i a l ,a c r i t i c a l l y e nda nge r e d s pe c i e s , i n t he Ra pa t i Na r a ya niRi ve ri st r ul ya na s s e tt o our e c ol ogy a nd na t ur a lbe a ut y .The Gha r i a l sofRa pa t i Na r a ya ni Ri ve ra r et he onl yGha r i a l spr e s e nti nna t ur a lha bi t a ti n Ne pa l .Mor e ove r ,t heGha r i a lBr e e di ng Ce nt r ene a rt heRa pa t i Na r a ya niRi ve ri s c ont r i but i ng a l ot t oc ons e r ve a nd i nc r e a s et hepopul a t i onwhe r et hee ggs f r om c a pt i vebr e e di ngma l e sa ndf e ma l e s a r ec ol l e c t e da ndi nc uba t e di na r t i f i c i a l me di um. Thi she l pst opr e ve ntt hel os sof f e r t i l ee ggsf r om na t ur a lpr e da t or sa nd

St andi ngCommi t t eeCor ner

a l s omi ni mi z et heha t c hi ngf a i l ur e sduet oi na ppr opr i a t ee nvi r onme nt a lc ond i t i ons . Af t e rs uc c e s s f ulha t c hi ng,t heyoungone sa r er a i s e di nc a pt i vi t yf ora bout4ye a r sa nd a r er e l e a s e di nt ot he i rna t ur a lha bi t a t . Gha r i a l sa r et heuni quea s s e t sa mongt hec r oc odi l i a nf a mi l y ,whi c hi sc o nt r i but i ngby ke e pi ng t he e c ol ogi c a l ba l a nc ea nd pr omot i ng t he t our i s m s e c t or i nt he Ra pa t i Na r a ya niRi ve rofNe pa l .

Ph ot o:Gha r i a li nChi t wa nNa t i ona lPa r k,Ne pa l ;Sour c e :Ka t hma nduPos t

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