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of the Hlstory of Computlng Volume 33

Number 4

October-December

2011

http://www.computer.org

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Cybernetics IEEE

+IEEE

~comp~J~fety

~ñnals of the Hlstory of Compudng

Editor in Chief

Departments 56

Jeffrey R. Yost

Anecdotes

Associate Editor In Chief Atsushi Akera

fulian Feldman

Computersand Thought- The Back Story MichaelAldrich Online Shopping in the 1980s

62

Senlor Consulting Edltors Thomas J. (Tim) Bergin Paul E. Ceruzzi David Alan Grier

Interviews

Consulting Editor Luanne Johnson

David Walden, Editor Ward Cunningham

68

Assoclate Edltors Janet Abbate Eden Medina Andrew Russell

Local Area Networks Michael

Geselowitz

Vancouver

70

Editorial

Biographies Thomas

Haigh

Charles W. Bachman: Database Software Pioneer

81

Reviews feffrey R. Yost and Atsushi

84

Akera, Editors

Events and Sightings Chigusa Kita, Editor SOth Anniversary oí MIT's Compatible Time-Sharing System Obituary: Jean Carteron

88

Think Piece Nathan

Ensmenger

From Computer Celebrities to Historical Biography Computer

Society Information,

p. 37

The Annals Annual Index for 2011 is available onlh)e at www.computer.org/annals/llindex.

All fuII-length artídes published in this joumal are peer reviewed.

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Publishedbythe IEEEComputerSociety http://www.computer.org/micro

................................................................................................................

November/Oecember2011

Volume 31 Number 6

Features 4

Guest Editors' Introduction: Cool Chips Makoto Ikeda and Fumio Arakawa

6

Cool Mega-Arrays: Ultralow-Power Reconfigurable Accelerator Chips Nobuaki Ozaki, Yoshihiro Yasuda, Yoshiki Saito, Daisuke Ikebuchi, Masayuki Kimura, Hideharu Amano, Hiroshi Nakamura, Kimiyoshi Usami, Mitaro Namiki, and Masaaki Kondo

19

High-Throughput, Low-Power Software-Defined Radio Using Reconfigurable Processors Tomoya Suzuki, Hideki Yamada, Toshiyuki Yamagishi, Daisuke Takeda, Koji Horisaki, Toshio Fujisawa, Yasuo Unekawa, Tom Vander Aa, and Liesbet Van der Perre

29

39

51

Loop-Directed Mothballing: Power Gating Execution Units Using Runtime Loop Analysis CraigA. Court and Paul HJ Kelly Peach: A Multicore Communication System on Chip with PCI Express Sugako Otani, Hiroyuki Kondo, Itarit Nonomura, ToshihiroHanawa, Shin 'ichi Miura, and Taisuke Boku Advanced Camera Technolo.gTesfor Broadcasting Hiroshi Shimamoto, Takayuki Yamashita, Misao Kubota,

and HirotakaMaruyama

.

Departments 2

From the Editor in Chief New Blood, Cool Chips, and Heterogeneous Designs

58

Prolegomena Are Field-Programmable Gate Arrays Ready for the Mainsrream?

64

Micro Economics Steve Jobs and the Economics of One Enrrepreneur Compurer Socieey Information, p.

Adverrising/Product Index, p. 57 2011 Annual Index: http://www.compurer.org/micro/llindex

Cover artwork by Peter Nagy peternagy@earthlink.net

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NOVEMBER/DECEMBER

2011

IEEE

VOLUME9, NUMBER6

PRIVACY Features Living with Insecurity

12 14 11

Guest Editors'Introduction

WILlIAM ARBAUGHAND DEBORAHA. FRINCKE

Security Dilemma: Healthcare Clinicians at Work ROSA R. HECKLE Clinicians make unconscious decisions to comply with security measures or to live with a certain level of insecurity to get their job done.

20

Security RiskManagement Using Incentives DEBINLIU,NINGHUILI, XIAOFENG WANG, ANDL. JEANCAMP An incentive-based mechanism

access control uses a reward

to help organizations

collaborativeintrusion detectionsystems.

A robust approachto computing attack statisticscan help counterthis threat.

manage

risky access behaviors and prevent inadvertent insider threat.

29

Helping Users Deal with Digital Threats: The Online User Supervision Archi!ecture ANTONIO MANUEL

43

FERNĂ NDEZ VILLAMOR

Operations with Degraded Security SIMSON L.

GARFINKEL

AND

GEORGE

DINOLT

lfsing the ResiliNetsmodel,the authorsdiscuss fivestrategiesfor operatingin a degraded securityenvironment.

ANDJUANC. YELMO Oversee, an onlineusersupervisionarchitecture, lets Internet servicesstipulate that userscomply with a series of requirements or be accompanied by a qualified supervisor.

49

Securing Database as a Service: Issues and Compromises

I

JOELWEISAND JIM ALVES-Foss

36

Securing Collaborative Intrusion Detection Systems STEVENCHEUNG

Statistic-poisoningattacksinject incorrect securitysensorreports into the repositoryof

Oatabaseasa servicehasseveralmajor issues and concerns,suchasdata security,trust, expectations,regulations,andperformance issues.Proposedsolutionsinc/uderisk managementand authenticity techniques.

I

I

I Postmaster: Send undelivered copies and address changes to IEEESecurity& Privocy,Membership Processing Dept., IEEEService (enter, 445 Hoes lane, Piscataway, NJ08854-4141. Periodicals postage rate paid at New York,NY,and at additional mailing offices. Canadian GST #125634188. Canada Post Publications Mail Agreement Number 40013885. Return undeliverable Canadian addresses to PO Box 122. Niagara Falls,ON l2E 6S8. Printed in the USA.Clrculation: IEEE Security& Privacy(ISSN1540-7993) is published bimonthly by the IEEEComputer Sodety.IEEE Headquarters, Three ParkAve., 17th Floor. New York,NY100165997; IEEEComputer Sodety Publications Office, 10662 los Vaqueros Cirele. los Alamitos, CA 90720-1314, phone +1 714821 8380; IEEEComputer Society Headquarters, 2001 l St., Ste. 700. Washington, D.C. 20036. Subscrlption rates: IEEEComputer Sodety members get the lowest rates and choice 01 media .option-S31/61/965 USmemberlsister society/nonmember institutional print + online. Go to www.computer.org/subscribe to arder and for more information on other subscription prices. Backissues: S20 for members and $161 for nonmembers.IEEE Security& Privacyiscopublished by the IEEEComputer and Reliability Societies. For more information on computing topies, visifthe Computer Society Digital Library at www.eomputer.org/esdl.

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IEEE~computer society www.computer.org/cise/

NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2011

November/December 2011 Vol. 13, No. 6

BIG

DATA

1O Guest Editors' Introduction

Francis J.Alexander, Adolfy Hoisie, and Alexander Szalay

14

Data-Intensive Science in the Department of Energy: Case Studies and Future Challenges James P. Ahrens, Bruce Hendrickson, Gabrielle Long, Steve Miller, Robert Ross, and Dean Williams Given its leading role in high-performance computing for modeling and simulation and its many experimental facilities, the US Department of Energy has a tremendous need for data-intensive science. Locating the challenges and commonalities among three case studies illuminates, in detail, the technical challenges involved in realizing data-intensive science.

25

M

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34

H I

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Data-Intensive Scalable Computing for Scientific Applications Randal E. Bryant Increasingly, scientific computing applications must accumulate and manage massive datasets, as well as perform sophisticated computations over these data. Such applications call for data-intensive scalable computer (DISC) systems, which differ in fundamental ways from existing high-performance computing systems.

Extreme Data-Intensive Scientific Computing Alexander S. Szalay Scientific computing increasingly involves massive data; in astronomy, observations and numerical simulations are o,nthe verge of generating petabytes. This new, datacentric computing requires a new look at computing architectures and strategies.

Using Amdahl's law to characterize architectures and workloads, it's possible to use existing commodity parts to build systems that approach an ideal Am.dahl machine.

+IEEE AIP dio......

Cover iIIustration: Giacomo Marchesi www.giacomomarchesi.com

STATEMENT OF PURPOSE Computing in Science & Engineering aims to support and promote the emerging discipline of computational engineering

of computers and computational techniques

AL SO

42

IN

THIS

in scientific

research and education. Every issue contains broad-interest

ISSUE'

theme articles, departments,

Massively Parallel Neural Signal Processing on a Many-Core Platform

Dan Chen, LizheWang, GaoxiangOuyang, and XiaoliLi

.

Although the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD)methorl and HilbertHuang transform (HHT) offer an unrivaled opportunity to understand neural signals, the EEMDalgorithm's complexity and neural signals' massive size have hampered EEMDapplication.However,a new approach using a many-coreplatform has proven both efficient and effective for massively parallel neural signal processing.

52

science and

and to foster the use

Visualizing 3D Earthquake Simulation Data Cheng-Kai Chen, Chris Ho, Carlos Correa, Kwan-Liu Ma, and Ahmed Elgamal As exemplified in a state-of-the-art bridge-foundation-ground model simulation, a suite of new visualization techniques lets scientists study seismic waves and interactively investigate and explore their data. In so doing, the techniques further scientific understanding and thus facilitate the development of new methods to protect real-world infrastructures against otherwise devastating earthquakes.

news reports, and editorial comment. Collateral materials such as source code are made available electronically over the Internet. The intended audience comprises physical scientists, engineers, mathematicians, and others who would benefit from computational methodologies.

AIIarticles and technical notes in OSE are peer-reviewed.

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SI of Computers http://www.computer.org/dt

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Flexible Electronics · · ·

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Poweringthe Future:OrganicSolarCellswith PolyrnerEnergyStolge

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NovemberlDecember

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Volume 28 Number 6 http://www .compiJter .org/dt

Other Features

Special Issue

6G

uest Editors' Introduction: A Promising Alternative to Conventional Silicon

Copubllshed by the IEEEComputer Society and the IEEEClrcults and Systems Society

Jiun-Lang Huang and Kwang-7ing (Tim) Cheng

8R

41

A

50

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Obust Circuit Design for Flexible Electronics

Tsung-Ching Huang, Jiun-Lang Huang, and Kwang-7ing (Tim) Cheng

16 M

aterials, Processing, and Testing of Flexible Image Sensor Arrays

William S. Wong, Tse Nga Ng, Sanjiv Sambandan, and Michael L. Chabinyc

James ChieQ-Mo Li, I-Chun Cheng, and Yung-Hui

Yeh

32 P

owering the Future: Organlc Solar Cells with Polymer Energy Storage

Ulsed.Latch Circuits: A New Dimension in

ASIC Design Youngsoo Shin and Seungwhun

58 66

24 P

lacement Optimization of Flexible TFT Digital Circuits ChesterLiu, En-HuaMa, Wen-En Wei,

daptive Testing: Dealing with Process Variability Peter Maxwell

Paik

L

ong.Term Thermal Overstressing of Computers Kirk A. Grayand Michael Pecht

R

ePlacing Error Vector Magnitude Test with RF and Analog BISTs Dalias L. Webster,Rick Hudgens, and Donald YC Lie

76

R

F Front.End Test Using Built.in Sensors

Louay Abdallah, Stratigopoulos,

and Christophe

Haralampos..c.

Salvador

Mir,

Kelma

Yindar Chuo, Badr Omrane,

Clint Landrock, Jeydmer Aristizabal, Donna Hohertz, Sasan V. Grayli, and Bozena Kaminska

ISSN0740-7475

NOVEMBER/DECEMBER

2011

Toward Digital Asset Protection Al and Sustainability Smart Market and Money

PUTTING

Al

INTO

PRACTICE

SOCIALand ECONOMIC COMPUTING

.

IEEE

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reason, learn, and act intelligently.

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Socialand Economic Computing

19 22

Guest Editors' Introduction Wenji Mao, Alexander Tuzhilin. and Jonathan Gratch

Stealing Reality: When Criminals Become Data Scientists (or Vice Versa) Yaniv Altshuler, Nadav Aharony. Alex Pentland, Yuval Elovici,and Manuel Cebrian

31 40

Click Fraud and the Adverse Effects of Competition Xiarong U, Daniel D.Zeng, Yong Uu. and Yanwu Yang

Bridging the Gap: Face-to-Face Negotiations with an Automated Mediator Raz Un, Yehoshua Gev, and Sarit Kraus

48

From Causal Scenarios to Social Causality: An Attributional Approach Wenji Mao, Ansheng Ge. and Xi~ocheri U

58

Persona lity, Emotion, and Mood in Agent-Based Group Decision Making Ricardo Santos, Goreti Marreiros, Carlos Ramos, JosĂŠ Neves, an.d JosĂŠ Bulas-Cruz

Postmaster: Send undeliveredcopies and address the first page of the copy,and 3) does not implyIEEE paperversionpolicy.html. Permissionto reprint/republish changes to IEEEIntelligent Systems. Membership endorsementof anythird-party productsor services. this material for commercial,advertising. or promotional ProcessingDept., IEEEServiceCenter,445 Hoeslane, Authorsandtheircompaniesare permittedto postthe purposes or for creating new collectiveworks for resale Piscataway, NJ 08854-4141. Periodicals Postage accepted version of IEEE-copyrightedmaterial on their or redistributionmustbe obtainedfrom IEEEbywriting Paid at New York, NY, and at additional mailing offices. Canadian G5T #125634188. Cana da Post Publications Mail Agreement Number 40013885.

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WhatWeCanLearn from SteveJobs,0.16

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Cori1pt1ting, p. 12

+IEEE www.computer.org/itpro

IEEEter ~comp~oclety

IN THIS ISSUE

14 Guest Editors' Introduction IT Education for Practitioners Jay Liebowitz and William W.Agresti

16

22

28

E-Leaming for IT Professionals:The UMUC Experience

The Promise of IT: Educating the Federal Government

The Technologist's ToolSet: A CIO's Perspective

Alan D. Carswell

Challenging the Traditional Graduate Information Systems Program

Susan Camarena

Michael B. Koval

and Irena Bojanova

John Baker Sr.

IT is rapidly evolving, and IT professionals must continuously upgrade their skills to remain current. E-learning can help by providing continuing education in a convenient manner, as evidenced by academic programs at the University of Maryland University College.

How do you make a graduate program more relevant? Develop a project-based capstone course that combines theoretical knowledge with practical application to offer students-even those enrolled only part-timea more comprehensive, integrated experience.

IT has a key role to play in government functions, especially given the Open Government Initiative in the US and its focus on transparency. What role can education play in helping the federal government better leverage IT?

The CIO of a nationwide real estate company discusses the skill set IT professionals will need to succeed in the years ahead. The technology will change, but analytical, communication, and project management skills will remain essential.

--

-

November/Decemoer

2011

COLUMNS AND DEPARTMENTS

4 From the

Editors

The Next Big Thing Thomas Jepsen

6 Spotlight What We Can Leam from Steve Jobs San Murugesan

9 Perspectives Mobile-App Addiction:Threat George Hur/burt,

Jeffrey

Voas, and Keith

to Security?

W. Mil/er

12 IT Ethics Courageous Computing Keith W. Mil/er

54 Insecure

IT

Role Engineering: Methods and Standards Edward

J. Coyne, Timothy

R. Wei/, and Rick Kuhn

58 Smart

IT Business Process Management and the Social Web Nuno Pereira,

Oavid Vera, and H. Gi/bert Mil/er

60 IT in

Emerging Markets Cloud Computing Gives Emerging Markets a Lift San Murugesan

64 CIO Comer

40

Specialists or Generalists?

Tom Costello

Managing Requirements Risks in IT Projects

Information Integration for Facility Management

Lars Mathiassen

Ciro

O'Urso

and Tuure Tuunanen

26 IEEECS Information 62 Advertiser Index ~~~i~"

IT professionals must navigate an increasingly complex requirements landscape. Presented here is a process for identifying, analyzing, and mitigating requirements risks throughout the project life cycle.The authors illustrate its use in a case study for a mobile presence service.

The administration of a parliamentary institution implemented a ComputerAided FacilityManagement system to better manage the institution's real estate. The state-ofthe-art CAFM system integrates graphical and alphanumerical data for more efficient property management.

Cover

Cal! for Papers: Mobile and Wireless Technologies and Applications

2011 Annuallndex: www.computer.org/ itpro/11 index

Onthe Web: computer.org/itpro For more information on eomputing topies, visit the Computer Society Digital Library at www.eomputer.org/csdl.

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MultiMedia October-December

2011

Vol. 18, No. 4

Published by the IEEE Computer Society in cooperation with the IEEECommunications Society and IEEESignal Processing Society

Feature Articles Personalized Coverage of Large Athletic Events Charalampos Z. Patrikakis, Nikolaos Papaoulakis, Panagiotis Papageorgiou, Aristodemos Pnevmatikakis, Paul Chippendale, MĂĄrio S. Nunes, Rui Santos Cruz, Stefan Poslad, and Zhenchen Wang This article presents a platform that lets users direct their own coverage of large athletic events, letting them set up their own virtual director and orchestrate event viewing according to their preferences.

Architectures and Technologies for Adapting Secured Content in Governed Multimedia Applications Anna Carreras,EvaRodrtguez,Jaime Delgado,

You Can Judge an Artist by an Album Cover: Using Images for Music Annotation Janis Lrbeks and Douglas Turnbul/ A computer-vision system predicts music genre tags by making use of content-based image analysis, suggesting that we can learn some notion of artists' similarity on the basis of visual appearance alone.

Safak Dogan, Hemantha KodikaraArachchi, Ahmet M. Kondoz, and Xavier Perramon This article analyzes existing initiatives and proposes new technologies for the governed adaptations of secured content in heterogeneous environments. These technologies are integrated into an architecture for the secure management of multimedia contento

Augmenting Live Broadcast Sports with 3D Tracking Information RickCaval/aro,Maria Hybinette, Marvin White, and Tucker Ba/ch

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COVERFEATURES

PERSPECTIVES

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1\vo Approaches to Interdisciplinary Computing+Music Courses Jesse M.

49

Back to Thin-Core Massively Parallel Processors Ami Marowka

Examination ofthe innovations ofthe past three

Heines, Gena R.Greher, 5. Alex

decades that brought chips to the point at which many-core processors are possible reveals that there are multiple roads ahead, and each isfull of challenges.

Ruthmann, and Brendan L. Reilly The developers of a university curriculum designed to bridge the gaps between the two disciplines have found that there are numerous ways to introduce arts majors to computing, and science and engineering majors to the arts.

33 Adapting a Virtual World for

COMPUTING PRACTICES

55

Rural Outsourcing:

Theatrical Performance Joe Geigel, Marla 5chweppe,'David and Brian Johnstone

Virtual reality

technology

Huynh,

39

Cultural Analytics in Large-Scale Visualization Environments 50 Yamaoka,

MaryLacity,Erran(armel, and Joseph Rottman

now makes it

possible to completely re~lrzetheatrical performances in a virtual space, but existing virtual world interfaces are too cumbersol1)e for this purpose. Researchers are working to develop virtual theatre systems with more natural and intuitive interfaces.

Lev Manovich,

Jeremy

Douglass, and Falko Kuester Researchers can use a large-scale collaborative digital workspace combined with visual analysis techniques to progressively develop and refine hypotheses to apply in gaining new insights into large, digital image collections,

Delivering

ITO and BPOServices from Remote Domestic Locations IT and business process outsourcing

,

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are

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. privilegedor minority populations.

RESEARCH FEATURE

63 Discovering City Dynamics through Sports Tracking Applications Laura Ferrari and Marco Mamei

Researcherscan use kernel density estimation to analyze spatiotemporal data from mobile devices to uncover human mobility patterns in urban spaces. Such analysis can support various applications ranging from location-based services to urban planning.

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Internet Security under Attack: The Undermining of Digital Certificates Neal Leavitt

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WHICH DTN CLP Is BESTFOR LONG-DELAY CISLUNARCOMMUNICATIONSWITH CHANNEL-RATEASYMMETRY?

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A QUEUEING-THEORETICALFRAMEWORKFOR QOS-ENHANCED SPECTRUMMANAGEMENT IN COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORKS lI-CHUN WANG, CHUNG-WEIWANG, AND KAI-TENFENG

28 ENERGY-EFFICIENT WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS:TUTORIAL,SURVEY,AND OPEN ISSUES GEOFFREY YE lI, ZHIKUNXu, CONG XIONG, CHENYANG YANG, SHUNQINGZHANG, YAN CHEN, AND SHUGONGXu

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ENERGY-EFFICIENTWIRELESS IN-HoME: THE NEED FOR INTERFERENCE-CONTROLLED FEMTOCELLS KANZHENG,YUYUWANG, WENBOWANG, MISCHADOHlER,ANDJIANQUANW ANG

74 HARMONIZED MOBILlTY MANAGEMENT IN IMS NETWORKSBASEDON THE SSON CONCEPT SPYROS l. TOMPROS, DIMITRIOS D. VERGADOS, AND NIKOLAOS P. MOURATIDIS

82 SURVIVABLEKEY MANAGEMENT ON WANETs MICHElENOGUEIRA,EDUARDODA SilVA, AlDRI SANTOS, AND LUIZCARLOSP. AlBINI

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Antennas & Propagation +IEEE

Volume 53, No. 5, October 2011

Magazine www.ieeeaps.org

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(ISSN 1045-9243)

Table of Contents Feature Articles RFID System Based on Fully Printable Chipless Tag for Paper-/Plastic-ltem Tagging Stevan Preradovic, Sushim M. Roy, and Nemai C. Karrnakar

15

An Electrically Small Multi-Frequency Genetic Antenna Immersed in a Dielectric Powder Edward E. Altshuler and Terry H. O'Donnell

33

Broadband Proximity-Fed Modified Rectangular Microstrip Antennas Amit A. Deshmukh and K. P. Ray

41

On the Array Performance of Printed, Ultra-Wideband "Eared" Antennas F. Muge Tanyer-Tigrek,loan E. Lager, and Leonardus P. Ligthart

57

Circularly Polarized Reconfigurable Crossed-Yagi Patch Antenna Xue-Song Yang, Bing-Zhong Wang, Sai Ho Yeung, Quan Xue, and Kim Fung Man

65

Time-Domain Far-Field Analysis of Radiation Sources E. K. Mil/er

81

Resonant Behavior of Radlo-Transmission Loss Due to Periodic Building Structures Ming Yang,Anthony K. Brown, and Stavros Stavrou

98

Also in'this Issue Change of Address Correetion In Memoriam: Robert Gordon Kouyoumjian Report on 2010 UWBISIS Report on 2011 IEAA Conference RSEMW 2011 IEEE iWEM 2011 Correetion Departments Editor's Comments - Stone President's Message - Salazar-Palma AP-S Chapter News - Shen Antenna Designer's Notebook - MiIIigan Measurements Comer - Fiseher and LaHaie EM Programmer's

AP-S Tumstile -

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Departments (Cont'd) 32 40 112 192 211 223 239 254

Et Cetera - Akg端l Meetings and Symposia

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Short Courses - Wasky Awards and Fellow Committee - Balanis Letters to the Editor Edueation Column

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155 158 162

Kelley

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Hidden Word - Gardiol Ethieally Speaking - Haupt

183 184

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Wirelees Comer - Rajo-Iglesias IEEE-USA ... ...

Women in Engineering AMTA Comer - Sehneider and Kemp

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Historieal Comer

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Testing Ourselves

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243

Rao and Kralovee

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Cover: An iIIustration of the EUROBIRDTM 2A satellite (courtesy of Space Systems/Loral). See the contribution

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IEEE AEROSPACE and ELECTRONIC

December 2011 ISSN 0885.8985 Volume Twenty Six Number Twelve

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Airspace Constraints for Departures: An Operational Sequence A. Borgman,P.J. Smith,M Evans, R. Beatty,K. Durham,C.Billings, E. Wiley&A. Spencer

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. . . . . . . . . . . 16 . ONERASARFacilities'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

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November2011 ISSN0885-8985 ...

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News & Ioformatioo NASA Intemship at Sikorsky Aircraft

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