Kyosang on Highway - An Eco tourist rest stop at high altitude region of Himachal Pradesh and Ladakh

H

ON

Y A G H W

‘Kyosang on Highway’ KYOSANG is taken from a word SKYOSANGS which is taken from Bothi language or Bodik language spoken in Ladakh.

The meaning of the word is Taking a break or relief

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KYOSANG ON HIGHWAY Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of

Bachelor of Architecture by

Bhat Ishwar Jagdish 2016PA0015

Guide:

Prof. Shrish Jaiswal

Pillai College of Architecture, New Panvel.

University of Mumbai 2016-2021

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Thesis Approval for B.Arch.

This dissertation entitled

Kyosang on highway by Bhat Ishwar

Jagdish is approved for the degree of Bachelor of Architecture.

Examiners

1.--------------------------------------------2.--------------------------------------------Date: Place:

University of Mumbai

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MAHATMA EDUCATION SOCIETY’S

PILLAI COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

Dr. K. M. Vasudevan Pillais’ Campus, 10, Sector-16, New Panvel. – 410 206

Certificate This is to certify that the project entitled “KYOSANG ON HIGHWAY” is the bona-fide work of “Bhat Ishwar Jagdish” 2016PA0015 Of the Semester IX of Pillai’s College of Architecture and was carried out in the college under my guidance during academic year 2020-21.

Signature of Guide: Dr. Sudnya Mahimkar

Name of Guide: Prof. Shrish Jaiswal

Principal Date: 4Th January, 2020

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Declaration I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and where others' ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in my submission. I have read and know the meaning of plagiarism and I understand that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by the Institute and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper permission has not been taken when needed.

---------------------------------------(Signature)

Bhat Ishwar Jagdish 2016PA0015

Date: 4Th Jan, 2020

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Acknowledgment The work presented in this thesis would not have been possible without my close association with many people. I take this opportunity to extend my sincere gratitude and appreciation to all those who made this thesis possible.

Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my Thesis Guide, Prof. Shrish Jaiswal for providing me with his valuable knowledge during this research. His guidance has helped widen the way of thinking and how to approach certain problems. I would also thank my mentor and guide Asst.Prof. Hemangi Kadu for her precious time, invaluable inputs and for pushing me to peruse this research topic to take it on great heights. I also thank my friends from Ladakh who helped me in the process without Konchok Namdol, Newang Zangpo, Konchok Paldan, Stundus Stanzin, Tsewang Rigzin, and the owner & staff of The Leh hotel would not have been possible. I also thank Jahnavi Joshi, Utsav Chaudhury, Prerak Doshi, Sanket Patel, and Dolly Gada for being at my side in a difficult situation in this research journey.

I would like to thank CPO Tsewang Gyalson (Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh), Go Air, Taxi union, Bus Union, Truck Union of Leh and PiCA. Without my parent's support this research would have never been possible, I thank them to support me and believing in me.

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Content Title.......................................................................................................................................................5 Approval Sheet......................................................................................................................................7 Certificate of Guide...............................................................................................................................9 Declaration of Student.........................................................................................................................11 Acknowledgment.................................................................................................................................13 Contents....................................................................................................................................14-15-16 Abstract...............................................................................................................................................18

Chapter 1 : Synopsis..............................................................................................................20 1.1 Introduction to Research...............................................................................................................22 1.2 Purpose of Research......................................................................................................................23 1.3 Research Question.........................................................................................................................23 1.4 Aim Of Research...........................................................................................................................23 1.5 Title of Research...........................................................................................................................23 1.6 Operational Definition..................................................................................................................23 1.7 Objective.......................................................................................................................................24 1.8 Scope of Research.........................................................................................................................24 1.9 Limitation......................................................................................................................................24 1.10.Methodology................................................................................................................................25

Chapter 2 : Background Study and Data Collection........................................28 2.1.History of the region.....................................................................................................................29 2.2.Importance of Colour Flags...........................................................................................................33 2.3.About Wayside amenities..............................................................................................................35 2.4.Current Scenario of Amenities in India.........................................................................................36 2.5.Proposal on NH3 (Leh-Manali highway) and future development...............................................40 2.6.Tourist Influx.................................................................................................................................42 2.7.High Altitude Sickness..................................................................................................................43 2.8.Places and Altitude on NH3..........................................................................................................44 14 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

2.9.Road Organization of India...........................................................................................................46 2.10.Future of Wayside amenities by NHAI.......................................................................................49

Chapter 3 Literature Review...........................................................................................52 3.1 Truck Art in India..........................................................................................................................55 3.2.Other Vehicle art across India........................................................................................................62 3.3. Art And Culture Of Himalayas K.S.Gulia....................................................................................66 3.4. Samruddhi Express Highway Plaza by Vikram Wadekar............................................................69 3.5. Shodhganga Wayside amenities research paper : Quality and Availability of Passenger Facilities along Selected National Highways in Haryana and Its Impact on Highway Users and Surrounding Communities...........................................................................................................72 3.6. Comparative study of Guidelines Poland-Lithuania-India..........................................................76 3.7. Retention of long-distance company truck drivers in India. By Mahindra..................................82

Chapter 4 : Case study .......................................................................................................92 4.1.The Students’ Educational and Cultural Movement of Ladakh, (SECMOL) Phey, Ladakh........94 4.2. Pecos County Safety Rest Area / Richter Architects, New Orleans, Unied States....................108 4.3 Owatonna, United States : Architects: Snow Kreilich Architects...............................................113 4.4.Krekke,NORWAY: Architects: Lala Tøyen, Pushak...............................................................................117 4.5.Reststop Akkarvikodden / Manthey Kula Architects, Norway...................................................120 4.6 Haugen/Zohar Arkitekter: Ureddplassen Rest Stop, Norway.....................................................124

Chapter 5 : Climate and Geographic Data (Elective)....................................126 5.1.Methodology................................................................................................................................128 5.2.Topography..................................................................................................................................129 5.3.Soil and minerals.........................................................................................................................131 5.4.Long-term Problems on Soil.......................................................................................................136 5.5.Analysing a Landslide zone........................................................................................................138 5.6.Cloud Burst..................................................................................................................................144 5.7. Weathering..................................................................................................................................146 5.8 .Earthquake..................................................................................................................................149 5.9.Vegetation....................................................................................................................................150 15 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

5.10. Climate of Ladakh....................................................................................................................152

Chapter 6 : Site Study........................................................................................................156 6.1. Site Analysis...............................................................................................................................159 6.2.Curvature.....................................................................................................................................164 6.3.Slope Aspect................................................................................................................................167

Chapter 7 : Site Survey and Design Biref..............................................................170 7.1.Site Survey...................................................................................................................................171 7.2.SWOT Analysis...........................................................................................................................178 7.3.Design Brief.................................................................................................................................179 7.4.Area Program for Propose Site At Sarchu...................................................................................180

Chapter 8 : Conclusion Of Research.........................................................................182 List of Figure....................................................................................................................................186 Bibliography.......................................................................................................................................189 Plagiarism Result..............................................................................................................................191

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1.1 ABSTRACT Humans have been traveling through valleys, plains, deserts in exploration for trade and other experiences it has to offer. Ladakh is one such place that has been a part of this engagement by migrants that has developed in trade and commerce for centuries. It still has been the same, except for the modernization of transport. Zoji la tunnel and Rohtang la tunnel are new additions to connect with the capital Leh and other valleys and are engineered through these mountains for all weather accessibility. This will influx the demand for travel and trade which has its impact on time on locals, environment, and tourism. The NH3 Manali-Leh highway is the shortest, fastest and the most used road to reach the capital of Ladakh and is notorious for having various problems due to high altitude with less amenities along the highway. The depletion of Art along the highway is already seen and it needs assistance to preserve them. A sojourn on Leh-Manali highway is one key of many solutions that incorporate users related to this route and help rejuvenate travel experience on high altitude and benefit people associated to it.

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The Climb - Kieran Sperring collage artist Source - https://www.escapeintolife.com/artist-watch/ kieran-sperring/

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CHAPTER 1 SYNOPSIS

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Chapter 1 : Introduction

1. SYNOPSIS 1.1 Introduction to Research In history, it has always seen migrants and traders traveling through various continents through various silk routes and Ladakh has always been at epicenter. This region is in constant exchange which had made it important for strategic supremacy then and in the future. It has been through different regional dominance for thousands of years that has seen many cultural exchange from Mongols, Tibet, Sikhs, Mughals and British raj. This led to an exchange of art, culture, artisans, and traditions which depleted high skilled artisans in the region and migrate to various capitals for different rulers in Lahore, Delhi and other parts of northern India.

One of the only major modes of transport for goods and other services are by roads and foot with routes used seasonally to reach Leh. These existing highways connect Ladakh, Spiti, Lahaul via Rohtang pass. To increase the reach and efficiency in Ladakh tunnels are being constructed through mountains for accessibility in all-weather conditions. Zoji la pass tunnel and Rohtang La tunnel are engineered to cut through respective mountains and connect the existing roads. In addtion Bilaspur-Leh rail are planned to connect Mandi, Manali,Keylong, Tanglang la pass, Upshi, and Leh. All suitable vehicle is used by people for transport and travel through this similar route every day and truck vehicle has been an essential part of the livelihood in Ladakh for years. Indian Truck Art are vital element of these highway and for drivers which helps them have an emotional belonging with truck which helps them to travel greater distance. The practice of such Indian truck Art is decreasing which is switched to digital medium. Indian Truck Art is vital element of highway and for drivers which helps them have an emotional belonging with truck which helps them to travel greater distance. The practice of such Indian truck Art is decreasing that is switching to digital medium.

This is where a sojourn is needed to rejuvenate for a better experience in the journey. A place where people could relax and regather what they have or may have experienced and know more about the region of Ladakh through its art, culture, and history. A place where local people can look upon as a benefit for daily livelihood which not only provides medical assistance during an emergency, with storage and other necessary required services. It can also be beneficial for officials (Army) for ease during the catastrophe and could be converted for a particular use. Modular restroom design for tourists and drivers that will assist with the travel on various intervals on high22 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 1 : Introduction

ways. Every user experience is different in high altitude regions during the journey between the mountain.

1.2. Purpose of Research Constant traffic, an influx of commerce & tourism and no proper sanitation are a problem which has led to improper waste management and pollution. Unpleasant travel experience, motion sickness, and other high-altitude related problems are been constant. There is a lack of emergency assistance between Leh and Rohtang tunnel highway which could be solved. The sojourn will look upon involving various such problems and be a place that will make traveling more experiential and safer.

It will contribute to locals in their daily livelihood and transporting goods & services. To protect and reflect the art and culture of Ladakh dwelled in design. The sojourn will help to rejuvenate and add value to the users on the Leh-Manali highway 1.3.Research Question: •

What ways will a traveler rejuvenate through design and resolve health issues with it?

•

How can the local community benefit and transform its culture in the program?

•

How can highway rest stop be better integrated on NH3 highway?

•

How does a vehicular art help change a space to a habitable environment for drivers?

1.4.Aim of Research: To examine the need for a sojourn that helps to rejuvenate traveler experience for multiple users which portrays the art and culture in the region of Ladakh.

1.5.Title of research: The last stop: Kyosang On Highway 1.6.Operational Definition: •

Last stop: A place on which people could rely on and is the first option to benefit. A spot used

during the need for that hour which assists and improves people road journey.

•

Kyosang: A word take from Skyosangs in Bothi or Bodik (language of Ladakh) meaning relief or break

temporarily from somthing.

•

Highway: Roads that connect the major city, here Manali-Leh highway is being researched on.

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Chapter 1 : Introduction

1.7.Objectives: To create an accessible area for daily activity of local and needs which will benefit

•

commerce and health.

•

To revive the art of Ladakh.

•

To analyse and incorporate the Indian truck art

•

To reuse the traditional method of construction

•

To create experiential spaces

•

To use the principals and philosophy for sustainable living of Ladakh

1.8. Scope of Research: The research aims to examine the people traveling via Rohtang la pass between Leh- Manali road. The research is limited to problems of locals and commuters in their daily activities that could be improved.

The research includes studying the depletion of art and artist affiliated to the region of Ladakh.

The users will also be defined based on the ongoing and future use of the highway. The purpose is to use the sojourn as a catalyst and have an added value to the highway.

1.9 Limitation: The Covid-19 affected the site visit, as it did not allow to interact with many tourist or first time visitors. The number of vehicle per day were affected by this because less tourist traveled across NH3 (Manali-Leh).

There are less approach made on wayside amenities as an undergraduate thesis and library are inaccessible which made it harder to understand the dynamic of the thesis.

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Chapter 1 : Introduction

1.10.Methodology Stage 1 .

1. Learning about wayside amenities in brief to understand the importance.

2. Going through history of regulation implemented in India and its future prospects for Rest-Stops.

3.Comparing Implementation of wayside Amenities with other countries to have better conclusion on type of amenities and distances for amenities required

.

Setting down parameter for Proposal. .

Site selection on

. users Survey of

observation from

1.Online Forms

1. Internet

2.Live Survey

2. Youtube blog

Stage 2

. impact on road Studying about the Climate, Altitude and AMS.

Finding studies related to. the research in terms of 1.Literature study truck art ams wayside amenities, accidents 2.Building Case study

3. Website blog 3. Site visit Stage 3 .

Analyzing Survey for selection of multiple site and giving them respective program.

Stage 4 Concluding .the Research And form detailed design brief.

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Zoji La Tunnel

Leh

Shrinagar

Upshi Rumtse Pang Sarchu Keylong Kaza Rothang la Tunnel

Tabo Manali Kullu

Figure 1 About National highway - Leh - Manali Highway (NH3)

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CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND STUDY AND DATA COLLECTION

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Chapter 2 : Background study and Data collection

2.1.History of the Region Ladakh or Ladvags means ‘The Land of High Passes’, it is also known in different names called Maryul. The First few settlers of Ladakh were Brokpas from Dadarstan who settled in the Indus valley. Dards migrated from Gilgit (Present day Pakistan) and Mons from Kullu valley (India) migrated to Gya- Meru. Over the years the people spread all over the valleys in Ladakh.

Ladakh has always been in the struggle of tow powers since the 8th century. The Mongols had captured Ladakh which later witnessed forces between the Tibetan empire and Tang empire of China.

The Tibetan empire appointed the first set of rulers and divided them into 3 province capital of Shey, Ngaris and Zangsakr- Spiti.

Figure 2 Dard

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Photograph by Jimmy Nelson

Chapter 2 : Background study and Data collection

Figure 3 Brokpas

Over the years there was influence from Mu-

Photograph by Ayash Basu

its north lay Xinjiang and its south, the Main-

ghal rulers converted kings to Islam which led

land India. It occupies a strategic location on the

to first few mosques to be built and spread reli-

Silk Road network of trading routes. The trade

gion in Leh. The kingdom fell to its darkest pe-

was what attracted the Dogra invasion. The

riod when it was invaded by Sultan from Kash-

revenue from it greatly contributed to the wealth

mir in the 15th century. Ladakh was divided

of the Kingdom since time immemorial. Ladakh

into several kingdoms from east to west which

exported grains to Western Tibet. From Xinji-

was overpowered by the Namgyal Dynasty that

ang, came textile and fine breed horses which

united Ladakh. Namgyal dynasty at its greater

was fashionable among the Ladakhi nobility.

extent stretched from Baltistan in the west to the

From Tibet, came pashmina, shahtoosh (Ante-

eastern part of Tibet kingdom. Namgyal dynas-

lope wool), fur and the rare musk pods which

ty was conquered later by Dogras after the last

were also found in Ladakh. From the south,

king died in the 18th century.

came cotton and spices. Later British ruled over

Ladakh lay at the junction of several routes,

the region in the interest of trade with the west.

to its east was Tibet, to its west was Kashmir, to 30 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 2 : Background study and Data collection

Figure 4 Bhotia

Figure 5 Monk

Figure 6 Champas 31 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 2 : Background study and Data collection

In the post-partition scenario, took place in 1947, the princely states were given 3 choices: to join the Indian union or Pakistan or to remain independent. Hari Singh, ruler of Jammu and Kashmir chose the 3rd option. Tribal raiders backed by Pakistan invaded the state. In desperation, Hari Singh asked for Indian assistance and subsequently, acceded to India. The tribal raiders came within 10 miles of Leh town where a local militia force held out long enough for the Indian forces to come to the rescue. A hastily constructed airstrip hastened their arrival. Before the referral of the matter to the United Nations, Ladakh proper was cleared of these tribal. Pakistan and China occupied 78,114 sq. km and 37,555 sq.km of the state, respectively while the remaining part of the state acceded to India. Pakistan also gifted 5180 sq.km of this area to China. Ladakh became the 8th union territory of India in 2019 which is divided in Kargil and Leh District.

Figure 7 Kushok Bakula Rinpoche (1918-2003) also knnown as modern architect of Ladakh (left) with the first prime minister of independent India, Jawaharlal Nehru, during a meeting in Srinagar in 1953

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Chapter 2 : Background study and Data collection

2.2.Importance Of Color Flags Between valleys of Manali-Leh highway there are significant change in landscape with prayer flags which reoccur at every few turns.

These Prayer flags are used for the safety which could be seen on stupas, bridge and houses in villages. These Prayer flags could be seen in vertical and horizontal positions which are

Figure 8 The Meaning Of ‘Om Mani Padme Hum’on Flags is Om means “The sacred syllable” Mani means “Jewel” Padme means “Lotus” Hum means “Spirit of enlightenment” Reciting the mantra during meditation, can cure pride, jealousy, ignorance, greed and aggression.

called Darchog (flag staff) and Lung ta (wind house).

Lung ta (horizontal) prayer flags are of square or rectangular shape, and are connected along their top edges to a long string or thread.

6% of Space 6% of Air 4% of Fire

They are commonly hung on a diagonal line from high to low between two objects (e.g., a rock and the top of a pole) in high places such

72% of Water

as the tops of temples, monasteries, stupas, and mountain passes Darchog (vertical) prayer flags are usually large single rectangles attached to poles along their vertical edge. Darchog are commonly planted in the ground, mountains, cairns, and on

12% of Earth

rooftops, and are iconographically and symbolically related to the Dhvaja.

Figure 9 The colors represesnts elements in our human body which is directly related to elements of planets

The Prayer Flags by Kichaa.

Source : https://youtu.be/jGrvLrL0qTE

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Chapter 2 : Background study and Data collection

The different 5 colors used have different meaning often written in Tibetian scripts and symbols which are directly derived from sutras which are short pieces of text from Shakyamanu Buddha.

These prayer flag are kept in a direction of wind which has a powerful vibration that get carried away. The Prayer flags are arranged from left to right in an order of blue,white red, green, yellow.

Each color is associated with several meanings.

Blue It symbolizes Sky, hearing, Purity and healing.

During meditation it helps to control anger and convert it into wisdom.

White It symbolizes Air, Touch and help in cut delusion of ignorance and turn it into wisdom of reality.

Red It symbolizes Fire, Visual, Heat and energy.

Green Symbolizes Nature and taste Yellow Symbolizes Earth, Smell and solid elements.

All of the color represents Direction North,South, East ,West and Centre

Figure 10 Each color is with five human sense Hearing, Touch, Visual, Taste, Smell.

Source : https://atrangi.in/blogs/atrangi-products/tibetan-prayer-flags

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Chapter 2 : Background study and Data collection

2.3.About Wayside amenities

What is Wayside Amenities ?

Amenities which contribute to human health and leisure on a Wayside during an emergency in travel. Generally used for food, refreshment and Motel in an overnight journey by truck drivers and travel enthusiast. These highways are used by truckers which contributes large part of user group on road. Wayside amenities are also called laybys, turnover, layover or a rest stop/ pits-top. Wayside amenities are referred as plaza where all the facility and services are at one place. The service include Mechanic, restaurants, local goods, food franchises, marts and petrol pumps.

These amenities have been part highway which adds value for the user that contributes locally and nationally. The Amenities are important to reduce road accidents, increase safety and reduce the traffic. Wayside amenities have always functioned for food and hotel stays which are only the basic requirements mostly found near urban area, Dhabas are always there even in the remote areas which helps in affordable and basic facility which is needed to overcome the fatigue. http://www.minaletattersfield.com/en/post/2052/reliance-goes-retail

Figure 11 A1 plaza Reliance in chitradurga karnatak 2008.

A1 plaza were new concepts coined by Reliance for truck drivers which gave clean and hygiene service with affordable food. It was also used as motels by drivers for long halts. Later due to Hike in Petrol Prizes it was shut except for petrol pumps 35 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 2 : Background study and Data collection

2.4.Current Scenario of Amenities in India

Figure 12 A1 plaza Reliance in chitradurga,Karnatak 2008.

Way side amenities on national highway

in petrol prices the company decided to close

were dominated by Franchise chains like Reli-

the such plazas because of expenses increased

ance A1 plazas, Kamat restaurants, Udpi restau-

in later years but kept the petrol pumps

rants, local dhabas and private owners.

functioning.

Riliance A1 plaza were at its peak in 2008

Due to the earlier bills passed it only had a

and was recognized for its affordable food and

provision thats says restaurants and hotels are

comfort for specially for truck drivers. It was

amenities on highways which should include

promoted has a homely feeling for the travelers

restrooms with petrol pumps if required. This

with hygiene and clean water to drink which

helped restaurants chains like Kamath to have a

also have water treatment plant. It included

food chain which is successful as a food amen-

washrooms restaurants and retail-shops includ-

ity.

ing petrol pump. The plazas were located in 100

There are very less amenities which has all the

different location across India. Later due to hike

facilities that can be said as a layby or wayside amenities.

36

Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 2 : Background study and Data collection

Figure 13 Kamat Restaurants on Nattional highway

There was plan for the facilities or mention for the passenger facilities after independence even when road transport was the viable options for India. There were several plans which were declared in but did not get mention until NHAI (National highway authority of India) issued its first proposal to have permission for facilities along the road. The proposal was declared in 1971 by NHAI (National highway authority of India) which included permission for facilities like restaurants and guest houses only but considered as amenities along the highway, these amenities had to be at least 80 km apart which later over the years was reduced to 50 km in 1997. Central government took the initiative and prepared various scheme for the purpose and directed the state governments and union territories vied Letter dated 31st December, 1997 that provision of passenger facilities be made at every 50 km of national highway. (Shodhganga, 2017). But there was no proper formalization for type of amenities of a hub that could be considered as public facility. Vision 2021 was made in 2001 which recommended provision of wayside amenities which facilities for drinking water, toilet, snack bars Dhabas, restaurants, restrooms, petrol pumps, and mechanic workshops. It gave emphasis on having police petrol and medical post with emergency centers.

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Chapter 2 : Background study and Data collection

3. Amenities on National Highway 3

Figure 14 Chachachi Dhaba at Batal in Spiti valley

Figure 15 Dhaba on Srinagar-Leh highway

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Chapter 2 : Background study and Data collection

Figure 16 Dhaba at Marhi to Rohtang La Pass

Figure 17 Dhaba on Sarchu

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Chapter 2 : Background study and Data collection

2.5.Proposal on NH3 (Leh-Manali highway) and future development

Figure 18 Article of Rothang tunnel

Source : Newindiaexpress

NH3 is the shortest route to reach Leh via Manali and other route is NH1 which is Leh-Srinagar highway. The NH3 is a difficult route to travel due to its change in altitude from 3000m to 5000m as compared to NH1 have the highest habitable places which are on 3000-3500m altitude. (Chawla) Manali Highway is not at a good road to drive a vehicle be it a bike or a car and their frequent traffic jams at multiple points. On the other hand the road from Srinagar to Leh is smoother after Figure 19 Rothang tunnel map

you cross Sonmarg and few kms. The reason is that the road is regularly used by army for movement and transportation. (Chawla) 40 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 2 : Background study and Data collection

Source : Navbharathtimes

Figure 20 Zojila Pass and Rothang Tunnel ( Atal tunnel ) are constructed through mountains to have all weather access in Ladakh.

Ladakh was cut off with rest of India during winter because of almost no access via Road. It is also stratergically important for Indian Army to reah Line of Actual control. The road is Being Constructred By BRO (Border Road Organisation)

Source : abhipedia.com

Figure 21 Bilaspur- Manali- Leh Railway project

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Chapter 2 : Background study and Data collection

2.6.Tourist Influx

Tourism Traffic Volumes in Leh District: An Overview.

––Vladimiro Pelliciardi

Figure 22 Tourism growth chart

Prahlad Singh Patel, Minister of State (MoS)

much potential for Adventure tourism. The local

(independent-charge) of tourism and culture,

conditions of the district, is suited to the visitors

said that the ministry is planning to invest exten-

are also responsible for their attraction. Due to

sively in the tourism sector of Ladakh.

boom in this sector, which constantly attracts

The Minister, while talking about Ladakh

the people towards it, helped in the economic

tourism, reportedly said that “Government is

development, needs more attention to be paid

working on a number of tourism development

to create more infrastructures. (Pelliciardi)

of projects. The focus is to attract a large num-

Two lakh tourist in 2014

ber of tourists. Earlier, the tourists had to camp, as the lodging facilities were limited. Ladakh vision 2025 is proposal after 2010 cloud burst

Three Lakh tourist in 2018 with 50k foriegners

disaster in which the government aim is to improve all the sectors tourism, disaster management and using sustainable and renewable

Average stay 11.9 more than national average stay of 10 days

Figure 23 Yearly data

techniques.

https://www.financialexpress.com/ lifestyle/travel-tourism/ladakh-tour-

Since its opening for the tourism in 1974,

ism-heres-how-govt-is-planning-toboost-travel-industry-in-indias-newest-

Leh has registered an increasing number of tour-

ut/1673535/

ists attracted towards it because of its landscape,

goverment of jammu and kashmir

culture, tradition environment etc. and still has

council leh

ladakh autonomus hill development Economic Review of Leh district 2014-2015

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Chapter 2 : Background study and Data collection

2.7.High Altitude Sickness Ladakh lies at an elevation over 3,000 metres above sea level. The altitude must be carefully

24% from flight 28% from Srinagar 57% from Manali

taken into account when planning a trip in the region to prevent Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) which is also called altitude sickness.

Flying to Leh and resting for 24 to 36 hours

Figure 24 Prevalence of Mild AMS

is the best option to reduce the risk of AMS. Contrary to popular belief, travelling by road

High Altitude

from Srinagar to Leh presents a higher risk of AMS than flying to Leh. Indeed, the tiredness caused by the 2-day road journey could prevent

O2 (Oxygen) N2 (Nitrogen)

the body from acclimatizing properly to the

Traveling by road from Manali to Leh is

Atmospheric Pressure

altitude. (Leh-Ladakhtaxibooking.com)

Air always contains about 21% O2, but it is thinner at altitude and more dense at Sea level

strongly discouraged. There is a very high risk of suffering from mild AMS and an increased risk of more severe forms of AMS. The 2-day road journey crosses 3 passes over 5,000m altitude. It should be done at the end of a trip in Ladakh, from Leh to Manali, when already acclimatized to the altitude.

Sea Level

Result from research were Mild AMS was defined by the presence of mild headache and

Figure 26 Oxygen molecules Leh-Ladakhtaxibooking.com

at least one other symptom: poor appetite, mild fatigue, dizziness or sleep disturbance.

Sleepless

Breathing faster

Blood becomes thick

Heart starts beating fast

Figure 25 Symptoms of AMS 43 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Urinate Often

B

2.8.Places and Altitude on NH3 Figure 27 Altitude graph

ZINGZINGBAR 14000 FT ROTHANG PASS 13060 FT O2- 61%

GRAMPHU 10500 FT KEYLONG 10100 FT

JISPA 10000 FT

MANALI 6400 FT O2-78%

50KM

100KM

200KM

TANGLANGLA PASS 17000 FT O2-58%

BARALACHA PASS 16500 FT SARCHU 14100 FT

RUMTSE 12000 FT UPSHI 11000 FT LEH 10100FT O2- 65%

300KM

400KM

500KM

Chapter 2 : Background study and Data collection

2.9. Road Organisation of India BRO

WWW.BRO.GOV.IN

Figure 28 Border Roads Organisation logo. It’s motto reads- “Shramena Sarvam Sadhyam” (Everything is Achievable through Hard Work)

The Border Roads Organisation (BRO), is a semi military-engineering agency that constructs critical infrastructure in the border areas (Kashmir, Ladakh, NE, Lahaul-Spiti etc.) for defense; in ‘troubled’ interiors (Naxal belts of Andra Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Maharashtra) for increased legibility and mobility of the State and in international locations (Bhutan, Afghanistan) for building strategic alliances. It was formed in May 1960 by then Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru to sew together the

Figure 29 After whisky driving risky 46 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 2 : Background study and Data collection

Figure 30 Be gentle on my Curves

Figure 32 if you are married Divorce speed

Figure 31 Fast won’t last

disparate pieces of a newly emerging and fragile nation-state and to protect it from external exigencies. The BRO consists of the civilian body called General Reserve Engineering Force (GREF), engineers on deputation from the Indian army and, a vast temporary pool of labourers.

47 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 2 : Background study and Data collection

NHAI

NHAI (National highway Athority of India) is an organization which maintains and is responsible for road infrastructure projects in contry.

National Highways Authority of India was set up by an act of the Parliament, NHAI Act, 1988 “An Act to provide for the constitution of an Authority for the development, maintenance and management of national highways and for matter connected therewith or incidental thereto”.

www.nhai.gov.in

It’s responsible for interstate highways and connecting roads major railway yards, Ports and capitals. The role of NHAI is to collaborate with best practice in road construction business.

The names of National highway are in divided in main national highway, its branches

Figure 33 NHAI (National highway authority) logo

and small stretches. The names of the National highway are in even number from north to south direction and increase from east to west and odd number from west to east with number increase from north to south. The National highway are only 2% of national road network but carry 40% of the national traffic and 70% of the goods are transfered from road.

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Chapter 2 : Background study and Data collection

2.10.Future of Wayside amenities by NHAI

Figure 34 Type 1 Wayside amenities

www.nhai.gov.in

State-run fuel retailers Indian Oil Corp.

Ltd (IOCL), Hindustan Petroleum Corp. Ltd (HPCL) and Bharat Petroleum Corp. Ltd (BPCL) are among companies that have bid for the National Highways Authority of India’s (NHAI) ambitious wayside amenities program, according to two government officials aware of the development.

Under the scheme titled “Highway Village”, the government plans to develop 150 sites along national highways with a range of amenities such a heli-pads, motels, village hats or markets, shopping malls, electric charging stations,

Figure 35 Arrangement for wayside amenitity

fuel stations, parking for cars, buses and trucks, restaurants and food courts, dhabas for truckers, repair shops and dormitories for drivers.

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Chapter 2 : Background study and Data collection

Figure 36 Type 2 Wayside amenities

Figure 37 Type 3 Wayside amenities

50 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

www.nhai.gov.in

Chapter 2 : Background study and Data collection

The scheme pushed by transport minister Nitin Gadkari is aimed at improving long-distance driving experience for commuters and providing employment to local youth, as also a platform to local farmers to sell their produce.

The scheme is aimed at encouraging frequent breaks during the journey and reduce driver-fatigue related accidents, with the heli-pads expediting evacuation for medical emergencies and providing disaster relief.

According to the scheme, these villages will be developed on the public-private-partnership (PPP) model wherein NHAI would be providing land for the proposals, while the investments will be made by the bidders. In response to the Request for Proposals (RFPs) for 34 Highway Villages floated last year, NHAI received bids for 21 sites, with a majority of them placed by state-owned oil marketing firms.

Areas with more than 5 acres will be developed under the brand name of “Highway Village”.

NHAI’s greenfield expressway projects under the Rs5.35 trillion-Bharatmala programme aims at building 34,800km of national highways. Out of this, 9,000km will be economic corridors and 800km expressways, many of which are greenfield projects.

51 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE REVIEW

52 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

53 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 3 : Literature Review

Photograph by Author

Figure 38 AS-truck at Ladakh truck union, Leh decorated and painted in Punjab which reflects the Ladakhi local tribe’s attire. The forehead of the truck is similar to tribal forehead jewelry with a cap on head with an ear ring.

54 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 3 : Literature Review

3.1. Truck Art In India Truck decoration started as a way of expression in the Indian sub-continent by the drivers and owners of the vehicle. Truck art of Indian subcontinent popularized in the 1970s by young hippie road culture until the soviet invasion in Afghanistan (Novakovic, JUNE, 2018). It was first documented by Jean Charles Blanc in a book Afghan Truck Art which is a time capsule of the culture (MADAN, 2018). The culture of decorating the transport vehicle spread from south-west of Afghanistan to Indian subcontinent during British Raj. It flourished after WW1 with army trucks being decommissioned to the public which was adopted by reflecting their culture on the vehicle (SUMAN, 2013).

The truck is spread throughout the Indian sub-continent and has evolved after the independence, while the Pakistani truck art were highly decorated and documented the Indian truck-art

Photograph by Author

Figure 39 Stickers have replaced hand painting art in most of the truck part except for some personalized touch.

was considered Kitsch. The art thrived in the northern region of India (Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana) which is very well reflected on the trucks with vibrant colours and religious symbols associated with it (SUMAN, 2013).

55 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 3 : Literature Review

Indian truck art is not well documented until truck art in India recently got attention due to the effects of digitalization causing artist to lose its customers and jobs. Truck art turns to be more time-consuming while available stickers in the market and easy to use and customizable. Also, trucks have changed which are factory painted with a metal body which reduced the amount as compared to a wooden body. A documentary produced by NDTV ‘Running on empty’ which showcase the life of a truck driver who travels between Delhi and Guwahati. It also shows insights into the proceedings of logistics in India as well as the problems that it faces (MADAN, 2018). The film comments briefly about the health issue, Aids and harassment of drivers on road, difficult road conditions.

56 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 3 : Literature Review

A Master’s thesis by an Indian Scholar from University of Florida Shantanu Suman documented the life, meaning and relations behind this art form in a documentary ‘Horn Please’. It runs through several chapters revealing the real essence of being a truck artist and engagement of the art with person, religion, region and architecture. All India Permit is one organization which supports artist with online platform to use this truck art style on a metal canvas where each artist is provided with an income through this source. (CPDP CONFERENCES)

Figure 40 Type of mouthstache on decorated trucks in Leh. Northern India interest in mouthstache is refelcted on the front face of trucks Photograph by Author

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Chapter 3 : Literature Review

Observation It’s quite fascinating to understand the relation of meanings behind the art, literature and forms that has transformed over decades. Both the dissertation is scholarly work that provides an overview of its history and relation of the motifs but it does not specify the current situation as it is shown in ‘Horn Please’. The documentary provides each relation that goes on the metal canvas with history, religion, culture and architecture which makes sense to understand how it progressed. It is one visual thesis which provides crucial information on the condition of Indian truck art.

Conclusion There has always been a relation of these symbols which are associated with people’s culture and they belong. There has always been an exchange between traditional rural architecture as it brought a sense of belonging on the truck.

Figure 41 Interiorphotographs of trucks Most of the truck is equipped with first, GPS aid wide space for sleeping. Most of the art which is seen on interior of truck is specific to individual sentiments and belief.

The interior is decorated just like a bride for wedding with scenic images, rangoli patterns and trying to mimic home town with similar color Palate.

Photograph by Author

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Chapter 3 : Literature Review

Photograph by Author

Figure 42 ‘Good luck’

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Chapter 3 : Literature Review

Figure 43 ‘ Dum hai toh pas kar warna bardash kar ‘ Back side of the trucks are always an reflection of personal interest in movies, found memories with special person or village Photograph by Author

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Chapter 3 : Literature Review

Figure 44 ‘ Follow your heart but take your brain with you ‘ An example of truck drivers village scenic view

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Chapter 3 : Literature Review

3.2.Other Vehicle art across India

Figure 45 Hand pull rickshaw durga pooja bengal

Figure 46 Jugaad ujjain madhya pradesh

62 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

indianexpress.com

Photograph by Dinodia Photos

Chapter 3 : Literature Review

Figure 47 Jugaad ujjain madhya pradesh

Figure 48 6 seator tuk tuk Maharashtra 63 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Photograph By Studio Octavio

www.carthrottle.com

Chapter 3 : Literature Review

Figure 49 Tanga cart mysore Karanataka

Figure 50 pushkar Camel cart 3

64 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Photograph by rohini https://www.flickriver.com/

Chapter 3 : Literature Review

Figure 51 Shikara boat Kerela

Figure 52 Tractor in Pubjab

65 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Granduer marine international

Chapter 3 : Literature Review

3.3. Art And Culture Of Himalyas (K.S.Gulia, 2007) (Ladakh Chapter) Himalayas region is a set of different Himalayan ranges with diverse culture and tradition along the India-china border. The book gives an in-depth knowledge of each region with the technique of art, paintings and manufacture, tribes and demography. It includes Jammu& Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Arunachal Pradesh and Ladakh.

Ladakh is a northernmost part of India comprising of mountains and cold dessert with a harsh climatic condition. Over the few century it dwell with the surrounding and turned itself into a self-supporting and sustainable country which produces everything it wants except for tea. Over its history, it has been part of many rulers and always been an important trade route for a century and still is as a strategic importance for India.

Lotsawa Rinchen Zangpo from Guge introduced the use of artistic style which is still practiced in Ladakh, he brought thirty artisans from Kashmir to Nagri and built 108 temples. He also intro-

Figure 53 Goncha traditional dress of ladakhis

66 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 3 : Literature Review

duced image-making, wood carving and fresco art throughout Ladakh, Spiti and certain regions of Tibet. The dignified wall-painting and wood carving still existing at Alchi, the nine-storey lion palace of Leh and various giant statues of buddhas and bodhisattvas of the region are among the finest examples of Ladakhi art and crafts. But over the years the artist decreased due to influence of different kingdoms that took over in century’s (Sikh, Mughals, British) which were being sent to the capitals like Lahore, Delhi and Agra. The Ladakhi tradition is influenced by Tibetan Buddhism culture and parts of India but it has evolved in itself with a distinctive culture. The people of Ladakh still practice its distinctive way of living and its old values along with the modern city of Leh.`

Figure 54 Lotsawa Rinchen Zangpo

67 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 3 : Literature Review

Observation The traditional use of Amchi medical system is deeply rooted in Ladakhi culture. However, the book provides very little information to it. Amchi’s are doctors who can examine a patient by their pulse, urine and stool. Architecture of Ladakh has some influence from art that is mentioned but no scholarly knowledge that is provided. Architecture is one of the important factors where Ladakhi have enriched their lives and sustained themselves over the years.

Conclusion The book gives an in-depth knowledge of art culture and tradition of Ladakh and it shows how over the years people have dwelled in the absurd conditions and set an example for self-sustainable culture. Along with reflecting the art and culture of Ladakh, one of the =purposes of this research are to assist travellers in cases of emergencies and high-altitude related health problems. By providing access to the traditional Amchi medicine system, it will not only re-adopt its contemporary times, but also benefit the local Amchis (doctors) in their living.

68 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 3 : Literature Review

3.4. Samruddhi Express Highway Plaza (Wadekar, 2020)

Total Distance 701km

Nagpur Amravati T Nashik

Buldhana Aurangabad

Wardha Washim

Number of Hours 10

Jalna Ahmednagar Atleast more than 40 towns on total strech

Thane

SAMRUDDHI EXPRESS HIGHWAY PLAZA, MAHARASHTRA

Maximum distance112km Minimum distance 26km Industry and tourist hub

Figure 55 Infographic for thesis of Samrudhi express highway

Samruddhi highway is the longest highway in Maharashtra which stretches from Mumbai to Nagpur which also connects JNPT port. This is also most prone to accidents and has poor infrastructure development along the road. This highway is rich with many tourist spots and a hub for industries, dams, and dry ports. This will connect another fourteen districts, namely Chandrapur, Bhandara, Gondia, Gadchiroli, Yavatmal, Akola, Hingoli, Parbhani, Nanded, Beed, Dhule, Jalgaon, Palghar, and Raigad.

69 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 3 : Literature Review

The preferred site is proposed in a news article due to rising accidents which are said to have amenities on every 50 km on Smarudhhi highway. As the express highway passed through many districts, an analysis was done based on which district covers a huge chunk of this highway and the number of tourist spots. Washim was one district that had many prospects because many local opportunities could be anchored through this proposal and many other national highways passed through Washim district. The site was also selected based on traffic density which was due to the transportation of vegetables near Washim. The site is at the centers of prime villages that provide goods and services to Ridhora, Washim.

The main aim of the thesis was to gice a design solution for upcoming wayside amenities proposal which help the local economy. It also aimed to boost the transportation along the route with a better-designed program to cater the needs of all goods and tourist attraction.

A case study of Mumbai Pune highway on existing wayside amenities was made with an observation to classify the number of users per hour, type of parking, food plazas, amenities required, and other technical details.

Observation: The site is situated at the central most of Maharashtra witch lots of other highways passing from the Washim district. it is a hub for many industries and trade routes which is a better choice for an amenity. There is less site study on the site apart of climate and traffic of the highway which gives a perspective for wayside amenities. There is a thorough study of technical data regarding the petrol storage, mandatory sizes, space, and the hourly requirement for the thesis which could be used for the design stage. The live case study does not show post-analysis with design solution according to the Aim of the thesis which is to achieve a better design solution. The literature review was particular on the current situation and data provided by NHAI and MSRDC (Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation Ltd), Maharashtra Samruddhi Mahamarg which shows the need and requirement for the wayside amenities

70 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 3 : Literature Review

Conclusion It’s important to know the requirement concerning users which would help in designing the brief and the standards for the design program. The case study for a wayside amenity should be divided into a group of usage which can give better thought for functionality between the users and their needs. The requirement for a wayside amenity is a primary agenda and acknowledged by the state authority for the efficiency of travelers using the roads.

This wayside amenity provides support for local people in rural parts of the country which gives them a better opportunity for reflecting the culture and food of the region. This can be a primary goal in the design stage to incorporate critical regionalism and culture in the program. Certainly, wayside amenities are not only a resting place for travelers but also provide a different opportunity for business and full fills the needs of local people concerning the location.

71 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 3 : Literature Review

3.5. Shodhganga Wayside amenities research paper Quality and Availability of Passenger Facilities along Selected National Highways in Haryana and Its Impact on Highway Users and Surrounding Communities The national highways are the backbone of

the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways.

the road infrastructure and the major roads in

(Shodhganga, 2017)

India running through the length and breadth

There was plan for the facilities or mention

of the country connecting major ports, state

for the passenger facilities after independence

capitals, large industrial and tourist centers.

even when road transport was the viable op-

India has 70,934 km of national highways till

tions for India. There were several plans which

August, 2011. These constitute about 2 per

were declared in but did not get mention until

cent of entire road system in India, but car-

NHAI issued its first proposal to have permis-

ry about 40 per cent of the total road traffic.

sion for facilities along the road. The propos-

These are managed and maintained by nation-

al was declared in 1971 by NHAI (National

al agency of the central government namely

highway authority of India) which included

National Highway Authority of India under

permission for facilities like restaurants and

FOOD JOINTS

SECURITY AND HEALTH SERVICES

RECREATIONAL CENTER

FUEL FILLING AND SERVICES

FOOD JOINTS

FOOD JOINTS

FOOD JOINTS

FOOD JOINTS

FOOD JOINTS

FOOD JOINTS

FOOD JOINTS

FOOD JOINTS

FOOD JOINTS

FOOD JOINTS

FOOD JOINTS

FOOD JOINTS

FOOD JOINTS

FOOD JOINTS

Figure 56 The present facilities were classified in groups and sub groups for analysing on each road.

72 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 3 : Literature Review

NH1 Singhu-Sambhu highway 180 Km

NH2 Badarpur Karwan 74 Km

NH8 Badarpur-Jai 101 Km

NH10 Tikri-Mandi 313 Km

Figure 57 The research study is focused on characteristics that helped national highway and analyse the pros and cons for state of Haryana. Four national highways were selected of varied distance

guest houses only but considered as amenities along the highway, these amenities had to be at least 80 km apart which later over the years was reduced to 50 km in 1997. Central government took the initiative and prepared various scheme for the purpose and directed the state governments and union territories vied Letter dated 31st December, 1997 that provision of passenger facilities be made at every 50 km of national highway. (Shodhganga, 2017). But there was no proper formalization for type of amenities of a hub that could be considered as public facility. Vision 2021 was made in 2001 which recommended provision of wayside amenities which facilities for drinking water, toilet, snack bars Dhabas, restaurants, restrooms, petrol-pumps, and mechanic workshops. It gave emphasis on having police petrol and medical post with emergency centers.

Development of Highway serves several purposes. These are the arteries through which goods are transported from surplus to deficit regions. The roadside passenger facilities are in direct proportion to highway development. The more volume of vehicle, the more is growth of these facilities.

The density of these facilities do affects the socio-economic and cultural aspect of the surrounding communities. Roadside amenities are established primarily to meet the needs of long distance travellers and are aimed at reducing fatigue related crashes whilst enriching the total travel experience.

The quality of facilities and level of satisfaction impacts the surrounding communities with Physical, Economic and Socio-cultural impact. The survey was done in various facility to check the level of satisfaction of passenger that was noted on a scale of 1-5.

The study shows that more than 1/3rd of the food joints is temporary and more than half are owned by farmers who had their fields adjoining to a highway. Hotel and restaurants had a good level of satisfaction because of provided comfort and luxury with hygiene. Dhabas are semi-permanent structure which only serves basic food and chai which were considered as a essential part on highway that has good level of aesthetic satisfaction because of engagement with the environment.

Due to increase in the accidents the government of Haryana implemented to have 5 traffic police posts on selected highways at a distance of 30Km. 73 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

STUDY RESULTS

Figure 58 Infographic of study results in Shodhganga Wayside amenities research paper

PHYSICAL IMAPCT

The physical impact on lands are not much no�ced on the studied highway but there is an impact on wastage of water by the ameni�es. Some of the facili�es include music systems and Diesel generator which impacts the physical surrounding due to the sound.

WATER WASTE & NOISE POLLUTION

ECONOMIC IMPACT

The economic value increases with the established facility running for years that impacts the value of land and helps local vendors to set business with that amenity.

But the study shows that there is a less engagement with the facility which has provided less employment opportunity and hardly contributed for the locals. This could be due to the reason of being private ownership and concentra�ng the business only to restaurants or a hotel, where people are employed from the cheap labor states to work for long hours.

CHEAP LABOUR AND NO NEIGHBOURHOOD ENGAGEMENT

SOCIAL IMAPCT

INCREASE IN ALCOHOL AND CIGARETTE CONSUMPTION

USE OF SERVICE ROAD FOR ACCESS

There is very less social impact with the locals but it has spiked the consump�on of alcohol and cigare�es etc. Road side ameni�es are a necessity to minimize the driving rela�ng stresses which are public health issues and play important role in improving safety, efficiency and journey quality.

MANDATORY NEED

25% OF PLOT FOR PARKING

FUEL STATOION ON EVERY REST-STOP

74

Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

NO SELLING OF ALOHOL

Chapter 3 : Literature Review

Conclusion

Inference

The study shows the importance of charac-

• A place should reflect the character or

teristics between 4 different highways each of

context on a highway which becomes iden-

them were unique with respect to number of

tity and sense of belonging for local and

amenities. It proves that passenger satisfaction

travelling users.

is directly proportional to the quality of ser-

• It should involve nature with design and

vices on the highway. A set of mandatory pro-

not be confined with a closed space which

vision are required to have to boost the local

serves only one purpose.

socio and economic culture because a wayside

• A route should be studied because it

amenity hold the potential to have greater

depends on the curvature of the road and

engagement on road. Local people should be

inclination if a wayside amenity should be

more involved with amenities to boost local

in 50km or 70km apart.

business and employment. The low rate of de-

• With a thorough study the whole stretch

velopment along the amenities can also be due

should be designed rather confined to a sin-

to private ownership which focuses on cutting

gle rest stop meaning a stretch cannot have

cost with low wage and limitation of facility

similar big scale amenities it is a combina-

provided. An amenity should be set of things

tion of only restroom with landscape, Toi-

which includes to be in landscape environment

lets with emergency kit, only landscape to

that slows down the fatigue due to driving. A

reduce the fatigue and a bug scale amenity.

rest stop should make a user relaxed and not

• An amenity should have a fuel station de-

only be a space of dining space to increase the

pending the number of users per day which

quality experience.

helps provide overall facility for a mechanical workshop.

• Provision of Liquor may depend on the site and user involvement

75 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

3.6. Comparative study of Guidelines Poland-Lithuania-India. (Moreno, 2019)

POLAND

The rest area is defined as parking for cars, trucks and caravans, and something, facilities for road users to have rest in their travels outside the carriageway. It was demonstrated that accidents related to fatigue decreased in the zones after the establishment of rest areas compared to accidents related to other factors.

The main objective is to employ the place for rest, relaxation, or vehicle-related requirements.

Moreover, cases of accidents caused by fatigue

Factors

reduce in the area around rest areas in an area of 20 miles (32.18 km) and increase considerably after 30 miles (48.28 km). The analysis was about travel diversion savings, accident reduction, comfort, and convenience benefits,

Parking for cars, trucks and caravans.

Motels for rest

and the costs were construction, rehabilitation, Fatigue related accidents reduced at 48km radius from the rest stop.

and maintenance of these areas.

The polish government made in mandatory to have restrooms and cafe to be an optional service. It is only available in 10 of the 46

On Motorways

On Expressway

rest areas in the network (21.74%). No restaurant or shops can be found. Playing areas for children is necessary for long distance travel.

15Km minimum distance from rest areas

10Km minimum distance from rest areas

That are offered in 67.39% and 84.78% of the rest areas, respectively. As fatigue is one of the main reasons for road crashes, rest and service

Type 1

areas are crucial elements in road networks.

The average distance between service areas is 40.49 km and 19.70 km and for rest and ser-

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Petrol Station Restaurant Comercial Facility Tourist Information

Type 1+2

vice areas are 40.68 km and 63.54 km.

76

Parking maneuvering routes, rest facilities, sanitary facilities, lighting

Type 1+2+3

Accomodation, Post office Bank Tourist office Insurance office

LITHUANIA Rest area proximity and quality depend upon a country. Rest areas along international tourism motorways constitute vast complexes including cafes, restaurants, motels, or small hotels with spaces allocated for open-air leisure entertainments. Furthermore, such complexes are equipped with vehicle maintenance and repair services, a filling station, and a store. (Lina Bertulienė, 2014) In Finland, rest areas are constructed and

Rest areas are vast complexes including cafes, restaurants, motels, or small hotels with open-air leisure entertainments and equipped with vehicle maintenance.

Principles for the Roadside Rest Area Arrangement

maintained by the national government, but the local municipality provides local maps and sanitary services. In the case of commercial

Traffic intensity

services, the shop has the responsibility for the

Attractiveness of the rest area

Landscape along the Motorway

cleanliness of the area.

Zone one – car/vehicle parking zone with access and exit road Zone two – passenger rest zone with a

Specifics of the territory

Driving Speed

shed, tables and benches and a hotel/motel, restaurant, cafe, store.

Parking

Zone three – sanitary and hygiene zone with WC and waste receptacle. A vehicle maintenance zone with a filling station and car

Rest and leisure

ZONE 1

Technical and services

repair services.

ZONE 2

77 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

ZONE 3

Chapter 3 : Literature Review

Grade 1

Grade 2

Grade 3

Rest areas intended for servicing of

User travelling by Cars at country

Rest areas intended for shortstops

side should be positioned near ob-

by cars are located at the main and

servation/sightseeing places

country motorways.

Distance between amenity

Distance between amenity

20-40 Km

20-40 Km

the national freight and passenger transport.

Distance between amenity 60-80 Km

Figure 59 Categorize with nature of User

Tourist travelers being a very diverse group of users have a choice when to stop. This category often utilizes opportunities provided by commercial facilities (petrol station, roadside shops, restaurants) but also require an equipped place for food and beverage breaks, sanitary needs, fatigue management. General road users include residents of towns and villages traveling for work, shopping, or personal matters. They are likely to make their journey as short as possible but therefore may need to stop to manage fatigue.

The RAs arranged along the motorways provide travelers with an advantageous opportunity for their safety and comfortable rest.

Besides, they contribute to the reduced number of accidents arising from drivers’ fatigue. The presence of RAs improves the overall comfort of a trip, helps to collect income from tourists, and contributes to the reduced roadside littering as a result of random vehicle stops.

78 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

INDIA NHAI has mandated the development of wayside amenities for National Highways entrusted to 4/6 lane and provide facilities to the users for safe and convenient journey travel. It has been decided that basic wayside amenities will consist of washrooms, drinking water, and multi-utility shops ideally along with adequate

NHAI has been mandated of development for National Highways entrusted to it for 4/6 laning and to provide all facilities to the users for safe and convenient journey travel.

parking facilities shall be provided at every twenty-five kilometers along National Highways. It’s decided that big wayside amenities will be fulfilling the basic requirement, bathing area, rest area for drivers, restaurants, eating joints, etc. with ample parking space would be provided at every fifty kilometers along the National Highways.

The wayside amenities are divided into three categories respective to users. Compre-

Larger Wayside amenities at 50 Km

Basic amenity at 25Km

hensive, only for truckers, Cars, and busses.

Each of the types includes parking, restaurants, petrol pump, repair shops emergency center,

Type 1 Comprehensive Users

and other basic facilities. Each of these facilities overlaps for other types apart from the change in user and scale of it. (Indi))

Type 2 Truckers Users

Type 3 Car/bus Users 79 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

CONCLUSION AND OBSERVATION A wayside Amenities is defined as a place of refreshment or relaxation from fatigue with small or long breaks on the highway that as a facility for drinking, sanitation, rest, and other allied facility w.r.t terrain, weather and climate.

Landscape

Curvature

Inclination

Factors to determine the distance between Wayside amenities

Analyse different type of user and mandate minimum distance with respect to it

Limit drving hours for truck river on road

Minimum distance of 15 to 25 km to get knowledge of road condtion and have a type of amenity provided.

Chapter 3 : Literature Review

Conclusion A wayside Amenities is defined as a place of refreshment or relaxation from fatigue with small or long breaks on the highway that as a facility for drinking, sanitation, rest, and other allied facility w.r.t terrain, weather and climate. A minimum distance to implement wayside amenities should have mandatory insights on the landscape, the curvature of the road, and the inclination of the road. This helps in understanding the amount of fatigue on that type of road, accidents, and speed of the vehicle. A note on the maximum distance for a habitat village or town that can help maintain smaller amenities with the inclusion of local bodies and organizations.

National highways in India are mixed lanes and it changes in every state with the landscape, amenities should be mandatory on all type of national highways. Distance between the amenities and type of user is good to consider because it helps in distributing traffic load on a highway at regular intervals but the distance for each user should be different. For truck drivers a mandatory rule for driving a set of distance is required, this will limit them over driving and impact in a reduction in accidents. An amenity for the truck can be used as a relay to exchange goods that will help the local truck driver to reach home earlier. A medical facility or first aid should be a compulsory part of smaller and bigger amenities.

81 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

3.7. Retention of long-distance company truck drivers in India.

By Mahindra The trucking industry is the back bone for all the services which are provided in rural, urban and on the borders. Even during Covid-19

Truck/lorry had the third highest share of total crashes in the category of impac�ng vehicles

pandemic Truck drivers worked vigorously to send medical equipment’s, food and infrastructure goods for the Indian army. (rise, February

13%

2020) The truck industry is going through a acute shortage of drivers and because of less recognition and respect in this job their children are not interested to enter this profession. The issues are minimum margins by vehicle owners, less facilities on road, being away from home, weak bylaws and long working hours in unpre-

57,441

23,868 51,166

dictable circumstances. The truck drivers take this job mostly for opportunity to explore the country, good income and pleasure of driving.

Truck drivers go through numerous problems while travelling from having a mental stress, sleep disorder, depression, fatigue and unnecessary bribes at several check points. (anand, September 2014). Various health issues like backaches, joint/muscle pain and gastro-intestinal problems, Two-third of the drivers feel the profession is unattractive due to the lack of security and safety on the road.

82 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

CRASHES

DEATH

INJURY

Among road-user categories, truck/lorry makes up the third highest share of deaths at

10%

Chapter 3 : Literature Review

A study showed where on the day of the interview, estimates based on retrospective and prospective reports, suggest that in a 24 hour period about 38% of drivers exceed 14 hours of driving, and 51% exceed 14 hours of driving plus other non-driving work. About 12% of drivers reported less than 4 hours of sleep on one or more working days in the week preceding the interview. These drivers are likely to be operating their vehicles while having a significant sleep debt. About 20% of drivers reported less than The situation is alarming because in 2018 itself, road crashes claimed the lives of over 1.5 lakh people in the country. Out of this, over 15,000 road crash victims have been truck and lorry drivers.

In terms of vehicle category, trucks and lorries are involved in over 57,000 crashes.

Most drivers do not own their vehicles. They often suffer from driver fatigue due to long working hours h driver drives for about 11.9 hours in a day driver drives for about 11.9 hours in a day.

Issues of Truck Driving Community

Figure 60 In the year 2022 the truck drivers will be 480 per 1000 trucks

83 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

timesofindia.indiatimes.com

Chapter 3 : Literature Review

The following statistics speak of the lives and

The problems faced by drivers are not having a proper life on the highway which

pathetic conditions of poor drivers who are

helps in driving. Most of the Indian drivers are

available in all terrains, be it any season or

sleep deprived, this is because of not having a

weather:-

comfortable stay on the highway where they

•

Drivers cannot have uninterrupted

sleep for more than 2:40 hours/day

use dhabas because of affordable food and

•

cheap living for a night but lacks sanitation

Drivers die at least 10 years before the

normal human life span.

and hygine. But the drivers prefer to stay and

•

sleep in the trucks itself which is at times

About 22% of the drivers remain un-

married throughout their life.

known as second home. Often this includes

•

discomfort and irregular sleeping cycle which

26% of the total trucks viz. approxi-

leads to be sleep deprived. Agarwals movers

mately 23 lakh vehicles remain halted every day

and Group are a tech initiative who are trying

due to unavailability of truck drivers.

to make the lifes of truck drivers more convinient and add value to the lives of drivers in the society

timesofindia.indiatimes.com

Figure 61 Drivers taking break at NIDRA DAN CENTRE created as pit stop for truck drivers to rest and wait until the next scheduled driving

84 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 3 : Literature Review

POINT B Goods are switched here and drivers return tot respective starting points

Truck From Point A Takes Good To Point B

Truck From Point C takes Good To Point B 300 KM

Figure 62 A Relay method is being used for drivers to switch from goods at 300 km and reach their home town the same day Goods From` A Is Being Transfered To C And Vice Versa

This Tech company are using certain logistics to improve the life on road. The main aim was drivers could have home cooked food and also meet their family daily. This way the relay method has come into existence for truck drivers. The method is such that the drivers travels from his home town with the required delivery until certain for example 300 km or 8 hours of drive and handover truck to the next person and the cycle goes on. And while returning home he can take someones else goods to his home town which completes the chain.

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Chapter 3 : Literature Review

Figure 63 Infographic for Truck accidents 86 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 3 : Literature Review

Figure 64 Cause of Accidents in India 2015

87 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

https://morth.nic.in/state-wise-data

Figure 65 Cause of Accidents in India 2007 vs 2015

88 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

https://morth.nic.in/state-wise-data

Chapter 3 : Literature Review

Photograph by Author

Figure 66 The pile of water bottle is a spot on gata loops, It is used to tribute a truck driver who lost his life because of lack of water and it’s belived that he is still searching for water

Photograph by Author

Figure 67 Truck parts after accidents left along the highway. Usually, if any technical error or accidents occur, the body and their spare parts are taken down (theft.

89 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

TAKE AWAYS Figure 68 Infographic of study results conducted in Retention of long-distance company truck drivers in India By Mahindra

53% of earn between 10,000 INR to 20,000 INR per month

Overall, 53% of respondents are dissa�sfied with their profession over 9 out of 10 have no security benefits, health insurance and life insurance

About 84% of the respondents said they will not recommed trucking to their family or peers Only 1 in 5 respondents drive self- owned trucks

90 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

6 out of 10 felt unsafe while driving On an Average driver cover 417 km per day or drives 12 hours on a strech

Over 47852 crore amount is bribed in the trucking opera�ons

more than 50% drive while being fa�gue and sleepy

9 out of 10 go no formal traing before driving license

More than 1 in 5 respondents take some sort of drugs

91 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

CHAPTER 4 CASE STUDY

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Chapter 4 : Case Study

Live Case Study

4.1.The Students’ Educational and Cultural Movement of Ladakh, (SECMOL) Phey, Ladakh

Figure 69 SECMOL - Terra building.

All Photographs of SECMOL campus are by Author

The school was founded by Sonam wangchuk in 1988 as a lternative learning for students of Ladakh who felt the greater need to change in the education system of Ladakh. SECMOL is like a eco-village, self sustained and powered by solar which has used earth construction technique using locally available material. The campus is a sum of boys hostel, learning center, cow sheds, girls hostel, and farm lands.

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Chapter 4 : Case Study

Figure 70 In winter, huge plastic sheets are put down to make a big greenhouse which works as a solar collector for each building. In summer, the plastic is rolled up to prevent overheating. This UV-stabilised plastic is commonly used for agricultural greenhouses in Ladakh.

The school was founded by Sonam Wangc-

water and cook food on the campus. The water

huk in 1988 as alternative learning for students

comes from a nearby bore well which was dug

of Ladakh who felt the greater need to change

outside the campus.

in the education system of Ladakh. SECMOL

The Orientation of buildings is parallel to

is like an Eco-village, self-sustained and pow-

the south to absorb maximum heat because the

ered by solar which has used earth construc-

altitude of the sun is lower toward the north-

tion technique using locally available material.

ern hemisphere. The building is turned into

The campus is a sum of boy’s hostel, learning

Greenhouse in winter to trap the heat during

center, cowsheds, girls’ hostel, and farmlands.

the day to keep the building warm throughout

(secmol)

the night by trapping the heat in the gaps of the

SECMOL building campus is an example

structure.

of sustainable ad renewable design strategies.

Waste materials like plastic are used as

It uses a passive solar design which helps in

an insulation material in slabs to maintain the

keeping the interior warm throughout the but

temperature

with various techniques in summer and winter.

It uses a solar heater and cooker to have hot 95 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 4 : Case Study

Thick walls made of local Bazgo soil with a bottle of water cast with-it during construction which helps in insulation as water takes time to heat and cool down. Due to the orientation, the building is naturally lit throughout the day minimizing the need for artificial light.

Figure 71 The walls of the big building at Phey campus and the Leh office are rammed earth. This means the earthen walls are cast in place, in a simple wooden frame. Sand and clay are mixed in the right amounts to get a very strong constitution. It is then packed in the frames and rammed with pounders.

Source: https://worldarchitecture.org/article-links/epefn/terraawarded_secmol_school_in_leh_is_ epitome_of_rammed_earth_passive_solar_architecture.html

THERMAL MASS IN WALLS AND FLOORS The construction of the building is done using the same soil on-site which allows having less material transportation. The soil used on site is clay, silt, and sand which is mixed in the right amount for a firm construction.

A cookie test is used to determine the right amount of ratio for rammed earth or straw-

Figure 72 Rammed earth construction process

clay bricks. Clay, Silt, and Sand are mixed in a different ratio to understand if it is brittle that is kept overnight to set.

Figure 73 Cupcake testing method

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Chapter 4 : Case Study

Figure 74 Internal wall section of a SECMOL building showing the working of thermal heating in the building day and night

INSULATION IN CEILINGS, OUTER

Rammed earth needs a good quality of

WALLS, AND FLOOR

sand for having a firm wall. For bricks right

For insulation wood waste generated

amount of good clay helps in keeping the mixture together. Bazgo soil is used in making

during the construction of the building on-site

bricks which are huge bricks that help in insu-

was used as insulation on the roof which is

lation that is mixed with straws. Straws make

sandwiched between wood plans made from

it lighter and keep the soil together.

poplar trees and willow trees. This helps to stop heat loss through the roof. Slates are used

The rammed earth is a structural system to take the load and act as a heat absorbent, it

on the floor plates which is a traditional tech-

also has a thin gap between the insulation to

nique seen in Manali which is used as a ther-

trap heat. It has double glazing windows and

mal mass or heat bank to cut cold ground.

Insulation protects the heat of the day, but

black painted walls inside which uses basic

need not be expensive modern materials. The

principles of thermal heating systems.

wood waste generated during the construction is stuffed in the ceiling to stop heat loss through the roof.

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Chapter 4 : Case Study

Figure 75 Most of our buildings are at least three feet (1 m) below ground. The earth’s temperature at that depth is relatively warm in winter and cool in summer. The soil used for earth walls are used from the pit.

Pockets are created for insulation on the

facade is placed to trap the heat in the wall

ground which helps as a heat bank. This kind

which is released at night to keep the interior

of floor absorbs heat during the day and releas-

warm.

es it during the night. The outer walls are in-

The windows are kept open throughout

sulated by saw dust, wood shavings, or some-

the day to trap the warm air in walls, insulated

times paper and plastic garbage like bottles

floors, and air traps. During the winter a thin

and bags cast with the right amount of clay,

plastic sheet in the southern direction is placed

slit, and sand. A wall with a 6-inch gap inside

to trap the heat through the day which gives

acts as thermal insulation and heat absorbent

a greenhouse effect to help gain heat in the

which is painted in black for the effect which

building.

helps to keep the structure insulated through-

The floors are insulated with plastic which

out the day.

traps the air for longer period and walls are

The heat is trapped in the thin spacing of

made of Bazgo bricks with bottle of water

the building which is separated by an external

casted in them.

wall, double glazed window, and two windows. A wall painted in black just near the 98 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 4 : Case Study

Figure 77 Solar heater panel

Solar heater are used for hot water for most of the work but an alternative method for heating is used without any energy source. A 1m earth is diged which is wide enough to comfortable use it without entering the bottom. the bottom insulated with black painted aluminum sheet which absorbs heat through out the day and heats up to 45 degree Celsius

Figure 76 A small pit of about inch is dug with a opening to for a secondary reflector to reflect heat from the primary reflector. image Source: https://worldarchitecture.org/article-links/epefn/terraawarded_secmol_school_in_leh_is_epitome_of_rammed_earth_passive_solar_architecture.html

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Chapter 4 : Case Study

Figure 79 Ice Stupa

Ice stupa is used glacier water that is streamed down in the valleys, taking advantage of the force the water is channelized in the pipe at the lowermost part of the terrain which pushes the water because of gravitational force and throws the water in the air. This process continues and the water freezes in stupa like shape and thus named ICE Stupa. The Ice Stupa is used to preserve this water in winter and use in the summer for farming and others. This method uses no energy which makes it cost-effective for villagers where a basic pump is unaffordable.

Pipes are laid along the glacier stream direction

Water flows down with a gravitational force which creates a fountain

Figure 78 Working of an Ice stupa 100 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Water melts down in summer and flown towards farmlands

Chapter 4 : Case Study

Figure 80 Compost toilet plan of SECMOL

A compost toilet is called a dry toilet which is a traditional used in Ladakh that needs no water. This toilet helps to produce manure that is used for farming.

The compost toilet mainly has two punchers each used in two alternate years until it’s filled. Manure takes time to get its richness which is used for agriculture or generally it is kept for a year in some villages. It said dry toilet because paper or tissue and the soil is used in alternate of water. All of which helps in making good manure and decomposes in time.

Figure 81 Ccompost toilet

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Chapter 4 : Case Study

Figure 82 SECMOL Figure 83 Boys hostel SECMOL

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Chapter 4 : Case Study

Figure 84 SECMOL washrooms and compost toilet Figure 85 Terra building

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Figure 86 Roof top of Terra building Figure 87 Double door and black wall detail Figure 88 SECMOL - window

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Observation • The building is made from local material with combination of recycling and reusing material to have minimal impact on the sensitive environment of Ladakh • Bazgo and method of making clay bricks, using rammed earth is a technology used traditional ly which is helpful to have local craftsman for construction.

• Basics of Thermodynamics and simple methods are made in practical useage for the functioning of the building which helps in controlling the indoor climate to be habitable.

• The borewell is the main source of water which is used throughout the year which is mainly used for drinking, cooking and bathing.

• Both solar heater and Solar cooker are climate dependent, there is no other source to heat.

• The longer side of the building is oriented in south direction to have maximum sunlight with large double glazed windows and doors.

• The Willow tree are planted on the West and South direction which are prominent wind direction in Ladakh.

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Chapter 4 : Case Study

Figure 89 Farm land at SECMOL

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Online Case Study

4.2. Pecos County Safety Rest Area / Richter Architects New Orleans, United States

Figure 90 Front view of the rest stop The site is situated outside of Fort stockton 35km away in the outskirts

108 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Source : Archdaily.com

Chapter 4 : Case Study

Parking Main Building Landscape Landscape helps in cutting down the sound and makes a landmark for a passerby.

Landscape

Main building is at the centre for having quick entrance from front and backside that also helps to divide the user groups and functions.

Main Building Parking

Parking at the backside for less interruption Figure 91 Site plan of the Reststop at New Orleans. The parking is at the backside of the Entrance to have attractive landscapes on the road.

The site is divided by quick driveway to the main building.

Source : Google-earth

Native limestone strata are periodically revealed along the Interstate highway. Natural grasses, mesas, and mountains layered along the expansive remote landscape. Along with the eastern approach to the Davis Mountains, an interstate highway safety rest area is derived from the geology, ecology, and cultural history of this region of the Chihuahuan desert of West Texas. (Archdaily.com) • The land itself tells the story of West Texas.

• A substantive interpretation of landscape and geology –the pace drops highway speed of 80 mph to a stroll along a nature trail, from distant mountains to tiny desert flowers.

• Shifted stone masses and borrow mountain views to focus on long East/West vistas – a traveler’s origin and destination.

Design Elements Use of local stone and trees to narrate the specific location

Using existing landscape to drain the rain water from the natural stream

Passive solar orientation to reduce the heat gain.

Using landscape as a natural sound barrier.

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Chapter 4 : Case Study

• Organically coursed native stone suggests geology of the region • Organic folding roofs echo the horizon and floating clouds in the expansive sky.

• Wood plank floors audibly recall early frontier structures.

• Dry creek topographies drain the site, link picnic arbors, and tell a desert eco-story.

• Folded plate corten steel arbors against a big sky interpret context form and color.

Source : Archdaily.com

Figure 93 Site plan

• Native desert plants are fenced and protected during construction.

• native plants to conserve water and do not require permanent irrigation.

• Passive solar orientation to reduce adverse heat gain and achieve ambiance and transparency.

This design provides essential travel amenities via a substantive interpretation of the re-

Figure 92 View of the lobby facing towards the landscape of Texas

gion. The core inspiration is the land itself, the

the story of past, present, and future here. Space

big sky, and the many ways their beauty and

and line in the exhibit area reinforce the east/west

stories are revealed – beauty that can be sensed

travel that is at the core of the project’s mission

at highway speed but only fully grasped on

while inviting pause from the 80-mph perspec-

foot. From the intimate scale of tiny flowers

tive to appreciate land and sky more intimately.

peeking from dust and rock to the distant hori-

(Archdaily.com) Each building at 7,600 sq (one east-bound and

zon scribed by layered mountains –the land is 110

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Chapter 4 : Case Study

Source : Archdaily.com

Figure 94 The project provides to the traveling public restrooms, vending, cultural and historical exhibits, picnic areas, play areas, nature trails, and parking. Travelers pass by in cars, vans, RVs, trucks, and buses. The goal of the Texas

one west-bound) is composed of two stone masses shifted to frame borrowed views of the mountain horizon and to focus through-views to the east and west – origin and destination. The geometry further provides beneficial passive solar orientation. Native stone is organically coursed to suggest

Source : Archdaily.com

Figure 95 Landscape are designed to keep the user engage with surrounding environment and spend more time to relax eventually reducing the fatigue.

the geology revealed in highway land cuts as topography rolls. The roof of gallery spaces randomly folds to echo the horizon. Wood plank floors give audible recall to early Texas frontier structures.

Dry creeks carry rainwater away from the buildings while connecting the Corten steel plate picnic shades with reminders of how water nourishes and carves the desert land.(Archdaily.com) 111 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 4 : Case Study

Figure 96 Rear view of the reststop

Observation

Source : Archdaily.com

foot fall in a given area.

• The rest stop is located at he remote area

• There are no dorms or sleeping area in the

50 km away from the city which is the only

premise

rest place on the highway.

• Medical facility are not provided which is

• Use of locally available stones are used to

crucial has it is in an remote area.

minimize carbon footprint and transporta-

• The rest stop main function is using the

tion.

landscape provided and washroom with

• The building can be easily constructed

small food court which is comparatively

using stone or with earth construction

small.

method.

• Structure seems to be very small which is determined by the traffic influx.

• Landscape are used for multiple purpose, to relax, spend more time to reduce fatigue and cut down the sound from highway.

• Division of user groups which helps reduce 112 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 4 : Case Study

Online Case Study

4.3.

Figure 97 Rest stop Owatonna, United States

Located between the agricultural fields

Source : Archdaily.com

stainless-steel panels reflect the commercial

of southern Minnesota and the Straight River

trailers parked in the background while direct-

Valley along the I-35 corridor. The rest stop is

ing the visitor to a portal with direct views to

6000 sq feet with landscapes and wide parking

the woods river valley beyond. A large elevat-

area to rest and refresh in the nature.

ed terrace offers panoramic views to the river

The facility is designed on both side of

valley. The terrace is wrapped in the same

the highway to mainly accommodate truck

stainless-steel panels as the entry, though this

drivers for relief from fatigue. The design road

time they reflect the surrounding site, immers-

divides the entrance in two for truck parking

ing the visitor within the wooded river valley.

and passenger vehicles. The main rest area building plays with the duality and contrast of the large commercial parking areas against the serene wooded site. As one approaches the facility from the parking area, large canted 113 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 4 : Case Study

Figure 98 Site plan

Source : Google-earth

The road has a huge road curvature which takes to the parking for truck drivers and smaller vehicles which are squeezed in the center. There is a main building with restrooms and a basic facility with a landscape that includes a play area in it. This helps to have multi-user groups to use this place rather than concentrating it with truck drivers. This also brings a sense of togetherness for truck drivers as they see family around

Figure 99 Plan of main building

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Figure 100 Play area and pathways of rest stop

Figure 101 Play area and pathways of rest stop

115 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Source : Archdaily.com

Chapter 4 : Case Study

Figure 102 Play area and pathways of rest stop

Source : Archdaily.com

Observation • The Site is specifically focuses on truck drivers that ignores facility like dorms and a restaurant.

• The design is user specific that has only restroom and mechanic area.

• There could have been more things added in the design like medical facility, shops and dorm.

• The site is adjoin to small forest which can be used has a picnic spot for family or weekend get away place.

• The site has a huge potential for different user groups but lacks facility for it.

• The main building is well cut off from highway with a small terrain in landscape that is a acoustical barrier

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Online Case Study

4.4.Krekke,NORWAY Architects: Lala Tøyen, Pushak

Figure 103 Main Building

Source : Archdaily.com

Krekke is a place to stop for a rest along the main road through Gudbrandsdalen, but it’s also a park area for the local community of Fåvang, Ringebu. The service functions are placed inside an embankment that works as a noise barrier between the park and the highway. Daylight is admitted down to a protected sitting area inside the embankment through a prism-shaped skylight, which protrudes from the top of the barrier as a signal to passers-by. (Archdaily.com) The park and recreational areas slope from the embankment down toward the river Gudbrandsdalslågen, and a path – a ‘desire line’ - lined with light poles leads directly from the service area down to the river bank. Gudbrandsdalslågen floods the park area on a yearly basis, but the light at the top of the poles are always above safe water level. In the event of a flood, the row of lights will continue in a straight line out into the streaming river, indicating the flood level.(Archdaily.com) 117 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 4 : Case Study

The walls are folded inward into the embankment to make room for the small building with service functions.

The noise barrier is supported by concrete walls, cast in the site using vertical wooden formwork with inlaid laths at varying intervals.

Figure 104 Section Figure 105 Plan

The rest stop is below ground with grass roof which makes it camoflage on highway.

Source : Archdaily.com

Four toilets and a small storage space are placed behind a screen wall of coned pine poles, next to a sitting area with a drinking fountain and a small sitting amphi. The path to the river bank consist of precast concrete slabs embedded with local slat stone, and the light poles are corten steel.

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Chapter 4 : Case Study

Observation •

The site is located in flood zone which is taken as a design advantage and the site changes during the flood rises up to the shore.

• The terrain helps to camouflage the rest-stop with environment and act as a sound barrier.

• Terrain and the entrance is such that the driver can miss the actual entrance as its adjoining to the highway, the entrance can only be noticed with sign-age if placed at certain distance.

•

No Emergency facility or first aid kit.

•

No restaurants

•

Minimal use of material to build a rest-stop that is a part time picnic spot for the locals.

• The terrain is a barrier to future floods.

• Use of Natural light helps in reducing the electricity usage in day time.

Figure 106 Interior seating with skylight 119 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Source : Archdaily.com

Chapter 4 : Case Study

ONLINE CASE STUDY

4.5.Reststop Akkarvikodden / Manthey Kula Architects, Norway

Figure 107 Reststop Akkarvikodden / Manthey Kula Architects Norway Source -Archdaily.com

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The project is situated in Lofoten, along one of the National Tourist Routes in Norway.

There are eighteen such routes in Norway, all chosen for their spectacular and characteristic landscape. The facilities for the tourists that drive along these roads; such as rest stops, viewing platforms and links to local points of interest are carried out by architects and landscape architects with the purpose of offering an experience of both nature and design.

The design had two aims. One was to make the small building very heavy so it would not

Figure 108 Interior 1 Source -Archdaily.com

be lifted off ground. The other was to make interiors that shut the scenery out. The first objective was of course very pragmatic, a direct response to the history of the building’s predecessor. The other objective was more obscure. The experience of the place, mountains and sea and the ever-present coastal climate is very intense. The restrooms were conceived to present a pause from the impressions of the surrounding nature, offering an experience of different sensuous qualities. The rest room is open only during summer season thus the building did not have to be insulated.

Figure 109 Interior 2 Source -Archdaily.com

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Chapter 4 : Case Study

METAL SHEET TO PROTECT FROM HEAVY WIND

SKY LIGHT

Figure 110 Plan

SKYLIGHT

WASHROOM

CHANGING ROOM/BABY ROOM

WASHROOM

Figure 111 Section

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Observation • The material used in required less of maintenance with respect to accessibility of site.

• The Metal sheet can withstand cold winds • Thin metal used is not insulated and easily transfer cold environment inside.

• Use of natural light with huge skylights to conserve electricity.

• Color of the exterior is prominent that helps to identify the structure from far away.

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Haugen/Zohar Arkitekter Ureddplassen Rest Stop, Norway Ignant.com

Figure 112 view from outside Source- Ignant.com

Situated at the head of a fjord, overlooking the Norwegian Sea and the snow-capped mountains of the Lofoten Wall, it is a place popular amongst locals and travelers alike — famed for the vista it offers of the Northern Lights in winter, and the midnight sun in summer. Owing to an increase in visitors, this area of Ureddplassen has

Figure 113 Seating space Source - Ignant.com

been updated to allow for a more pleasant experience of the site and its views.

The toilet block is shaped like a wave, a soft concrete gesture against a spectacular landscape.

Further to the toilet block, the updated rest stop comprises of a concrete slab whose curved shape mimics that of the water that rises to meet the Figure 114 View during dawn

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Chapter 4 : Case Study

black pebble cove below. A series of concrete levels act as both steps and staggered seating, creating an amphitheater that extends from the rest stop down to the beach.

Observation • The site is located between two villages that only requires one restrooms with a medical facility.

• It dwells with surrounding and lake with provision of seating.

• There are no design consideration for protection from wind for outdoor seating.

• Quick and accessible • Needs a warm place during an emergency.

• No use of natural light as it is on the shadow of mountain and Norway have irregular pattern of sunlight,

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CHAPTER 5 CLIMATE AND GEOGRAPHIC DATA

126 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Introduction The national highway (Leh-Manali) is geographically rich with a diverse terrain at every different altitude. It is also prone to many natural calamities that occur throughout the year such as Landslide, Cloud burst, Earthquake, solid waste pollution, and air pollution are major concerns that are increasing yearly. Climate change is more effective in high altitude region which is seen in Ladakh with late snowfall and less precipitation . This study will analyze how look at such problems and find a site with habitable situation for sustainable construction.

Chapter 5 : Climate and Geographic Data

METHODOLOGY

SCOPE OF STUDY TOPOGRAPHY EARTHQUAKE LANDSLIDE WEATHER SOIL

Site Analysis

Conclusion 5.1.Methodolgy

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Chapter 5 : Climate and Geographic Data

5.2..Topography Ladakh covers about 117,000 square km and contains the Ladakh Range, which is a south eastern extension of the Karakoram Range, and the upper Indus River valley. Ladakh is one of the highest regions of the world. Its natural features consist mainly of high plains and deep valleys.

The high plain predominates in the east, diminishing gradually toward the west. In south eastern Ladakh lies Rupshu, an area of large, brackish lakes with a uniform elevation of about 13,500 feet (4,100 meters). To the northwest of Rupshu lies the Zanskar Range, an inaccessible region where the people and the cattle remain indoors for much of the year because of the cold. Zaskar is drained by the Zaskar River, which, flowing northward, joins the Indus River below Leh. In the heart of Ladakh, farther to the north, cultivation by means of manuring and irrigation is practiced by farmers living in valley villages at elevations between about 9,000 and 15,000 feet (2,750 and 4,550 meters). Shepherds tend flocks in the upland valleys that are too high for cultivation. Leh, the most accessible town of Ladakh, is an important trade center located 160 miles (260 km) east of Srinagar.

(BRITANICA.COM)

Figure 115 Ladakh mountain range 129 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 5 : Climate and Geographic Data

In

du

sr

ive

r

Karakorum range

Ladakh range

Leh

Z an

Shrinagar

In

s ka

du

Pangong Tso

ive

r

r

od St

r rive

sr

er riv

Zanskar range

iver

r

Tsa r ap

Tso Mortri Ch

riv

an

er

r

ive

B ha

ar dr

g

Ch en ab

river

Manali

Figure 116 Topographically, the whole district is occupied by mountains with three parallel ranges of the Himalayas, the Zanskar range at south, the Ladakh at center and the Karakoram on north. Between these ranges, the Shayok, Indus and Zanskar rivers flow throuugh the region. Most of the civilisation is near to the river plains because of fertile soil and flat lands.

130 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 5 : Climate and Geographic Data

Gilgit Massif -Sindhu Gorge

Hindukush

Gilgit-Hunza Valley Shigar

sai

Astor Valley

Hindukush

Deo

in

Lo we r

Nanga parbat da

dh

Karewas

Gr ea tH

pla

in

kh

uf

urr ow

thi

ma

lya

ll p

Sh yo k

e

nZ

ge

Leh

an

sk

ar

Re

gio n

lain

s

Manali

Figure 117 Topography map of Himalyan mountain

131 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Ladakh Plateau

ran

im

Lesser Himalaya or Pir panjal region

Foo

ang

Soda Plain

Sin

lum

et R

pla

La

Jhe

Sug

Kara Kash

Deosai Highland

The Rimiands

Siwalik

Karakoram range

Upper Shyok

Chapter 5 : Climate and Geographic Data

Figure 118 Zanskar river

Ladakh lies on the rain shadow side of the Himalayan, where dry monsoon winds reach Leh after being robbed of its moisture in plains and the Himalayas mountain the district combines the condition of both arctic and desert climate. Therefore, Ladakh is often called “COLD DESERT”.

(MSME) The Indus river flowing through these ranges makes deep and narrow gorges of classical nature.

On either side of Indus, are present alluvial flats, river terraces, alluvial fans and fanglomerates. The traditional town of Leh is situated on such an alluvial fan. At places, on either side of the Leh, the alluvial plains stretch to a width of about 30 km. Seen from the above, the alluvial plains appear to be a mere succession of yellow plains and barren mountains capped with snow. Although agriculture or farming is mostly done in alluvial plains especially along the terraces of the river Indus and its tributaries like the Zanskar, Nyemo, Dras, Suru, Wakha, Kanji and Wanla. (Arora, 2017)

Figure 119 Farm lands along the fertile basins of river 132 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 5 : Climate and Geographic Data

5.3. Soil and minirals

Leh

Manali

Type of Soil and Stone in the region Badded tuff, Ash& lava Granite Granite Gneiss Granite with Epidiorite Limestone Limestone & shale Older Alluvium

Quartzite Recent Alluvium Sandstone & shale Sandstone,Shale & Conglomerate Shale Slate & Quartzite No data

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Chapter 5 : Climate and Geographic Data

Soil Properties

Sandy

loamy

Figure 120 Classifying soil

Clay

It has been reported that soils of Ladakh zone are coarse textured, shallow and sandy type which is derived from weathered debris of the rocks. They are subjected to wind erosion and have usually boulders with high permeability and low water holding capacity. Some of the areas stand affected by salinity and solidity. (Arora, 2017). In some places, the soils are gravelly sandy loams. Three great soil groups viz. grey brown podzolic, brown forest and alluvial (saline and sodic soils) have been recognized. (Arora, 2017) These soils show rapid permeability that the soils developed on steep to very steep slopes are characterized by loamy sand to sandy in texture with sand content from about 84 to 91 per cent and silt and clay contents from 2 to 7 and 6 to 7 per cent, respectively. The soils are alkaline in reaction, pH ranging from 8.3 to 8.6, low in organic carbon (0.16 to 0.58%). The soils are calcareous in nature. It is point to mention that these soils showed the presence of gravels/pebbles to the extent of 15.0 to 31.4 percent by volume.Pebbles and gravels are also found at variable depths in the profile (16.8 to 40.4%). (Arora, 2017)

Source : The investigation of the effects of land management practices on the soil ecosystem

Figure 121 Combination of Sand,Clay and Slit 134 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 5 : Climate and Geographic Data

Minerals Availability of Minerals. Various kind of raw minerals like Granite, Stone,Gypsum, lime Stone are abundantly available in the district. There is Granite

a huge reserve of Granite & other mineral in Leh , however these mineral resources are yet to be exploited (MSME) Geologically, the area is a desert of bare crags and granite dust with mostly rocks of sandstones, shales and conglomerates. The crystalline rocks-gneisses and schists occupy large areas.

The oldest or pre-Cambrian rocks in Ladakh are designated as Salkhale formations, composing of slates, phyllites, quartzites, schists, gneisses and

Gypsum

limestones.

In the western part of the Zanskar range, the rocks of Panjal volcanoes are present.The rocks younger in age are called Dras volcanics. They are found near Rupshu and along the Leh Yarkand road in Sinkiang. The rocks belonging to Triassic period are called Megalodon limestones.

(Arora, 2017)

Limestone

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Chapter 5 : Climate and Geographic Data

5.4. Long term problems on Soil

Increase in Transportation

Zinc, Iron, copper and Sulpher

Crops along the highway

Figure 122 On Leh-Manali highway Diesel runs vehicles are used for commute, the diesel has a heavy metal concentration which is polluting the adjacent soil along the highway. The car emits heavy metal into the atmosphere which mixes with soil adjoining to the road.

Vehicles constitute one of the most important sources of environmental pollution. Most studies on roadside soil pollution have been carried out in urban areas, where the main fuel used is petrol.

These studies indicate that the concentrations of heavy metals associated with vehicular movement decrease with increasing distance from the highway and with depth in the soil profile. In contrast, most of the vehicles that travel along the Manali-Leh Highway in the northwestern Himalayas, India are fueled by diesel. (Dasgupta, 2014) On Leh-Manali highway Diesel runs vehicles are used for commute, the diesel has a heavy metal concentration which is polluting the adjacent soil along the highway. Although the highway was closed to tourists for eight months of the year (according to early studies), army vehicles are

136 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 5 : Climate and Geographic Data

Contaminated Crops

Transported to consumers

These heavy metal gets transferred into the soil which might be used for farming. Thus transferring to plants, animals, and humans which is hazardous for health.

presumed to travel much of its length during the winter. During the cold period, deicing salt is used to keep the road clear that might result in the dispersal of heavy metals both away from the road as well as downward in the soil profile. In the study, it is seen that there is an apparent increase in metal concentrations with distance from the highway at Kothi and Killingsarai, almost no change in concentrations at Rumtse, and an apparent decrease in concentrations at Jispa. Although at Jispa, the concentrations of metals decrease with 17m distance from the highway. The study states that the concentration in the soil is low compared to the urban city due to the low rate of vehicles but with the increase in the vehicles every year to the destination, it’s evident to see changes in the concentration along the highway. After the development of the Atal tunnel, there will be a year-long influx of transportation which will have a long-term impact on people, plants, and agriculture. It will also be critical to establishing the degree to which these pollutants are transferred to the animals and people that live along the Manali-Leh Highway. (Dasgupta, 2014) The sulfur content is seen in all studied sites of the report which is of concern from both health and ecological points of view. The studied site is Kothi, Killingsarai,Rumtse and Jispa.

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Chapter 5 : Climate and Geographic Data

5.5. Analysing a Landslide zone The research focuses on one part of National Highway 3 which is from Mandi to Kullu (69km) which is a most prone zone for landslides. There is more death in valleys every year because of landslides in Himachal Pradesh than any other calamity. The study is taken on documented landslides and research on what creates a landslide based on certain parameter. These landslides disrupt the economic stability of further connected towns and districts which leads to Leh. The study has been carried out considering nine landslide conditioning factors: curvature, slope degree, lithology, soil, slope aspect, lineament density, drainage density, relative relief and land use/land-cover (Akhilesh Kumar, 2018).

Figure 124 .

Figure 123 .

Slope degree

Slop Aspect

Slope degree is defined as the degree of

Slope aspect is defined as the trend of max-

variation in elevation over distance or in the

imum steepest slope in x–y plane. It is stated

direction of steepest fall. Velocity of the sur-

as a direction class in clockwise from 0° to

face as well as subsurface flow is affected by

360°. It reflects bedrock structure, changes in

the slope of an area. It is an important param-

evapotranspiration and vegetation due to sun

eter which substantially impacts the landslides

exposure.

and frequently used in various landslides studies.

138 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 5 : Climate and Geographic Data

Figure 126 .

Figure 125 .

Relative relief

Curvature

Relative relief refers to the difference of

Curvature of an area is defined as the

highest and lowest elevation within a region.

rate of change of gradient of slope in a certain

It is an important causative factor due to more

direction. Generally, the morphology of the

frequency of landslides occurrence in high

area is symbolized by slope curvature. In this

relative relief areas.

study area, the curvature has been classified into three categories: concave, convex and flat (straight or planar). In most cases, the concave slopes are considered unstable while convex slopes are considered as stable slopes.

Figure 127 .

Drainage Density Measurement of drainage density is suitable in determining runoff potential and landscape segmentation. Drainage density describes as the total length of stream per unit area.

139 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 5 : Climate and Geographic Data

Figure 128 .

Figure 129 .

Land use and land cover

Soil

This is the key factors, which affect the

Soil is assumed as the triggering factor in

characteristics of earth and results in occur-

locating landslide-prone areas, as it is the most

rences of landslides. It indicates the physical

important factor for slope stability. The thick-

description of an area; at the convergence of

ness and cohesiveness of the soil largely affect

various environmental factors of pedological,

the spreading of landslides. The soil present

vegetation and geomorphological characteris-

under the study area has been categorized into

tics. Land use pattern changes such as defor-

five classes: coarse loamy soil, fine loamy

estation and changes due to urbanization and

soil, loamy soil, loamy skeletal soil and loamy

agricultural are the governing activities, which

calcareous soils.

make the area more susceptible to landslides.

140 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 5 : Climate and Geographic Data

Figure 130 .

Figure 131 .

Lithology

Lineament

The structural and lithological properties

Lineament is defined as the structural fea-

lead to a change in strength and permeabil-

ture, which shows the discontinuities, zones of

ity of soils and rocks. The different types of

weakness, shear zones, faults and fractures. In

rocks have varied structures and compositions,

other terms, these are the lines of the landscape

which contribute to their strength Weaker

that reflects the geometry of rocks.

rocks give less driving forces when compared to stronger rocks, therefore, more susceptible to landslides

141 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 5 : Climate and Geographic Data

Figure 132 Type of landslide MIT site planning online , EDX

142 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 5 : Climate and Geographic Data

Observation The research paper shows an in-depth analysis with 9 factors on identifying landslide-prone zones which is vital for having future prevention from any hazard. The graphical representation shows how these factors can easily be identified for better functionality on roads. It needs expertise for such accuracy to determine with calculations to cover such distance.

Conclusion The factors used can help to identify the best possible locations for a wayside amenity and help to narrow down permanence of site. Few of the factors (Curvature, soil, land use and land cover, slope aspect) can be used on Google earth and different research paper on a particular factor that could help analyses NH3 Leh-Manali for a bachelor’s thesis.

143 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 5 : Climate and Geographic Data

5.6.Cloud burst The climate of Ladakh is cold and dry. Average annual precipitation is roughly 3 inches (80 mm); fine, dry, flaked snow is frequent and sometimes falls heavily. The Ladakh region is experienced by harsh and rigorous climate varying from extremes of heat and cold, excessive dryness and very low rainfall. As such this region is called Cold arid zone or Cold desert region of Jammu and Kashmir like Lahaul, Spiti and Kinnaur in Himachal Pradesh. The excessive dryness is chiefly due to very high elevation by which the air is so rarefied that it becomes incapable of holding moisture in suspension form. It is also partly explained due to great radiation of heat from the bare soil by which moisture is rapidly evaporated. Summers are very short and mild and winters very long and piercing cold. (Arora, 2017) 3. lack of upper air prevents decepation and water concentration increases

4. Increased concentration of water cause sudden localized downpour of water 2. Continues rise of air mass form large clouds

5. Steep slope and lack of vegetation cause flashflood

1.Warm and humid air moves upward

Figure 133 Schematic Cloud burst cycle in Ladakh

144 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 5 : Climate and Geographic Data

Over the last few years, impacts of global climate change have been increasingly visible in Ladakh and Lahaul & Spiti. Rainfall and snowfall patterns have been changing; small glaciers and permanent snow fields are melting affecting water runoff in the rivers/streams, and rise in temperature and humidity inducing favorable conditions for the invasion of insects and pest aggression.

(Prakash, 2013)

Figure 134 2010 Cloud burst Disaster in Ladakh

Tangaloverwordpress.com

Ladakh is a highland desert, strongly guarded by Peer Panjal, the Himalayas and the Stok and Zanskar ranges, which do not allow any moist air to reach the Indus valley. Areas miles away from moist sea winds usually receive precipitation by “convectional rainfall”. Warm, moist air starts rising from local water bodies and vegetation due to solar heat. With the increase in height this warm, moist air starts cooling and forms clouds after condensation. As clouds continue to grow, the weight of the water droplets can eventually lead to precipitation, and at times, torrential rains if come in contact with cold air currents at high altitudes - normally called cloudburst. However, normally this occurs over tropical river basins in the hills (Malpa and Kinnaure in Himachal are the recent examples), where vegetations and river channels provide much needed water content and increase relative humidity. Ladakh is an exception for such climatic conditions because of unavailability 145 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 5 : Climate and Geographic Data

of widespread water bodies, thick vegetation

public buildings, should be assessed for its

and cold climate. The reason lies in the type

resilience and resistance to hazards. (Prakash,

of landscape and the soil in the mountains of

2013)

Ladakh (Prakash, 2013).

A cloud burst is a form of torrential rainfall accompanied by hail and thunder. It is usually observed in high altitude areas and occurs due to the formation of a low-pressure area on the top of a mountain. The low-pressure zone attracts clouds to the top of the mountain with great force. When they hit the peak, the moisture content is released in the form of rain. The state of Himachal Pradesh witnesses the greatest number of cloud bursts. Valleys affected by cloud bursts are generally strewn with huge boulders brought down by the rain.

Cloud bursts mainly occur in the Himalayas and can cause rainfall of up to 75 mm per hour.

(Prakash, 2013) Leh is a remote and isolated city, and cloudbursts in nearby places show that severed transportation links will delay the emergency response. Such isolation highlights the importance of building capacity at the municipal level, with well trained and adequately equipped local response teams. Additionally, building resilience by managing critical infrastructure and public buildings will be vital in future disaster responses. Infrastructure can be improved and designed for greater resilience. Critical infrastructure, including, hospitals, schools, and 146 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 5 : Climate and Geographic Data

2.5. Weathering The soils of the cold arid region of Ladakh like that of Lahaul Spiti and Kinnuar are greatly subjected to diurnal as well as seasonal changes of temperature. This creates various shattering stresses due to differential expansion and contraction in the surface layers of rocks. These changes lead to physical or mechanical weathering of the rocks. The temperature changes also bring about exfoliation of surface layers of rocks, when water freezes in rock joints, crevices and cracks in boulder, it expands 9 percent of its volume, creating a shattering force of about 150 tonnes per square foot. All these phenomena result in the formation of an abundance of loose material or debris. Since there is less amount of organic carbon in these soils owing to scarce natural vegetation and very low rainfall, humus substances or organic matter components have not much action to convert the loose material or debris into soil mass. Thus, under the predominant influence of physical weathering, these soils usually consist of course materials and are often called Skeletal soils. (Arora, 2017).

High altitudes accompanied with steep to very steep slopes and aspect to the slope have pro-

Figure 135 Weathering process

found effect on soil moisture regime, snow cover and vegetation cover. After melting, a part of now of mountain peaks is lost through sublimation and the remaining comes down the slopes. This creates a thick snow cover in the valleys, flat areas and depressions. Hence, more soil development can be noticed in the valleys, depressions and flat topographic situations, as has been observed in case of soils developed under moderate to gentle steep slopes. This is because soil materials on gently sloping topography have more water passing through and profile is generally deeper, more clay and organic matter than in soils on steep to very steep topography. (Arora, 2017)

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Chapter 5 : Climate and Geographic Data

Figure 136 Different type of earthquake faults

148 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 5 : Climate and Geographic Data

5.8.Earthquake

Figure 137 Earthquake map from January 2017 to ocotber 2020

Ladakh is situated between two plates divided into different Himalayan ranges. For past years some changes are happening in the Himalayan ranges as the plates are changing their fault’s direction and being prone zone for earthquakes. A similar pattern is seen in the Nepal earthquake that occurred in 2015, it was believed such a catastrophic event would never occur in Nepal. A similar pattern and myth in Ladakh are rumored for centuries. Recent data from seismic.gov shows that in past one year Leh has witnessed a magnitude range of 1.5- 7. The epicenter of the earthquake is about 360km and was felt 90 km northeast of Leh city.

Uneven distribution may change the center of mass outside of the geometric center that causes tor-

Damping is the rate at which

Ductility is the characteristic

natural vibrations are absorbed.

of a material to bend or deform at a considerable point.

sion. Symmetrical and balanced design can control torsion in a manageable range.

Strenght and Stiffness

Building configuration of

depend on the amount of re-

a building is vital because its

sistance of a material by applied

size and shape can determine the

forces within a safe limit.

distribution of seismic forces throughout the building.

149 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 5 : Climate and Geographic Data

5.9.Vegetation As a result of the cold and dry climate, natural vegetation of Ladakh region is scantly. Temperature and moisture are the two main factors responsible for sparse and reduced vegetation of the area.

One finds vegetation even at an altitude of about 5,000m provided the surface receives sunlight and favors moisture retention. On the whole, natural vegetation is characterized by highly stunted growth. On slopes with southern exposure, there are somewhat open forest lands with Salix and Juniperus with gregarious stands of Artemisia, Lonicera and Hippophae. On the south of Leh district, in alpine zones occur fine flowered herbs of Aconitum, Astragalus, Potentilla, Primula, Saxifrage and several genera of the Asteraceae.

Vegetation is confined to valleys and sheltered spots, where a stunted growth of tamarisk (genus Tamarix) shrubs, furze (also called gorse; spiny plants of the legume family), and other plants supply much-needed firewood. The principal products are wheat, barley, millet, buckwheat, peas, beans, and turnips. Woolen cloth and other textiles are the primary manufactures. (BRITANICA. COM)

Figure 138 Willow tree in autumn season- Mostly used for construction to fill the floorings

150 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 5 : Climate and Geographic Data

Figure 139 Poplar tree in autmn- used as a beam in construction

151 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 5 : Climate and Geographic Data

5.10. Climate of Ladakh

The daily average high (red line) and low (blue line) temperature, with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands. The thin dotted lines are the corresponding average perceived temperatures.

The warm season lasts for 3.0 months, from June 13 to September 13, with an average daily high temperature above 65°F. The hottest day of the year is July 28, with an average high of 75°F and low of 48°F.

In Leh, the summers are comfortable and mostly clear, the winters are freezing and partly cloudy, and it is dry year round. Over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 3°F to 75°F and is rarely below -7°F or above 80°F.The drier season lasts 6.1 months, from September 2 to March 4. The smallest chance of a wet day is 2% on November 20.

152 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 5 : Climate and Geographic Data

weatherspark.com

The cold season lasts for 3.5 months, from November 29 to March 13, with an average daily high temperature below 35°F. The coldest day of the year is January 25, with an average low of 3°F and high of 25°F.

weatherspark.com

The chart shows the wind direction is mostly from West and South region. During the winter the wind direction is from south and in summers they are from West.

Figure 140 image A,B,C, D, E, F- Cliamte of Ladakh Source - weatherspark.com

153 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 5 : Climate and Geographic Data

Precipitation A wet day is one with at least 0.04 inches of liquid or liquid-equivalent precipitation. The chance of wet days in Leh varies throughout the year. The wetter season lasts 5.9 months, from March 4 to September 2, with a greater than 8% chance of a given day being a wet day. The chance of a wet day peaks at 14% on July 28.

weatherspark.com

Snow alone is the most common for 4.3 months, from November 10 to March 22. The highest chance of a day with snow alone is 6% on February 6.Mixed snow and rain is the most common for 1.7 weeks, from March 22 to March 27 and from November 3 to November 10. The highest chance of a day with mixed snow and rain is 3% on March 25.

154 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

429 0M

428 0M

4270 M

Chapter 5 : Climate and Geographic Data

H

s Le ard tow

Major winds flows from

h

West throughout the year which are strong during summer season

N

0M

430

Site Analysis

0M

431

0M

432

0M

433

ali s Man ard Tow

0M

434

50

43

M 60

43

M

0M

437

0M

438

0M

439

0M

440

0M

441

0M

442

0M

443

0M

444

0M

445

Winter winds flows from the South that are strong between November to February month

M 60 44 0M 447 M 8 4 4 0

4490 M

4500 M

4510 M

site analysis based on study

Conclusion The site is located is open area which can be affected by heavy wind from south and west throughout the year. To tackle the wind poplar tree and willow tree can be planted to reduce the cold breeze around the built structure. The sun altitude is lower as the site is located in north India. Windows could be added toward south to have maximum heat inside. A wide space can be dedicated on southern plot for solar panels. Glacier water can be used from which is coming from south of the site for Ice stupa. Site needs a proper drain systems to navigate rainwater or snowfall melting as it is on a gentle slope.

155 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

CHAPTER 6 SITE STUDY

156 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

157 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 6 : Site Study

Leh

Rumtse Pang Sarchu Zingzingbar

Manali

Figure 141 location of site on NH3

158 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 6 : Site Study

6.1. Site Analysis

Sarchu Village Farm Lands

Military Base

Dh

aba

are

a

Main Site at Sarchu

Figure 142 Context of Sarchu

Source Google Earth

Sarchu is located at the border of Himachal

soil is completely flat which goes down to the

Pradesh and Ladakh that is almost at the center

Tsarap river. There is a mountain on the South

of NH3. The site is consists of an Army medical

of the site, that concaves towards the site. A

base, a road construction worker’s quarter, and

concave shape reduces the risk of a landslide

Dhabas.

or an avalanche. Glacier water is flowing

The site has loose soil on the top with vege-

between the valleys on the west side of the

tation which makes it clear it is fertile and could

site which flows towards the Tsarap river. This

be used for farming, in addition to that there are

glacier water can be used as used for Ice stupa

farmlands near the river due to Sarchu village

to get water throughout the summer season.

just across the river. The soil is Alluvial which is found in most of the region. The terrain of 159 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 6 : Site Study

Site Area Approx 6Acre

1

3

2 V Figure 143 Neighbourhood and surroundings

Source Google Earth

The preferred site is at a road curve neighboring to the existing Dhabas. There is a Pathway adjoining the preferred site that is accessible to the labor camp located 200 m away from the main road adjoining the preferred site. A helipad zone is at the northern part of the site used during an emergency. Across the Tasrap river, there are crop fields that are grown and maintained by Villagers of Sarchu that is 25-50km away from the preferred site.

Figure 144 1.Site Surrounding 160 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Photograph by Author

Chapter 6 : Site Study

h Le

429 0M

M 4270

428 0M

Note - The site boundary is updated after the design consideration

ard Tow

s

0M

430

WORKERS QUARTER

Site

0M

GLACIER

WATER

431

0M

432

0M

433

ards Manali Tow

0M

434

50

43

M

60

43

M 0M

437

0M

438

0M

439

0M

440

0M

441

0M

442

0M

443

DHABA AND ACCOMODATION

0M

444

0M

445

M 60 44 0M 7 44 M 4480 4490 M 4500 M 4510 M

Figure 145 Site location with Contour map

Concave shapes sloped is less prone to a

approaches towards the site. This aspect shows

landslide as it does not help in giving momen-

that it reduces the risk of having any kind of

tum to a landslide or an Avalanche. The slopes

disaster on the site. Some of the other aspects

are facing towards the North and Northwest

also need to be considered as per the previous

direction which has an increasing slope degree

report but it needs thorough research that re-

at the top of the mountain and reduces has its

quires physical and mathematical analysis.

161 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 6 : Site Study

Figure 146 2.Site Surrounding

Photograph by Author

Figure 147 3.Site Surrounding

Photograph by Author

162 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Leh

Karu

Upshi

Rumtse

Tanglang La pass

Fuel Station 333 km

Debring

Nakee la

Sarchu

Zo ne

2 hour Drive Reach 68KM

Army Hospitol

Pang

Baralacha La pass

or k

2 hour Drive Reach 63KM

No

Rangyo

tw Ne

C ity

Jispa

st e os Cl

Keylong

Rothang Tunnel 163 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Manali

164 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Glac

ier w

ater

Tsarap river

Figure 148 .

6.2.Curvature CONCAVE FLAT CONVEX HIGHWAY

165 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

NORTH

166 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Figure 149 .

6.3.Slope Aspect West

East

North-west

North

Highway

South 167 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

NORTH

Chapter 6 : Site Study

Conclusion • The Characteristics and different principals in the research helps to understand site character for different location which can be used to narrow down into distinguished roles for places.

• The Sarchu site is located near Tsarap and a glacier water flows through which can be used for Ice stupa which will preserve water for summer use.

• The site was never a epicenter of an earthquake but can witness in the future which requires to have Seismic building construction.

• The major wind direction are from west and south which are always a cold breeze, the wind breeze can be reduced by planting poplar and willow tree.

• The site has vegetation which is a good sign for growing a vegetable and using the soil for earth construction which wont be very sandy and could burst to make different building components.

• As the site is located near landslide zone that is between Pang and Sarchu, design consideration for having emergency facility and a motel is required.

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Chapter 6 : Site Study

169 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

CHAPTER 7 SITE SURVEY AND DESIGN BRIEF

170 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

7.1.

171 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Delhi

LOCAL

TOURIST

17%

60%

local residents Participated in the total survey

Tourist Participated in the total survey

Travelling for

Most of the Tourist prefered Bus and Private car than airplane.

Routine Medical checkup

Buisness

Dharamshala

HRTC Bus/ Pvt Bus

1/2

TOURIST INFLUX

1/3

Airplane

80%

Local travel back to home towns like Delhi, and Dharamshala for meeting their family and buisness. local medical staff go on routine check up via NH3

travel atleast once a year from ManaliLeh highway

Pvt Car

Prefer Srinagar-Leh due to sparsely spread habitats along highway.

January

Motarbike

Hitch-Hiking

people have travelled from KeylongLeh highway or a certain segment of it.

April

June

November

Month

Atleast Once

More than Twice

locals stop at Sarchu

at Dhaba

or Pang

and in Random

for minimum 15

min or One Night

spots for 15-30

Obserbation at Dhaba

min

Obserbation at Dhaba

Quality

Quality

Satisfaction

Satisfaction

Warmth inside

Warmth inside

Hygiene of toilets

Hygiene of toilets

Experience

Experience

Comfort

Comfort

Safety

Safety

Food

Food

AMS Symptoms During travel

AMS Symptoms During travel

172

Nausea

Disturb Sleep

Headache

on Highway 2020-21 Shortness ofKyosang Breath Nausea

Disturb Sleep

Headache

Shortness of Breath

173 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

TRUCK DRIVER

BUS DRIVER

9%

5%

Truck drivers Participated in the total survey

Bus drivers Participated in the total survey

The driver’s are mainly from

The driver’s are mainly from Leh

Leh Srinagar

Manali

Mandi

Keylong

60%

Srinagar Mandi Delhi

of the transportation is done from NH3

35

Leh

1/3

Chandigarh Lucknow Agra

Drivers stop to take long rest at usually at for about an

of the driver are first time driver on NH3 usually affected by AMS

passenger from Leh to Keylong.

Buses take Night

Hault at Sarchu

Often Dhaba Sarchu Hour Day

Bus frequency April

No. of bus

Ludhiana

to transport goods in a unless an technical emergency

November 7 Army service Mix service

5

0

Month

Type of goods

Problems on highway Wood/ Ply

Petrol

Construction Material

9 Ton

goods allowed for transport

local fruits and Army material Vegetable on border

No network

AMS Symptoms is only witnessed in drivers from Mandi

Nausea

Disturb Sleep

Headache

Shortness of Breath

174

Depressed

Fatigue

Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

No mechanic

No washroom

175 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

TAXI DRIVER

ARMY PERSONAL

3%

6%

The driver’s are mainly from

Duration of posting

Leh

atleast

Srinagar

posted in

Manali

Driving Route

8 Months twice Pang or Sarchu

AMS Symptoms During travel

Srinagar Manali Chandigarh

Leh

Delhi Jammu

Disturb Sleep

Headache

Nausea

Dizziness

No. of passenger

Mini bus

Car

20 5-7

12 3-5

Shortness of Breath

Depending on car type

176 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

VEHICLE

Type of vehicle on NH3

Sedan

Pickup truck

Tank size : 45-65 Liter Milage : 18-20 Kmpl

Tank size : 650-70 Liter Milage : 13 Kmpl

Minivan Tank size : 35-45 Liter Milage : 21-22 Kmpl

Hatchback Tank size : 45-65 Liter Milage : 20-22 Kmpl

Suv Tank size : 55-65 Liter Milage : 11-16 Kmpl

Bike

Mini Bus

Truck

Bus

Tank size : 13.5 Liter Milage : 30-40 Kmpl

Tank size : 70-80 Liter Milage : 9-16Kmpl

Tank size : 250-400 Liter Milage : 6-10 Kmpl

Tank size : 400-600Liter Milage : 18-20 Kmpl

Almost all type of vehicle can travel from road on full tank

No

Fuel station in between for 333Km

Post Covid

225 per-Day

35 per-Day

Pre-Covid

405 per-Day

90 per-Day

Max capacity

23.6 x max Speed + 167 23.6 x 30 +167 = 875 Per hour

Source: Indohcm CSIR - CentralRoadResearch Institute, New Delhi

177 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 7 : Site survey and Design Brief

7.2 SWOT analysis

S

W

Strength

Weakness

1.Less contour Site

1.Situated in a sparsely populated area.

2.Army hospital nearby 3.Helipad on the proposed site 4.Sarchu Village across the river that can provide groceries and basic assistance

2. No network coverage 3. No sanitation 4. No Fuel-station 5. No Natural vegetation like trees.

5.Glacier water running from South

O

T

Opportunity

Threat

1. Sarchu village can get network coverage, Fuel station, and boost economy.

1.Sudden change in climate can affect the area.

2. Fuel stations will reduce carrying fuel and decrease the accidents caused by overloading.

3. For Dhaba to have permanent structure and security.

2. Road blockage that can reduce the frequency of users and accentual goods.

3. Water shortage 4. In case of fire, no external assistance.

4.Truck drivers to store goods in case of emergency to avoid loss or damage.

Figure 150 Swot Analysis 178 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 7 : Site survey and Design Biref

7.3.Design Brief Proposal The design will consist of two to three sites that are wayside amenities that will fulfill road users’ need. The first site will be a small facility that can be used and maintain by the local village or government authority as per the need. The main site is a comprehensive type 1 wayside amenity as per NHAI brief but concerning the context. The wayside amenities will fulfill the need for a fuel station, providing an opportunity for network connectivity and a needful facility for the user. The truck driver can store their goods and take advantage of the relay method goods service. An emergency Bus facility on the main site can fulfill the need to bring passengers in any emergency of bus service or any major event.

Sarchu ZingZingbar/ Killingsarai

Sub Site

Main Site

100 Sqm

9600 Sqm

Tanglangla/ Debring

Sub Site 100 Sqm

Figure 151 .

Sub Site Brief The site is located to the nearest village about 25 km to 50 km or 2-hour distance. It will consist of washrooms, a warm room, a quick emergency facility, first aid, and a viewing deck. The Toilets are traditional Ladakhi compost toilets, which need no water and the manure can be used for farming. The toilets are also low maintenance and can be made of rammed earth. The site will be in Rummtse, Debring at North, and Zingzingbar, Killingsarai at the South.

Main Site The main site is located in Sarchu that is surrounded by habitats in various forms. The context of Sarchu is such that it is a military hospital base, a Dhaba, and Sarchu village across the Tsarap river which makes it a habitable place and convenient for the user to stay by. The site is flat and surrounded by mountains. The site is on the border of Himachal Pradesh and Ladakh that makes both State and UT important to maintain this place for future use. The existing place can serve the user that can be incorporated with restaurant, Dhaba, motel, resting/relaxing space, parking, washrooms, medium-sized fuel station, emergency facility, bus stop, mechanic area, small health care facility, good storage for truck drivers and exhibition space.

179 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 7 : Site survey and Design Biref

7.4.Area Program for Propose Site At Sarchu

Figure 152 Area Program

No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

No. 1 2 3 4

Area Program Facility for Main site

Fuel station + mechanic + office Food court + Dhaba + Kiosk Motel and Dormitory Rest-rooms Emergency clinic Prayer room Goods Storage Bus stop Recreational space/ landscape/ indoor farming Exhibition space Parking (car + bike + bus + truck) solar panel Building service Building office

Area

1600 1500 650 100 100 100 500 50 1500 500 5000 500 500 150

Total area

12750

Total area excluding fuel station and parking

6150

Facility for Sub-site

Rest-room viewing deck First aid and emergency room Warm room

Area 25 25 15 35

Total

100

Number of Subsite = 2

200

180 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 7 : Site survey and Design Biref

181 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION OF RESEARCH

182 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 8 : Conclusion of Research

Conclusion The research aimed on necessity of wayside amenities and it’s impact on highway. A wayside amenity existed in different forms in negotiation with by-laws. The importance of rest-stop as a airport layover is crucial because it helps in boosting local economy, brings business opportunity, and reduces fatigue on drivers. A rest-stop helps in reducing accidents in a radius of 30 km depending upon the context and road. NHAI (National Highway Authority of India) have mandate distance for different types of amenity with washroom, drinking water to be provided at 25 km, and comprehensive amenity every 50 km for the respective user.

The comparative study showed that it’s important to have a minimum distance set by the authority. Certain parameters like type of road, terrain, inclination, curvature and weather determines need of certain type if rest sops . Such observation was put into use on a proposed site on Manali- Leh road to determine the appropriate location of the site.

The research paper on landslide (Akhilesh Kumar, 2018) helped determine how to analyze with observation using digital maps and 3D contours. The principals are used to have a basic understanding of how landslides can affect the site and predict landslide or avalanche in terms of the shape of a mountain.

The location was selected in terms of personal experience, importance, need, survey and difficulty along the road. As compared to any place in India, Ladakh recently gained more importance as a UT and many other aspects inclined for tourism and ease of transport like the Atal tunnel are built, Vision 2025 document Ladakh in which one of the aims to improve tourism with ease and Leh-Manali highway is the shortest route to reach major city/town (Delhi, Chandigarh, and Dharamshala). This concluded that there would be difficulty in maintaining the influx as it is not incorporated with the facility to sustain impact on waste management, medical facility, personal health affected by AMS, and on the infrastructure on highway.

Due to the climatic condition and landscapes in Ladakh, people get stuck for days with no network or facility near by. Most of the roads are well constructed but lacks proper facility. The Dhabas are located on habitable regions but are difficult to reach if stuck due to landslide or snowfall.

The Dhabas are non-permanent structure which are made of tin sheets and corrugated sheets that are not habitable for the climatic conditions.

183 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 8 : Conclusion of Research

The site visit to Ladakh in November 2020 during covid-19, helped gain knowledge and indulge with locals, army personals and government officials. The visit made sure importance for the people of Ladakh and tourists. There is a proposal made by Ladakh autonomous hill development council to have at least a check post for police, 4 beds, and an emergency facility at Sarchu. The observation along the road and experiencing them helped to understand which location can be selected for type of proposal.

The road is slowly gaining importance as further development and proposal are being made to improve the condition for the military that eventually will help locals and tourists. Other users like truck drivers and bus drivers shared concerning alarms that need proper remodeling of how the system should work, the reason being the people are from a different background that is not necessary accumulate with the environment. The situation of truck drivers is worse as the condition of the rest stop does not allow them to be a better driver. Less rest, driving in fatigue makes this user prone to accidents. They bring essential supplies to many people in this region.

Sarchu is a place where many of the users took a halt and a habitable place. It has a village, a hospital, and a comfortable environment (according to the survey). It sits between two passes and deadly terrain which makes it an important halt. Water and fuel are crucial to surviving through this road as it helps to tackle AMS and complete the entire journey respectively which lacks on the road.

This makes it important to have a small station or rest-stop that has a washroom, water, and a warm place to survive with an emergency facility. The consideration for having multiple sites will bring ease in the travel.

This research is a humble beginning to give an insight into the condition of National highways in a remote area and how important it could be for people’s lives to have a wayside amenity.

184 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Chapter 8 : Conclusion of Research

185 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

List of Figure Figure 1 About National highway - Leh - Manali Highway (NH3)

....11

Figure 2 Dard

....13

Figure 3 Brokpas

....14

Figure 4 Bhotia, Figure 6 Champas, Figure 5 Monk ....15 Figure 7 Kushok Bakula Rinpoche (1918-2003) also knnown as modern architect of Ladakh (left) with the first prime minister of independent India, Jawaharlal Nehru, during a meeting in Srinagar in 1953

....16

Figure 8 The Meaning Of ‘Om Mani Padme Hum’on Flags is, Figure 9 The colors represesnts elements in our human body which is directly related to elements of planets

....17

Figure 10 Each color is with five human sense Hearing, Touch, Visual, Taste, Smell.

....18

Figure 11 A1 plaza Reliance in chitradurga karnatak 2008...

....21

Figure 12 A1 plaza Reliance in chitradurga,Karnatak 2008.

....22

Figure 13 Kamat Restaurants on Nattional highway

....23

Figure 14 Chachachi Dhaba at Batal in Spiti valley, Figure 15 Dhaba on Srinagar-Leh highway

....24

Figure 16 Dhaba at Marhi to Rothang La Pass, Figure 17 Dhaba on Sarchu

....25

Figure 19 Rothang tunnel map, Figure 18 Article of Rothang tunnel

....26

Figure 20 Zojila Pass and Rothang Tunnel ( Atal tunnel ) are constructed, Figure 21 Bilaspur- Manali- Leh Railway projec

....27

Figure 22 Tourism growth chart

....28

Figure 23 Yearly data

....28

Figure 25 Symptoms of AMS Figure 24 Prevalence of Mild AMS, Figure 26 Oxygen molecules

....29

Figure 27 Altitude graph

....30

Figure 28 Border Roads Organisation logo. It’s motto reads- “Shramena Sarvam Sadhyam” (Everything is Achievable through Hard Work), Figure 29 After whisky driving risky

....32

Figure 30 Be gentle on my Curves

....33

Figure 31 Fast won’t last, Figure 32 if you are married Divorce speed

....33

Figure 33 NHAI (National highway authority) logo

....34

Figure 34 Type 1 Wayside amenities, Figure 35 Arrangement for wayside amenitity

....35

Figure 36 Type 2 Wayside amenities, Figure 37 Type 3 Wayside amenities

....36

Figure 38 AS-truck at Ladakh truck union, Leh decorated and painted in Punjab which reflects.....

....40

Figure 39 Stickers have replaced hand painting art in most of the truck part except for some personalized touch.

....41

Figure 40 Type of mouthstache on decorated trucks in Leh.

....43

Figure 41 Interior photographs of trucks Most of the truck is equiped with first.....

....44

Figure 42 ‘Good luck’

....45

Figure 43 ‘ Dum hai toh pas kar warna bardash kar ‘Back side of the trucks are.

....46

Figure 44 ‘ Follow your heart but take your brain with you ‘

....47

Figure 45 Hand pull rickshaw durga pooja bengal, Figure 46 Jugaad ujjain madhya pradesh

....48

Figure 47 Jugaad ujjain madhya pradesh , Figure 48 6 seator tuk tuk Maharashtra

....49

Figure 49 Tanga cart mysore Karanataka, Figure 50 pushkar Camel cart 3

....50

Figure 51 Shikara boat Kerela, Figure 52 Tractor in Pubjab

....51 186

Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Figure 53 Goncha traditional dress of ladakhis

....52

Figure 54 Lotsawa Rinchen Zangpo

....53

Figure 55 Infographic for thesis of Samrudhi express highway

....55

Figure 56 The present facilities were classified in groups and sub groups for analysing on each road.

....58

Figure 57 The research study is focused on characteristics that helped national highway and analyse......

....59

Figure 58 Infographic of study results in Shodhganga Wayside amenities research paper

....60

Figure 59 Categorize with nature of User

....64

Figure 60 In the year 2022 the truck drivers will be 480 per 1000 trucks

....69

Figure 61 Drivers taking break at NIDRA DAN CENTRE created as......

....70

Figure 62 A Relay method is being used for drivers to switch from goods at 300 km and reach......

....71

Figure 63 Infographic for Truck accidents

....72

Figure 64 Cause of Accidents in India 2015

....73

Figure 65 Cause of Accidents in India 2007 vs 2015

....74

Figure 66 The pile of water bottle is a spot on gata loops, It is used to, Figure 67 Truck parts after accidents left along the highway. Usually, if any technical error or accidents occur, the body.......

....75

Figure 68 Infographic of study results conducted in Retention of long-distance company truck drivers in India By Mahindra

....76

Figure 69 SECMOL - Terra building.

....80

Figure 70 In winter, huge plastic sheets are put down to make a big greenhouse which..........

....81

Figure 71 The walls of the big building at Phey campus and the Leh office are rammed earth., Figure 72 Rammed earth construction process, Figure 73 Cupcake testing method

.....82

Figure 74 Internal wall section of a SECMOL building showing the working of thermal heating in the building day and night

.....83

Figure 75 Most of our buildings are at least three feet (1 m) below ground. The earth’s temperature......

.....84

Figure 77 Solar heater panel, Figure 76 A small pit of about inch is dug with a opening to for a secondary..........

....85

Figure 79 Ice Stupa, Figure 78 Working of an Ice stupa

....86

Figure 81 Ccompost toilet , Figure 80 Compost toilet plan of SECMOL

....87

Figure 82 SECMOL, Figure 83 Boys hostel SECMOL

....88

Figure 84 SECMOL washrooms and compost toilet, Figure 85 Terra building

....89

Figure 86 Roof top of Terra building, Figure 87 Double door and black wall detail, Figure 88 SECMOL - window

....90

Figure 89 Farm land at SECMOL

....93

Figure 90 Front view of the reststop

....94

Figure 91 Site plan of the Reststop at New Orleans. The parking is at......

....95

Figure 92 View of the lobby facing towards the landscape of Texas, Figure 93 Site plan

....96

Figure 94 The project provides to the traveling public restrooms, vending, Figure 95 Landscape are designed to keep the user engage......

....97

Figure 96 Rear view of the reststop

....98

Figure 97 Rest stop Owatonna, United States

....99

Figure 98 Site plan 100, Figure 99 Plan of main building

....100

Figure 100 Play area and pathways of rest stop, Figure 101 Play area and pathways of rest stop

.....101

Figure 102 Play area and pathways of rest stop

....102

Figure 103 Main Building

.....103

Figure 104 Section, Figure 105 Plan

....104 187 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Figure 106 Interior seating with skylight

....105

Figure 107 Reststop Akkarvikodden / Manthey Kula Architects

....106

Figure 108 Interior 1, Figure 109 Interior 2

....107

Figure 111 Section 108 Figure 112 view from outside , Figure 113 Seating space, Figure 114 View during dawn

....110

Figure 115 Ladakh mountain range

....115

Figure 116 Topographically, the whole district is occupied by.......

....116

Figure 117 Topography map of Himalyan mountain

....117

Figure 119 Farm lands along the fertile basins of river

....118

Figure 118 Zanskar river

....118

Figure 121 Combination of Sand,Clay and Slit, Figure 120 Classifying soil

...120

Figure 122 On Leh-Manali highway Diesel runs vehicles are used for......

....122

Figure 123 , Figure 124, ....124 Figure 125. Figure 127, Figure 126, ....125 Figure 128, Figure 129

....126

Figure 130, Figure 131, ....127 Figure 132 Type of landslide

....130

Figure 133 Schematic Cloud burst cycle in Ladakh

....132

Figure 134 2010 Cloud burst Disaster in Ladakh

....131

Figure 135 Weathering process

....133

Figure 136 Different type of earthquake faults

....134

Figure 137 Earthquake map from January 2017 to ocotber 2020

....135

Figure 138 Willow tree in autumn season- Mostly used for construction to fill the floorings

....136

Figure 139Poplar tree in autmn- used as a beam in construction

....137

Figure 140 image A,B,C, D, E, F- Cliamte of Ladakh

....139

Figure 141 location of site on NH3

....144

Figure 142 Context of Sarchu

....145

Figure 143 Neighbourhood and surroundings

....146

Figure 144 1.Site Surrounding, Figure 145Site location with Contour map

....147

Figure 146 2.Site Surrounding Figure 147 3.Site Surrounding

....148

Figure 148

....151

Figure 149

....153

Figure 150 SWOT Analysis

....162

Figure 151 ....163 Figure 152Area Program table

.....164

188 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Bibliography Akhilesh Kumar, R. K. (2018) : Landslide hazard zonation using analytical hierarchy process along NH3 in mid himalayas of Himachal Pradesh. Springer. anand, S. B. (September 2014). Retension of long distance company truck drivers in India. Research Gate.

Archdaily.com. (n.d.). Pecos County safety area / Richter Architects . Rest stop.

Arora, S. (2017). Characteristics of soil of ladakh region of jammu and kashmir. Soil and water conservation, 261-264.

BRITANICA.COM. (n.d.). LADAKH. EDITORS OF BRITANICA .

Chawla, G. S. (n.d.). Ladakh-A Destination for Everyone....How to Plan Practical? White Earth.

CPDP CONFERENCES. (n.d.). PechaKucha 2018: Farid Bawa - 'Truck Art / All India Permit'.

CPDP CONFERENCES. YOUTUBE. Dasgupta, R. (2014). Analysis of element and PAH concentration in soils due to vehicular traffic along the manali Leh highway,norhtwestern Himalya, India. 1-24.

Indi), N. (. (n.d.). Policy / concept of wayside amenitiy.

K.S.Gulia. (2007). ART AND CULTURE OF HIMALAYAS. In K.S.Gulia, ART AND CULTURE OF HIMALAYAS (pp. 335-346). Delhi: Isha Books.

Leh-Ladakhtaxibooking.com. (n.d.).

Lina Bertulienė, L. J. (2014). Roadside Infrastructure and Rest Areas Concepts in Lithuania. Lina Bertulienė, Lina Juknevičiūtė.

MADAN, A. (2018). VISUAL SEMIOTICS OF TRUCK ART INDIA: FROM ART ON TRUCKS TO A DIGITAL ART STYLE. University of Dublin.

Moreno, R. (2019). SERVICE AND REST AREAS IN TOLL MOTORWAYS IN POLAND: STUDY. Heriberto PÉREZ-ACEBO*, Ander ROMO-MARTÍN. MSME. (n.d.). Brief industrial profile of Leh district. In M. d. institute.

Novakovic, K. (JUNE, 2018). GODS OF THE ROAD: SPIRITUAL DIMENSION OF VEHICULAR ART IN THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT. Central European University Budapest.

Pelliciardi, V. (n.d.). Tourism Traffic Volumes in Leh District: An Overview.

Prakash, C. g. (2013). National Institute of Disaster Management. ReSearchgate, 1-9.

189 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

rise, M. (February 2020). Status of truck drivers in Inida . Mahindra . secmol. (n.d.). https://secmol.org/. Eco friendlly living.

Shodhganga. (2017). Quality and Availability of Passenger Facilities along selected national highways in haryana and its impact on highway users and surrounding. Haryana: Shodhganga.

SUMAN, S. (2013). HORN PLEASE (DOCUMENTARY) . FLORIDA: UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA. Wadekar, V. (2020). Samruddh Express Plaza. mumbai.

190 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Plagiarism Results

Ishwar D1 ORIGINALITY REPORT

30

26%

9%

9%

SIMILARITY INDEX

INTERNET SOURCES

PUBLICATIONS

STUDENT PAPERS

%

MATCH ALL SOURCES (ONLY SELECTED SOURCE PRINTED)

5%

www.archdaily.com Internet Source

Exclude quotes

On

Exclude bibliography

On

Exclude matches

191 Kyosang on Highway 2020-21

Off