Unit 1 2nd ESO, The fall of Rome, the Byzantine & the Carolingian Empires

UNIT 1: THE FALL OF ROME. THE BYZANTINE AND THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRES. 2ยบ ESO

ISABEL GARCร A-VELASCO teachermsisabel.com

WHAT ARE WE GOING TO STUDY IN THIS UNIT? 1. Periodization of the Middle Ages.

2. Historical sources.

3. The fall of Rome.

4. The Byzantine Empire.

5. The Germanic kingdoms.

6. The Carolingian Empire.

2

1.

Periodization of the Middle Ages

Hello!

We will start with a quick review.

Don’t forget to use your folder, add the page numbers and the date!!

4

WHAT WE’RE GOING TO STUDY THIS YEAR

What we have studied

What we will study 5

PERIODIZATION OF MIDDLE AGES

Early Middle Ages High Middle Ages Late Middle Ages

Begins

Ends

500

1000

1000

1250

1250

1500

6

SPAIN

OUR TIMELINE: 476-1453/92. THE MIDDLE AGES WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE

AL-ANDALUS & CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS

VISIGOTHS

929-1031 Caliphate of Cordoba

THE WORLD

507 Battle of Vouillé

WESTERN AND EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE

711 Muslim invasion of the Iberian Peninsula

1492. Ferdinand and Isabella conquer Granada. Columbus 1212. Battle of Navas de Tolosa discovers America.

CAROLINGIAN, ISLAM AND BYZANTINE EMPIRES 622 the Hijra

843 Treaty of Verdun 732 Battle of Poitiers 1440 Invention of the printing 527 Justinian becomes the press Byzantine Emperor 1453. End of the Byzantine 476. Fall of the Western Roman 800. Charlemagne becomes Empire Empire emperor

7

2.

Historical sources We cannot study History without using sources.

WHAT IS YOUR FAVOURITE HISTORICAL MOMENT? In your notebook, jot it down and mention the source that you use to learn about it.

9

A source is anything that gives us information about the past.

There are two types: ✗ Primary: from the same time as the period we are studying. Can be tools, letters, pictures, etc. ✗ Secondary: created by someone who wasn’t there when historical events happened. For example History books.

10

Identifying sources: Copy in your notebook these sources and jot down if they are primary or secondary: ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗

A book about the Byzantine Empire.

Justinian’s Code of laws.

A documentary about the fall of Rome.

A mosaic from a church.

11

3.

The fall of Rome

WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER ABOUT THE FALL OF ROME? Let´s check if you remember what happened when Rome fell down.

13

True (T) or False (F)? Copy and answer in your notebook: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

The Visigoths, the Franks, the Vandals, the Suebi ... were known as barbarian peoples.

The eastern provinces of the ancient Roman Empire were invaded by the barbarian peoples.

The eastern provinces of the ancient Roman Empire survived with the name Byzantine Empire The Germans who settled in ancient Roman territories assimilated part of the Roman culture (language, law, religion) but promoted the return to the rural world.

One of the most important Germanic kingdoms was the Frankish kingdom.

14

Glossary Let's start creating our own glossary of terms. In a new sheet of the folder, we are going to add the terms that we explain along the unit.

The glossary should be at the end of the notebook.

WORDS FOR THE GLOSSARY WILL BE IN PINK.

15

3.1 THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE The Roman Empire dominated the Mediterranean and Western Europe for hundreds of years.

In 395 AD, the emperor Theodosius divided the empire into two halves: ✗ The Western Roman Empire: its capital was Rome. Was weak and the barbarian tribes invaded it. In the year 476, Odoacer defeated the last emperor, Romulus Augustus. ✗ The Eastern Roman Empire: was the stronger part. Its capital was in Constantinople.

16

17

3.2 WHAT HAPPENED WHEN THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE FELL? The Roman Empire had an urban society, with an economy based on trade and common language and culture.

After the Roman Empire many smaller, weaker, isolated and rural states. Their economy was based on agriculture and they had different languages, laws and cultures.

18

Western Europe became unstable.

This is the beginning of the Middle Ages People were afraid to travel and weren’t able to protect themselves, this will be the origin of FEUDALISM.

19

Different Germanic tribes fought to control Western Europe: the Angles and the Saxons invaded Britain, the Franks occupied Gaul and the Visigoths took control of the Iberian Peninsula.

20

4.

The Byzantine Empire

4.1 WHAT WAS THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE? ★ Byzantium was originally a Greek colony and, although it was part of the Roman empire, was very influenced by Greek culture. In fact, its official language became Greek and the emperor was given a Greek title, Basileus. ★ he Byzantine Empire had a strong government, it was a powerful state with large and important cities, such as its capital Constantinople (now Istanbul).

22

4.2 BYZANTINE ORGANIZATION: ✗ ✗

✗ ✗ ✗

POLITICS: the basileus (emperor) had political, and military power.

RELIGION: the Byzantine Empire was Christian and respected the Pope as the leader of the Church, until the year 1054, when the Great Schism split the Christian Church into two: the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church.

TERRITORIAL DIVISION: the empire was divided in themas (provinces), each one was ruled by a strategos (governor).

OFFICIALS: civil servants worked for the government, collecting taxes and making sure that people obeyed the laws.

ARMY: they had a powerful army that protected the borders of the empire from the barbarians, Persians and Muslims. The strategoi were the army commanders.

23

ACTIVITY:

SOCIETY:

Create a new pyramid adding the following groups of people in the correct level: shepherds, potters, strategoi, Patriarch.

BASILEUS ARISTOCRACY & CLERGY MERCHANTS & ARTISANS PEASANTS SLAVES

✗

Was hierarchical.

24

4.3 ECONOMY: ✗

✗ ✗

The Byzantine Empire was rich, its economy was based on trade between East and West, its route was from the Black sea to the Mediterranean sea. They traded with spices, silk and perfumes with Asia.

Its coin was called solidus and was used as an international currency.

In the Byzantine Empire, there were big and prosperous cities, such as Constantinople, where, more than 500.000 people lived.

25

4.4 RELIGION: THE GREAT SCHISM ✗

✗

The Byzantine Empire was Christian and respected the Pope as the leader of the Church, but progressively, the Western church developed its own rites, provoking arguments between both churches.

In the year 1054, the Great Schism split the Christian Church into two: the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church.

ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH

ORTHODOX CHURCH

Centered in Rome.

Centered in Constantinople.

Latin is spoken in liturgy.

Greek is spoken in liturgy.

Pope has authority over kings and emperors.

Basileus, has authority over the Patriarch.

Priests can’t married and divorced is not allowed.

Priests can marry and divorce is allowed.

26

ACTIVITY: Answer the following questions in your notebook: ✗ Why did the Church split in two? ✗ Which named received the Byzantine coin? ✗ When did the Byzantine Empire disappear? ✗ What does basileus mean?

27

4.5 JUSTINIAN 28

Justinian (527-565) ruled the Empire with his wife, Theodora. He is famous because: ✗ Enlarged the empire. ✗ Built Hagia Sophia. ✗ Wrote the Code of laws: a collection of books, where the old Roman laws and some new ones were included. The laws of many countries in Europe and America are based on his Code.

29

✗

✗

In the 6th century, the emperor Justinian reconquered the territories that formerly were part of the Roman Empire. He took North Africa from the Vandals, Italy form the Ostrogoths and the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula from the Visigoths With him the Empire reach its peak.

30

4.6 THE DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE ✗

✗ ✗

After Justinian’s death the Empire’s decline began, the Visigoths took control over the south of the Iberian Peninsula and the Lombards took Italy.

During the 7th century the Muslims took Northern Africa, Palestine and Syria.

The Ottoman Turks, attacked the Byzantine Empire many times and finally they conquered it in the year 1453 after a long siege.

31

ACTIVITY: Let’s investigate about the fall of Constantinople: ✗ What was the Ottoman Empire? ✗ Which religion did they profess? ✗ Which was the new name they gave to Constantinople? ✗ What is the meaning of the new name? ✗ In which country is this city located now a days?

32

4.7 BYZANTINE ART 33

4.7.1 BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE

34

TYPES OF FLOOR PLAN:

St Mark’s. Venice

Sant’ Apollinare. Ravenna 35

HAGIA SOPHIA: The most renowned example of the Byzantine architecture is Hagia Sophia, built during Justinian's reign, was the biggest church in the world until Seville Cathedral was built..

Was decorated with beautiful mosaics, but some of them were destroyed when the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople.

Picture via Anaya textbook

36

DO YOU WANNA VISIT HAGIA SOPHIA? 37

4.7.2 SCULPTURE AND PAINTINGS

38

Vocabulary about art The following terms should be in your glossary, copy and define them: ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Dome.

Vault.

Mosaic.

Greek floor plan.

Centralized floor plan.

Nave.

Apse.

Buttress.

39

COMIC TIME Writing and drawing a comic is a good way to summarize the information.

Use the template to create your own comic about the Byzantine Empire.

Download the comic template in pdf.

40

HOW MUCH YOU KNOW ABOUT THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE? Let’s play Plickers!!!

41

5.

The Germanic Kingdoms

5.1 INTRODUCTION As we have studied, after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Europe was formed by several rural kingdoms, formed by Germanic tribes. The most important were: ✗ The Ostrogoths. ✗ The Lombards. ✗ The Angles and the Saxons. ✗ The Franks. ✗ The Visigoths.

43

5.2 THE GERMANIC KINGDOMS: The Frankish: ✗ The Ostrogoths: settled in Italy at the end in the 5th century the Franks of the 5th century, commanded by settled in the northern part of Theodoric. The kingdom disappeared when the Roman province of Gaul. ✗

✗

Justinian conquered its territory in the 6th century.

The Lombards: From the 6th to the 8th century the established their territory in Italy, in the area known now a days as Lombardy.

The Angles and Saxons: came from the Netherlands and Denmark and settled in England.

44

45

5.3 VISIGOTHS: ✗

In the year 418, settle in the southern part of the Roman province of Gaul, thanks to a pact with Rome, in exchange, they will protect the boundaries. His king Euric, expanded the kingdom throughout the Iberian Peninsula.

Reaching its peak, but, his successor, Alaric II was defeated by the Franks in the battle of VouillĂŠ in the year 507, and were forced out of Gaul.

46

✗

✗

In the year 589, Reccared, converted the Visigoths to Roman Catholicism. Now, they recognised the Pope as the leader of the Christian Church.

In the year 711, the Muslims attacked the Iberian Peninsula and defeated the Visigoths in the battle of Guadalete,....BUT THIS IS ANOTHER STORY. 47

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: 1. Who lived in Italy in the 5th century ?

2. Who conquered the Italian territory in the 6th century?

3. Who was the king when the Visigoth kingdom reached its peak?

4. Where did the Anglos and the Saxons come from?

48

6.

The Carolingian Empire

6.1 THE ORIGIN OF THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE The battle of VouillĂŠ In 507, Clovis defeated the Visigoths and forced them out of Gaul and expanded his kingdom south to the Pyrenees. He became the first king of the Franks.

Charles Martel Became the Mayor of the Palace in the year 714,it means that he was the most important person in the kingdom. In the year 732 defeated the Muslims in the battle of Poitiers.

50

6.2 THE CAROLINGIAN DYNASTY Charles Martel son, Pipin the Short, proclaimed himself king in the year 752, this is the start of the Carolingian dynasty. His son, Chalemagne, expanded his territory, taking the north of the Iberian peninsula and the north of Italy.

On Christmas day of the year 800, gave him the title of Roman Emperor.

51

6.3 THE DIVISION OF THE EMPIRE After Charlemagne’s death, Louis the Pious becomes king. When Louis died his sons ( Charles, Lothair and Louis) fought to control the empire. Finally the sign the Treaty of Verdun in the year 843 and divided the Empire in three parts.

52

FAMILY TREE: Study all these names could be difficult, but if we create a family tree, you will understand perfectly their relationship.

You can download the template here.

53

6.4 SOCIETY AND POLICY IN THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE The Carolingian Empire was divided in provinces called: ✗ Marches: which were the territories in the borders of the Empire. Ruled by a Marquess, who commanded the army and protect the territory. ✗ Counties: were provinces in the interior of the Empire. Were more peaceful and its main economic activity was the agriculture. Were ruled by a count. ✗ Various counties formed a duchy, ruled by a duke.

54

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: 1. Who was Clovis and what is his relation with the Visigoths?

2. Who fought in the battle of Poitiers?

3. When the Carolingian Empire was divided, who inherited the French part?

55

6.5 ECONOMY AND SOCIETY Economy Was based on agriculture, the were self sufficient, it means that they produced enough to live..

Society Most people in the Carolingian Empire were peasants, there weren't many traders or craftworkers,

56

6.6 CULTURE AND ART Education Charlemagne was worried about the low level of education, so he created schools, such as the Palace School in Aachen, where people studied grammar, geometry, astronomy, arithmetics, etc.

The lower case was also invented in the Carolingian Empire.

Art The miniatures, small illustrated books, the bronze sculptures are the main representations of the Carolingian art. The most important building of this period of the Palatine chapel of which shows a big influence by the Roman and the Byzantine architecture.

57

58

59

Video’s time Watch at home this video, it’ll be very useful to make a review of the whole unit.

Place your screenshot here

60

SUMMARIZING...

It's time to summarize, review the unit and organize all the information. To do that you’ll have to create a diagram in your notebook, with the information about the Germanic kingdoms and the Carolingian Empire.

61

That’s the end of this unit!

Any questions?

You can find me at: ✗ ✗

@teachermsisabel contactme@teachermsisabel.com

62