Gom thoi hau le (sep 5, 2011) EN

TRAN DO POTTERY THE LATER LE DYNASTY

(1428-1527; 1533-1789)

TAN TAO UNIVERSITY

History of the Later Le dynasty The Later Le dynasty was founded by King Le Thai To (or Le Loi), who led Lam Son revolution conquering Ming invaders.

VUA LÊ LỢI

 The Later Le including two periods: 1) Le So dynasty (1428-1527): the nation ruled for 100 years with 10 kings • Royal Title: Thuan Thien • In1428: Tran Cao (Le Loi’s nephew) was crowned King. However, he was aware that he was to be a puppet, so he gave up the throne. After that, he was captured by Le Loi’s army and forced to drink poison.

• In Mau Than (1428), April 15, Le Loi officially acceded to the throne of emperor at Kinh Thien Temple, Dong Do capital (Hanoi currently) • In1433: Le Thai Tong was crowned King (the second son of Le Thai To) • In Nham Tuat (1442): King Thai Tong ordered to erect stone stele recording the names of graduates of examinations.

• In1455: the court requested Phan Phu Tien to write “The Dai Viet history”

2) Le Trung Hung dynasty (1533-1789) • In1529, Nguyen Kim – a general of Le So dynasty –fled to the land of Thanh Hoa and Laos to fight against Mac dynasty.

• Nguyen Kim was assassinated and his son-in-laws -Trinh Kiem – replaced.

• In1548: Le Anh Tong acceded to the throne.

• In1570, Trinh Kiem passed away, his sons were Trinh Coi and Trinh Tung fighting each other for the throne. Trinh Tung appointed the youngest son of the king (known as Le The Tong) to be a new king, and had the previous king assassinated. Court affairs were completely decided by The Trinh. Le and Mac civil war was in effect. In reality, that was the war between the Trinh and the Mac. VUA LÊ TRUNG TÔNG

Source: wikipedia

History of the Later Le dynasty • In 1786: Nguyen Hue led his force to Northern to conquer the Trinh.

• Dai Viet under the Later Le lasted 360 years (1428-1788).

• The previous kings such as King Le Thai To, Le Thai Tong, Le Thanh Tong were the great kings, especially King Le Thanh Tong, who brought the country into a golden age of Vietnamese feudal system. The achievements of politics, economy, education and especially military had Dai Viet extended to the north of South Central Coast.

KING QUANG TRUNG (NGUYEN HUE)

Source: wikipedia

Kings of The Later Le – Le So Dynasty (1428 – 1527) - King Le Thai To (royal title: Thuan Thien) : - King Le Thai Tong (royal title: Thieu Binh, Dai Bao): - King Le Nhan Tong (royal title: Dai Hoa, Dien Ninh): - King Le Duc Hau (royal title: Thien Hung): - King Le Thanh Tong (royal title: Quang Thuan, Hong Duc): - King Le Hien Tong (royal title: Canh Thong): - King Le Tuc Tong (royal title: Thai Trinh): - King Le Uy Muc (royal title: Doan Khanh): - King Le Tuong Duoc (royal title: Hong Thuan): - King Le Chieu Tong (royal title: Quang Thieu): - King Le Hoang Cung (royal title :Thong Nguyen):

1428 - 1433 1433 - 1442 1442 - 1459 1459 - 1460 1460 - 1497 1497 - 1504 6/1504 - 12/1504 1505 - 1509 1510 - 1516 1516 - 1522 1522 - 1527

Kings of The Mac – Northern Dynasty (1527 - 1592) - King Mac Thai To (royal title: Minh Duc) : - King Mac Thai Tong (royal title: Dai Chinh): - King Mac Hien Tong (royal title :Quang Hoa): - King Mac Tuyen Thong (royal title :Vinh Dinh, Canh Lich, Quang Bao) - King Mac Mau Hop (royal title :Thuan Khuc, Sung Khang, Dien Thanh, Đoan Thai, Hung Tri, Hong Ninh): - King Mac Toan (royal title: Vu An): - King Mac Kinh Chi: - King Mac Kinh Cung: - King Mac Kinh Hoan: - King Mac Kinh Vu (Mac Kinh Hoan):

1527 - 1529 1530 - 1540 1541 - 1546 1546 - 1561 1562 - 1592 1592 1592 - 1593 1593 - 1625 1623 - 1638 1638 - 1677

Source: wikipedia website , topic: “Kings of Vietnam””

Kings of The Later Le – Southern Dynasty (1533 – 1788) - King Le Trang Tong (royal title : Nguyen Hoa): - King Le Trung Tong (royal title : Thuan Binh): - King Le Anh Tong (royal title : Thien Huu, Chinh Tri, Hong Phuc): - King Le The Tong (royal title : Gia Thai, Quang Hung):

1533 – 1548 1548 – 1556 1556 – 1573 1573 - 1599

Le Trung Hung – Trinh – Nguyen War In this period, Kings of Le dynasty ruled the country in effect, the power belonged Lord Trinh in Đàng Ngoài (North) and Lord Nguyen in Đàng Trong (South) - King Le Kinh Tong (royal title:Than Đuc, Hoang Đinh): - King Le Than Tong – the first time (royal title :Vinh To, Duc Long, Duong Hoa): - King Le Chan Tong (royal title: Phuc Thai): - King Le Than Tong – the second time (royal title :Khanh Duc, Thinh Duc,Vinh Tho, Van Khanh): - King Le Huyen Tong (royal title: Canh Trị): - King Le Gia Tong (royal title: Duong Duc, Duc Nguyen, Vinh Tri, Chinh Hoa): - King Le Dụ Tong (royal title: Vinh Thinh, Bao Thai): - King Hon Duc Cong (royal title: Vinh Khanh): - King Le Thuan Tong (royal title: Long Đuc): - King Le Y Tong (royal title: Vinh Huu): - King Le Hien Tong (royal title: Canh Hung): - King Le Man De (royal title: Chieu Thong):

1600 – 1619 1619 – 1643 1643 – 1649 1649 – 1662 1663 – 1671 1676 – 1704 1705 – 1728 1729 – 1732 1732 – 1735 1735 – 1740 1740 – 1786 1787 – 1789

Nguồn Tư Source: wikipedia Liệu: wikipedia website ,website topic: “Kings với chủofđềVietnam”” “Vua Việt Nam”

POTTERY LE Through the excavation in Thang Long Royal Palace, the archaeologists delimited by the three Le ceramic periods: Pottery Le So (XV century), including the Le - Mac (XVI century) and Ceramic Le Trung Hung (XVII century - XVIII).

In general, ceramics Le - Mac and Le Trung Hung low quality, decorations simple and strong development trends of time.

Pottery Le So developed sharply with the expansion of large ceramic production center, especially the Hai Duong and the pottery kiln of Thang Long. This period of flowering blue ceramic, ceramic glaze and white painted colorful ceramics reached the height of fine crystal. Evidence from the findings on the shipwreck in Hoi An (Quang Nam), Pandanan (Philippines)... shows that the importance of the contribution in Viet Ceramics in connection exchange economy and export to international markets.

Discs large blue flowers and clouds painted dragon Le So, the 15th century

Thin white porcelain bowl decorated with a dragon embossed on a five foot basement, please print Guan. Sleepwear use, Le So, the 15th century

Group average white lime glaze and the Tran Le So

Small bowl decorated office in chrysanthemum flowers.

Pottery Hai Duong Le, the 17th century

With the products excavated in Royal Palace and other products, the luxurious ceramic products decorated dragon and phoenix are the symbol of kingship, so they are used in the Palace. The luxurious ceramic products are embossed or written “Guan”. “Guan” is understood in the sense: Guan yao (imperial official kilns) and related tools (appliances for the king).

Source: Pottery in Thang Long Royal Palace - Pottery Le

The special differences of Pottery Ly –Tran -Le Pottery Ly Typical trait was celadon glaze pottery with sunk carving (céladon – pearl blue, grey, brown)

Pottery Tran Typical trait was Brown Pattern Ceramics, the combination of carving, brown pattern on ivory white ceramic blaze or correlation between pattern layer. There were the patterns of flowers, leaves, terrestrial and aquatic animals… The only pattern related to human was the picture of two gladiators on the jar.

Pottery Le Typical trait was Blue Flower Ceramics which was drawn in cobalt blue, by brush, similar to watercolor painting art.

Besides, there was three colored ceramics in this period.

DISCS POTTERY 238 – Discs Large Blue Flowers XV Century

Being used in people’s daily life.

-Pattern: image of a bird on apricot branch, and the sequential willow leaves.

- Size and Shape: • Different sizes.

• Round discs with curved wall.

This sample disc was chosen as Vietnamese Government’s gift by the Prime Minister Phan Van Khai on the occasion of visiting the United State and Canada on 19/06/2005.

POTTERY DISH

584 – Large Dish

Being used in people’s daily life.

- Pattern: Fish swimming in the water gently and smoothly, immersing in the quiet life with aquatic plants winding in water - Shape: Round dish with curved wall

Being used in people’s daily life.

- Pattern: three birds playing from branch to branch gently; picturesque, real and daily image.

- Shape: Round dish with curved wall

582 – Blue Flower Dish

POTTERY VASE Vase

Being used in people’s daily life.

- Pattern: Fish scale patterns on crackled glaze - Shape: Pipa shape - Usage: Flower arrangement, decoration in family - Size: Ø Lip: 8cm; Ø Bottom: 9,20cm; Height: 28cm

347 –BTNĐ Pottery Vase 15th century

Being used in people’s daily life.

- Pattern: The wingspan of a bird in the sky, reflecting the desire of people to live in peace, liberty and happiness - Size and Shape: Pipa shape - Usage: Flower arrangement, decoration in family

360 –Vase Pottery – 15th century Ø Lip: 8,7cm; Ø Bottom : 9cm; Height: 30cm

SMALL WINE BOTTLE Being used in temples, pagodas, and noble families - Pattern: Crane patterns symbolize for the majesty, longevity and happiness.

- Shape: Pipa Shape - Usage: For storing wine 358- Small Wine Bottle – 15th Century

546 – Adapted from Vietnamese old pottery cup 15 Century (Chu Đau Pottery) Source: Vietnamese Antique Material

Being used in family on celebrations, lunar new year’s days.

- Pattern: Underglazed Vietnamese patterns on white crackled glaze.

- Shape: High foot cup - Usage: For drinking wine

Being used in official wealthy families - Pattern: Thin celadon old pottery wine cup.

- Shape: High foot cup - Usage: For drinking wine 546- Celadon Old Pottery Wine Cup

297 – EWER

Being used in the royal palace.

- Pattern: chicken-head spout on blue crackled glaze, the handle decorated a dragon biting the wall of the ewer - Shape: Ø lip: 8,7cm; Ø bottom : 9cm; height: 30cm - Usage: for making tea and herbal - Age: 15th century

359 – JAR

Being used in people’s daily life.

- Pattern: Fish scale patterns on crackled glaze - Size : Ø lip: 20 cm; Ø bottom: 20 cm; height: 43cm - Age: 14th -15th century

- Usage: for storing salted vegetables in families on Lunar New Year’s

days

527 – POTTERY LIME POT

Being used in the families of court officials and wealthy families - Pattern: thin pottery pot, white ivory glaze, the areca nut shape handle which was cut - Usage: for storing lime. In Viet Nam, pottery lime pot and betel leaves used to be indispensable things in both communication and etiquette. Though, these customs reduce a lot on these days but they still get a very deep meaning in Vietnamese culture and literature -Culture: According to the Vietnamese legend, the custom of eating betel appeared in the fourth King Hung Vuong reign, and the pottery lime pot could have appeared from time immemorial.

LIME VASE GOES WITH THE LEGEND OF ARECA NUTS AND BETEL LEAVES In the Vietnam fairy tale treasure The legend of areca nuts and betel leaves The story personifies the origin of areca nuts, betel leaves and limestone block, which were used to eat and explain the custom of using areca nuts and betel leaves in wedding, as well.

In Literature Ca dao Thương nhau cau sáu bổ ba, Ghét nhau cau sáu bổ ra làm mười.

In the reign of the fourth King Hung Vuong, there were two brothers, Tan and Lang, loving each other very much. After getting married, Tan no longer took care of his brother anymore.

Lang was upset and left home. When he came to a stream, Lang was tired, lied and died and changed into a limestone block. Tan did not see his brother come back, he decided to look for him.

When he went to the stream, Tan was exhausted and die and then changed into the areca near the limestone block. Tan’s wife did not see her husband come back, so she also left to find him. She found the stream, then sat against the areca and died and changed into the betel. Areca nuts, betel leaves and lime adhering to each other makes red like blood, so when King Hung Vuong went on patrol to the area and heard about the story, he told Vietnamese people using lime, areca nuts and betel leaves as a symbol of love between brothers, husbands and wives.

Ca dao The little palm nuts are streaked by veins.

You are studying close to home now, but soon, You'll be studying far away.

I married you when I was thirteen.

By eighteen, I already had five children.

On the street, people think I'm a single woman, But at home, I already have five children with you.

Up to now, areca nuts and betel leaves have been indispensable in marriage, making acquaintances and etiquette of Vietnamese people.

Thơ của Nữ sĩ Hồ Xuân Hương Mời Trầu Quả cau nho nhỏ, miếng trầu ôi, Này của Xuân Hương đã quệt rồi.

Có phải duyên nhau thì thắm lại, Đừng xanh như lá bạc như vôi.

A disk of betel in form of phoenix wings, used for Vietnam marriage customs

A disk of areca nuts and betel leaves

Proverbs: A quid of betel and areca-nut starts the ball rolling: Betel chewing is the very first step in communication.

Bỏ thuốc tậu trâu; bỏ trầu tậu ruộng.

Miếng trầu là đầu thuốc câm. ý nói ăn trầu của nhau thì phải nhờ lời giao ước kể cả việc giữ kín chuyện

Source: wikipedia

POTTERY POT Being used in official wealthy families on holidays - Pattern: Texture of creeper on teapot - Shape: Tall, slender pot with tapering neck - Usage: For storing tea

972- Pottery pot

Being used in official wealthy families on holidays - Pattern: like an Ink and wash painting, a boat with fishing-net surf a wave on white crackle enamel - Shape: Round with hose and hand - Usage: For making tea

Being used in official wealthy families on holidays - Pattern: the pot is adorned with thin and soft flowers - Shape: Square round with spout and hand - Usage: For making tea

352 – Pottery Pot in 15th Century

574- Indigo-blue flower pot Dynasty: Trần – Lê Sơ

BOWL

Being used in people’s daily life

- Pattern: simple drawings, thick pottery enamel of indigo-blue flower - Usage: Being used for storing rice to eat

594 – Two Chộn

Being used in official family on holidays - Pattern: indigo-blue flower pottery patterned upon flowers and leaves, specially blooming Chrysanthemums around.

- Usage: being used to eat rice - Shape: round, high leg - Size: Ø lip: 15,5cm; Ø bottom: 9,2cm; height 13cm; leg 3,5cm - Age: 15th Century 360- A couple of pottery bowls

INDIGO-BLUE FLOWER POTTERY TYPICAL OF LE’S POTTERY Being used in official family on holidays - Pattern: indigo-blue flower pottery patterned after flowers and leaves, specially blooming Chrysanthemums around.

- Shape, size: high leg. flaring high neck, height: 21.5 cm - Usage: flowers arrangement and decoration DY605-Indigo-blue flower vase Dynasty: LÊ – MẠC

Being used in rich official family - Pattern: indigo-blue flower pottery patterned after flowers and leaves - Shape: round shape tapering towards to bottom - Usage: Storing salt - Age: 16th Century 451- Indigo-blue flower pottery jar

450- Indigo-blue flower pottery lamp-stand

Being used in rich official family -Pattern: indigo-blue flower pottery patterned upon flowers and leaves, specially blooming Chrysanthemums around.

- Usage: Used for lighting at night - Shape: like a long slender vase with small neck - Age: 16th Century

STATUE OF “NGHÊ”

624(1) – A couple of Nghê statues

622- The Statues of Nghê

- Decoration: embossed colorful pottery enamel - Shape: the “Nghê” sitting on a square stone, long tail, in a full armor and ready to fight against evils.

- Decoration: embossed white & blue enamel - Shape: : the “Nghê” sitting on a slab of white and green enamel round stone with back hair erect stately.

- They were displayed in front of temple or altar of rich bureaucrat families, pagoda or shrine - Application: Being the mascot used to combat against evil

For more information: Learn about the Nghê

LEARN ABOUT THE NGHÊ What is the “Nghê”?

In the life of Vietnamese people, two animals treated as important and close friends are water buffalo and dog. The buffalo is to plough fields and help producing rice. The dog is to protect house from intruders and predators. Real life has dogs protecting house, how about spiritual life? Our old men also needs a mascot to fight demons and evil spirits. Therefore, the stone dog has been erected. In the country of North Vietnam, there is always a stone dog in front of the village entrance to protect the village, and also in the entrance of a communal house, outside of a house, a gable as well. The stone dogs have various shapes, about a meter or half a meter in height. They are usually stones engraved clearly and majesticly, but sometimes just a stone inclined to the shape of a dog sitting in a guard position. (Ancient stories also recall stone dog such as “School boy and the stone dog”, “Two brothers and the stone dog” – Please read: Ôn Như Nguyễn Văn Ngọc, Ancient stories of Việt Nam).

And then displayed them in front of temple or altar of rich families, pagoda or shrine, the stone dogs become holy. Stone dog was carved majestic details, full of stately lines on the head and face. Because of such a holiness, it called the Nghê.

Distinguish between the Nghê and the Unicorn:

The Nghê

The Unicorn

- The Nghê is the special mascot of Vietnamese culture.

- Shape: The Nghê has a mane without horn, small and slender body, legs like a dog’s legs, its figure is clearly a dog, not big like a lion’s.

- Long tail which go opposite onto its back.

- The Unicorn belong to Chinese culture.

- Shape: The Unicorn look like a lion, having horns, legs like buffalo’s legs, big and fat body, having scales like dragon’s scales, hold a ball in its mouth, usually sitting.

- Short tail opening like bird’s wings or curling up like rabbit’s tail, foot putting on the ball.

Source: Battrang.infor

157 – POTTERY JAR

Adapted from a specimen of jar of Le dynasty Documentation from Thang Long Antique Association

Being used in noble families.

- Pattern: seeking patterns of branches and leaves by brown glaze, slender and bending on white crackle enamel layer.

- Shape: jar with lid, a little bit high and flare sole - Age: Century 16

- Usage: Storing jewelry of ladies, teenage girls in ancient times.

LAMP STAND Being used in rich bureaucrat families and noble families - Pattern: indigo-blue flower pottery patterned upon flowers and leaves - Shape: high sole, high neck - Usage: used for lighting at night

DY607- Le-Mac Dynasty Lamp Stand

Being used in bureaucrat families and wealthy families - Pattern: flower-and-leaf patterns on ancient crackle enamel layer - Shape: high sole, high neck, height: 48,5 cm - Usage: used for lighting at night - Age: Century 15-16

340 – BTNÄ? Pottery Lamp Stand