Unit 1 4th ESO. The ancien regime and the age of reason

UNIT 1: THE ANCIEN RÉGIME & THE AGE OF REASON 4th ESO

ISABEL GARCÍA-VELASCO teachermsisabel.com

WHAT ARE WE GOING TO STUDY IN THIS UNIT? 1.

Review of the 17th century in Europe, the parliamentarism in England and the absolutism in France.

2.

The Ancien Régime: characterististics, policy and society.

3.

The Bourbons arrive to Spain: the war of Succession and the treaty of Utrecht (1713).

4.

The first Bourbons: Philip V, Ferdinand VI, Charles III, Charles IV.

5.

The Enlightenment: Characteristics, spread and most representative figures.

6.

The Enlightenment in Spain: Jovellanos.

7.

Art during the 17th and the 18th centuries.

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What we have studied

WHAT WE’RE GOING TO STUDY THIS YEAR

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1.

EUROPE: FROM THE FEUDALISM TO THE ABSOLUTISM & PARLIAMENTARISM.

Hello!

We will start with a review about absolutism and parliamentarism.

To do it we will use the presentations that we studied during the last school year.

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2.

THE ANCIEN RÉGIME The French Revolution changed Europe, let’s see which were the main characteristics of the policy and society before it happened.

There are 5 elements that characterize the Ancien Régime: ✗

Monarch's absolute power: their power came directly from God, just the Pope and the Church could limit it.

✗

Society was hierarchical, divided into three Estates: nobility, clergy and the third estate.

✗

Economy was very traditional, based on agriculture.

✗

Religion was one of the most important aspects in people’s life.

✗

Demography: death rate and birth rate were high and population barely increased.

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THE THREE ESTATES: Everyone was born in one of these estates, and in general they stayed in the same one for their whole lives. ✗ The first estate was the clergy. ✗ The second estate was the nobility. ✗ The third estate was everyone else. More than 95% was in the third estate.

The only way to move from one state to another was to buy a title, to marry someone or to join the clergy.

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The monarch and the first estate: The monarch, controlled all the aspects of the government.

He had most privileges.

The Catholic Church had many privileges, paid few taxes and received tithes.

The high clergy (abbots, abbesses, bishops, archbishops‌) were powerful and rich.

However, low clergy (monks, priests and nuns) were usually poor.

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The second estate: Nobles, also paid many few taxes, and had power over their vassals, they could judge them and received taxes from them.

During the Middle Ages, with the feudal system, they were in charge of protecting them but now, the could live a life of leisure at the king’s court in the city.

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The third estate: The great majority were illiterate peasants, who usually lived in poverty, urban workers, such as servants, craft workers and the bourgeoisie, in general, bankers, merchants or lawyers.

They had to pay more taxes than the other groups and had few political power.

This was one of the causes of the French revolution.

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3.

THE BOURBONS ARRIVE TO SPAIN: The war of Succession and the treaty of Utrecht (1713).

CHARLES II (1665-1700) Charles, in Spain Carlos, was a minor when he came to the throne, and was also suffering from an illness. Carlos’ physical and mental deďŹ ciencies earned him the nickname "El Hechizado" (The Hexed).

First off, there was his debilitating overbite. Prominent chins ran in the Habsburg family (check out the portraits of Charles V or of Carlos' father Felipe IV), but with Carlos II the condition was so bad that he had problems chewing. It's also said that it was difficult to understand Carlos when he spoke.

Different validos took power during his reign. France continued its hostilities against a weak Spain, gaining more territories.

Charles II named Felipe, Duke of Anjou, as his successor to the Spanish throne. He was from the Bourbon dynasty and was the grandson of King Louis XIV of France.

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THE WAR OF SUCCESSION (1701-14) Great Britain, Netherlands, Portugal and the Austrian Empire, were opposed to Philip V, it meant a strengthening of the Bourbons in Europe, and too much power for France, so they created an anti-Bourbon alliance and declared war on France and Spain.

They offered Charles of Austria as a candidate to take the throne.

In 1711, the Archduke Charles inherited the throne of Austria, which caused fear of a possible union between Spain and Austria among his allies.

Consequently, the Treaty of Utrecht was signed in 1713 between France and the coalition, with the exception of Austria.

In 1714, Felipe V took control of Barcelona and ended the war.

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The war finished with Philip V’s victory. Thanks to some victories in

the

battles

of

Almansa,

Brihuega, Villaviciosa and finally Barcelona.

But,

above

all,

because, as we said, the Archduke Charles inherited the Crown of Austria in 1713 and the European powers stopped supporting him.

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VIDEO’S TIME Now, we’ll watch this video using the Cornell notes.

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CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR •France imposed Philip V as King of Spain. Both kingdoms were governed by the Bourbon dynasty.

However, Felipe had to renounce his right to the French throne.

•Austria gained the Spanish Low Countries, Naples, Sardinia and Milan.

•Savoy acquired Sicily.

•Great Britain gained Gibraltar, Minorca and the French colonies in North America. It also obtained trade concessions with the Spanish colonies (a monopoly on slaves).

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PEACE TREATIES Treaties of Utrecht, also called Peace of Utrecht, (April 1713–September 1714): a series of treaties between France and other European powers (April 11, 1713 to Sept. 7, 1714) and another series between Spain and other powers (July 13, 1713 to June 26, 1714), concluding the War of the Spanish Succession(1701–14).

Rastatt and Baden (March 6 and Sept. 7, 1714): peace treaties between the Holy Roman emperor Charles VI and France that ended the emperor’s attempt to continue the War of the Spanish Succession (1700–14). In these treaties Charles renounced his claims to the Spanish throne but did not actually make peace with Spain and did not recognize the Bourbon Philip V as king of Spain. A technical state of war with Spain existed until 1720.

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And…, what happened after Utrecht?

Spain lost its European territories, but maintained the ones it held in the Americas. The kingdom of Spain became a centralised state, based on the French model. Felipe V passed the ‘Nueva Planta' decrees (1707-1716), which abolished the fueros and the institutions of the Crown of Aragón (Aragón, Valencia, Cataluña and Mallorca). These were replaced by Castilian laws.

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IT’S TIME TO START CREATING OUR TIMELINE This year we’ll use again Tiki Toki to organize our minds and record all the important dates and events.

Despite we’ll study the Contemporary age, the first date that we have to add will be 1688, do you know why?

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4.

THE FIRST BOURBONS Philip V, Ferdinand VI, Charles III,

Charles IV.

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PHILIP V (1700-1746) The first Spanish Bourbons (Philip V and Ferdinand VI) were inspired by the French model of centralised absolutism.

They made important changes in the Spanish State structure. ✗

All the power will reside in the king, who will be assisted by 5 secretaries (ministers) directly appointed by the king.

✗

The Council of Castile was in charge of creating and approving laws.

✗

The various Cortes throughout Spain were merged into one for the entire kingdom.

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The Nueva Planta decrees.

–The first reform made by Philip were the Nueva planta Decrees, applied in the territories that didn’t support Philip in the war. (1707 Aragón and Valencia, 1715 Mallorca, 1716 Cataluña).

–Through these laws, the whole state was unified and the privileges of the Crown of Aragón, such as their fueros, were abolished and changed by the Castilian laws.

The fueros of the Basque provinces and Navarre were maintained as they supported Philip V during the War of Succession.

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Territorial organization.

–Philip made Madrid the capital city of the country and made Castilian Spanish the only official language of Spain.

-Philip created a new way to organize the territory: divided it in provinces, each

province

was

divided

in

parties

(partidos,

also

called

corregimimentos, merindades, hermandades or alcaldías mayores in the Basque Country). At the head of each party, there were the: ✗

Audiencias with judicial power.

✗

Capitanía General with military power.

✗

Intendentes with civil and economic power.

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NOW LET’S CHECK THAT YOU REMEMBER THE CURRENT TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION OF SPAIN. Play as many time as you need to learn it.

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Economy The Spanish economy was under serious problems when Philip arrived.

Many reforms were introduced: ✗

New and equal taxes.

✗

Created the first Royal manufacturing factories (Reales Fábricas), the first one was the Real Fábrica de Tapices, inaugurated in 1721.

✗

Public works: canals, roads, etc., to improve communications.

✗

Abolished internal duties.

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Foreign policy.

–The Pacte de Famille of Family Compact, were different alliances made between Spain and France: ✗

1733, the first pact, known as the treaty of El Escorial: Philip supported Loui XIV, his grandfather in the Polish succession war, in exchange of the crown of Sicily and Naples for his son Charles (Charles III).

✗

1743, the second one, the treaty of Fontainebleau, Spain supported France against Britain and Maria Therese (Charles VI’s daughter) during the Austrian war of Succession. Philip’s fourth son, Philip, became duke of Parma.

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FERDINAND VI (1746-59) ✗

Came to the throne during the Austrian war of Succession, and decided to maintain a policy of neutrality in the war between Britain and France.

✗

His secretary of Treasury, Navy and Indies, Marquis of Ensenada modernised the country with a New Treasury, a modern Navy and the stimulation of commerce with America.

✗

When his wife, Barbara of Portugal died in 1758 he fell in a deep depression and left the political affairs in the secretary’s hands.

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CHARLES III -The fifth son of Philip V, became king when he had already ruled the kingdom of the Two Sicilies for 25 years.

-Develop a type of government known as Enlightened Despotism.

-Introduced many reforms in Spain in order to modernise the country: ✗

Provided hospitals, build canals.

✗

Invested in manufacturing and agriculture.

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CHARLES’ REFORMS: ✗

Made work honorable, until this moment nobility wasn’t allow to work, because it was dishonorable and they lived from the income of their lands. Noblemen then could participate actively in the economy.

✗

Reduced the power of the Church, limited the Inquisition and expelled the Jesuits.

✗

Encourage the teaching of practical subjects such as, natural sciences, maths or laws.

✗

Established a rubbish collection service, sewers and street lighting. Built wide avenues and big buildings, changing the dark and stinky city of Madrid in one of the most beautiful cities in Europe.

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The Esquilache riots -In March 1766, different measures enacted by Esquilache, Charles III’s prime minister, such as the rising of bread, oil, coal, etc., prices provoked the general discontent in the capital, but the catalyst that made the Spaniards mutiny against Esquilache was the attempt to forbidden the wearing of long capes and broad-brimmed hats. He alleged that “this reform was intended to modernize the appearance of conservative Spanish society and improve public safety, since the long capes were supposedly thought to facilitate the concealment of weapons, while the large hats were thought to conceal a person's face, a safeguard for criminals.�

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The rioters under the slogan "Long Live Spain! Death to Esquilache!", demanded that Esquilache and his family abandoned Spain, the drop in prices and the use of the cape and the hats, the king accepted but escaped to Aranjuez disappointing the rioters. Around 30,000 people sacked shops, warehouses until the king promised to satisfy them.

Meanwhile, in Madrid the count of Aranda, convinced the populace

to

adopt

the

short

capes

and

the

Goya 1766. The Es quilache riots.

three-cornered hats.

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CHARLES IV (1788-1808) -Was a weak king, his reign started one year before the French revolution broke out was characterized by the crisis of the Old Regime. His wife, Maria Luisa de Parma and his prime ministers, ďŹ rstly Floridablanca, the count of Aranda and ďŹ nally, Godoy, controlled the State.

At the end of his reign, a deep economic and political crisis, that devastated Spain.

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The mutiny of Aranjuez -Spain continued with its policy of neutrality until the execution of the French king, Louis XVI in 1793, when France declared war on Spain. After that, Portugal and Spain signed a treaty against France, to protect the monarchy in Europe, but in 1796, France forced Godoy to declare war on the UK. -In 1805, Spain switched from the French side to the British one, supporting UK in its victory in Trafalgar, but switched again in 1807 when Napoleon defeated Prussia.

-The switching of alliances provoked Godoy’s unpopularity and the Crown Prince, Ferdinand, used it to attempt a coup against his parents, firstly in 1807 in El Escorial and finally in 1808 in Aranjuez, where the rioters forced the king to abdicate in favour of his son, Ferdinand VII. 39

Abdications of Bayonne We will talk about it again in unit 3.

When Ferdinand took the throne as Ferdinand VII, but was mistrusted by Napoleon, who had 100,000 soldiers stationed in Spain by that time.

Charles appealed to Napoleon for help in regaining his throne and was summoned before Napoleon in Bayonne (France) with his son, in April 1808. But everything was a stratagem designed by Napoleon, who forced both Charles and his son to abdicate, declared the Bourbon dynasty of Spain deposed, and installed his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, as King Joseph I of Spain.

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VIDEO’S TIME Review of the Spanish monarchy.

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WORKING AS TIME JOURNALISTS. You have the opportunity to work as a time journalist, visiting different historical periods. Choose one moment of this unit and write your article as you were there. You can use videos, pictures, GIFS...

Here you’ll find the templates.

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5.

ENLIGHTENMENT

HISTORYGRAM During this year each class will have its own Instagram account with the same password.

Each team will have to upload at least 1 picture each week related with the historical period that we are studying, adding a description and the following hashtags: #historyclass, #4ESO, #SapereAude, #teachermsisabel, its team name or number, ex. #team1 and the hashtags you want related with the picture.

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Characteristics of Enlightenment During the 18th century a cultural movement emerged in France. It was characterized by: ✗ Criticism of the Old Regime: was considered an obstacle to the progress. Condemned the religious intolerance, criticised the social groups. ✗ Promoted the scientific development, the education and the culture without the influence of the Church. ✗ Confidence in reason as the only way to reach happiness.

Reason was the light in the darkness of ignorance and superstition.

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✗

✗

These thinkers, known as the enlighteners, or the lumières, argued that we could use reason to solve political, social and economic problems, what was linked with the scientific revolution of the 17th century, when scientifics, such as Descartes or Newton argued that humans should use reason to develop scientific knowledge.

Most of them were deists, believed in God and thought that he had created the world but didn’t interfere in what happens, events occurred according to natural and scientific laws.

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The spread of Enlightenment: In the early 18th century, France was the cradle of Enlightenment, where philosophers such as Voltaire, Rousseau and Montesquieu stood out.

The way the ideas spread were different: the salons, the magazines, newspapers, pamphlets, etc., and, the most important work of the 18th century, the Encyclopaedia, published by Diderot and d’Alembert.

Rousseau

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VIDEO’S TIME Now, we’ll watch this video using the Cornell notes.

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The separation of powers Montesquieu (1689-1755) suggested that the executive, the legislative and the judicial powers should be separated, by this way, no individual or group would have too much power.

He admired the British parliamentarism and the balance of power between the king and the parliament.

John Locke, an English philosopher who lived during late 17th century, defended Parliamentarism and criticized Absolutism. Enunciated Empiricism and Liberalism: people had natural rights, life liberty and property.

Check this presentation to learn more.

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. Empiricism

people “Candide�

Religious tolerance Via Mia Stewman

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Enlightened despotism: During the Enlightenment, the absolute monarchs, realised that people wanted to change the political and social system, so decided to introduce some reforms based on reason and science: ✗ Invested on agriculture and manufacturing. ✗ Supported arts, sciences and education. ✗ Made tax system fairer. ✗ Increased religious tolerance.

However, they maintained absolute power. These monarchs, known as enlightened despots were: Frederick the Great of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Austria, Charles III of Spain and Joseph II of Austria.

Frederick the Great of Prussia (1740-86)

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6.

THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN SPAIN

The Enlightened ideas in Spain were embraced by a minority of intellectuals from the bourgeoisie and, to a lesser extend by the lower nobility and the clergy.

The most signiďŹ cant Spanish enlighteners were: Jovellanos, Campomanes, Floridablanca, Aranda and father Feijoo.

Count of Aranda

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Jovellanos (1744-1811) Politician and Spanish writer, influenced by the enlightened ideas. During one year, in 1797, was the secretary of justice and fought against the Inquisition and the Church’s properties.

Accused of introduced in Spain the Social contract of Rousseau, a banned book at that time in the country, was imprisoned and deported to Mallorca, where he wrote Memoria sobre educación pública and made education one of his main concerns.

Jovellanos

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7.

ART IN THE 17TH AND THE 18TH CENTURIES

VIDEO’S TIME Now, we’ll watch this video using the Cornell notes and answer the questions in Edpuzzle.

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The 18th century

We are going to create a supplement magazine for our Madrid rocks studying in teams the following artworks: -Puerta de Alcalá.

- Museo del Prado.

-Fuente de Apolo.

-Fuente de Cibeles.

-Real Observatorio de Madrid.

-Real Jardín Botánico.

- Casa de Correos.

-Hospital de San Carlos.

-Palacio Real.

-Fuente de Neptuno 58

That’s the end of this unit!

Any questions?

You can find me at: ✗ ✗

@teachermsisabel contactme@teachermsisabel.com

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