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REVIEW ON PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE OF RAILWAY SYSTEM

Shradha P Patil1 , Avinash S. 2, Bapu S. 3, Sohail M. 4, Digvijay K. 5

1Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, KBPCOES Maharashtra, India 2,3,4,5 B.Tech Student of Civil Engineering, KBPCOES Maharashtra, India ***

Abstract - Railwayshavecomealongwayandhaveplayed a bigrole inshapingthe worldwe live intoday. They started back in the early 1800s and completely changed and how peopleandproductsaretransportfromoneplacetoanother. Trainsmadetravelfaster&tradeeasierandhelpedcitiesand townsgrow.Today,railwaysarestillsuperimportant.Wenow have electric and high-speed trains that are faster, cleaner, andbetterforthe planet.Newtechnology likemaglev trains, smart traffic systems, and even self-driving trains is making rail travel even more advanced. Looking into the future, we might see things like hyperloop systems and AI-run railways that connect better with other types of transport. From old steamenginestohigh-techtrains,railwayshavealwayskept us moving forward and they’re not slowing down anytime soon

Key Words: PassengerTransport,Steamlocomotives,High speed rails, Capacity issues, Sustainable Transportation, FreightTransport

1.INTRODUCTION

Arailwaytrack,orrailwaytrack,isknownasapermanent way,itisdenotedbyPway.Sincethe1870s,railsaremostly madefromsteel. ThisRailwaytrack isa pathwaymadeof twoequivalentsteelrails,fixedonsleepersandsupported byballast,allowingthetraintomovesmoothlyandsafely.It reducesfrictioncomparedtotheroadandensuresefficient transportation. Regular maintenance keeps them safe and functional. Rail transport is a circular mode of transport usingwheeledvehiclesontrack,essentialformovingpeople & goods efficiently. The first steam-powered railway was introducedinEnglandin1832.

LordDalhousiecametoIndiain1848toserveasgovernor general of India, George Stephen-Son is also called as the father of railways. He was an English civil engineer and mechanical engineer. Dalhousie was the father of Indian Railways, who introduced the new system of internal circulationinIndiain1853.ThehistoryofIndianrailways goeswayback.Over160yearsago,on16thApril1853,the passenger train ran between Bori Bander [Bombay] and Thane,adistanceof34km

USA has the widest rail network railways are the world's The 4th largest railway system operates approximately 13,198trainsdailyacross7,325stations.Accordingtothe number of platforms and overall size, Howrah Junction in Kolkata, West Bengal, is the largest station in India; it

consists of 23 platforms. The fastest train in India is the Vande Bharat Express, with the top speed around 180 km/hr. The longest train route in India is the DibrugarhKanyakumari Vivek Express, covering approximately 4,200kmandtakingupto80hrs.tocompletethejourney. India's first railway station, built in 1853 and known as [ChhatrapatiShivajiMaharajTerminals],iscalledas[CSMT]. Hyperloop (multiple countries) A near-vacuum tube transportation system where pods travel at over 1,000 km/h.Companies: VirginHyperloop,HardtHyperloopElon Musk'sBoringCompany(conceptstage)Wheretesttracksin the US, Europe, UAE, and India (Pune-Mumbai route proposed)commercialuseisstill5-10yearsaway.

1.1 History

The development of railway tracks dates back several centuries, evolving from simple wooden rails to the advancedsteeltracksusedtoday.

a-EarlyWoodenRails(16th-18thCentury):Theearly1500s, woodenrailswereusedinminesinGermanyandEnglandto helptransportheavyloadsusinghorse-drawncarts.

b-Iron Tracks (18th Century): By the 1770s, iron rails replacedwoodenrailsforgreaterdurability.Thefirstcast Rails for greater durability the first iron rails are used in coalbrookdale,England.

c-SteamRailways&Standardization(19th-20thCentury):IN 1825,GeorgeStephenson'sStockton&DarlingtonRailway becamethefirstpublicsteamrailway

d-High-speed Rail & Smart rail (20th-21th century): The 21th century rail is characterizes by technological Advancement,focusingonsafety.

1.2 Necessity and Advantages of Railways

1)Railways are a necessity for efficient and sustainable transportation, facilitating both passenger and freight movement,promotingeconomicgrowth,andcontributingto nationalintegrationandculturalexchange.Railtransportis oneofthetwoprimarymeansoflandtransportnexttoroad transport.

2)Itisusedforabout8%ofpassengerandfreighttransport globally,thankstoGenerally,railroadsaresoessentialfor encouragingitsenergyefficiencyandpotentiallyhighspeed

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theimportanceoftrainslieintheirgreat,suchasaffordable prices.

3)Railways offer numerous advantages including high, capacitytransportinggoodsandpeople,reliability,efficiency andenvironmentalfriendlinessmakingthemacrucialmode oftransportation.Trainscantransportsignificantlylarger volumes of goods and passengers are in comparison with otherformsoftransportation.liketrucksorplanes

4)RailtransportHasbetterenergyefficiencythanroadorair transport especially when using electric trains by moving people and goods via railways help traffic congestion on roads.Railwaytransportcanbeaneconomicalwaytomove goodsandpeoplefromonelocationtothenextlocation.

5)Railway transport is an excellent and suitable means of transportforlong-distancetravelforbulkyandheavyitems such as goods, coal, cotton, livestock, oil, etc. Railway transport is faster than vehicle transport. Generally, train service is more dependable, uniform, and consistent; it is relativelyunaffectedbysevereweatherconditionssuchas rain,fog,etc. Railwaytransportprotectsgoodsfromrain, sun, wind, snow, and other elements as well as ensuring theirsafetyandsecurity.

1.3 Objectives of Railway

The primary objectives of a railway system like Indian Railwaysaretoprovideefficient,economical,andcustomerfocused transportation solutions, connecting regions, communities, ports, and stations of industry, commerce, tourism, and pilgrimage, as well as boosting the economy andsustainability.

Among the foremost objectives of railways is to offer a reliable, cost-effective, and efficient mode of transport for bothhumansandcargotransport.Ensuringthesafetyand security related to human and transport critical to the railway's operational success. Economic development of railwaysplaysanessentialroleineconomicdevelopmentby improving connectivity between urban and rural areas, reducing transportation costs, and supporting trade by providing a dependable supply chain for industries and Accessibility and affordability Railways aim is to provide affordabletransportationoptionsthatareaccessibletoall segmentsofsociety.

Thegoalistoimproveefficiency,reduceoperationalcosts, andenhancetheservicequalityofrailwaynetworksglobally by providing jobs across and maintenance of customer serviceandlogistics

2. Literature Review

[1].Ranjan,A.,Nallasivam,K.Responseofrailwaysub-track systemsubjectedtorailwaytrainsloadingbyfiniteelement technique.

Railwaysareaveryimportantwayforpeopleandgoodsto travelinIndia.Butnow,trainsaregettingheavierandthere aremoreofthem,whichputsalotofpressureontherailway tracks.Inthepast,engineers,builttracksbylookingatthings liketherailsontop,howmanytrainsusethetrack,andhow strongthegroundis.Butthoseoldwaysdon’talwayswork wellanymore.Inthisproject,weusedacomputerprogram calledANSYStomakea3DmodelofanIndianrailwaytrack. Thismodelhelpsusseewhathappenstothetrackwhena train moves over it. This helped us understand how each partmovesorchangeswhenatraingoesfromit

Thisstudyshowsthatusing3Dcomputermodelscanhelp usbetterunderstandhowrailwaytracksbehaveundertrain loads.Itcanhelpengineersdesignstrongerandsafertracks forthefuture.

[2].Famurewa,S.,Kirilmaz,E.,Chamkhorami,K.S. etal. LCCbasedapproachfordesignandrequirementspecificationfor railwaytracksystem.

Life Cycle Cost (LCC) analysis helps plan and manage railwayprojectsinasmartandcost-effectiveway.It’sused to make good decisions about designing, building, maintaining, and upgrading railway tracks. But one big challengeisnothavingenoughgood-qualitydatatousein thesecalculations.LifeCycleCost(LCC)analysishelpsplan andmanagerailway projectsina smart andcost-effective way. It’s used to make good decisions about designing, building,maintaining,andupgradingrailwaytracks.Butone bigchallengeisnothavingenoughgood-qualitydatatouse inthesecalculations.

LifeCycleCost(LCC)analysisiscrucialformanagingrailway projectsefficiently,butthelackofhigh-qualitydataremains a significantchallenge. Overcomingthisdata gapiskey to making better decisions in the design, construction, and maintenanceofrailwaytracks.

[3].Anafjeh,B.,Moosavi,H.&Danesh,M.ActiveOptimalRoll Control of Railway Vehicles in Curved Tracks Using an ElectricallyActuatedAnti-RollBarSystem.

Thepaperexploresusinganactiveanti-rollbar(AARB)with aBLDCmotortoreducethelateralaccelerationpassengers feelwhenhigh-speedtrainstakecurves.Itteststhreecontrol methods Kalman filter-based Model Predictive Control (MPC),LinearQuadraticGaussian(LQG),andaProportionalIntegral(PI)managethetiltforbettercomfortandstability. Simulations show that Kalman filter-based MPC performs bestinminimizingnoiseandenhancingridecomfort.

Thestudyconcludesthatusinganactiveanti-rollbarwith advanced control methods can effectively enhance ride comfortandvehiclestabilityinhigh-speedtrains.Amongthe testedcontrollers,theKalmanfilter-basedModelPredictive Control showed the best performance in reducing lateral accelerationandhandlingnoise.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 12 Issue: 05 | May 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

[4].Mehvari, M., Esmaeili, M. & Fathali, M. Superstructure SystemSelectionforHigh-SpeedRailwayTracksConsidering GeotechnicalAspects:ACaseStudy. Transp. Infrastructure. Geotech. 11,742–768(2024).

A decision-making model for high-speed railway track superstructureselectionwasdevelopedinthispaper.This modelfirstevaluatesthetechnicalrequirementsforsystem selection, which leads directly to the choice of a specific alternative(ballastedorballast-less)called“InitialSystem Selection.” In this study, “differential settlement,” “embankmentheight,”and“ballastflight”werefoundtobe the most critical technical limitations. In the second step, which is called “Complementary System Selection,” the results of the life cycle cost analyses were used for the selectionofthecomplementarypartsalongtherailrouteas a function of inflation rate and discount rate. Since the frequentsuperstructuretypereplacementalongthe route causesproblemsrelatedtomaintenanceandrepair,itwas triedtointegratethetypeofsuperstructureintotheentire routebyimposinganengineeringjudgment.Inthiscase,the next step, known as “Final System Selection,” was established to effectively reduce the number of transition zones. In order to demonstrate the applicability of the developedmodel,thesuperstructuresystemselectionwas conductedfortheTehran-Qom-Isfahanhigh-speedrailway inIran.

The developed model provides a structured approach for selectinghigh-speedrailwaysuperstructuresbyintegrating technicalcriteria,costanalysis,andengineeringjudgment. Applying the model helps minimize transition zones and maintenance challenges, ensuring a more consistent and efficientrailsystem.

[5]. Ngo, T., Indraratna, B. Use of Geogrid for Improved Performance of Ballasted Tracks: Experimental and DEM Approaches. Int. J. of Geosynth. and Ground Eng. 10, 33 (2024).

This study explores how using geogrids can improve the performanceofballastedrailwaytracks.Throughamixof labtestsandcomputersimulations,researcherslooked at howthreetypesofgeogridsaffectthestrengthandstability ofthetrack.Theresultsshowedthatgeogridshelpincrease shear strength, reduce movement, and improve load distribution.Simulationsalsoofferedinsightsintohowthe geogrids affect particle interactions something hard to captureinphysicaltests.Overall,thefindingssuggestthat geogridscouldplayakeyroleinbuildingmoredurableand sustainablerailways.

Thestudyconfirmsthatincorporatinggeogridssignificantly enhancesthestrength,stability,anddurabilityofballasted railway tracks. Both experimental and simulation results highlight their potential for creating more efficient and sustainablerailinfrastructure.

[6].Ma,Z.,Gao,L.PredictingMechanicalStateofHigh-Speed Railway Elevated Station Track System Using a Hybrid PredictionModel. KSCEJ CivilEng 25,2474–2486(2021).

Elevated station tracks are some of the most vulnerable componentsinhigh-speedrailways,oftendevelopingdefects overtimethatcanimpactsafety.Totacklethis,it'scrucialto monitor and accurately predict their structural condition. Currentmethodsfallshortindeliveringreliablepredictions, sothisstudyintroducesanewhybridmodelthatcombines wavelettransform,convolutionalneuralnetworks,andlong short-term memory (LSTM). This approach outperforms existingmethodsandcanevenbeappliedtoothertypesof infrastructure.Bypredictingissuesearly,itsupportstimely maintenance and helps ensure the safe operation of highspeedrailways.

Theproposedhybridmodeloffersamoreaccuratewayto predict the structural health of elevated station tracks, outperforming existing methods. This approach enables early detection of issues, guiding timely maintenance and enhancingthesafetyofhigh-speedrailwayoperations.

[7]. Aly, M.H., Elnaga, I.M.A., Soliman, A.A.H. et al. Developmentofanewdesignmethodologyforslabtrack systems. J.Eng.Appl. Sci. 71,42(2024).

With the growing demand for higher train speeds and heavierloads,slabtrack systemshave beenintroduced to replacetraditionalballastedtracks,offeringbetterstability anddurability.Thisstudydevelopedapracticalmethodto estimateraildeformationsinpopularslabtracksystemslike BÖGL,Shinkansen,andRHEDA2000.ByAnalyzingover300 validatedfiniteelementmodels,researchersidentifiedhow factors like subgrade stiffness and replacement layer thickness affect rail deflection under both European (EN) and American (AREMA) standards. The result is the first design tool of its kind complete with equations and charts to help engineers design safer and more efficient slabtracksystems.

Thisstudypresentsapracticaldesigntoolforestimatingrail deformation in common slab track systems, based on extensiveanalysisandvalidatedmodels.Thefindingshelp engineersoptimizetrackdesignunderbothENandAREMA standards,improvingsafetyandefficiencyinhigh-speedrail systems.

[8].deAlencarMenezes,L.C.,Guimarães,A.C.R.,Castro,C.D. (2022).StudyoftheInfluenceofRainwaterontheRailway Track.In:Tutumluer,E.,Nazarian,S.,Al-Qadi,I.,Qamhia,I.I. (eds) Advances in Transportation Geotechnics IV. Lecture NotesinCivilEngineering,vol166.Springer,Cham.

In railway construction, it’s common to select materials based on traditional methods like the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and assume ideal moisture levels. However, because railway tracks are exposed to the elements,

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changingweather especiallyrain cansignificantlyaffect howwellmaterialsperformovertime.Thisisparticularly trueintropicalregions,whererelyingsolelyonmechanical properties can lead to poor material choices. This study focused on evaluating how moisture changes over time in different tropical soils used in the sub-ballast layer of the Railway.Usingacombinationoflabtestsandsimulations, researchers assessed the water retention and flow characteristicsoffivesoiltypes.Theresultsshowedthatone soil(Sample1 -LS)performedbestunderwetconditions, makingitthemostsuitableforuse,whiletheotherswere lesseffective.

This study highlights the importance of considering hydraulicbehavior notjustmechanicalproperties when selecting soils for railway sub-ballast layers, especially in tropicalclimates.Amongthefivesoilstested,Sample1(LS) showed the best performance under rainfall conditions, makingitthemostsuitablechoiceforlong-termdurability.

[9].Rampriya,R.S.,Suganya,R.,Sabarinatha n,Ganesan,A., Prathiksha,P.,Rakini,B.(2022).ObjectDetectioninRailway Track using Deep Learning Techniques. In: Mandal, J.K., Hsiung,PA.,SankarDhar,R.(eds)TopicalDriftsinIntelligent Computing. ICCTA 2021. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems,vol426.Springer,Singapore.

Deepneuralnetworksareincreasinglybeingusedfortasks likeobjectdetection,includingintherailwaysectortospot obstaclesontracks.WhilemodelslikeYOLOandSSDhave beentried,theyfallshortinaccuracycomparedtoFasterRCNN. By using Faster R-CNN, which combines a region proposal network and fast detection module, this study improvesobstacledetection helpingtoidentifythingslike animals,debris,orvehiclesontracks.Comparingdifferent models, Faster R-CNN proved most effective, offering a promisingsolutiontoenhancerailwaysafety.

This study shows that Faster R-CNN outperforms other modelslikeYOLOandSSDinaccuratelydetectingobstacles onrailwaytracks.Itsusecansignificantlyenhancesafetyby enabling early detection of potential hazards and helping preventaccidents.

[10].Bahati,P.A.,Le,V.D.&Lim,Y.Animpactechomethodto detect cavities between railway track slabs and soil foundation. J. Eng.Appl.Sci. 68,7(2021).

The impact echo technique is a powerful, non-destructive way to check the health of concrete structures without causing damage. In railway tracks, hidden cavities under concreteslabsorloosesleeperscanleadtoseriousissues. Thisstudydevelopedatestingsystemusingtheimpactecho method,supportedby3DsimulationsinABAQUS,todetect suchhiddenproblems.ByAnalyzingsoundwaveresponses and using advanced signal processing tools like STFT and wavelets, the system successfully identified the size and locationofcavities provingitseffectivenessinmonitoring concretetrackconditions.

This study confirms that the impact echo technique, combinedwithadvancedsimulationsandsignalanalysis,can accuratelydetectthesizeandlocationofcavitiesinconcrete railwayslabs.Itoffersareliable,non-destructivemethodfor ensuringthesafetyandintegrityofconcretetrack.

[11]Noppharat,S.,Raj,A.,Ngamkhanong,C. et al. Dynamic train-trackinteractionsovertrackstiffnessdiscontinuitiesin railway track transitions mitigated by resilient materials. Innov.Infrastructure. Solution 9,322(2024).

Railwaytransitionswheredifferenttracktypesmeetoften causeunevensettlementandhighmaintenancecosts.Thisis a big issue in Thailand’s high-speed rail project, where modern slab tracks connect with older ballasted tracks. WhilespecialmaterialslikeUnderSleeperPads(USPs)and Under Slab Mats (USMs) can reduce track damage and vibration,they’renotcommonlyused.

ThestudyshowsthatusingbothUnderSleeperPads(USPs) and Under Slab Mats (USMs) significantly improves the performance of railway track transition zones. This combinationreducesballastdegradation,managesstiffness changes, and lowers maintenance needs. With proper selection,thesematerialsofferapracticalsolutionforlongtermtrackstability.

[12] Heydari-Noghabi, H., Varandas, J.N., Zakeri, J.A. et al. PerformanceEvaluationofaCombinedTransitionSystem in Slab-Ballasted Railway Track Using a Vehicle-TrackSubstructure Interaction Model. KSCE J Civ Eng 27, 3848–3860(2023).

Suddenchangesintrackstiffness,especiallywhereconcrete and ballasted tracks meet, can lead to damage and higher maintenance.Thisstudyexploresasmarterdesignusingan approachslabandextrarailstosmoothoutthetransition. Fieldtestsandsimulationsshowedthatthissetuphelpsthe trackadjustmoregradually,reducingstressandimproving durability.

Thecombinedtransitionsystemwithanapproachslaband additional rails effectively smooths out stiffness changes betweenslaband ballastedtracks.Thisgradual transition reducestrackstressandimproveslong-termperformance, makingitapracticalsolutionformoredurablerailways.

[13] Rengel,J.,Santos,M.,Pandit,R.(2022).EfficientNet ArchitectureFamilyAnalysisonRailwayTrackDefects.In: Yin, H., Camacho, D., Tino, P. (eds) Intelligent Data EngineeringandAutomatedLearning–IDEAL2022.IDEAL 2022. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 13756. Springer,Cham.

Maintaining railway tracks is crucial for safety, and new technologieslikeAIandcomputervisionarehelpingmake inspectionsfasterandsmarter.ThisstudyusestheEfficient Net deep learning model to detect track faults from video

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

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images.Amongthetestedmodels,EfficientNet-B7gavethe highestaccuracy(89.1%),whileB2offeredthebestbalance between speed and performance. Overall, both B7 and B2 proved to be effective tools for improving railway safety throughautomatedinspections.

EfficientNetmodels,particularlyB7andB2,showedstrong performance in detecting railway track faults using image data.B7achievedthehighestaccuracy,whileB2offeredthe best trade-off between accuracy and computational cost. These models present promising tools for enhancing rail inspectionefficiencyandsafety.

[14] Bahati,P.A.,Le,V.D.&Lim,Y.Animpactechomethod to detect cavities between railway track slabs and soil foundation. J. Eng.Appl.Sci. 68,7(2021).

Theimpactechotechniqueisapowerful,non-destructive method for detecting cracks or cavities in concrete structures, such as railway tracks. In this study, we developed a system to identify abnormalities in concrete slabs,using3Dsimulationsandacousticwaveanalysis.The resultsshowedthatthistechniqueeffectivelymeasuresthe location and depth of cavities, offering a reliable way to detectpotentialissueswithoutdamagingthetrack.

The study demonstrates that the impact echo technique, combinedwith3Dsimulationsandacousticwaveanalysis, effectivelydetectsandmeasuresthelocationanddepthof cavities in concrete railway slabs. This non-destructive method offers a reliable way to identify potential issues, improvingtrackmaintenanceandsafety.

[15] Guan, Q., Li, C., Wen, Z., Jin, X. (2024). P2 Resonance Analysis of Multiple Wheels Interacting with a Railway Track.In:Sheng,X., etal. NoiseandVibrationMitigationfor RailTransportationSystems.IWRN2022.LectureNotesin MechanicalEngineering.Springer,Singapore.

P2 resonance affects irregular wear of wheel and rail profiles,whicharethemainsourceofnoiseandvibrationin railwayoperations.Thevibrationsof multiple wheelsand track coupled systems are investigated, and the natural frequenciesandmodeshapesaredeterminedbysolvingthe characteristic equation with Green’s function and Laplace transform. The proposed method provides the basis for furtherstudiesonirregularwearofcontactsurfaces,suchas rail corrugation and wheel out-of-roundness, and for measurestomitigategroundvibrationinrailwayoperations.

ThestudyhighlightstheimpactofP2resonanceonirregular wheel and rail wear, which contributes to noise and vibration in railway systems. By analyzing the natural frequenciesandmodeshapes,itprovidesafoundationfor addressingsurfacewearissuesanddevelopingsolutionsto mitigategroundvibrationsinrailwayoperations.

3. Components of Rail.

Components of Rail. Purpose

1-Standard length range from 39-80ft.

Rails

Sleepers

2-Transfer load from wheels safelytosleepersandballast.

1-Timber,concrete,orsteelare usedspacingisAround60cm

2-Toholdtherailongauge.

1-Crushrockprovidesdrainage andstabilitydepthis15-30cm.

2-To prevent water from accumulatingonthetracks.

1-Boltsandclipsecurearailto sleepers.

Fastenings

3.1

Types of gauges.

2-To set point and crossing in properposition.

Therearedifferenttypeofgaugeandthemostcommonare:

a)Broadgauge

b)Standardgauge

c)Metergauge

d)Narrowgauge

Types of Gauges Specifications

BroadGuage

StandardGauge

MeterGauge

NarrowGuage

3.2 Suitability.

Thedistancebetweentherailsis 1676mm (5ftto6inches).

TheDistancebetweentherailsis 435mm(4ftto8inches)

Thedistancebetweentherailis 1000mm(3ftto3inches)

Thedistancebetweentherailsis typically 762mm (2 ft to 6 inches)or610mm(2ft).

Suitabilityofgaugeiswhentheconstructionofatrackwitha widergaugeisindirectduetotheprovisionofsharpcurves, steep gradients, narrow bridges, tunnels, etc. When the expectation of profit is not very bright. This gauge is, therefore,usedinhillyandverythinlypopulatedareas.The gauge is commonly used for feeding raw materials to big government manufacturing concerns as well as to private factoriessuchassteel,plants,oilrefineries,sugarfactories, etc.

Ballast

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4. Conclusion.

Therailwayisanecessarysectorofanycountry'seconomy, for the Indian economy as well, as it is an important part. RailwayshaveemergedandupgradeinthepastfewYears. Thegrowthoftherailwaysectorisstillcontinuous.Railways have evolved significantly from their historical roots to becomeanessentialmodeoftransportandaleadingfactor of economic growth. Railway is most of the economical & efficient way of transport. Railway is 2nd fastest way to travel or transportation of materials. Railway transport, thoughreducedfrom68%in1950–51toaround10%today, remains a key part of India’s transport system. While roadways now carry 85% of passengers and air travel is growing, railways still offer affordable and efficient longdistance travel. They play a crucial role in regional connectivity and mass movement. The sector also contributes significantly to employment and sustainable development. With continued modernization, railways remainvitaltoIndia’sinfrastructureandeconomy.

Railway transport is one of the most efficient ways of transportation that plays acrucial role in modern society, offering significant benefits in terms of efficiency and environmental sustainability. Railway transport, though accounting for around 6–10% of global passenger travel, remainsakeymodeinmanycountriesduetoitsefficiency, affordability,andsustainability.InnationslikeJapan(37%), Russia (24%), and Switzerland (21%), railways play a dominantroleindailytravel.Indiaalonecontributesnearly 40%ofglobalrailwaypassengers,highlightingitsextensive railnetwork.Chinafollowswith27%,whiletheEuropean Unionaccountsfor9%.Incontrast,theU.S.reliesheavilyon road and air, with rail under 1%. Despite varying shares, railwaysarevitalformasstransitindenselypopulatedand environmentallyconsciousregions.Globally,theirrelevance continues to grow with advancements in high-speed and sustainablerailsystems.

Railwaytransportremainsareliableandsustainablewayto movemillions,especiallyincountrieslikeIndia,China,and Japan.It handleshighpassengervolumes efficientlywhile reducingenvironmentalimpact,makingitanessentialpart ofmoderntravel.

REFERENCES

[1] Ranjan, A., Nallasivam, K. Response of railway sub-track system subjected to railway trains loading by finite element technique. InnovInfrastructureSolution9,34(2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-023-01336-x

[2]Famurewa,S.,Kirilmaz,E.,Chamkhorami K.S. et al.LCC-based approach for design and requirement specification for railway track system. IntJSystAssurEng Manag (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13198-024-02399-4

[3] Anafjeh, B., Moosavi, H. & Danesh, M. Active Optimal Roll Control of Railway Vehicles in Curved Tracks Using an Electrically Actuated Anti-roll Bar System.Int. J. Control Autom. Syst.21, 1127–1142 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12555-021-1095-8

[4] Mehvari, M., Esmaeili, M. & Fathail M.SuperstructureSystemSelection forHigh,Speed RailwayTracks ConsideringGeotechnical Aspect A Case Study.Transportation Infrastructure Geotech. 11,742–768(2024).

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40515-023-00297-z [5]Ngo, T., Indraratna,B.UseofGeogridforImprovedPerformanceof BallastedTracks:ExperimentalandDEMApproaches. Int.J. of Geosynth. and Ground Eng. 10, 33 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-024-00538-2 [6] Ma, Z., Gao,L.PredictingMechanicalStateofHigh-SpeedRailway Elevated Station Track System Using a Hybrid Prediction Model. KSCE J Civ Eng 25, 2474–2486(2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-021-1307-z[7].Aly,M.H., Elnaga,I.M.A.,Soliman,A.A.H. et al. Developmentofanew design methodology for slab track systems. J. Eng. Appl. Sci. 71, 42 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s44147-02400371-4

[8]deAlencarMenezes,L.C.,Guimarães,A.C.R.,Castro,C.D. (2022).StudyoftheInfluenceofRainwaterontheRailway Track.In:Tutumluer,E.,Nazarian,S.,Al-Qadi,I.,Qamhia,I.I. (eds) Advances in Transportation Geotechnics IV. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, vol 166. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77238-3_38

[9] Rampriya, R.S., Suganya, R., Sabarinathan, Ganesan, A., Prathiksha,P.,Rakini,B.(2022).ObjectDetectioninRailway Track using Deep Learning Techniques. In: Mandal, J.K., Hsiung,PA.,SankarDhar,R.(eds)TopicalDriftsinIntelligent Computing. ICCTA 2021. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 426. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0745-6_12

[10]Bahati,P.A.,Le,V.D.&Lim,Y.Animpactechomethodto detect cavities between railway track slabs and soil foundation. J. Eng. Appl. Sci. 68, 7 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s44147-021-00008-w

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 12 Issue: 05 | May 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

[13] Rengel, J., Santos, M., Pandit, R. (2022). Efficient Net ArchitectureFamilyAnalysisonRailwayTrackDefects.In: Yin, H., Camacho, D., Tino, P. (eds) Intelligent Data EngineeringandAutomatedLearning–IDEAL2022.IDEAL 2022. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 13756. Springer,Cham.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-217531_46

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