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TheSQLLIKEOperatorforPatternMatching

Likeitornot,the LIKE operatorisessentialinSQL.Itgivesdatapractitionersthepowertofilter dataonspecificstringmatches.Thisarticleprovidesaquicktutorialon LIKE forbeginnersand intermediates.Ifyoulearnbetterwithhands-onpractice,youcanalsofollowalong(andrunthe code)onthisDataCampWorkspace

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/1 /2 , :5://a .b .c /2 /0 9/l -s -l -p -m -t .h / HOME AskCarlito blogspot com | Home | About | Contact      FEATURES Home / Unlabelled / Learn SQL LIKE Pattern Matching Tutorial  ketan Raval  24 days ago UseLIKEtofilterSQLrecordsonspecificstringmatches Thistutorialteachesyouto usewildcards,NOT,LOWER,UPPER,andCASEWHENwithLIKE.

SQL LIKE

Learn SQL LIKE Pattern Matching Tutorial

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Supposeyouhavean employees tableandwouldliketofindallnamesthatstartwith ‘A’ .You couldspendtimelookingthroughthetablemanually.Butwhywouldyoudothatwhenyouhave theLIKEoperator?

Code

SELECTDISTINCT first_name FROMemployees WHEREfirst_nameLIKE'A%'

Themagichereisintheclause `WHERE first_name LIKE ‘A%’` ,whichmeans“find all first_name startingwithAandendingwithanynumberofcharacters.”The `A%` hereis knownasapatternformatching.

The `%` isnottheonlywildcardyoucanuseinconjunctionwiththe LIKE operator.Youcould usetheunderscoresign `_` too.

 `%` matchesanynumberofcharacters.

 `_` matchesanysinglecharacter

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Youcanuse LIKE toachieveavarietyofpattern-matching.Here’show

BeginnerSQLLIKEExamples

Below,we’veoutlinedsomepracticalexamplesofhowyoucanusethe LIKE statementandthe resultsfromoursampledataset.

1.Use LIKE forExactStringMatch

Ifyou’dliketoperformanexactstringmatch,useLIKEwithout ‘%’ or ‘_’

Code SELECT

first_name,last_name FROMemployees

WHEREfirst_nameLIKE'Barry'--thesameasWHEREfirst_name=‘Barry’

2.Use ‘%’ tomatchanynumberofcharacters

‘%’ canbeusedtomatchany(evenzero)numberofcharacters–anumber,analphabet,ora symbol.

Supposeyouwanttofindallemployeeswhosenamestartswith ‘Adam’ ;youcanusethe pattern ‘Adam%’

SELECTDISTINCT first_name FROMemployees

first_nameLIKE'Adam%'

Tofindnamesthatendwith ’Z’ ,trythepattern ‘%z’ .Youcanalsousemultiple ‘%’ inone pattern.Forexample,ifyouwanttofindnamesthatcontainz,use ‘%z%’

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Code column_nameLIKEpattern POWERED BY DATACAMP WORKSPACE COPY CODE

Code

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SELECTDISTINCT first_name FROMemployees

first_name

'___'

4.Useboth ‘%’ and ‘_’ tomatchanypattern

Code

SELECTDISTINCT first_name FROMemployees WHEREfirst_nameLIKE'%ann_'

Thepattern ‘%ann_’

5.Use NOT tofindstringsthatdonotmatchapattern

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/1 /2 , :5://a .b .c /2 /0 9/l -s -l -p -m -t .h / Howmanywaysaretheretospell Le_n ?Thepatternwouldmatchanything from ‘Lexn’ , ‘LeAn’ , Le3n’ ,or ‘Le-n’ Whatarethedifferentnameswithonlythreecharacters?Wecanfindoutusingthreeconsecutive underscores___asthepattern.  Ofcourse,youcanuseboth ‘%’ and ‘_’ tocreateinterestingpatterns.

matchesastringthatstartswithanynumberofcharactersandends with ‘ann’ andoneothercharacter Whatifyouwanttofindallrowsthatdonotmatchaspecificcriterion?Youcanusethe NOT LIKE operator.Forexample,tofindalltitlesexceptforStaff,wecanusethesyntax Code COPY CODE Skills you'll gain: Analysis, Apache, Apache Spark, Basic Descriptive Statisti 4.6 (14 1k reviews) Beginner Specialization 3 6 Months Learn SQL Basics for Data Science Code

WHERE

Code `WHEREtitleNOTLIKE‘Staff’` COPY CODE The Top 8 Most Important Reasons To Offer Online C Learn PCB design Online from anywhere 1000

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Thisisexactlyequivalenttothesyntax

WHEREtitle!=‘Staff’

SELECTDISTINCT title FROMtitles

titleNOTLIKE'Staff'

Ofcourse,youcanuse `NOT LIKE` withanyofthepatternswedescribed.

SELECTDISTINCT title FROMtitles

titleNOTLIKE'%engineer'

6.Use LOWER (or UPPER )with LIKE forcase-insensitive patternmatching Code

Ifyouneedtoperformpatternmatchingbutaren’tsureifthestringisstoredinlowercase, uppercase,ormixedcase,youcanusethefollowingsyntax.

`LOWER(column_name)LIKEpattern`

Thefunction LOWER() returnsallstringsinlowercase,regardlessofwhethertheyarestoredas upper-,lower-ormixedcase.

Whenusingthesyntax,makesureyouspellthepatterninalllowercase!Else,youmightnotget anymatches.

/1 /2 , :5://a .b .c /2 /0 9/l -s -l -p -m -t .h /

 POWERED BY DATACAMP WORKSPACE COPY CODE Code

WHERE

Data Science Fundamentals

Python and SQL

Youcouldreplace LOWER with UPPER inthesyntaxabovetoo.Besuretospelloutthepatternin CAPITALLETTERS.

Code

UPPER(column_name)LIKEPATTERN

Forexample,tofindoutifanemployee’snameisJoanne,JoAnne,Joanna,orJoAnna,tryeither ofthefollowing.

Code

SELECTDISTINCT first_name FROMemployees

WHERElower(first_name)LIKE'joann_'

Code

SELECTDISTINCT first_name FROMemployees

WHEREUPPER(first_name)LIKE'JOANN_'

7.SQL LIKE withMultipleValuesUsing OR/AND

Youcancombinemultipleconditionsusingthe LIKE syntaxtoo.

Forexample,usethe OR conditiontofindresultsthatsatisfyatleastoneoutof multiple LIKE patterns.

Code

SELECTDISTINCT first_name FROMemployees WHERE first_nameLIKE'Ad_l'OR first_nameLIKE'Ad_m'

CODE

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with

COPY CODE

COPY

Ontheotherhand,tofindastringthatmatchesmultiple LIKE conditions,usethe AND keyword.

SELECTDISTINCT first_name FROMemployees WHERE first_nameLIKE'%am%'AND first_nameLIKE'%me%'

The LIKE syntaxcanbeappliedtomultiplecolumns,aslongastheirvariabletypeisavariablelengthcharacter( varchar ).Knowingthatwecanfindoutthenamesofemployeeswhoseinitials are ‘Z. Z.’

SELECTDISTINCT first_name,last_name FROMemployees WHERE first_nameLIKE'Z%'AND last_nameLIKE'Z%'

8.Use LIKE inthe SELECT CASE WHEN clause

Thusfar,wehavefocusedonusing LIKE asaconditionforselectingrecordsin the WHERE clause.Wealsouse LIKE inthe SELECT clausetoo.Forexample,canwefindout howmanyemployeeswiththename ‘Adam’ areinourdatabase?

/1 /2 , :5://a .b .c /2 /0 9/l -s -l -p -m -t .h /

  POWERED BY DATACAMP WORKSPACE COPY CODE Code

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SELECT

COUNT(CASEWHENfirst_nameLIKE'Adam'THEN1END)num_employees_adam FROMemployees

Ontheotherhand,howmanyemployeeshavetheinitials ‘A.Z.’ ?

SELECT

COUNT(CASEWHENfirst_nameLIKE'A%'ANDlast_nameLIKE'Z%'THEN1END)num_employees FROMemployees

IntermediateExamplesofSQLLIKE

The LIKE functionislargelysimilaracrossdifferentflavorsofSQL(e.g.PostgreSQL,MySQL, Redshift,etc.).Somehaveadditionalvariationsofthe LIKE functionthatareworthmentioning.

1.The ILIKE operator

AvailableinRedshiftandPostgreSQL, ILIKE isthecase-insensitiveversionof LIKE .Assuch, allofthefollowingareequivalent.

Code

SELECT

datacampILIKE‘datacamp’,--returnsTRUE DATACAMPILIKE‘datacamp’,--returnsTRUE DatacampILIKE‘datacamp’,--returnsTRUE datacampILIKE‘DataCamp’,--returnsTRUE

2.Usingsquarebrackets [] and [^] aswildcardcharacters

UsersofT-SQLorSQLServerhaveadditionalwildcardcharactersformorecomplexpattern matching.

Thesquarebracketsyntax [] matchesanysinglecharacterspecificwithintherangeorset.For example,thefollowingwillallreturnTRUE.

Code

SELECT

‘Carson’LIKE‘[CK]arson’,--returnsTRUEbecauseCisintherangeC-K ‘Karson’LIKE‘[CK]arson’,--returnsTRUEbecauseKisinrange ‘Larson’LIKE‘[CKL]arson’,--returnsTRUEbecauseLisintheset[CKL] ‘Parson’LIKE‘[CK]arson’--returnsFALSEbecausePisoutofrange

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Code

3.The RLIKE operator

/1 /2 , :5://a .b .c /2 /0 9/l -s -l -p -m -t .h 9/ Thecaret-in-square-bracket [^] wildcardmatchesanysinglecharacterthatisnotwithinthe specifiedrangeorset.Canyouseewhythefollowingresultsaresuch? Here,since C iswithintherangeof [C-K] ,thepattern ‘C’ willnotmatch [^C-K] . Thus, ‘Carson’ willnotmatch ‘[^C-K]arson AvailableinMySQL,the RLIKE operatorrecognizesregularexpressions(RegEx)inthepattern. RegExisapowerfulandversatiletoolforadvancedpatternmatching. ItdoesnothurttohaveabasicunderstandingofRegEx,especiallyifyourflavorofSQLsupports RLIKE.YoucanlearnmoreaboutRegExwithourRegularExpressionsinPythoncourse.   Code SELECT ‘Carson’LIKE‘[^CK]arson’--returnsFALSE ‘Parson’LIKE‘[^CK]arson’--returnsTRUE POWERED BY DATACAMP WORKSPACE COPY CODE

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UseSQLLIKEConfidently

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/1 /2 , :5://a .c /2 /0 9/l -s -l -p -m .h / InPostgreSQL, ‘~~’ iscompletelysynonymouswith LIKE .Therearealsoequivalents of ILIKE , NOT LIKE ,and NOT ILIKE Operator Equivalent ~~ LIKE ~~* ILIKE !~~ NOT LIKE !~~* NOT ILIKE MasteringSQLfunctionsiskeytosucceedingindatascience,andSQL’sLIKEcommandisno exception.GoodcommandoverSQLwillsuperchargeyouranalyticsprogress,sobesuretolearn itwell! FormoreresourcesonSQL,besuretocheckoutthefollowing:  IntroductiontoSQLCourse  SQLTutorialforBeginners  SQLBasicsCheatSheet

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