Second South Asia regional conference

Responding to Human Trafficking The second South Asia regional conference

“Whom shall I send? And who will go for us?” ISAIAH 6:8

Contents

Acronyms

Acronyms 5 Key terms 5 Introduction 6 Community of Practice 7 The Salvation Army against human trafficking 8 Participating organisations 8

Bible studies 9 Luke 24: 13-35 - The Road to Emmaus Matthew 14:13-21 - Feeding the 5000 Isaiah 6: 8-13 - How long, O Lord? Matthew 5: 13-16 - Salt and Light

10 11 12 13

Introduction 14

Principles for prevention Principles for participation Principles for partnership

47 48 49

Developing a response

Examples of lack of strategy in planning Developing your strategic response Using Faith based Facilitation

50 50 51

Appendices 57 International Positional Statement 2018 Preventing trafficking Sustainable Development Goals

57 62 63

AHT Anti Human Trafficking CoP Community of Practice FBF Faith Based Facilitation FBOs Faith-Based Organisations HT Human Trafficking

Forms of trafficking 15 Case studies 16

HTMS Human Trafficking and Modern Slavery

Mapping trafficking routes: South Asia

MS Modern Slavery

International Strategy

20 23

Outcomes

Prevention

Migration 27 Prevention and the church 29 Case studies 30 Challenges 31 Awareness raising for change 31 Partnership for prevention 32 Community awareness activity 32

Participation

How can The Salvation Army do participation? 36 3 Es of trauma 37 Learning from survivors 37 Case studies 38

Partnership

International Justice Mission (IJM) 41 International Organisation for Migration (IOM) 42 Sisterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cafĂŠ project 43 Salvation Army Partnership in the Middle East 44

Practice Principles 46

NGOs Non-Governmental Organisations TSA The Salvation Army UN United Nations UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

Key terms Faith based facilitation Faith based facilitation (FBF) is a way of working to help people think, talk, explore and respond to their issues in the light of faith. A fuller explanation is provided in the appendices.

Community of Practice

During the workshop we began the process of establishing an anti human trafficking community of practice in order to continue the relationships and learning beyond the workshop. Academically, communities of practice (CoP) are a formalised learning system with this definition: a community of practice is a group of people who share a concern or a passion for something they do, and learn how to do it better as they interact regularly. There are three essential components of communities of practice:

We want everyone to ask, “How can we have people enslaved when this is so against the will of God? How can we respond?” Introduction This is the second South Asia Regional Conference, and was hosted by The Salvation Army Sri Lanka Territory. The first was held in Nepal in October 2016. The purpose of the workshop is to strengthen our capacity as churches and practitioners for an effective response to human trafficking across South Asia. The consultation aims to define best practice with a focus on three of The Salvation Army’s strategic response areas: prevention, partnership and participation. The issue of trafficking/slavery is a growing global crisis, with recent estimates of 30-45 million people oppressed in slavery in almost every part of the world including within South Asia and from South Asia to other regions. The issue has been raised as a priority throughout the International Salvation Army. The notes contained in this report have been gathered during the week and serve as a reminder to delegates of the learnings shared, but also a tool to further share lessons learnt and best practice to our fellow Salvation Army officers, members and colleagues who will join the fight against trafficking.

1. That there is a commitment to a shared ‘domain’. For us, this is combating human trafficking. 2. That there is a community of members of this specific ‘domain’ who interact, engage in shared activities, share information with each other. They build relationships to learn from each other. 3. There is a practice: members should be practitioners who can develop shared resources, helpful tools, experiences, ways of handling problems etc. The Salvation Army (TSA) believe in igniting a passionate movement through a CoP. We want everyone to ask, ‘How can we have people enslaved when this is so against the will of God. How can we respond?’

Key learnings for CoP design Meeting face to face is important. The cost of travel to CoP workshops needs to be budgeted for in projects or annual budgets. Sustainability is critical for a CoP. Sometimes it takes years to develop a strong CoP and buy in from all levels of leadership. Online communication is often not enough. Learning and sharing the RIGHT things is important in a CoP. It is therefore helpful to have some form of oversight on content. There is a large amount of administration required to maintain a network – particularly at the beginning - in order for people to feel it is robust and active, and that activities are followed up on. We need to factor this in when growing the CoP.

The Salvation Army against human trafficking

Bible studies

The Salvation Army was started by William Booth and has been involved in the campaign for social justice since it began. Human trafficking is driven by such injustice, whether poverty, lack of employment opportunities, gender inequality or lack of education. These are issues in which we have a tradition of engagement, such as employment agencies, income generating activities, schools, including those for children with disability, raising the age of consent for legal sexual intercourse and of course, the abolition of slavery.

Introduction to Faith-Based Facilitation

This tradition is continued in our engagement in the arena of human trafficking. The Salvation Army is actively responding in all five zones, dependent on local needs and capacities. The response internationally covers all areas of response, Prevention, Protection, Prosecution, Policy, Participation, Partnership and Prayer for victims and survivors of human trafficking. The range of responses is wide including: • Prevention programmes that address the vulnerabilities underlying human trafficking, particularly income generating and vocational training opportunities • Awareness raising within corps, schools and community • Providing places of safety • Community based care for survivors with rehabilitation and reunification with families and communities including repatriation where necessary • Training of Staff who may be involved in efforts to combat trafficking or care for victims, including law enforcement, hospital staff, homeless shelter staff, addiction care staff and community care workers. The training may cover recognition of victims, what to do when you suspect trafficking, how to care of the victims and survivors, or advocacy and combating stigma. • Working with offenders, particularly those who use commercial sexual services • Partnership and Leadership. The Salvation Army is in partnership with many others in the effort to end human trafficking and modern slavery. Some of these are local partnerships. Others are national partnerships and some are International. Our response as the Salvation Army is inspired by our Christian belief that every person is made in the image (and likeness) of God and is therefore of intrinsic and equal value and should be treated with not just dignity but with love and compassion. In responding in such a way we attempt to reflect the grace of God that has been extended to us.

Participating organisations • • • • 8

International Organisation for Migration (IOM) The Salvation Army International Justice Mission She Works

Faith-Based Facilitation is a way of working within the International Salvation Army. FBF is a way of helping people think, talk, explore and respond to their issues in the light of faith. It results in the development of healthier people and communities who enjoy deeper relationships. Faith-Based Facilitation is not a theory or a project - it is a way of working. The process and tools used in Faith-Based Facilitation can be read and used by anyone. This can make them stronger and more effective - particularly in difficult situations. It can be used when interacting: with individuals; in a group of any kind; in a territorial team; in a national or international meeting. Giving this process a name and linking it with a set of tools and theological resources will be new for some people. FBF will help you look at every day issues and events more objectively and find ways of responding to particular situations in the light of faith. Faith-Based Facilitation helps people connect their faith with their actions. People who have a faith in God want to include God in every part of their lives. Those of other faiths have a similar motivation from their own faith-base. This information is written from a Christian perspective because The Salvation Army is a Christian Church. An important element of FBF is exploring a topic through in-depth contextual bible studies. Each morning during the week we participated in a different contextual bible study that helped us to understand the issue of Human Trafficking through God’s word. We complete the four studies below, and encourage delegates to use these studies in any relevant setting back in your home territory. For more information on and resources or guidelines for FBF see: https://www.salvationarmy.org/fbf/home

Luke 24: 13-35 - The Road to Emmaus

Matthew 14: 13-21 - Feeding the 5000

Jesus is our example and we follow him no matter what we do. We know that the disciples have been through a difficult time as he has been betrayed on the cross. Jesus was innocent and without sin, yet he had been stood against and unjustly killed. Do we see injustice today? As we look at human trafficking, we see the injustice. We are not certain of how to respond, yet we are on this journey.

Jesus was moved with compassion. He performed the miracle when he was needing rest. Compassion – includes the word PASSION. It is not just about feeling sorry for someone, but you are responding with energy.

The Salvation Army in India received a call from police to support a victim of trafficking. This person was connected strongly to the Salvation Army. So we see that trafficking is not just ‘out there’ but within us. Jesus gives us the underpinning steps for Faith Based Facilitation. Along the road to Emmaus, we see that Jesus travelled with his disciples. He was on the path of uncertainty with them. What did he do? He participated (v15), he listened (v17), he reminded them of truth (v27), he supported them (v29) and inspired them (v32). Through this we see that people are inspired and have the hope to change their situation. People open their eyes to the situation –with the right understanding, they can make good decisions for themselves and take action. Finally we see that the disciples returned to Jerusalem and Jesus left them. We too should be able support communities in a way that they can be independent and be resilient to respond to new problems or issues that they face.

QUESTIONS 1. Can you identify the features of FBF in this story – the issue, describe and analyse phase, the reflection using the scriptures, a Kairos moment and a plan then action on that plan? 2. How did Jesus approach the disciples initially? 3. What manner did Jesus use when reflecting on the issue using the scriptures? 4. What triggered the Kairos moment? 5. Why do you think Jesus disappeared from the view of the disciples at that point 6. What skills of a facilitator did Jesus display? 7. What are the implications for us when we address trafficking?

KEY POINTS We can learn to: • Walk with people • Listen and willing to help • Facilitation starts with asking questions at right time • Evaluate and analyse • Encourage, leads to action • Reflect on the scriptures • Respect ideas

Jesus is bigger than the problems we face. He said to the disciples ‘give them something to eat’. His disciples were focussing too much on the problems. But Jesus encouraged them to look for a solution rather than focus on the problem. Jesus asks us to bring to him all that we can. He said to the disciples to go out and see and bring to him all that they could find. This is the one miracle that is recorded in all of the four gospels. In John’s gospel, chapter 6-1:14: a little boy is mentioned. The little boy knew that he would be away all day and was prepared. He didn’t keep back anything for himself, he gave up everything. What do we learn? (1) we need to be prepared for what we are going to do (2) we need to share and give what God has given to us (3) we will be blessed in return for what we give. Is God opening our eyes in this workshop about human trafficking so that we can do big and great things? How do we as a church deal with a need? How does the story show us how to work with those people who are vulnerable?

QUESTIONS & DISCUSSION People were physically and spiritually hungry. 1. How were the resources used to meet the identified needs? Searching for food and resources Disciples moved into the crowd after hearing their problems and sought a solution from them Jesus delegated to the disciples Disciple didn’t reject what he was given from the boy, he took it with good faith – even though it seemed a little. 2. Describe the steps taken and why did Jesus use them. Jesus wanted the disciples to get involved. You can see the FBF cycle being used: there was an issue, the disciples analyse it, then they reflect and have a Kairos moment. They make a plan and then enact it. The disciples were mobilised The human mind says ‘we do not have enough’ the divine mind says ‘we have enough’. 3. How is this related to AHT? There was partnership and participation. God acknowledges what we have and what we give him – the community have resources, even the poorest among us – we don’t need to look for rich people Nobody is more important than anyone else, reflected in the significance of the little boy’s role. 11

Isaiah 6: 8-13 - How long, O Lord?

Matthew 5: 13-16 - Salt and Light

In the presence of God, Isaiah confesses that he is a man that is not holy as God is holy. He knows that to be in the presence of God he needs to be Holy. Are we able to stand in the presence of the Lord without sin. If not, we need to fully surrender to God. And God is merciful and always forgives us.

QUESTIONS

The Lord says whom shall I send? And who will go for us? God needs us to do his work. None of us are here, by chance to learn about how to respond to trafficking. We are all being used for God’s ministry. In this passage Isaiah’s response is immediate. So should our response to fight against trafficking. In the Bible we see that Moses, Jeremiah and Jonah also responded to God’s call Isaiah knew that this message was going to be unpopular and would cause him personal distress. Sometimes we feel that nothing is changing, yet we can surrender to God by giving our skills and talents and allow Him to work through us.

QUESTIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

How would you describe Isaiah’s attitude to his calling? What does it tell us about what our attitude should be? Do we always manage to maintain that attitude? When have you felt disheartened? What caused you to feel that way? What was your expectation of achieving the abolition of slavery when you started this work? 6. Has that expectation changed? 7. What implications does this have for us?

DISCUSSION

1. As we read through the passage, what can we do to combat human trafficking? 2. What do we think Jesus meant by the word “world” or earth? 3. What are the behaviours of the world? 4. What are the outcomes of being in the world? 5. What should the church be to the world? 6. What is salt and what should it be used for? 7. Jesus said, “you are the light of the world”. What did he mean? 8. In what way is the church showing saltiness? 9. What does salt losing its taste mean? 10. In what ways is the church losing its saltiness? 11. What is the light? What are its uses? 12. When Jesus said, “you are the light of the earth”, what did he mean? 13. In what way can the church in Asia show the light to the vulnerable and to people who have experienced trafficking? 14. In what way is the church in Asia failing to show its light to the vulnerable and to people who have experienced trafficking?

DISCUSSION We can be witnesses to the values of life. We can normalise exploitation. But the Church needs to bring back a holy normal. In food salt is tasted (felt) not always seen. We can bring out God’s “flavour” in the world. We might feel as if the problem of trafficking is too much for us. However if all of us bring out the flavour of God we can make a difference. Salt works without being seen. Light works being seen. Mercy and justice working together.

Isaiah recognises imperfections of himself and God’s people. We wrestle and work on our imperfections all the time. Yet still, God always invites us to do this work rather than forcing us, therefore it is our privilege to be in the fight. Despite our fears, we should have a positive, obedient and willing attitude and maintain this attitude despite facing challenges and having competing priorities. It can be very hard when we want to respond to a problem, yet others around you do not seem to want to support or be involved. It can be hard when we want to see justice for victims, but we don’t see this. It is hard when we feel too small for such a big task. We can be impatient to see results We are not confident that we can eliminate slavery, but we will have a significant impact. We hope for support from our Leadership, for partnerships to tackle trafficking with others. We remember that we don’t always see the ‘ripple’ effect of our work – but that a person’s life may change for the better long after we have met and supported them. 12

Introduction

Forms of trafficking

Human trafficking is the fastest growing means in which people are enslaved. It is the illegal trade of human beings for the purpose of exploitation and is the second largest crime in the world. The industry generates, on average, $150 billion a year and the Global Slavery Index estimates that there are 40.3 million people living in modern slavery or slavery like conditions. Human trafficking consists of the following elements:

Forced labour

Forced marriage

Act

Any situation in which persons, regardless of their age, have been forced to marry without their consent.

Recruitment Transport Transferal Harbouring

Child trafficking The sale of trafficking of children for forced labour, early marriage, offering of a child for prostitution, production of pornography and any other work which is likely to harm the health, safety or morals of minors.

Means Threat of use of force Coercion Abduction Fraud Deception Giving payments or benefits Abuse of power

Sex trafficking (including cyber-sex trafficking) Any persons who are forced to perform or provide a service involving sex or sexual activities.

Organ trafficking

Purpose

The trade of human organs or other body parts usually for transplantation.

Sexual Exploitation Prostitution of others Forced labour Removal of organs Slavery or similar practices

Domestic servitude

Push factors • • • • • • • •

All work or service exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered himself voluntarily.

Poverty Lack of employment Economic imbalance Gender discrimination Ethnic discrimination Corruption Decline of border controls Political instability

The seemingly normal practice of live-in help that is used as cover for the exploitation and control of someone from another country.

Supply

• Women, children, men • Refugees and migrants • People with low/no income • Girls running away from home • People who lack awareness

Pull factors • • • • • • • • •

Demands for workers Primary demand Sex traffickers Paedophiles Pimps Gangs Cultural demand Media promotion Cultural promotion of men’s promiscuity

Child soldiers Any children under the age of 18 who are recruited by a state or non-state armed group

Dowry It was agreed by the group that the cultural practice of dowry is a vulnerability factor that can lead to trafficking. E.g. There was an incident of a family who could not pay the dowry for their daughter and in the place of the dowry needed to give a second daughter. This act of giving the second daughter as payment would be considered as trafficking.

Case studies

Forced labour

Sex trafficking

A young man in Dubai works as a taxi driver. He works long hours and lives in very filthy conditions. He has been in Dubai for 4 years and has not been allowed to see his family. Act Recruitment

Young girls being trafficked into brothels in India. These girls are being trafficked for sex and prostitution. They live in brothels and are kept in cages; they are forced to have sex with several clients in a day. Act Recruitment Means Abuse of vulnerability Physica and verbal threat Purpose Sexual exploitation Prostitution

Child marriage A 15 year old girl in a poor income family was forced to marry a man from the village. She was taken from the city to live with her in-laws in a remote area. She became pregnant and her husband did not accept the baby. She was sent to her maternal home and forced to live with her family. She was married off again with another man. Act Recruitment Transfer to other cities/towns Means Abuse of power Threat Abuse of vulnerability No money or dowry exchanged but financial benefit to the family as they no longer had to take care of their daughter. Purpose Sexual exploitation

Means Deception Coercive Abuse of power Purpose Exploitation

Child trafficking Pregnant women are being forced to sell their unborn children. Act Parents involved in selling their children Blackmailing Middle-man/broker Means Receiving of payments/benefits Food, shelter and education Forceful separation from parents Purpose Organ trafficking Child pornography Begging Illegal adoption

Organ trafficking There is a village in Nepal called Hokse which is known as ‘kidney valley’. A man had his kidney removed and he was unaware of this. It was only when he went to the hospital that he realised he had his kidney removed. He could not get married as there are stereotypes that no one would want to marry someone with a ‘disability’. You can find a full report at: https://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/KidneyTraffickinginNepal.pdf

Act Transport Transferring Means Forcibly removing organs Purpose Demand for transplant or blood

Child soldiers There are two types of child solider trafficking: 1) Recruitment amongst parents where children are sent to a school. Here they are indoctrinated to fight in wars and become suicide bombers. 2) Children are kidnapped and brainwashed. They will work on borders as soldiers and suicide bombers. Act Recruitment Kidnapping Means Abuse of power Purpose Create child soldiers

Domestic servitude A young boy was promised to work as a military officer. He was taken from Mizoram to Punjab from someone he had known. He was forced to work in a private house with little or no food. He was not paid either and had to sleep outside. One night he found a paper and pen on the street and wrote a letter. He was later rescued by the police. Act Recruitment Transport Means Abuse of vulnerability Given false information/promise of a job Purpose Forced labour 18

Mapping trafficking routes: South Asia

Map 3 (above): Forced labour Map 4 (below): Child marriage

Map 1 (above): Child soldiers Map 2 (below): Child trafficking

Map 5 (below): Domestic

3. Church leaders need to be fully engaged and supportive through prayer, preaching and small group participation. 4. We recognise that survivors may be in our faith communities and although we may never come close to relating with a survivor’s experience, we should have empathy and not sympathy; listening attentively and understanding the pain that survivors have gone through. 5. We agree that recovery for survivors can take days, months or years – it’s important to recognise that each survivor is unique. We acknowledge that a person can heal physically before they heal emotionally. We therefore commit to journey with survivors in our faith communities being guided by being sensitive to their individual needs. 6. We will be inclusive of all people regardless of their background, gender, ethnicity, culture or faith in our mobilisation work. Children have important role to play because they will have information not available to adults and can be powerful agents for change. 7. Start small.

Appendices 7P Strategy

International Strategy

The Anglican Alliance and Salvation Army use the ‘7P’ strategy to tackle human trafficking. The 7Ps have their origins in the United Nations Palermo Protocol, which sets out how countries should respond to human trafficking through Prosecution, Protection, Prevention, Partnership The Army International strategy focuses on fighting human trafficking at an and Salvation Policy & Advocacy.

international level. It is framed using this strategic framework: The 7Ps used by the Anglican Alliance and Salvation Army are:

Policy

Partnerships

• • •

• • • •

Reforming laws Advocacy & research Accountability

Prosecution •

Map 6: Sex trafficking • •

Map 7: Organ trafficking

•

Changing human trafficking from a high profit and low risk business to a high risk and low profit one Court witness support Judicial processes and procedures Police response

Prevention • • •

Networks Relationships Communities of practice Funding

Participation •

Involving and encouraging people – active involvement of the church (mobilisation)

Prayer • •

Covering all responses For perpetrators, survivors and victims

Address push factors (also known as vulnerability factors) to reduce the supply of people Address the pull factors to reduce the demand for people Targeted and informed awareness

Protection • • •

Identifying and rescuing victims Array of recovery services Support survivors as they rebuild their lives

Outcomes Prevention

Under this strategy are the following outcomes:

“It’s really difficult and expensive to try to rebuild a life. How much

Outcome 1 better prevent theHuman harm Trafficking in the first place.” The need forto a specific Anti Task Force is no longer required but its place is taken by an International and Zonal system of coordination with the appointment of Christapersonnel. Foster Crawford. appropriate Outcome 2 Salvation Army personnel are aware and recognise signs of Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking. They have a basic understanding of the needs of survivors of modern slavery and human trafficking. Some examples of anti-trafficking work The Salvation Army is involved in: • • • •

Shelter for survivors Awareness raising Care and support for victims Networking with NGOs and other agencies

Modern slavery: an international strategy for The Salvation Army In 2015, the Anti-Human Trafficking taskforce was created for the purpose of promoting, encouraging, supporting and coordinating an anti-human trafficking response within the Salvation Army around the world. However, at present day, it was recognised the concept of ‘modern slavery’ is increasing with many victims being trafficked and living a life as a modern slave. As such, the Modern Slavery Anti-Human Trafficking Strategy was established within The Salvation Army to achieve the following:

A strong and sustainable modern slavery and human trafficking response is present in every territory, command and region, and embedded within Salvation Army structures.

Outcome 3 There is internal capacity within territories, commands and regions to practically address Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking as it presents itself in the local context. Outcome 4 A seamless global network exists between territories, commands, regions, contact people and practitioners based on Communities of Practice3, which are coordinated zonally and internationally. We brainstormed, how through a community of practice in the Zone we could achieve the objectives. Answers from the delegates included: • • • • • • • • • • • •

Each territory to select a committed person to the issue to be a contact person Network to share resources Communication – group text messaging such as WhatsApp Sharing of best practices and what works Create information material Use social media Situational analysis Roles and responsibilities Map global responses Create website/social media page for South Asia region Create vigilance committees Work with Faith-Based Organisations

In Nepal, during the workshop, delegates created a toolbox of responses for different forms of trafficking by the corps, the territory and the zone. During this workshop, delegates updated those existing toolboxes and developed a further one for forced and child marriage. These are all found at the end of this report. There is a high percentage of forced and child marriages within South Asia since this is regarded to be the norm and culture in some locations.

Prevention Awareness, sensitisation, networking and partnership.

Migration and trafficking Humans tend to migrate in order to find better income, a better lifestyle, better resources and support structures for their families. As such, human migration is the movement by people from one place to another with the intentions of settling permanently or temporarily in a new location. As identified by the Net Migration rate, there are more people coming into Europe, Russia, Australia and the United States. In contrast, countries in Asia and Africa have higher proportions of people moving out.

Migrant workers How can we define migrant workers? • Travelling to another country • Movement to take up a job either overseas or within their country as an internal migrant • It is estimated that there are 88 million international migrants in the Asia Pacific region Why do people migrate? • Better opportunities • Security and employment • Marriage • Better future for children • Education • Medical treatment • Religious purposes • Support families • Better standard of living • Better resources Why do people move to those particular places? • Family already living within country • Attractive climate • Better job opportunities • Good education • Good employment • Safety net • Easily getting a job • Tax free income • Better for children’s future The country a person moves FROM is known as the ORIGIN or SOURCE. The country that they are moving to is known as the DESTINATION country. Between this move, people can visit other countries. This is known as TRANSIT.

Irregular migration

Prevention and the church

The lines can blur between irregular migration and trafficking. A person may start in the first category and be tricked or trapped, and as a result end up trafficked. In the Middle East, for instance, people come on a work visa thinking that they will get a job that has been offered to them. However when they reach the destination, they do not get the job and have to work elsewhere, without a visa. They are known as irregular migrants.

Although human trafficking is slowly being bought to the forefront, there are examples in the Bible of human trafficking:

Risks and dangers

In the source country: • Illegal jobs offered • Loss of relationships/leaving family • War and conflicts • Political instability • Natural disasters • Lack of knowledge held by individual • False documentation • Fake companies and agencies In transit: • Language barriers • Facing unknown challenges (unknown people and places) • No health support In the destination country: • Language barriers • Uncertainty about accommodation • Difference in culture and food • Possible exploitation • No guarantee of employment • False documentation

• Joseph's brothers trafficked him to the Ishmaelites • The Canaanite army trafficked girls for rape and sexual slavery • In 2 Kings, creditors threatened to traffic children into debt and bondage However, in each of these situations, God provided rescue and blessing to the victims. Amos 2:6-7 is our biblical imperative to pursue social justice. Just as God provided rescue to the victims, we too can provide a form of hope, reassurance and support for survivors of human trafficking. The minimum that a church can do is pray for survivors of trafficking, support survivors (be that listening ear) and conduct awareness programmes.

Creating awareness We can create awareness activities in the community through the following methods: • Giving information through seminars about human trafficking (i.e. what is it? who does it involve? Where does it occur? etc.) • Meetings with community members and sharing stories about human trafficking which have occurred within their communities • Using social media to spread the message (do not disclose the identity) • Equipping the local community with information on legal procedures and how to report human trafficking crimes • Supporting the community morally and spiritually

Case studies Jeevan Asha Project (Mumbai) Jeevan Dhara Project (Sangli) The Salvation Army India Western Territory, India, currently responds to the issue of sex trafficking within Mumbai and Sangli. Through the projects above, the territory work for women in prostitution and their children in red light districts at the two locations. Some of the activities within the projects include: • Rescue of girls and women from red light areas and referring them for rehabilitation • Provide survivors with support such as education, counselling, literacy classes, skills training for children, night shelter for boys and drop in centres to raise awareness about sex trafficking and prostitution. • Skills training for women in tailoring, mendhi designs, and beautician, • Meetings for women where they are given the opportunity to share their concerns. • Training for Salvation Army Officers and Corps volunteers to build their capacity.

Community Health Action Network The Salvation Army India Eastern Territory have an anti-human trafficking project in Mizoram India. Some of the prevention work they are doing include: • • • • •

Awareness campaigns in school. Sensitisation amongst family and friends. Networking and partnership with other organisations. Church awareness programmes. Using software – ICIC software which is an online case system that enables reporting of cases. ICIC is being used by the police department in Mizoram to report cases of human trafficking. • Involvement in programmes organised with Government departments. • Awareness training for Salvation Army officers. • Training for volunteers.

Challenges When doing prevention work, there will be significant challenges that we will face; one of the reasons for this is because human trafficking is a sensitive topic which is usually regarded as a taboo and survivors (especially those who have been sexually exploited) often face stigma and discrimination upon returning to their communities. The following are barriers which may prevent participation of the community during an awareness campaign: • The community are not ready to listen and accept the issue of human trafficking. They are in denial and feel that human trafficking does not exist in their communities. Communities are ignorant towards the issue and neglect the fact that human trafficking can happen in their own families • Awareness activities are considered a waste of time by the community • During community meetings, people are reluctant to share any ideas or concerns. Community members are scared of the police and government procedures therefore withdraw from sharing any information on human trafficking cases

Awareness raising for change Below is a model which portrays the process and outcomes of awareness activities; our goal is to create a resilient community and proactively working against human trafficking. Provide information for community

Attitude change

Behaviour change

Resilient person and protective communities

Partnership for prevention As part of the Salvation Army, we work with people on the ground and are able to collect data through stories. It is unknown exactly how many people are being trafficked worldwide – therefore it is our duty to ensure that we collect data or stories so that we can inform the government of trafficking trends, patterns and cases.

Stop the Traffik We can’t stop, what we can’t see. Stop the Traffik is an organisation that aims to gather information and expose the situation of human trafficking so that we can respond to the issue. They collect information through various means such as banks, businesses, media and NGOs/charities. Through the Centre for Intelligence-Led Prevention, Stop the Traffik analyse data and reports are produced which can be shared to the concerned organisations. The Salvation Army are currently partnered with Stop the Traffik in which we provide stories on human trafficking cases. Please contact the ISJC for more information and to be connected with Stop The Traffik.

Liberty Shared This organisation is based in Cambodia and has developed an online case management system. The system is a move away from recording information of survivors on loose paper/ folders, to a secure and safe space that stores information efficiently. Some anonymised data in each case plan is sent to a centralised databank held by the United Nations and International Organisation for Migration in order to help us better understand trafficking. Please contact the ISJC for more information and to be connected with Liberty Shared.

Community awareness activity

The following day we reflected on what went well and what we would improve or do differently the next time. Firstly, we felt the burden of the people’s situation as they live in poor areas where working adults work away from their homes for long hours and children are often left unsupervised. Children have been trafficked from this community. We were grateful to be able to be in this community to be a part of the awareness raising of the issue in this community. The awareness tools worked well and the children and any adults in the areas responded positively. We had a big drum that called people out of their houses and onto the street to watch the shows. We had sweets for the children after the performances which they appreciated. The performances were done with passion and energy. We have learnt from this experience, that preparation and practice is important. Preparation includes knowing the community we are entering well and targeting our awareness materials. We were a large group, and we could have broken up into smaller groups. It would have been good to have more discussion with the community members about human trafficking and their lives after each performance. However, we realise in this instance, language was a barrier. Perhaps we could have left some information brochures behind with the community. Perhaps not possible during this workshop activity, but worth remembering as we return to our home communities and prepare further awareness events: a repeat show at evening time would be good to attract the attention of working parents and a mobilising of local volunteers to also participate in the skits. As would providing advance notification of the event taking place to draw a larger crowd. We know that this cannot be a one-off message and that follow up is important for the message to be heard. The DC and the Outpost officers are keen to continue sharing the message in their community. We left behind laminated posters and the song lyrics in Sinhalese for the outpost. Additionally, the outpost could use social media as a wider message sharing platform. As Jesus said, ‘Truly I tell you, whatever you did for one of the least of these brothers and sisters of mine, you did for me’ (Matthew 25:40).

We had the opportunity and the privilege to complete an awareness raising session in a local community near a Salvation Army Outpost Church in Colombo, Sri Lanka. In groups we prepared different forms of awareness raising: song, drama, story posters and dance. We ran a practice session in the evening which was moderated by our VIP guests, the Divisional Commander (DC), Major Sunil Fernando and our guest survivor activist. They provided invaluable feedback about how to change or improve our work. With the DC we went to three local areas in the community to perform our works. In each of these areas we performed two activities. The DC or our Sri Lankan colleagues assisted with interpretation. 32

One of the awareness tools which was created by delegates is an anti-trafficking song;

Who will go, who will go, who will go? The people are in suffering, and no one is for helping Who will go, who will go, with them?

Participation The Salvation Army will build capacity and provide resources for their members, corps, and centres to participate.

Some people give assurance To give them job for earning But they receive deceiving We will fight, we will fight, with them Some women are in bondage Theyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re crying and are hurting Theyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re searching some solution We will stand, we will stand, with them The children are in danger Their innocence is stolen Who will ensure their future We will speak, we will speak, with them Who will go, who will go, who will go? The people are in suffering, and no one is helping We will go, we will go, we will go!

How can The Salvation Army do participation? The local church is a resource in the battle against modern slavery and human trafficking. We are based in most communities and serve in isolated communities that other agencies may not reach. Although appropriate training is needed for working with victims and survivors, every church can raise awareness in their communities of the presence of such abuse and exploitation, and provide a place of loving welcome for those on the journey of restoration. The Salvation Army will build capacity and provide resources for their members, corps, and centres to participate.

What could participation as a corps/church possibly mean? When participating, we could begin with resources that are within our reach and recognise that the battle against human trafficking is a personal journey; it is ‘my fight’. Some examples of how the church can do participation include: • Taking opportunity in THQ and division to make officers aware of human trafficking such as including the topic in curriculum for cadets. • Organising prayers against modern slavery, human trafficking and praying for the victims or survivors. • Raising awareness within: - Corps - Schools - Residential homes/centres - Community • Gathering and strengthening resources within the corps and community. • Accepting survivors by making them feel welcomed and giving them love and care. • Give people a call to action and do something.

Why are local resources important? We recognise that using local resources have the following benefits: • Projects alone cannot meet all the required resources. • Local resources can be more authentic and may be something that the community are familiar with. • More education (awareness) will result in more participation. • Utilization of local resources are sustainable – what would the next steps be after a project is over?

Working with survivors We may come across a survivor of human trafficking during our appointment and it is important to understand how we can work with them. Survivors of human trafficking have been through horrendous situations and it can take them days, months and/or years to recover. Although we may never come close to experiencing what a survivor has been through, we need to be able to understand things through their perspective. 36

Survivors need empathy – they need to be welcomed, they need to be listened to and they need love. As part of our work on anti-human trafficking, survivors are our key people to participate in our work. Many survivors experience trauma which is a condition that occurs as a result of violence, abuse, neglect, loss, disaster, war and other emotionally harmful experiences. As such, we need to be very sensitive and very careful when working with survivors.

3 Es of trauma

Events • Circumstances that may include the actual or extreme physical or psychological harm or severe life threatening neglect for a person that imperils healthy development. • The event can occur once only or can be repeatedly over time. • Reaction varies from person to person. • Survivors often question ‘why me’ and have feelings of guilt, shame, humiliation and betrayal. This is how the event is experienced by the survivor. Experience • Experience is often linked to individual’s cultural beliefs (i.e. subjugation of women). • Long lasting adverse effects of the event. • Occurs immediately or delayed onset which can be long-term or short-term. Effects • Effects can range from health, trauma (e.g. hypervigilance, constant state of arousal). • Traumatic events have an impact on the spiritual beliefs of a person and the capacity to make sense of their experiences.

Learning from survivors On the next pages are two cases of survivor stories; Shreya (not her real name) is from Nepal and attended the workshop to share her story with the delegates. Kesar’s (not her real name) story was recorded on video and screened during the session. Shreya recommends that when working with survivors we (as a church) should: • • • • • •

Aim to prevent human trafficking if we come across survivors. Take responsibility and refer survivors to the appropriate agencies. Provide a platform for survivors where they can learn new skills and experiences. Provide a safe and open space for survivors and make them feel welcomed. Give dignity to survivors and treat them ‘normally’. Be open-minded rather than stereotyping survivors that they hold diseases such as HIV and AIDS.

Case studies Shreya’s story (Nepal)

Kesar’s story (Sri Lanka)

Since a young age, Shreya and her family lived in poverty. Her parents earned very little and during her childhood, Shreya’s mother passed away. Shreya’s father remarried and Shreya’s stepmother used to abuse her and her brother. She could not take the abuse and was forced to live with her father’s elder sister. At first, Shreya was comfortable in her new home; but gradually over time, Shreya was abused, verbally, emotionally and mentally by her relatives. Later, she decided to move back with her father.

Kesar was working in a factory but was in need of accommodation. She had asked a friend, Dina, to help her and her friend willingly offered her an accommodation which Kesar accepted.

One day, Shreya was in conversation with a young man from her village who she respected as her own brother. Shreya’s ‘brother’ was very aware of her family’s situation and how they were struggling financially. He offered Shreya a job in Kathmandu city and after deliberating with herself, Shreya took the job offer as she felt she could contribute towards ending her family’s struggle. Shreya and her ‘brother’ travelled to Kathmandu together from her village, but rather than going for a job, Shreya was kept in a locked room. Her ‘brother’ abused her physically, sexually, emotionally and mentally. She was just 16 years at the time. Throughout her ordeal, her ‘brother’ often bought friends round and they too would abuse, tease and taunt her. One night, Shreya’s ‘brother’ came home drunk; she found this to be an opportunity to escape. She ran away and travelled back to her village. Upon reaching her village, Shreya’s family were unwilling to accept her and there were rumours in the village that it was Shreya who enticed her ‘brother’. After understanding her story, one of Shreya’s aunts referred her to Shakti Samuha where Shreya spent three years here for her recovery journey. She was then referred to The Salvation Army Sister’s Project where she has been able to learn cooking skills. In the future, Shreya hopes to start her own business and help women and girls who have also been trafficked.

At Dina’s home things were not what Kesar expected. Kesar’s phone was taken away, and she was not allowed to speak with her mother. One day, Kesar was told not to go to work but rather stay at home and look after the Dina’s children. Eventually, Dina’s husband took Kesar and sold her where she was locked in a room that was guarded by armed security. One day, the family Kesar was sold to were visiting a temple and Kesar was able to escape. She went to the police but her case was rejected as she lacked evidence. She was then returned to her traffickers. Kesar was then sold onto another trafficker, Harsha, who took her to Thailand and he acted like her husband. Here, she was taken to a hotel and sold to the owners of the hotel. Kesar was kept in a locked room and she was forced to strip; her pictures were taken and shared on the internet. There were several men who came to the hotel and at one point, there were Sri Lankan men who came to the hotel where Kesar begged for their help. However they could not release her despite bargaining for a price. By luck, Kesar was able to escape her captors and ran away to the beach where she met a Thai girl who then helped her to go to the police station to make a complaint. The traffickers were eventually arrested and prosecuted for their crimes. Kesar is now living in a safe house and has been doing vocational training in baking, beauty culture and hairdressing.

The Haven and Sunshine Home, Sri Lanka We visited the Haven and Sunshine home run by The Salvation Army Sri Lanka Territory, which supports, among other women who have experienced violence and abuse; survivors of trafficking. Kesar, whose story is recorded here, was one of the women who have been supported by the Haven. The Haven provide psychosocial support, skills training, microfinance training and support to access legal processes.

Partnership Collaboration and networking with other agencies is vital to achieve the elimination of modern slavery and human trafficking, and to provide a holistic service.

The Salvation Army recognises there are a number of reputable organizations working locally and globally on eliminating human trafficking. The extent of the exploitation is such that no single agency can address it alone. Collaborating and networking with these agencies is encouraged to achieve the elimination of modern slavery and human trafficking and to provide a holistic service for those who have been exploited as they journey towards restoration. There are various organisations in South Asia who are doing partnership; both the International Justice Mission (IJM) India and International Organisation for Migration (IOM) Sri Lanka presented how they are currently partnering with other organisations. The Salvation Army also have a project in Nepal called Social Enterprise Business for Vulnerable women and Victims of Trafficking (or informally known as The Sister’s Café Project) – the Social Worker from this project also presented how they are doing partnership.

International Justice Mission (IJM) International Justice Mission is a global organisation with the plan to eliminate the slave trade everywhere. How does IJM combat human trafficking crimes, as partners, together? How does IJM stop the violence on the victims? And how about the perpetrators? • Inform the police • Find out who to work with • Identify root of the problem There are 40.3 million slaves in the world; India has got the largest number of slaves in the world whereby this figure stands at 18.3 million. There are 1.2million sex slaves whereby 40% are children. It is estimated that trafficking makes 360 billion USD – this is one fifth of India’s GDP rate. IJM’s intervention to end impunity 1. Rescue victims – rescue brings justice. It is important to rescue victims so that many lives are saved. Likewise, without rescue, perpetrators cannot be prosecuted as survivors are the ones who hold the evidence against. 2. Prosecution of criminals – without prosecuting criminals, they will continue with their crimes. 3. Restoring survivors – survivors are also human beings, they need to be given a new hope for their future. Without an efficient rehabilitation, survivors can be re-trafficked. 4. Building capacity/mobilising community – we need to partner with organisations and institutions from various levels.

How can churches partner with IJM? • IJM can speak to the congregation. • IJM can then invite the church for a rescue. • Rescuers have to be 21 years and above. • There should be one male and one female involved in the rescue. • Rescuers have to be of an Indian nationality. • Rescuers can only be involved in a rescue once. • During rescue mission, it is up to the rescuer to collect evidence.

IJM partnered with the police to conduct trainings for staff working in the public justice system. The training was conducted in Cebu, Philippines where staff were able to identify and rescue 20% of victims. The training was replicated in Manila which resulted in staff identifying and rescuing 77% of victims; likewise, the training was conducted in Pampanga leading to 86% of victims being rescued. Since 2000, IJM India with their church partners have achieved the following: • More than 600 rescue operations carried out • 18000 victims rescued • 215 convictions in trafficking related crimes • Closure of 20 establishments which have kept victims against their will

International Organisation for Migration (IOM) The International Organisation for Migration (IOM) aims to address the evolving migration challenges by providing a comprehensive set of responses to complex migration issues at the operational and policy level. IOM objectives 1. To raise awareness on human trafficking 2. To help identify and protect victims of trafficking including their safe repatriation and reintegration. For IOM partnership involves: 1. For protection: assist national entities to address pressing complex challenges in migration management, to respond to the needs created by humanitarian emergencies in the country and to ensure improved living conditions for vulnerable communities. Partners include Save the Children, Women in Need, Family Rehabilitation Centre and Community Development Services. 2. For prevention: raising awareness through various means such as workshops, social media campaigns, and training for flight attendants and ground staffs. 3. For prosecution: working with legal advisors to support and give legal assistance to victims.

How does the hotline work? • Usually through IEC materials • In each district, government official are first point of contact and they hold the number. Referrals made to government and follow ups made • Victim care • Follow ups

Sister’s café project

(Social Enterprise Business for Vulnerable women and Victims of Trafficking) Sister’s café is based in Nepal and was established in 2014. The objective of the project is to work against human trafficking and provide employment for vulnerable women and survivors of trafficking. Sister’s Mission • Sister’s business is an oasis in Kathmandu that provides good food and coffee • Sister’s programme is a pathway in fair and long term employment The social programme of the project includes the following: • Provides on-the job training for apprentices in areas such as cooking, waitressing and housekeeping • Partners include: - Shakti Samuha – gets referrals - Raksha Nepal – gets referrals - Asha Nepal - Dristi Nepal - Pourakhi Nepal - Change Nepal - Circus Kathmandu How does Sisters do partnership in regards to the social programme? • Research of organisations • Communication with organisations via email and telephone • Build relationships and meeting with the organisations • Visitation of project • Partnership started • Providing information about apprenticeship • Form a contract with the partner • Acceptance of referral How does Sisters do partnership in regards to partners/employers? • Field visit; know about the situation, know the businesses and know the market • Building networks with various hotels, restaurants and cafes where apprentices can be placed • Going through job adverts and vacancies • Communicating with businesses and restaurants about the mission of Sister’s Project and the aim for the welfare of women • Meeting with the employers to discuss further how Sister’s Project can work together with 43 the businesses/employers

How to sustain partnership • Frequent communication and updates with the apprentices • Joint monitoring and evaluation of the apprentices and the programme • Joint follow up after apprentices have been placed within their job • Regular meetings • Involvement in workshops and awareness programmes Challenges in partnership • To coordinate between apprentice’s interest and the employer’s needs. Employers may have demands the apprentice may not be able to keep up with. Apprentices may also find it difficult to adjust to the new working patterns • Gender issues; employers are reluctant to employ women as they fear that women may not be able to do certain tasks such as heavy lifting and long hours • Trust; employers may not be able to trust apprentices • Delays in direct communication • Sometimes hard to adjust What precautions can be taken if any of apprentices want to go abroad? • Information sessions for apprentices • Manual that provides information such as contact number of embassies, police and governmental departments

Salvation Army Partnership in the Middle East Since the 1970s, the oil-rich Gulf countries have been a major destination for a vast number of temporary labour and domestic worker migrants from South Asia. Along these corridors of migration human trafficking is happening. In trying to assist in the repatriation of workers in distress we recognised that we cannot be lone rangers working in splendid isolation. We needed to connect to others who can help in the long term. Partnership can be about looking and connecting with those who can make a difference in a victim or survivor’s life? Imagine the scenario You have arrived from a country where you have come from a village. You are now in a four storey house cleaning, cooking, and laundry for families with often seven or more children. You come across cleaning fluids, polishes, and detergents that you have not had access to before now. You do not speak Arabic and very little English. Immediately there is a communication problem between you and your Madam. There will be cultural differences and you may experience prejudice. Additional burdens that may come your way - lack of wages, food, sleep, too much work, physical abuse, mental abuse, verbal abuse, and sexual abuse. You are isolated in the house from other workers. You are not allowed outside the house without permission. If you run away, you are illegal.

Practice Principles

Police station? Salvation Army partnership has been with all of these in differing degrees. Embassies Our theology, what we believe and how we work. Embassies provide emergency travel documents, Police depots provide fingerprint reports which give the personal data of each person. So relationships have been built with workers and officials in these places. Because the Salvation Army is known in the countries of origin of some of the embassies, they are happy to refer women to TSA, with others we have needed to share our work and asked others to assist. Travel documents require particular information – but basically it is passport details. The police report will have these. Also photos will be required. Once these documents are obtained then women will either be deported and again in partnership with the deportation officials we are allowed to advocate for people there. Churches Churches provide referrals, donations in kind and in money, and sometimes monthly sponsorship. Individuals Individuals provide donations or monthly sponsorships of money, food, clothing and toiletry drives, air flights, admin costs, bags. Here are some real life examples: • Time given by volunteers to reach a particular craft and skill, IT, language, sewing, knotting. • ‘I used to take the women for fingerprints – it was not an easy job.’ • Embassy official helps whenever he takes women from his embassy. • ‘He will liaise in Arabic to sponsors and agents – give us updates on any nuances in legislation.’ Police Stations Who wants to have women locked up for months on end? Police stations now contact us when wanting travel documents – so The Salvation Army is assisting several police stations with getting these. An important first step to partnership, is being able to identify those partners who work in each of the 7P responses. Territories started to map out the organisations they are aware of and are either currently or could potentially partner with. It was clear from the exercise, that there is work for each territory to do to fully understand who they could be working with.

Where do you go? If you decide to run away. Embassy – yours or the nearest country? Church? 44

Practice Principles

Principles for prevention

What we believe and how we work.

In doing prevention work in the Salvation Army we agree to practice with the following knowledge and understanding: We remember faith in action. The story of Jesus feeding the 5,000 encourages us that much can be done with few resources. We will involve the local people and local resources. Prevention looks at both raising awareness and where possible addressing the causes of trafficking in each community we work with. Awareness work is for a change of attitudes, behaviours and practices of people in order for them to be able to protect themselves and others from trafficking. This is about building resilient communities. The more knowledge we have about trafficking in the communities we work with, the more effective our awareness campaigns can be. We understand the relationship between migration and trafficking and that often traffickers will use the same routes as regular migrants. If we cannot respond to a story we hear, then we should collect the information from the story and share with other NGOs who can do something. We are aware that trafficking includes source, transit and destination as well as internal trafficking within borders. It is important to understand how to identify trafficking, including the act, means and purpose, and the routes and forms of trafficking so that we can help others identify it in their own communities. We can use social media, share articles, and invite Non-governmental or Faith Based organisations to join us. We acknowledge that trafficking includes various forms including: child trafficking, domestic servitude, sex trafficking, child and forced marriage, labour trafficking and forced labour, child soldiers, organ trafficking and may need to help communities understand this also. Prevention is better than needing to rescue someone who becomes a victim of trafficking. Data collected through stories helps us to see gaps in support services including government and judicial processes and identify trends of trafficking. We can collect basic anonymised data from all the stories we hear and send this to the national MSHT contact person or the ISJC. We need to build the trust of the people, therefore we need to help the people understand who we are, why we are here and what our aims are.

Principles for participation

Principles for partnership

As a church mobilising against trafficking, we agree to practice with the following knowledge and understanding:

Partnership is essential as we work together to fight human trafficking. We therefore agree to practice with the following knowledge and understanding:

We, as a church, can have a strong impact if we participate as we are widespread and often have access to communities that many are unable to reach. We are trusted in our communities as a result of our relationships and theology and therefore we can mobilise and use local resources,

There should be a mutual understanding between ourselves and those with whom we seek partnership with.

By participation, we mean being involved by initiating and taking part in activities in the Corps that responds to trafficking. We will do this with motivation, team work and engagement. We can encourage participation through: sharing resources, providing encouragement, facilitation of workshops or meetings, bringing people together, engagement with schools, government and other faith based or non-governmental organisations. As part of participating, we will provide targeted awareness and educations through house visits in the community, conducting seminars at schools, other churches or other places, holding open air meetings, creating and using resources and identifying the vulnerable amongst us who may need support to prevent being trafficking. We will welcome survivors without judgement or stigma in our Corps and communities. We will not ask survivors to change their faith and will involve them in our activities without any discrimination. As we meet with survivors, we will show empathy, listening, care, keeping confidentiality, be non-judgemental and provide hope. We understand that survivors may have trauma and learn about what trauma means, remembering it is the chain of event â&#x20AC;&#x201C; experience â&#x20AC;&#x201C; effect.

Partnerships is about building relationships which can help to share resources, information & ideas, encourage each other and achieve a common goal. Regular and clear communication is important to sustain partnerships. We have an obligation to be reliable, accountable and dependable as partners with others. We should expect the same from the people, organisations or governments that we partner with. We have a stronger voice to advocate for change when we work together. Partnerships allow us to complement the strengths and areas of working of each other so that we can have a full response against trafficking. To start a partnership, we may need to be proactive and reach out and make contact to start the conversations in order to learn about each other and establish if the partnership will be complimentary and effective. We will map out who is working in each area of the strategic response so that we provide a full response to trafficking. It is helpful to decide on agreements of the partnership including areas such as confidentiality, roles once you have decided to form a relationship, limitations of the partnership, rules etc. We remember that the community are partners with us. In this partnership we will listen to the community. We will avoid competing in partnership and look for gaps that exist in the response instead of duplication. We will not seek personal glory in our work. Partnership needs patience. We need to be wise and strong enough when partnerships are not working.

Developing a response

The next step is to discover what resources and capabilities are available to us from within our working group and in our community.

A strategic response is a plan of action designed to achieve a long-term or overall aim. It is the answer to ‘how’ you intend to achieve your aim.

Then we look at what could positively and/or negatively impact working within our community. These could include political uncertainty or unrest, widespread poverty, corruption in public services or recurrent natural disasters such as flooding or drought. Now, let’s hold onto this as we look at developing a response to trafficking.

Before you start a strategy it’s very important that you know your overall vision, beliefs and aims. It is also important to consider your available resources, capabilities and environment. A strategic response is important because everyone has limited resources but is faced with many challenges and opportunities. We need to decide what we will focus on, and what we won’t. A good strategic response is based on understanding the unique gifts of the corps or territory and utilising those in a distinctive and powerful way to fight modern slavery and human trafficking.

Using FBF to develop our strategic response Step 1: Issue of AHT + commitment to respond

A strategic response will help you to have a clear understanding about the causes of the problems you want to address. Being well informed by the community will help you to focus on real issues in relevant ways.

Examples of lack of strategy in planning 1. A fair-trade programme offers survivors of human trafficking a chance to produce products for sale for a fair price. There are so many people involved in the programme who are making products that there are not enough orders to go around and each person is only able to make one or two items a week. They are unable to provide for themselves financially and return to sexual exploitation. 2. Funding is provided for a two year project to set up a safe house for survivors of trafficking. The survivors who enter the program in the second year of the project are unable to receive full support as the project needs to close. 3. An awareness program develops many materials to educate people about trafficking. It reached many people, however the program did not prepare for when people in the community came forward and said they were currently a victim, or had been a victim and needed help.

Developing Your Strategic Response Before answering any specific questions regarding trafficking, let’s look at who is involved. Each person should say who they are, what their vision is and what are their key beliefs and values. If everyone is a member of the Corps then you would expect the key beliefs and values to be similar, but when working with others in your community, they may have very different beliefs or values or may not even have thought about them. 50

Information gathering Start gathering information about Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking in your context. Write down as much as you or your working group can find. Use these questions as a guide if that is helpful. What is Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking? Read the global definition of modern Slavery and human trafficking in CHAPTER 1 before you begin. The following questions may be helpful: • What do you think Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking is in your context? • What are the myths and stereotypes of trafficking in your context? • Does there seem to be an immediate problem you are facing that needs a response? • Anecdotal information – what have you heard on the ground about trafficking? For example in the news? From your Corps members? From the police? From other organisations?

Commitment to respond • Can you respond in some way? Are there people with the time? Is there something you are already doing that you can build on? • Do you need to seek support or permission to respond? Who from?

Step 2: Describe and analyse

A few different processes will help you to describe and analyse human trafficking and how to respond. As a basic start you can gather an informed view of the situation. In your research you may discover some practices and models that have been successful (or not!) and learn from them and start to look at what you have and what you need to respond.

The following questions need to be answered from your research online and your meetings with community and other organisations: • What are the trafficking routes and who are the victims and traffickers and where are they found in your community? • What are the vulnerability factors for people being trafficked in your region? • Who are ALL stakeholders in your region? (A stakeholder is any person or group that is involved in some way in the area of trafficking. For example, they could be: NonGovernmental Organisation, Governmental Organisation, Traffickers or criminal groups, victims, community members…) • What are the existing responses in your region in terms of prevention, protection, prosecution, partnerships, participation, prayer and policy? • What gaps exist that The Salvation Army could fill, in this way contributing to a better local response? Learning from others Reviewing what others have done can help in making decisions of what to do and what not to do. The following questions can act as a guide: • What are some of the good practices that you have seen or learnt about that you would like to replicate in your own response? (You might like to review case studies from other chapters in this manual for some examples of good work.) • Is there someone you can contact to ask more questions and discover what they are doing? • Are there things you have learnt from others to avoid in your response?

Step 3: Reflect and evaluate

In the previous step, you had a basic look at Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking in your context. However, it is too early to form a strategic response just based on this information! Detailed Information Gathering Detailed information gathering, sometimes referred to as ‘a situational and needs analysis’ is a formal gathering of information and data needed to plan a response. (1) You should look online for reports, newspaper articles and other organisations. (2) You should talk with people in the community in which you live and work. (3) You should meet with other organisations that are already doing this work. The FBF booklet gives you some helpful ways of speaking with and gathering information from the community. This can be accessed on the IHQ Website. Research papers from your country and or region relating to Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking can be helpful. Look for papers from reputable organisations like universities, International Organisation for Migration, International Labour Organisation, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Global Slavery index. Write the interesting points from the research under the name of the research.

Reflect and pray about the information gathered and the potential, before moving forward. Biblical reflection about a response to human trafficking The International Salvation Army have produced bible studies for the Day of Prayer for Victims of Human Trafficking that you can use to motivate, provide insight and direction. They can be found on the International Salvation Army website under the Human trafficking section of their work. 53

Step 4: Decide and Plan your Strategic Response

Questions to ask • Who is making this journey with me/us in the response? How and what can each of these people contribute? • How can you keep people safe, who needs protection, in your response? This includes staff members, Corps Officers, volunteers and beneficiaries. • How will you ensure people receive the training and support that they might require to be involved in the work? Making a plan Having a clear plan will assist everyone to know what they’re doing and when.

After prayer and deep reflection, it is time to decide and plan the best way to move forward. It is important to remember that there is no response that is too small or too simple. Building on what you have Because you cannot do everything, a process to assess what resources and skills are available to you will help you to focus on what you can do, or strengthen, based on what you have. Questions to ask • What is your Corps already doing in the community where a modern slavery or human trafficking response could be added? • What gifts or resources does the Corps have available to use? This can be a person’s time, or skills, a place to meet, funding or other resource. • How can you best respond to human trafficking? In which area/s (Protection, Prosecution, Prevention, Policy, Partnerships, Participation & Prayer) could you best respond? Have a look at the tool box of responses for ideas • What would you need, in addition to what you have, to respond? Is this possible? • How can you obtain what you don’t have from the community or the organisations around you? Setting a purpose for your work It’s important to be clear about what you are doing and why. This will help to explain to others as well as leadership Questions to ask • Why do you want to take this journey? • Is there a story behind why you want to respond to trafficking? • What changes do you want to see after you take action? • What will happen if you don’t do anything?

Questions to ask • What is the list of activities that you will need to do to achieve the changes you want to see? • Who needs to do each activity? • When will you be able to start and finish each activity? • What are the key risks, barriers or challenges to your actions and how could you avoid these risks? This will include how the plan continues if the lead person(s) moves or is no longer available to continue. • What budget is needed and where will the funding come from? Seek resources from the community you are working with. List what the community is providing financially and in-kind. List what you are providing financially and in-kind. List what anyone else is providing financially and in-kind. • How can you hand ownership to other people in the community or Corps? It may be helpful to make a chart of your response with the following columns: Activity (what)

When?

(started and achieved)

Who?

How will you know you have achieved this?

Any risks and how to avoid the risks.

Budget required?

How the community could have ownership.

Setting up necessary procedures and systems Within the plan consideration needs to be given to what policies and procedures will apply to your response. • Are children going to be involved in the project? If so, have you reviewed your Territorial child protection policy? • What extra considerations might you need for this specific response? • What other policies might be relevant to review or create in this response? Data protection Policy? Lone-worker policy? What might you need to consider under each of these?

Working with others You will likely need a team to complete your plan.

Step 5: Action

Appendices The Salvation Army - International Positional Statement 2018 MODERN SLAVERY AND HUMAN TRAFFICKING

It is now time to start. Follow the activities you have decided on that will achieve the changes you want to see and remember to reflect and learn as you go. Measuring our Progress Others can learn from you, so write down the lessons that you are learning as you go so that they can be shared. It is important to regularly review what we are doing to ask ourselves these key questions: • Are we doing what we said we would do? • Are the things we are doing having the impact that we wanted to have? • What is not working and needs to be changed? • What is going really well and could be enhanced? Maintaining Passion and Spirit To maintain an effective response we need to be sure that we have the passion and commitment to see the change that we want to see, through to the end. Often change takes a significant amount of time and we need to be persistent in our efforts. Questions to ask: • Where is the passion for this response coming from? • How can the passion for your response be sustained through faith and worship? • How can you ensure that you and others involved are cared for, including self-care?

The Salvation Army is deeply committed to fighting modern slavery and human trafficking. Modern slavery is an umbrella term including human trafficking for sex, labour or organs, exploitative labour practices, child labour and early and forced marriage. It involves not just individuals but also social and economic systems. The Salvation Army believes in the biblical principles of the inherent and equal value of all persons and the duty to care for one’s neighbour. The exploitation of human beings commodifies and dehumanises the individuals who are trafficked, rewards the inhumanity of the traffickers, and weakens the moral, social and economic fabric of society. The Salvation Army is opposed to the abuse of power against other human beings that is inherent in modern slavery and human trafficking. Addressing modern slavery and human trafficking must involve addressing both supply and demand. The Salvation Army is committed to achieving justice by working with all involved. Restoration of persons who have been exploited and traumatised may be a long and complex process. Recognition of their inherent dignity, and restoration of choice and control of their own lives are critical. Modern slavery and human trafficking needs to be stopped. Everyone has the responsibility, both individuals and institutions, to work for the liberation of those who have been subjected to slavery and trafficking. Legal and social mechanisms to stop slavery and trafficking must be established and those involved held to account. Transformation and healing of hearts and minds of everyone involved in modern slavery and human trafficking is both necessary and possible.

BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT Modern slavery and human trafficking includes those who create the demand for trafficked people and those who create the demand for commodities that are made and sold under coercive conditions. It also includes the traffickers and those entrusted with protection of communities (government, judiciary, law enforcement, banks). Modern slavery and human trafficking take many forms. Sufficiently comprehensive definitions are often missing. 56

The United Nations statement known as the Palermo Protocol defines human trafficking as: “Trafficking in persons” shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.1 The International Labour Organisation, an agency of the United Nations, defines forced labour as ‘all work or service which is exacted from any person under threat of a penalty and for which the person has not offered himself or herself voluntarily.’2 The term ‘modern slavery’ is an umbrella term covering many ill-defined practices. Generally included are human trafficking for sex, labour or organs, forced labour, bonded labour, descent-based labour, domestic servitude, child labour, early (child) and forced marriage . This list is not exhaustive and other forms of modern slavery and human trafficking include the taking of babies and children for sale for adoption, the entrapment of people in religious ritual roles as well as those taken for religious rites that involve forms of human sacrifice. It is difficult to establish reliable data as much of the modern slavery and human trafficking is hidden. However, the best estimates are that millions of people around the world are being exploited in this way . People who are victims of modern slavery and human trafficking are often among the most vulnerable in societies. They include all ages, genders, ethnicities and creeds. The most vulnerable groups include refugees and migrants, minority groups, women, children and people experiencing extreme poverty.3 The techniques used by traffickers and the forms in which exploitation are manifest are various, but what is common to them all is the exploitation of some people by other people. Each form of modern slavery and human trafficking has features specific to that form, which need to be understood if they are to be addressed.

• Human trafficking for sexual exploitation is found throughout the world. The majority of those trafficked for sex are women and girls. However, boys, men and transgendered people should not be forgotten. They often remain hidden, not wishing to speak out about their shame and humiliation but are equally in need of assistance. The exploitation is not confined to prostitution but includes pornography and sex tourism. The growth of the internet and cyber technology has created new opportunities for exploitation. Combatting this requires international cooperation on judicial and law enforcement measures. • Modern slavery includes the exploitation of people in a work situation. Men, women and children are being forced to work under unacceptable and sometimes dangerous conditions, often with inadequate pay and an inability to leave that employment. Domestic servitude is a particular type of labour exploitation involving people, mostly women, who are domestic servants. Unable to leave their employer, they are often physically and sexually abused and exploited financially.

In some places they have no legal protection. Debt bondage and descent-based labour are practices that still occur in some cultures. Both practices are exploitative in nature with the debtor being rendered powerless to seek fair treatment. The support of good work practices and prevention of abuse and exploitation in the labour market is a key component in the abolition of modern slavery and human trafficking. • Child labour, child sexual exploitation, the trafficking of children and child marriage are all forms of child abuse that are included in the term modern slavery. They all impact negatively on the health, education and well- being of the child. Forced marriage at any age involves both labour and sexual exploitation of a spouse unable to leave the situation. • Trafficking for harvest of body parts for whatever purpose-- transplant, sacrifice or use in religious ritual--is a violation of the person. Even when the person has agreed to sell the organ, informed consent is not given because the implications of the procedure are not explained. Unscrupulous people have been known to take essential organs (for example, both kidneys, leaving the donor to die), or even commit murder to obtain the organs. • A perpetrator of exploitation may come from a similar background to their victims, and the loss of income if they stop exploiting can lead to severe hardship for their families. Unless alternative economic provision is made, the cycle of exploitation will continue.

GROUNDS FOR THE POSITION OF THE SALVATION ARMY Humankind is created in the image of God (Genesis 1:26). All people are valuable to God, holding a special place in God’s creation (Psalm 8:5). Nonetheless, the Bible describes horrifying realities that are as real now as when the Scriptures were written: Psalm 10 describes the wickedness of the one who entraps others. ‘He lies in wait to catch the helpless; he catches the helpless and drags them off in his net. His victims are crushed, they collapse; they fall under his strength. He says to himself, “God will never notice.”’ Isaiah 42:22 says, ‘But this is a people plundered and looted all of them trapped in pits or hidden away in prisons. They have become plunder, with no one to rescue them; they have been made loot, with no one to say, “Send them back.”’ Joel 3:3 says, ‘They cast lots for my people and traded boys for prostitutes; they sold girls for wine that they might drink.’ The Bible is emphatic about the injustice of this. No one should be exploited or damaged. The Christian conviction is that the present broken and sinful state of the world is not the last word. God who made people wants no one to be lost. Jesus came into the world that everyone might have life in all its fullness (John 10:10). He said, ‘The Lord has sent me to announce freedom for prisoners, to give sight to the blind, to free everyone who suffers, and to say, “This is the year the Lord has chosen”’ (Luke 4: 18 – 19 CEV). When Jesus said this, he was quoting Isaiah 61: 1 – 2. Later in Isaiah 61 are these words, ‘I, the Lord, love justice! But I hate robbery and injustice’ (v8). Micah 6:8 asks, ‘What does the Lord require of you?’ and answers: ‘to act justly and to love mercy and to walk humbly with your God’. The neighbour is to be loved as one loves oneself (Matthew 22:39; Lev 19:18).

Consequently, Christians are called upon to work for the elimination of all forms of slavery and human trafficking.

RESPONSES Since its inception, The Salvation Army has sought to reduce the worldwide phenomenon of abuse of individuals or groups of people by others. As recognition of the issue of modern slavery and human trafficking has grown, The Salvation Army has intensified its efforts to combat this evil throughout the world, even taking the lead role in some places. The Salvation Army continues the fight through its individual members, corps and centres. It has developed an international strategy to increase the effectiveness of this work. This is built around the suggestion of the responses needed outlined in the Palermo Protocol, but includes two elements that are specific to the church. The responses include one or more of the following: • Prayer – For The Salvation Army prayer is an essential practice in the fight against modern slavery and human trafficking. Prayer gives people a way to gain God’s perspective and guidance in complex situations. Prayer keeps us in relationship with God and empowers our work. • Participation – The local church is a resource in the battle against modern slavery and human trafficking and serve in some isolated communities that other agencies do not reach. Although appropriate training is needed for working with victims and survivors, every church can raise awareness in their communities of the presence of such abuse and exploitation, and provide a place of loving welcome for those on the journey of restoration. The Salvation Army will continue to build the capacity and provide resources for their members, corps and centres to participate. • Prevention – We cannot combat what we do not recognise. Raising awareness of modern slavery and human trafficking are a vital element of prevention. Prevention also involves addressing both the factors that make people vulnerable and those that create the demand for exploited labour or for sexual exploitation. This can include income generation, child sponsorship, working with offenders, promoting fair trade and many other activities. • Protection – The Salvation Army has a holistic view of health and seeks to assist survivors regain their health, physically, mentally, emotionally, relationally and spiritually. Victims need protection within their places of exploitation and survivors need protection and assistance during their rehabilitation. This could include reporting unsafe labour practices and advocating for change. Provision for survivors may include providing a means of exit for victims, transfer to a safe place, providing safe havens and opportunities for restoration to the survivors, both short and long term. • Prosecution – The Salvation Army often works closely with law enforcement and judicial agencies. For example, by providing training, accepting referrals and receiving victims. There are also places where The Salvation Army works with offenders or their families. • Policy – The Salvation Army calls upon all legislators and policy makers to develop and implement mechanisms to fight modern slavery and human trafficking and bring 60

justice for all involved. The Salvation Army will work with government, businesses and community organisations in this regard. Human trafficking flourishes because there is a demand for the services trafficked or exploited people are forced to provide. The Salvation Army therefore undertakes education and awareness raising activities so that those who use products or services supplied by trafficked or exploited people are confronted with the human misery, suffering and injustice created by their continuing use of these services or products. The Salvation Army will continue to monitor our employment and purchasing practices and work to ensure we are exploitation free. • Partnership –The Salvation Army recognises there are a number of reputable organizations working locally and globally on eliminating human trafficking. The extent of the exploitation is such that no single agency can address it alone. Collaborating and networking with these agencies is encouraged to achieve the elimination of modern slavery and human trafficking and to provide a holistic service for those who have been exploited as they journey towards restoration. Approved by the General, April 2018. The views expressed in this international positional statement constitute the official position of The Salvation Army on the issue addressed, and they may not be modified or adapted in any way without the express written permission of International Headquarters. Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/ProtocolonTrafficking.pdf

ILO Forced Labour Convention 1930 (No. 29), Article 2 www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/documents/genericdocument/wcms_346435.pdf

2017 Global Estimates of Modern Slavery :Forced Labour and Forced Marriage, www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/--dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_575479.pdf

Preventing trafficking through societal, family, community and individual changes

Sustainable Development Goals In 2016 the United National officially launched the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) composed of 169 targets for the next 15 years. These build on the achievements of the original Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Three of the SDGs have a focus on human trafficking and slavery.

SDG 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls Context

• Women in Northern Africa hold less than one in five paid jobs in the non-agricultural sector. The proportion of women in paid employment outside the agriculture sector has increased from 35% in 1990 to 41% in 2015. • More than 700 million women alive today were married before they turned 18, 1 in 3 before the age of 15. • Women and girls made up 70% of detected human trafficking victims between 20102012. They encompass the vast majority of detected victims for sex trafficking. Target 5.2 specifically addresses trafficking calls for countries to, “Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation.” This goal conceives trafficking and exploitation as a form of gender discrimination and violence against women. Many of the other goals under this target are connected to trafficking, including the elimination of harmful practices such as child marriage, the call to value unpaid care and domestic workers, and the creation and implementation of policies to promote gender equality at all levels of society.

While women and girls do make up the majority of sex trafficking victims, this goal may divert funding to help men, boys, and transgender populations that are also affected by commercial sexual exploitation.

SDG 8: Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all Context

• Nearly 2.2 billion people – roughly half of the world’s population – still live on less than US $2 per day, trapping them in extreme poverty. Stable, well-paid jobs are needed to address this disparity. • According to the ILO, 21 million people are affected by forced labour, trafficking and slavery around the world today. Of those, 68% are exploited in the labour sector – in industries like agriculture, mining, construction, and domestic work. • 470 million jobs are needed globally for new entrants to the labour market between 2016 and 2030.

violence against and torture of children.” Other targets, such as combating organized crime, promoting the rule of law, and reducing all forms of violence are all connected to ending trafficking. In particular, one of the targets focuses on providing legal identity for all, including birth registration. When children lack a legal identity, they are often unable to access health care, education, and other social services. They also can’t prove their age. Traffickers often exploit this vulnerability and force children who are too young to legally work into labour and force young girls into marriages. It’s crucial that all children have access to a birth certificate. Adapted from https://www.unicefusa.org/stories/sustainable-development-goals-aim-endhuman-trafficking/29864

Target 8.7 calls for nations to, ‘Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery and human trafficking and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labour in all its forms.’ This is arguably the most direct target focusing on the issue of human trafficking, and has been celebrated by the anti-trafficking field. The other targets under this goal are equally important in ending trafficking since they have a particular focus on access to decent, stable work. In too many places, people are without work, and the jobs that are available to them do not offer an escape from poverty. Poverty is one of the root causes for slavery and human trafficking. Situations of desperation are created when families and parents struggle to put food on the table, access health care, or afford school fees to educate their children. Offers to travel abroad in the hopes of a better life become more tempting for parents and children alike. Many cases of human trafficking begin with an individual looking for decent work. If nations truly invest in economic opportunities over the next 15 years, we would address one of the main vulnerabilities that place people at risk to trafficking in the first place.

SDG 16: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels Context

• In countries affected by conflict, 50% of eligible children were not attending primary school in 2011. Children who are not in school are more likely to be working and are vulnerable to trafficking. • Although basic laws to address human trafficking are in place in most countries, conviction rates remain extremely low, creating a high profit low risk industry. • The ILO estimates that human trafficking and forced labour create illicit profits of $150 billion annually. • A recent report by UNICEF illustrated how violence to young children can affect the development of the brain, similar to the effects of malnutrition. Target 16.2 calls for the nations to “End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of 64