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IEEE

power<1 energ,

of the History of Computing Volume 33

Number 3 July-September

2011

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http://www.computer.org

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Why the Arpanet Was Built

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~ñnals of the Hlstory of Computlng

Departments

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Editor In Chlef Jeffrey R. Yost

Interviews

Assoclate Editor In Chlef

David Walden, Editor Willis H. Ware

74

Atsushi Akera

Senlor Consulting Edltors Thomas J. (Tim) Bergin Paul E. Ceruzzi David Alan Grier

Anecdotes Elizabeth

(Jake) Feinler

Host Tables, Top-Level Domain Names, and the Origin of Dot Com

80

Akera, Editors

Events and Sightings Chigusa Kita, Editor

History of Computers Exhibition at Hiroshima City Library The Vintage Computer Festival East 7.0 Obituary: Gary Chapman

88

Assoclate Edltors Janet Abbate Eden Medina Andrew Russell

Reviews feffrey R. Yost and Atsushi

82

Consulting Editor Luanne Johnson

Yhink Piece Gustav Sjóblom Control in the History of Computing: Making an Ambiguous Concept Useful Computer

Society Information,

p. 54

Articles appearing in this joumal are abstracted and indexed in Historical Abstracts and America: History and Llfe.

All full-Iength artícles published in this joumal are peer reviewed.

Editorial Board Gerard Alberts, WilIiam Aspray, Martín Campbell-Kelly, AJan Clements, James W. Cortada, Mary Croarken, Nathan Ensmenger, Anne Fitzpatrick, Thomas Haigh, Ulf Hashagen, Lars Heide, Hunter Heyck, peggy Aldrich Kidwell, Chigusa Kita, Jennifer Light, Craig Partridge, Brian Randell, Keith Smillie, Dag Spicer, Christopher H. Sterling, David Walden, Eric A. Weiss

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Publlcatlons Board David A. Grier (chaír), Alain April, David Bader, Angela R. Burgess, JOO Cortada, Hakan Erdogmus, Frank E. Ferrante, Jean-Luc Gaudiot, Paolo Montuschi, Dorée Duncan Seligmann, Linda l. Shafer, Steve Tanimoto, George Thiruvathukal

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23

Security Vulnerabilities in the Same-Origin Policy: Implications and Alternatives

Securing

of Things

The Internet ofThings offers a vision of extreme

interconnectionthat willbringunprecedented convenience and economy, but ensuring its safe and ethical use willrequire novel approaches.

60

Sticky Policies: An Approach for Managing Privacy across Multiple Parties Siani Pearson and MarcoCasassa Mont The EnCoReproject has developed a technical solutionforprivacymanagement using machine-readablepoliciesthat isapplicable ina broad range ofdomains.

PERSPECTIVES

69

Trends in Server Energy Proportionality Frederick Ryckbosch,Stijn Polfliet, and LievenEeckhout Serverenergy proportionality,as quantifiedby the proposed EPmetric,has improved

:significantly,from 30-40 percent in 2007 to '

and Ernesto Damiani The SecureSCMproject demonstrates the practical applicability of secure multiparty computation to online business collaboration.

the Internet

Rodrigo Roman,Pablo Najera, and Javier Lopez

Secure CoUaborative SupplyChain Management FlorianKerschbaum, AxelSchropfer, Antonio ZiIIi,RichardPibernik, Octavian Catrina, Sebastiaan de Hoogh, BerrySchoenmakers, Stelvio Cimato,

,,

51

Social Networks

Hossein Saiedian and Dan S. Broyles Thesame-originpolicyoverlyrestrictsWeb applicationdevelopmentwhilecreatingan ever-growinglistofsecurityholes,reinforcing the argument that the sOPis not an appropriatesecuritymodel.

,

FranciscoRocha,Salvador Abreu, and MiguelCorreia The boundarybetween the trusted insideand the untrusted outside blurswhen a company adopts cloudcomputing.Theorganization's applications-and data-are no longeronsite, fundamentallychangingthe definitionof a maliciousinsider.

Malicious and Spam Posts in Saeed Abu-Nimeh,Thomas M.Chen, and Omar Alzubi Alarge-scalestudy ofmore than halfa million Facebookposts suggeststhat membersof onlinesocialnetworkscan expect a significant chariceofencounteringspam posts and a much lowerbut not negligiblechanceof comingacrossmaliciouslinks.

38

Confidentiality and Privacy

in the Cloud

Security and Privacy in an Online World

Online

29

44 The Final Frontier:

6UESTEDlTOR'SINTROOUCTION

RolfOppliger Mostofthe perimeter-orientedsecurity mechanismswe currentlyrelyon no longer workinan onlineworldwhere it's increasingly difficultifnot impossibleto definethe perimeterand separate the trusted insidefrom the untrustedoutside.Thearticlesincludedin thisspecialissueare intended to providea comprehensivepictureofthe security challengesand privacyconcernsthat apply to this newenvironment.

1-

eompute,.o, gleo mpute,

50-80percenttoday,but much morecan be done to movesystemscloserto ideal.

-

RESEARCHFEATURE

73

The Three

Rs of Cyberphysical

Spaces Vivek Menon, Bharat Jayaraman, and Venu Govindaraju Integrating recognition with spatiotemporal reasoning enhances the overall performance of information retrieval.

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Formore information on computing topies, visit the Computer Society Oigitallibrary at www.computer.org/csdl.

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Flagship

IEEEComputer Society: http://computer.org

Publication

of the IEEE

Computer Society

Computer: http://computer.org/computer computer@computer.org IEEEComputer Society Publications Office: +1 714821 8380

September

6

The Known World

MEMBERSHIP NEWS

LeisureScience David Alan Grier

88

IEEE Computer Society Connection

32 & 16 Years Ago

91

Call and Calendar

9

Computer,September 1979and 1995 Neville Holmes

11 Patent Law

COLUMNS

93

Brian M. Gaff and Catherine

Social Computing Let's Gang Up on Cyberbullying

Ten Things to Know When Your Patent Application Is Allowed

Henry Lieberman, Karthik Dinakar, and BiragoJones

J. Toppin

97 Green IT

NEWS

14

2011, Volume 44, Number 9

Technology

Software Bloat and Wasted Joules: IsModularity a Hurdle to Green Software?

News

IPv6:AnyCloser to Adoption?

Neal Leavitt

18 NewsBriefs

Suparna Bhattacharya, K.Gopinath, Karthick Rajamani, and Manish Gupta

102

Lee Garber

Onshore Mobile App Development: Successes and Challenges Christopher L. Huntley

ERRATA In "A Personal History of the IBMPe' (Aug. 2011, pp. 19-25), the publication in which the MITSAltair cover story appeared was incorrectly identified on page 19. The sentence should read as follows: "Widespread personal computing began with the publication of a cover story on the Micro Instrumentation Telemetry Systems (MITS)Altair in the January 1975issue of PopularElectronics."

In "IBM PC Retrospective: There Was Enough Right to Make ItWork" (Aug. 2011, pp. 26-33), the manufacturer of the 6502 was incorrectly identified on page 28. The sentence should read as follows: "The three choices were Motorola, Intel, and the MOS Technology 6502."

Computer regrets these errors.

In Development

106

Identity Sciences What Are 50ft Biometrics and How Can They Be Used?

Karl RicanekJr. and Benjamin Barbour

112

The Profession Has Everything Been Invented?

Qn Software Development and the Future of Apps Alessio Malizia and Kai A. Olsen

OEPARTMENTS 4 37 80 87

EIsewhere in the CS Computer Society Information Career Opportunities Bqokshelf

Reuse Rights and Reprint Permissions: Educational or personal use of this material is permitted without fee. provided such use: 1) is not made for profit: 2) includes this notice and a full citation to the original work on the first page of the copy: and 3) do es not imply IEEE endorsement of any third-party products or services. Authors and their companies are permitted to post the accepted version of their IEEE-copyrighted material on their own Web servers without permission. provided that the IEEE copyright notice and a full citation to the original work appear on the first screen of the posted copy. An accepted manuscript is a version which has been revised by the author to incorporate review suggestions. but not the published version with copyediting. proofreading and formatting added by IEEE. For more information. please go to: http:// www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/paperversionpolicy.html.

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Permission to reprint/republish this material for commercial. advertising. or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution must be obtained from the IEEE by writing to the IEEE Intellectual Property Rights Office. 445 Hoes Lane. Piscataway. NJ 08854-4141 or pubs-permissions@ieee.org.

Copyright ÂŤ:> 2011 IEEE. AII rights reserved.

Abstracting and Library Use: Abstracting is permitted with credit to the source. Libraries are permitted to photocopy for private use of patrons. provided the per-copy fee indicated in the code at the bottom of the first page is paid through the Copyright Clearance Center. 222 Rosewood Drive. Danvers. MA 01923.

IEEE prohibits discrimination. harassment. web/aboutus/whatis/policies/p9-26.html.

and bullying. For more information.

visit www.ieee.org/

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IEEE

September/October

2011

.

Volume 31, Number 5

.

FeatureArticles-

Published by the IEEEComputer Society

54

Context-Aware Motion Diversification

for CrowdSimulation

3o

Virtual Prototyping of Shoes TomKĂźhnert, Stephan Rusdorf, and Guido Brunnett

Qin Gu and Zhigang Deng Crowd simulation models typically focus on navigational pathfinding and local collision avoidance; little research

A proposed 3D user interface mimies a shoe designer's

has explored how to control individual agents' motions.

conventional work style. The methods and concepts

A proposed approach adaptively controls agents' motion

developed for this interface are applieable to other

styles to increase a crowd's visual variety. Experimental scenarios and user evaluations demonstrate the

areas-for

example, designing car interiors or cockpits.

approach's flexibility and capability.

43

A Responsive

Finite Element Method

to Aid InteractiveGeometric Modeling

66

Wait-Free Shared-Memory Irradiance Caching Kurt Debattista,

Piotr Dubla, LuĂ­s Paulo Peixoto

Nobuyuki Umetani, Kenshi Takayama, ]un Mitani, and Takeo Igarashi

dos Santos, and Alan Chalmers

Computer-aided

Parallelizing rendering algorithms to exploit

engineering systems use numerical

simulation methods mainly to reject undesirable

multiprocessor and multicore machines isn't

designs-not

However, integrating a real-time finite element method

straightforward. For example, the irradiance cache (IC) is an acceleration data structure that caches indirect

into interactive geometrie modeling can provide user

diffuse irradiance values. In multicore systems, threads

to guide users toward better designs.

guidance. During interactive editing, real-time feedback

must share the IC to achieve high efficiency. A novel

from numerieal simulation guides users toward improved

wait-free access mechanism significantly reduces

design without tedious trial-and-error iterations.

synchronization overhead.

Tutorial

18

Graph Analytics-Lessons and Challenges Ahead

Learned

Pak Chung Wong, Chaomei Chen, Carsten Gorg, Ben Shneiderman, ]ohn Stasko, and ]im Thomas lessons learned from developing four graph analytics applications reveal good research practiees and grand challenges for future research. The application domains inelude electric-power-grid analytics, social-network and citation analyties, text and document analyties, and knowledge domain analytics.

Cover art: Adversity

Conquered,

@2011 Georgia Wild

ISSN 0272-1716

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4 About the Cover The Power of Tutorials

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Gary Singh

6 Visualization Viewpoints 2010 IEEEVisualization Contest Winner: Interactive Planning for Brain Tumor Resections

Page 6

Stefan Diepenbrock, ]org-Stefan Praftni, Florian Lindemann, Hans-Werner Bothe, and Timo Ropinski

14 Education Integrating User Studies into Computer Graphics-Related Courses Beatriz Sousa Santos, Paulo Dias, Samuel Silva, Carlos Ferreira, and ]oaquim Madeira

80 Graphically Speaking Carnival-Combining Speech Technology and Computer Animation MichaelA. Berger,GregorHofer,and Hiroshi Shimodaira

90 Applications Deco: A Design Editor for Rhinestone Decorations Yuki Igarashi

95 Tools and Products IEEEComputer Society Information, p. 79 Advertiser/Product Index, p. 94 For more information on computing topies, visit the Computer Society Digital Library at www.computer. org/csdl.

Page 30

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September/October 2011 Vol. 13, No. 5

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THIS

ISSUE

XMl Management for Bioinformatics Applications Lena Stromback and luliana Freire Scientific exploration has become a data-intensive process, and increasing amounts of data need to be stored, analyzed, and shared. XMLcan help address these needs. As concrete examples from systems biology show, native XMLstorage can be combined with traditional relational databases to offer an effective, usable solution for storing scientific data.

Survey: Real-Time Tumor Motion Prediction for Image-Guided Radiation Treatment Poonam S. Verma, Huanmei Wu, Mark P. Langer, Indra l. Das, and George Sandison Tumor motion caused by patient breathing creates challenges for accurate radiation dose delivery to a tumor while sparing healthy tissues. Image-guided radiation therapy (lGRT)helps, but there's a lag time between tumor position acquisition and dose delivered to that position. An efficient and accurate predictive model is thus an essential requirement for IGRTsuccess.

Climate Change Modeling: Computational Opportunities and Challenges Dali Wang, Wilfred M. Post, and Bruce E.Wilson High-fidelity climate models are the workhorses of modern climate change sciences.

In this article, the authors focus on several computational issues associated with climate change modeling, covering simulation methodologies, temporal and spatial modeling restrictions, the role of high-end computing, as well as the importance of data-driven regional climate impact modeling.

Cover iIIustration: Giacomo Marchesi www.giacomomarchesi.com

STATEMENT OF PURPOSE Computing in Science & Engineering aims to support and promote the emerging discipline of computational

Scalalab: An Effective Scala-Based Scientific Programming Environment for Java Stergios Papadimitriou, Konstantinos Terzidis, Seferina Mavroudi, and Spiridon Likothanassis Scala offers for many benefits for constructing scientific programming environments.

Extending Scala with Matlab-like constructs enabled the creation of ScalaSci, a compiled mathematical scripting framework, and ScalaLab, an efficient integrated scientific programming environment. ScalaLab offers an interesting op~n source alternative to commercial packages, especially for the scientific community familiar with lava.

Coupling Advanced Modeling and Visualization to Improve High-Impact Tropical Weather Prediction Bo-Wen Shen, Wei-Kuo Tao, and Bryan Green To meet the goals of extreme weather event warning, this approach couples a modeling and visualization system that integrates existing NASAtechnologies and improves the modeling system's parallel scalability to take advantage of petascale supercomputers. It also streamlines the data flow for fast processing and 3D visualizations, and develops visualization modules to fuse NASAsatellite data.

engineering

of computers and computational techniques

For more information

on these and other eomputing topies, please visit the IEEEComputer

in scientific

research and education. Every issue contains broad-interest theme articles, departments, news reports, and editorial comment. Collateral materials such as source code are made available electronically over the Internet. The intended audience comprises physical scientists, engineers, mathematicians, and others who would benefit from computational methodologies.

AIIarticles and technical notes in CiSEare peer-reviewed.

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Society Digital Library at www.eomputer.org/publieations/dlib/.

science and

and to foster the use

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Society

AclvancingControl Science andTechnology

OCTOBER 2011 Voiume 31 Number 5 WWW.IEEECSS.ORG/PAB/CSM

»

FEATURES

54

L1Adaptive Control for Safety-Critical Systems Guaranteed robustness with fast adaptation NAiRA HOVAKiMVAN, CHENGVU CAO, EVGENV KHARISOV, ENRiC XARGAV, and IRENE M. GREGORV

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Cover credit: Ray MayerlNASA Langley; supporting photo Sean Smith/NASA Langley

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FROMTHE EDITOR Hidden Factbrs

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ABOUT THIS ISSUE Envelopes

12

PRESIDENT'SMESSAGE Memories and Lessons from Adaptive Control

15

CSS NEWS

16

FEEDBACK

18

ASKTHE EXPERTS From Blue to Green

25

TECHNICALCOMMITTEEACTIVITIES Teclmical Cornmittee on Control Education

Opti cont ates is pn MAT Rea QUA soft\ desi

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Digital Objectldentifier 1O.1109/MCS.2011.941833

2 IEEE CONTROL SYSTEMS MAGAZINE » OCTOBER 2011

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OEPARTMENTS

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PUBLlCATIONACTIVITIES The Impact of Control Technology

28

APPLlCATIONSOF CONTROL Position Control in Lithographic Equipment

48

PEOPLEIN CONTROL Enrique Zuazua Dragan Nesic

105

FOCUS ON EDUCATION Mechatronics Mania at the Inaugural USA Science and Engineering Festival

112

BOOKSHELF .el Adaptive Control Theory: Guaranteed Robustness with Fast Adaptation Optimal Control with Engineering Applications Book Announcements

122

OBITUARY

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Herbert E. Rauch

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CONFERENCEREPORTS The 26th Youth Automation Conference of the Chinese Association of Automation

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4 IEEECONTROLSVSTEMSMAGAZINEÂť OCTOBER2011

SEPTEMBER 2011

- VOLUME5

MAGAZlNE

NUMBER3

ONTHECOVER: IMAGECOUR1ESYOF WWW.PUBUCOOMAlNPlCTURES.NET

Features EDlTOR-IN-CHIEF Dr. Mariusz Malinowski, Warsaw University 01 Technology, malin@ee.pw.edu.pl

6 High-Performance Motor Drives Development of New Converter Topologies Marian P. Kazmierkowski, leopoldo G.Franquelo, Jose Rodriguez, Marcelo A Perez, and Jose l. leon

PAST EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Dr. Marco Liserre, Founder 01the magazine, Politecnico di Bari, Italy

27 Advances of Mechatronics and Robotics

EDITORIAL BOARD Pro!. Kamal AI-Haddad Ecole de technologie superieur, Canada Pro!. Seta Bogosyan - Educational/Chapter News University 01Alaska Fairbanks, USA Prol. Bimal K. Bose University 01Tennessee, USA Dr. Chandan Chakraborty Indian Institute 01 Technology, India Dr. Michael W. Condry -Industry Forum Intel, USA Pro!. Hiroshi Fujimoto - New Products University 01Tokyo, Japan Pro!. Massimo Guarnieri - Historical Column University 01 Padua, Italy Prol. Okyay Kaynak Bogazici University, Turkey Pro!. Marian Kazmierkowski - Book News Warsaw University 01Technology, Poland Dr. Marco Liserre Politecnico di Bari, Italy Pro!. Kouhei Ohnishi Keio University, Japan Dr. Alberto Pigazo University 01 Cantabria, Spain Dr. Juan J. Rodríguez-Andina-Society News University 01 Vigo, Spain Dr. Thilo Sauter Austrian Academy 01 Sciences, Austria Pro!. Fernando da Silva - Book News . Technical University 01 Lisbon, Portugal Pro!. Bogdan M. (Dan) Wilamowski - Auburn University, USA Dr. Richard Zurawski Atut Technology, USA

Challenges and Perspectives Ren e luo and ViWen Perng

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49 The New Frontier of Smart Grids An Industrial Electronics Perspective Xinghuo Yu,Carlo Cecati,Tharam Dillon,and M.Godoy Simoes

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Guest Editors' Introductlon }ian Lu, Xian-Sheng Hua, and Dong Xu

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Visual Reranklng: From Objectlves to Strategies Xinmei Tian and Dacheng Tao A study of the development of visual reranking methods can faeilitate an understanding of the field, offer a ciearer view of what has been achieved, and help overcome emerging obstacies in this area.

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Real-Time Video Copy-Location Detectlon in Large-Scale Repositories 80 Liu,Zhu Li,Linjun Yang, Meng Wang, and Xinmei Tian By exploring the temporal relationships inherent in video, a probabilistic framework can help identify and loeate copies of query videos.

Namlng People in News Videos with Label Propagatlon Phi The Pham, Tinne Tuytelaars,and Marie-FrancineMoens A faee-naming method that learns from labeled and unlabeled examples relies on iterative label propagation in a graph of eonnected faces or name-face pairs.

56

Dlscoverlng the Thematlc ObJect in Commerclal Videos GangqiangZhao, junsong Yuan,jiang Xu, and Ying Wu The thematie object in a eommercial video is representative of its contento The authors propose a datamining method for thematic object discovery in commercials by finding spatially eolloeated visual features.

66

Vocabulary Hlerarchy Optimlzatlon and Transfer for Scalable Image Search Rongrongji, Hongxun Yao,Xing Xie, and Qi Tian

Weighted Subspace Filtering and Ranking Algorithms for Video Concept Retrleval Lin Lin, Chao Chen, Mei-Ling Shyu, and Shu-Ching Chen The proposed framework, with weighted subspace filtering and ranking components, is the first attempt in multimedia resear~h to apply multiple correspondence analysis to seleeted features while pruning data instances.

A vocabulary hierarehy optimization and transfer framework uses density-based metrie learning to correct quantization biases, without supervision. http://www.computer.org/multimedia

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Music Generation with Markov Models Walter Schulze and Brink van der Merwe By using music written in a certain style as training data, parameters can be calculated for Markov chains and hidden Markov models to capture the musical style of the training data as mathematical models.

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Engineering Fun Guest Editors' Introduction Clark Verbrugge and Paul Kruszewski

30

Improving Digital Game Development

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AndreW.B.Furtado, Andre L.M. Santos, GeberL. Ramalho, and Eduardo Santana de Almeida

38 Journey: A Massively Multiplayer Online Game Middleware Alexandre Denault and J6rg Kienzle

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67 A Survey on Open Source Software Trustworthiness Vieri del Bianco, Luigi Lavazza, Sandro Morasca, and Davide Taibi

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Access Control in JavaScript

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INSIGHTS

12

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Technology Transfer: A Software Security Marketplace Case Study

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53

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Repairing Games at Runtime or,

HowWeLearnedto StopWorrying and LoveEmergence Chris Lewis and Jim Whitehead

MISCELLANEOUS 6 How to Reach Us 59

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SUSTAIN FOREST INITIATM

Building the Community of Leading Software Practitioners

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EDITOR IN CHIEF ForrestShull tshull@computer.org EDITOR IN CHIEF EMERITUS: Hakan Erdogmus, Kalemun Research

ASSOCIATE EDITORS IN CHIEF Computing Now: Maurizio Morisio, Politecnico di Torino; maurizio.mori.sio@polito.it Design/Architecture:

Uwe Zdun,

University01Vienna; uwe.zdun@univie.ac.at

DevelopmentInlrastructuresandTools: ThomasZimmermann, MicrosoftResearch; tzimmer@microsoft.com Distributedand EnterpriseSoftware: JohnGrundy,Swinburne University ofTechnology; john-g@cs.auckland.ac.nz

DEPARTMENTS

EmpiricalStudies:ToreDyba,SINTEF; Tore.Dyba@sintef.no.

4 From the Editor

16 Voice of Evidence

Managing Montezuma Handling All the Usual Challenges of Software Development, and Making It Fun: An Interview with Ed Beach Forrest Shull

Testing Software Product Lines Paulo Anselmo da Mota SilveiraNeto, Per Runeson, Ivan do Carmo Machado, Eduardo Santana de Almeida, SilvioRomero de Lemos Meira, and EmelieEngstr6m

8 Letters

21

12 On Architecture

The Pragmatic Architect Gardening Your Architecture, Part 2: Reengineering and Rewriting FrankBuschmann

Unintentionaland UnbalancedTransparency

24

Remembering Ann Miller

Impact

Software Mileage

Grady Booch

Michiel van Genuchten and Les Hatton

14 Viewpoints NalvetĂŠ Squared: In Search of Two Taxonomies and a Mapping between Them Robert L. Glass and Iris Vessey

86

Software Technology Test Management Panos Louridas

92

Requirements RequirementsTracery Olly Gotel and Stephen Morris

96

Tools of the Trade FakingIt Diomidis Spinellis

Insightsand ExperienceReports:LindaRising, consultant;Iinda@lindarising.org HumanandSocialAspects: Margaret-Anne (Peggy)Storey,University 01Victoria, Canada;mstorey@uvic.ca Management:JohnFavaro,Intecs;john@lavaro.net ProgrammingLanguagesand Paradigms: LaurenceTrall,Middlesex University; laurie@trall.net Processes:WollgangStrigel,consultan!; strigel@qalabs.com Quality:AnnieCombelles, DNVlQ-Labs; annie.combelles@dnv.com Requirements:NeilMaiden,CityUniversity London;cc559@soLcity.ac.uk JaneCleland-Huang, DePaulUniversity; jhuang@ctLdepaul.edu

DEPARTMENT EDITORS Bookshell:ArtSedighi,SoftModule CareerDevelopment:PhilippeKruchten, University 01BritishColumbia Impact:MichielvanGenuchten, OpenDigitalDentistry LesHallon,KingstonUniversity OnArchitecture:GradyBooch,IBMResearch PragmaticArchitect:FrankBuschmann, Siemens Requirements:NeilMaiden,CilyUniversity London SoftwareTechnology:ChristolEbert,Vector Tools01the Trade:DiomidisSpineilis, AthensUniversity 01Economics andBusiness Voice01Evidence:ToreDyb1\,SINTEF HelenSharp,TheOpenUniversity

ADVISORY

BOARD

Frances Paulisch, Siemens (Chair) Pekka Abrahamsson, Free University01Bozen-Bolzano Ayse Basar Bener, Ryerson University Jan Bosch, Chalmers Univ. 01Technology Taku FUjii,Osaka Gas Inlormation System Research Institute Robert L. Glass, Computing Trends Kevlin Henney,consultant Gregor Hohpe, Google Dorothy McKinney, Lockhead Martin Space Systems

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Grigori Melnik, Microsoft Ipek Ozkaya,Software Engineering Institute Wollgang Strigel, consultant

DouglasR. Vogel, City Univ. 01Hong Kong Markus V6lter, consultant Rebecca Wirls-Brock, Wirls-Brock Associates

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I NUM~ER 3 I FALL2011 I http://ieeessit.org/technology_and_society/

SPECIALISSUEON ISTAS2010: THE FALLOUT FROM EMERGINGTECHNOLOGIES Guest Editors: Katina Michael and M.G. Michael

DEPARTMENTS

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SPECIAL ISSUE FEATURES

18

ID Scanners in the Australian Night- Time Economy * DarrenPalmer,lan Warren,andPeterMiller

25

WorkplaceConsequencesof ElectronicExhibitionismand Voyeurism* WilliamA. Herbert

34

Continuous RFID-Enabled Authentication: Privacy Implications* StanKurkovsky,EwaSyta,and BernardoCasano ,

42

Regulating Beyond Nanotechnology* LyriaBennettMoses

49

Cyborg Rights * RogerClarke

FEATU RES 58

Privacy in the Age of Google and Facebook CatherineDwyer *Refereed (over

articles.

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OfWhales and Wind Turbines

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DEPARTMENTS

11TRADING AT THE SPEED OF LlGHT The speed of financial transactions is reaching its theoreticallimits.

By David Schneider

4 BACK STORY Our executive editor gets his shoes on the ground in Afghanistan to report on electrical reconstruction efforts.

6 CONTRIBUTORS

13 KILLER APPS FOR FAST NETWORKS 14 COMMENTARY: STEVE JOBS IN 4 STEPS

20 THE BIG PICTURE A new tidal energy turbine in Ireland produces electricity by going with the flow.

16 ROBOT DIARIES 18 SHOE POWER

OPINION 8 SPECTRAL LINES The effort to improve Afghanistan's electrical infrastructure has been even more troubled than the one in Iraq.

BYSusan Hassler

ii::I

When you think wind turbines, you probably don't think whales. But by incorporating some structures inspired by humpback whale fins, one firm has built much more efficient turbines.

And by copying the way fish swim in schools, a separate research team has figured out how to pack more turbines into wind farms. Such biomimicry could contribute to more affordable renewable energy.

28 TECHNICALLY SPEAKING To integrate the digital world and the real one, we need so me new words. By Paul McFedrles

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AVAILABLE 70CTOBER

22 HANDS ON Create your own closedcaptioning system wlth an on-screen-display generator.

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THE IEEE J08 SITE CELE8RATES 10 YEARS It's been a decade since IEEE launched its job site for members, and the service has never been so needed. There are all

24 TOOLS & TOYS New technologies are making LCDs even thinner.lighter, and cheaper. By Alfred Poor

sorts of features to help members find a job. And more than 5000 employers use the site to post open 1300 everymonth. positlons-about

26 PROFILE A 13-year-old programmer teaches us a thing or two about philanthropy. By Susan Karlln 84 THE DATA What are the top programmlng languages? It depends on who's asking. By Rltchie S. Klng

WEBINARS EXPLORE RISK MANAGEMENT The demand for engineers familiar wlth risk management 15high, yet few have the training. To beef up IEEE members' knowledge of the field and boost thefr career opportunities, IEEE-USA has rolled out a slx-part webinar on the topic.

CUTTING DOWN ON SPAM Despite e-mail filters. spam has become an annoying part of our daily lives.

But a group of researchers has found a way to help cut down on e-mail junk-by hittlng spammers where it hurts most: their wallets.

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September 2011, Vol. 49, No. 9

OITlllUiJunication www.comsoc.org

MAGAZINE

...

Director of Magazines Andrzej Jajszczyk, AGH U. of Sci. & Tech. (Poland) Editor-in-Chief Steve Gorshe, PMC-Sierra, Ine. (USA) Associate Editor-in-Chief Sean Moore, Centripetal Networks (USA) Senior Technical Editors Tom Chen, Swansea University (UK) Nim Cheung, ASTRI (China) Nelson Fonseea, State Univ. of Campinas (Brazil) Peter T. S. Yum, The Chinese U. Hong Kong (China) Technical

Sonia Aissa, Univ. of Quebee (Canada) Mohammed Atiquzzaman, U. of Oklahoma (USA) Paolo Bellavista, DEIS (Italy) Tee-Hiang Cheng, Nanyang Teeh. U. (Rep. Singapore) Sudhir S. Dixit, Hewlett-Paekard Labs India (India) Stefano Galli, ASSIA, Ine. (USA) Joan Garcia-Haro, Poly. U. of Cartagena (Spain) Admela Jukan, Teeh. Univ. Carolo- Wilhelmina zu Braunsehweig (Germany) Vimal Kumar Khanna, mCalibre Teehnologies (India) Janusz Konrad, Boston University (USA) Deep Medhi, Univ. of Missouri-Kansas City (USA) Nader F. Mir, San Jose State Univ. (USA) Amitabh Mishra, Johns Hopkins University (USA) Seshradi Mohan, University of Arkansas (USA) Glenn Parsons, Ericsson Canada (Canada) Joel Rodrigues, Univ. of Beira Interior (Portugal) Jungwoo Ryoo, The Penn. State Univ.-AItoona (USA) Hady Salloum, Stevens Institute of Teeh. (USA) Antonio Sรกnehez Esguevillas, Telefonica (Spain) Dan Keun Sung, Korea Adv. Ins!. Sci. & Teeh. (Korea) Danny Tsang, Hong Kong U. of Sci. & Tech. (Japan) Chonggang Wang, InterDigital Commun., LLC (USA) Alexander M. Wyg1inski,Worcester poly. Institute (USA) Series Editors Ad Hoe and SensorNelWorks Edoardo Biagioni, U. of Hawaii, Manoa (USA) Silvia Giordano, Univ. of App. Sci. (Switzerland) Automotive NelWorkingand Applieations Wai Chen, Te1cordia Teehnologies, Ine (USA) Luca Delgrossi, Mercedes-Benz R&D N.A (USA) Timo Koseh, BMW Group (Germany) Tadao Saito, University of Tokyo (Japan) Consumer Communieatons and NelWorking Madjid Merabti, Liverpool John Moores U. (UK) Mario Kolberg, University of Sterling (UK) Stan Moyer, Telcordia (USA) Design & Implementation Sean Moore, Avaya (USA) Salvatore Loreto, Ericsson Researeh (Finland) Integrated Circuitsfor Communieations Charles Chien (USA) Zhiwei Xu, SST Communieation Ine. (USA) Stephen Molloy, Qua1comm (USA) Network and ServieeManagement Series George Pavlou, U. College London (UK) Aiko Pras, U. ofTwente (The Netherlands) NelWorking Testing Series Yingdar Lin, National Chiao Tung University (Taiwan) Erica Johnson, University of New Hampshire (USA) Tom MeBeath, Spirent Communieations Ine. (USA) Eduardo Joo, Empirix Ine. (USA) Topies in Optical Communieations Hideo Kuwahara, Fujitsu Laboratories, LId. (Japan) Osman Gebizlioglu, Telcordia Teebnologies (USA) John Speneer, Optelian (USA) Vijay Jain, Verizon (USA) Topiesin RadioCommunkations Joseph B. Evans, U. of Kansas (USA) Zaran Zvonar, MediaTek (USA) Standards Yoiehi Maeda, NTT Adv. Teeh. Corp. (Japan) Mostafa Hashem Sherif, AT&T (USA) Columns Book Reviews Piotr Cholda, AGH U. of Sei. & Teeh. (Poland) History of Communieations Steve Weinsten (USA) Regulatory and Policr. Issues J. Seott Mareus, WIK (Gerrnany) Jon M. Peha, Carnegie Mellon U. (USA) Teehnology Leaders' Forum Steve Weinstein (USA) Very Large Projeets Ken Young, Telcordia Teehnologies (USA) Publications Staff Joseph Milizzo, Assistant Publisher Ene Levine, Associate Publisher Susan Lange, Online Produetion Mana,ger Jennifer Poreello, Produetion Speciahst Catherine Kemelmaeher, Associate Editor

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IEEE

.IEEE ~ SOCIETV COMMUNICATIONS . =. ..

September 2011, Vol. 49, No. 9

Editors

www.comsoc.org/--ci QpTICAL FIBER-WIRELESSACCESS NETWORKS: ARCHITECTURESAND PERFORMANCEIMPROVEMENTS S. GEBIZUOGLU. HIDEO KUWAHARA,VUAYJAlN, AND JOHN SPENCER

SERIES EDITORS: OSMAN

36 38

GUEST EDITORIAL NETWORK

CODING

IN NEXT-GENERATION

PASSIVE

OPTICAL

NETWORKS

The authors introduce the basic principies of NC and discuss their applicability to NG-PONs, with a focus on layer 2 design, Their example iIIustrations and simulations demonstrate significant potential performance improvements in various NG-PON scenarios while clarifying some underlying topological constraints of NC. KERIMFOULI,MARTINMAIER.ANDMURIELMร DARD -

48

POWERING THE TELEPHONE OVER OPTICAL LINKS FOR HIGH AVAILABILlTY, Low COST, AND SMALL CARBON FOOTPRINT

Providing power from the central office to telephone apparatus is used in copperbased systems to achieve high availability, low costoand low electricity power consumption. It is feasible to power the telephone at customer premises optically by sending optical power over the optical fiber connection.

SALAHAL-CHALABI

56

INDOOR

OPTlCAL

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION: POTENTIAL AND STATE-OF-THE-ART

In recent years, interest in optical wireless (OW) as a promising

complementary technology for RF technology has gained new momentum fueled by significant deployments in sol id state lighting technology, The authors review recent advancements in OW communication. with the main focus on indoor deployment scenarios.

HANY ELGALA,RAEDMESLEH,AND HARALDHAAS

64

HIERARCHICAL

FRAME

AGGREGATlON

TECHNIQUES

FOR HVBRID

FIBER-WIRELESS

ACCESS NETWORKS The authors consider the medium access control enhancements of emerging high-throughput WLANs and introduce a novel fiber-wireless (FiWi) backhaul network architecture that integrates the next-generation WLAN-based wireless mesh network and Ethernet passive optical network.

NAVIDGHAZISAIDIAND MARTINMAIER

01

TOPICS IN RADIO COMMUNICATIONS SERIES EDITORS: JOSEPH EVANS AND ZORAN ZVONAR

74

GUEST EDITORIAL

76 ALOE: AN OPEN-SOURCE SDR EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT WITH COGNITIVE COMPUTING RESOURCE MANAGEMENT CAPABILlTIES

Future radio transceivers will offer more functionalities and system features for potentiating flexibleand reconfigurable radio access networks. Sinceflexibilityin this case comes at a price of computing resource overhead. The authors propose a conceptually simple though powerful framework for digital signal processing applications.

ISMAEL GOMEZ. VUK MAROJEVIC. AND ANTONI GELONCH

84

IMPACT OF POLLlNG ON BLUETOOTH PICONET PERFORMANCE

Bluetooth has become a ubiquitous technology present in almost every electronic device. A question often asked by manufacturers and final users is whether it can be used for uses other than the ones for which it was designed with the fewest modifications in the implementation of the protocol. The authors analyze the impact on performance"Ofthe lowest levelsof the Bluetooth architecture through a relevant parameter known as the polling time.

DAVID CONTRERASAND MARIO CASTRO

90

CONTROL

OF THE TRADE-OFF

BETWEEN RESOURCE

EFFICIENCY

AND

USER FAIRNESS

IN WIRELESSNETWORKSUSINGUTlLlTY-BASEDADAPTIVERESOURCE ALLOCATION The authorsaddressthe fundamentalproblemof the trade-offbetweenresource efficiency and user fairness in wireless networks that use opportunistic radio resource allocation, The concept of managing the trade-off by controlling the system fairness index is applied. In order to do that. two adaptive utility-based resource allocation frameworks are proposed.

EMANUELB. RODRIGUES AND FERNANDO CASADEVALL

For Reg 762!

COMMUNICATIONS MIDDLEWAREFOR MOBILE DEVICESAND ApPLlCATIONS

2011 Communications Society Elected Officers Byeong Gi Lee, President Vijay Bhargava, President-Elect Mark Karol, IP- Technical Activities Khaled B. Letaief, IP-Conferences Sergio Benedetto, IP-Member Relations Leonard Cimini, IP-Publicaticns

GUEST EDITORS: GURUDUTH S.BANAVAR, PAOLO BELlAVISTA, RAvlKOTHARJ, ANDNAUNIVENKATASUBRAMANIAN

100 103

GUEST EDITORIAL GENERIC

INTERFACE ARCHITECTURE

MAHESH SOORIYABANDARA, TIM FARNHAM, PETRI MÁHÓNEN,

Robert Fish, Joseph Evans Nelson Fonseca, Michele Zorzi Class of 2012

114

Gerhard Fettweis, Stefano Gam Robert Shapiro, Moe Win

2011 IEEE Officers Moshe Kam, President Gordon W. Day, President-Elect Roger D. Pollard, Secretary Harold L. Aescher, Treasurer Pedro A. Ray, Past-Presiden!

E. James Prendergast, Executive Director Nim Cheung, Director, Division III

124

USING AN OPEN-SOURCE

ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION: $27 per year print subscription. $16 per year digital subscription. Non-member print subscription: $400. Single copy price is $25.

IMPLEMENTATION FOR NETWORK-BASED

PUBLlSH/SUBSCRIBE DELAY-TOLERANT MESSAGE-ORIENTED MIDDLEWARE FOR RESILlENT COMMUNICATION

A CONTEXT REALlZATION FRAMEWORK FOR UBIQUITOUS ApPLlCATIONS WITH

RUNTIMESUPPORT Context awareness makes information technology invisible and seamless to people's daily living. As a result, numerous context frameworks have been developed for simplifying the development of context-aware applications by providing low-Ievel context data operations such as acquisitions and simple aggregations in terms of APls or toolkits. These frameworks are still falling short in requiring developers to explicitly deal with context-related tasks such as constraint enforcement in the application code. The authors present a framework to bridge the gap.

JIANZHU,HUNGKENGPUNG,MOHAMMAD OLIVA,ANDWAI CHOONG WONG

EDITORIAL CORRESPONDENCE: Address to: Editorin-Chief, Steve Gorshe, PMC-Sierra, lnc., 10565 S.W. Nimbus Avenue, Portland, OR 97223; tel: +(503) 4317440, e-mail: steve...J¡orshe@pmc-sierra.com.

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POSTMASTER: Send address changes to IEEE Communications Magazine, IEEE, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331. GST Registration No. 125634188. Printed in USA. Periodicals postage paid at New York, NY and at additional mailing offices. Canadian Post lnternational Publications Mail (Canadian Distribution) Sales Agreement No. 40030962. Return undeliverable Canadian addresses to: Frontier, PO Box 1051, 1031 Helena Street, Fort Eire, ON L2A 6C7

-

IEEE802.21

LOCALlZEDMOBILlTYMANAGEMENT The authors present ODTONE, an IEEE802.21 implementation that is operatingsystem-independent and open source, and offers a novel approach to interfacing with different link layers that facilitates the deployment of IEEE802.21 mobility mechanisms in multiple scenarios.

DANIEL CORUJO, CARLOS GUIMARAES, BRUNO SANTOS, ANDRUIL. AGUIAR

PENG JIANG, JOHN BIGHAM, ELlANE BODANESE, AND EMMANUEL CLAUDEL

132

Magazine.

changes

MARINA PETROVA,

The authors describe a mobile middleware architecture using delay-tolerant network(DTN)technology,and publish/subscribe concepts.

IEEECOMMUNICATIONSMAGAZINE(ISSN 01636804) is published monthly by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Headquarters address: IEEE, 3 Park Avenue, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10016-5997,USA; tel: +1-212705-8900;http://www.comsoc.orglci.Responsibility for the contents rests upon authors of signed artieles and not the IEEE or its members. Unless otherwise spedfied, the IEEE neither endorses nor sanctions any positions or actions espoused in IEEE Communications

address

RESOURCE

JANNE RIIHIJÁRVI, AND ZHOU WANG

Stefano Bregni, V. Chan Iwao Sasase, Sarah K. Wilson Class of 2013

orders,

COGNITIVE

The authors present a new generic interface and APIarchitecture that has been developed and prototyped in several different wireless platforms.

Members-at-Large Class of 2011

SUBSCRIPTIONS,

SUPPORTlNG

MANAGEMENTIN FUTUREWIRELESSNETWORKS

TOPICS IN NETWORK TESTING GUESTEDITORS:YING-DAR UN, ERICAJOHNSON, AND EDUARDO Joo

142 144

153

162

EDITORIAL

MEASURING

THE BITTORRENT

ECOSYSTEM:

TECHNIQUES,

TIPS, AND TRICKS

BitTorrent is the most successful peer-to-peer application. In recent years the research community has studied the BitTorrent ecosystem by collecting data from real BitTorrent swarms using different measurement techniques. The authors present the first survey of these techniques.

MICHALKRVCZKA, RUBÉN C'!EVAS, CARMEN GUERRERO, ARTURO AzCORRA, ANDANGELCUEVAS OEFMON: AN OPEN EVALUATlONFRAMEWORKFORMULTIMEDIAOVERNETWORKS The authors pro pos OEFMON, an open framework for evaluating the qua lity of multimedia transmissions over networks.

SOOVONG LEE,BENLEE,ANDKVOUNGHEE LEE CHUNHO LEE,MVUNGCHUL KIM,SOONJ. HYUN,

IN PURSUITOF MASSIVESERVICEEMULATION:A METHODOLOGYFORTESTBED BUILDING Every day, more servicesin the Internet are being massivelyused, while network operators struggle to maiFltaintheir performance. Since simulations are not always accurate and evaluation prior to deployment is a must, it is often convenient to build an emulation testbed to test these servicesin more realistic environments.

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ALBERTOÁLVAREZ,ROBERTO GARCIA,SERGIOCABRERO, XABIELG. PAÑEDA,DAVIDMELENDI, AND RAFAELOREA

169

ACCEPTEDFROM OPEN CALL ACHIEVINGAIRTIMEFAIRNESS OF DELAY-SENSITIVE ApPLlCATIONSIN MULTIRATE IEEE802.11 WIRELESSLANs In multirate IEEE802.11 wireless LANs,performance anomaly is a well-studied problem. Most existing solutions try to solve this problem by achieving airtime fairness. However, these solutions tend to increase the frame delay of so me stations. If these stations run delay-sensitiveapplications, e.g., VolPand video conferences, their qua lity of service would be seriously degraded. The authors introduce and classify the existing solutions.

POCHIANG LIN,Wu-I CHOU,ANDTSUNGNAN UN

President's Page Certification Comer Book Reviews New Products

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