4. POLICY DESIGN
Tradeable green industrial certificates can strengthen carbon price signals in the industrial sector
DALLAS BURTRAW, ÅSA LÖFGREN, AND CAROLYN FISCHER
Standards set a benchmark for environmental performance, and if made flexible, they can amplify the incentives for innovation and investment. Flexible performance standards, such as benchmarked allocation in the European Union’s Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), reward environmental leadership while protecting product markets from unregulated competition. A performance standard, e.g., a green industrial certificate, establishes a measure of environmental performance, such as emissions per product unit, which may be calibrated to the best practice for an industry. The standard may become increasingly stringent over time. Flexibility enables averaging of the level of performance across the industry. Some firms may surpass the standard and earn value by selling compliance credits to other firms that perform at levels below the standard. Importantly, the value of compliance credits stays within the industry, providing a production subsidy, in contrast to carbon pricing, which typically draws value away from industry into government revenues. Substantial reductions require substantial investment and innovation Although modest reductions in emissions from the industrial sector are often achievable in the short term, substantial reductions require investment in known albeit expensive technologies, as well as substantial innovation to reduce costs and identify alternatives. Reducing costs through innovation takes on even greater relevance if one considers the tremendous investment and growth in greenhouse gas emissions expected in the industrial sector in developing countries. A fundamental characteristic of the industrial sector is long-lived capital. Investments made in this decade using a conventional technology will lock in infrastructure for the rest of the century. Substantial carbon pricing that might
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be sufficient to drive innovation appears to be politically unsustainable because it places facilities at a competitive disadvantage compared to facilities located in unregulated jurisdictions. Furthermore, a modest carbon price today is insufficient to alter the technological structure of the industrial sector. Performance standard puts a price on the externality Flexible performance standards are analogous to the performance benchmarks that already exist in the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS). Other examples of flexible performance standards that allow trading include vehicle fleet efficiency standards and electricity sector renewable portfolio standards. Feed-in tariffs provide similar incentives for renewable energy development, with the costs paid by taxpayers. Together, these policies in Europe and their counterparts in the US have contributed to a major fraction of the reductions in greenhouse emissions achieved to date. Flexible performance standards and benchmarked allocation of emissions allowances in the EU ETS share a common feature—they both reduce the changes in product prices that erode international competitiveness under conventional approaches to emissions pricing. Put simply, the performance standard (and benchmarked allocation in the EU ETS) imposes a price on the externality, which is similar to a carbon price, while retaining the revenue (externality value) within the sector, thereby providing capital for investment.