1. BUILDINGS AND TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
An electricity system based on renewables that addresses the future power demand
LISA GÖRANSSON
In a climate-neutral society, electricity is expected to be a crucial energy carrier. There are multiple technological options to generate electricity without emitting carbon dioxide, and several of these options offer electricity at a relatively low cost. As a consequence, sectors that today rely heavily on fossil fuels for their energy supply, such as the transport and industry sectors, are seeking possibilities to replace these fuels with electricity. The possibility to use electricity to derive fuels (e.g., hydrogen and electrofuels), in order to replace a fossil fuel-based feedstock, is also considered. One important enabler of the ongoing electrification is the phenomenon whereby the costs of wind and solar power have decreased steadily over the past two decades. Dedicated policies that stimulate investments in modular wind turbines and solar panels have cut costs to the extent that these technologies are currently competitive without subsidies in many parts of the world. Scenarios reported by the European Commission indicate that by Year 2050, more than 80 percent of electricity will be generated from renewable energy sources. Variability in supply managed by storage or demand-side management Electricity generation from wind turbines and solar panels relies on varying wind speeds and levels of solar irradiation. Thus, these methods of electricity generation introduce variability into the electricity system. Historically, variability in the electricity system was introduced primarily by the electricity demand and was mitigated by a dispatchable supply side, mainly involving thermal generation and
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hydropower. In an electricity system in which the dispatchable supply is small relative to the variable supply, variability must instead be managed by demand-side management of the variations or by using dedicated storage systems. Electrification of the transport, industry and heating sectors can offer flexibility to various extents through applying different strategies that can be supported by electricity price incentives. Energy can be stored as hydrogen, as heat or in vehicle batteries. Results from the work conducted in Mistra Carbon Exit show that, based on cost structure and flexibility constraints, it is cost- and resource-efficient to adjust electric vehicle charging and hydrogen production to the net load in the electricity system. In particular, it is found to be strategic to charge electric vehicles during periods of high availability of solar power and to avoid hydrogen production during hours of low wind power production. (We have found that this mode of strategic consumption of electricity reduces the need for stationary batteries for variation management within the electricity system. Strategic consumption of electricity also implies a lower cost of electricity for the flexible consumer. Naturally, the electricity demand of a strategic consumer is supplied to a greater extent by wind and solar power, as compared to a case in which the consumer does not adjust their consumption pattern to the availability of wind and solar power.
