International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 11 Issue: 05 | May 2024 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
Solar Operated Hybrid Bicycle
Shivam Tiwari1 , Prasoon Tyagi2 , Divyansh Gupta3, Shashank4, Prof. Vivek Narain5 ,
1234(UG Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, BBDITM Lucknow) 5(Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, BBDITM Lucknow)
Abstract - The rising fuel prices worldwide have necessitatedthesearchforalternativeenergysources.One such alternative is the solar powered electric bicycle, an electric vehicle that harnesses solar energy to charge its batteryandpoweranelectrichubmotor.GivenIndia’ssunny climateforninemonthsoftheyear,solarhybridbicyclesare particularly suitable. These bicycles combine solar energy withdomesticchargingfacilitytochargethebattery,making them a vital alternative to fuel-based automobiles. Our projectaims to design an electric bicycle thatoperates on solar energy, eliminating the need for human effort or conventional fuels. The system includes solar panels, a battery, and a motor for optimal energy utilization. By maximizing solar power, we contribute to cleaner transportationandreducedenvironmentalimpact.
Thishybrid(solar-poweredelectric)bicycledemonstrates the fusion of technology, sustainability, and efficient mobility.
Key Words: Hybrid Bicycle, Direct Current Motor (DC Motor), Solar Panel, Throttle
1.INTRODUCTION
The solar operated hybrid bicycle presents an idea of sustainable energy and effective transportation. Here are some major features of this innovative method of cycling. Solaroperatedhybridbicyclesusephotovoltaic(PV)panel mountedonframes.Solarpanelsareusedtoconvertsolar energy into electrical energy, which is stored in a battery. Thesolarenergyreducesthechargingtimeandproviding eco-friendly and cost-effective means of propulsion. In addition,withsolarenergy,dynamoisalsousedtocharge the battery. Dynamo generates electricity while pedaling EnergystoredinbatteryisusedtopowerthegearedDirect Current (DC)motor, which inturn rotatesthe rear wheel. Solar operated hybrid bicycle also helps in reducing pollution due to conventional petrol and diesel engines. Therefore, solar operated hybrid turns out be a good alternativeoftransportationforschoolandcollegestudents, officeemployees,seniorcitizens,etc.Inthisprojectasapart ofdissertationwork,thesolarassistedbicycleisfittedwitha DChubmotoronrearaxleofabicyclewithpowerratingof 250Wandwithatravellingspeedofaround17-28km/h.It isprovidedwithapairofleadacidbatteriesof8Aheach,a photovoltaic solar panel with capacity of 50-watt, microcontroller, accelerator and motor of 24v. In poor
weather conditions or in cloudy weather, the output/efficiencygetsreducesthereforebatteriescanalso bechargedby220-240VACcharger.Thispaperpresentsa way of designing and implementing of solar module for a battery-operatedbicycle.Thepapershowshowsolarpower canbeutilizedtodrivesuchamotorandotherconvenient functiononabicycle.
2.WORKING PRINCIPLE
Theworkingprincipleofthismodel/project“HybridBicycle” isbasedontheconceptofusingsolarenergyforcharging batteriesofthebicyclebyusingsolar(inadditiontoACwall charger) with the help of solar panels. Charging batteries withsolarenergyreducesthebatterychargingtimeandalso reducesthechargingcost.Whensunlightstrikesthesolar panel,solarenergygetsconvertedintoelectricalenergybya photovoltaiceffect.Thiselectricalenergygetsstoredinthe batteries in the form of electrochemical energy through chemicalreactions.ThisenergyisusedtorunthegearedDC motorwhichinturnrunsthebicycle.ComponentsofHybrid Bicycle: DC motor, battery, solar panel, controller, metal frame,throttleandchain.
3.DC Motor
ADCmotorisamotorthatisusedtoconvertenergyfrom direct current into mechanical energy. The first-ever DC motorwasinventedaroundthe1830’s-1840’s.Initially,they were unsuccessful, because these motors run on battery
Fig-1: FlowChartofSolaroperatedHybridBicycle
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 11 Issue: 05 | May 2024 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
power,andbatteriesremainveryexpensiveandtheirquality was also not good (quite low quality). The quality of DC motors continuously keeps on improving, but motors of othertypessuchasBLDCmotors,havealsobeendeveloped in the meantime too. As a result, the use of brushed and gearedDCmotorsinseveralapplicationsislimitedtoday.
InthismodelofhybridbicycleweusedagearedDCmotorof powerratingof250watts,3300RPMwithareductionratio of9.78.
Fig-2: DCMotor
4.Controller
A DC motor controller is an electrical device that controls maintainstheseveraldevicesofahybridbicycleandalsothe performance of a direct current (DC) motor. Controller is used to start and atop the motor, and control its, torque, rotationaldirection,andspeed.ADCmotorcontrollerallows ustocontroltherelativespeedofthemotorwiththehelpof athrottle.
The motor controller is also known as the electric hybrid bicyclecontrollerorelectricspeedcontroller.Itisacircuit boardinasealedprotectiveandinsulatedboxwithseveral connection wires coming out. It’s mounted on a hybrid bicycleconnectingandputtingallkeycomponentstogether, like the motor, throttle, paddle assistant, battery charger, andbattery,tocontrolthemotor’sspeed,start,andstop.The Controller acts as the “brain” of the hybrid bicycle which controls and maintains the performance of the hybrid bicycle.
Controller
5.Solar Panel
A solar panel is a device that is based on the principle of photovoltaic effect and it is also known as a photovoltaic (PV)panel.Usedtoconvert sunlightintoelectricity.Itisa semiconductordeviceusuallymadeofsilicon.
Germanium,Phosphorus,andIndiumarecommonlyusedfor dopinginsemiconductormaterial.
Table -1: SolarPanelSpecifications
Maximum
Fig-4: SolarPanel
6.Battery
Abatteryisadevicethatisusedtostoreelectricalenergyin theformofchemicalenergythroughchemicalreactions.it mainly consists of one or more electrochemical cells, electrolytes, and, two terminals (positive(anode) and negative(cathode)). When a battery is connected to an externalcircuit,achemicalreactiontakesplaceinthecell, whichcauseselectronstoflowfromthenegativeterminalto
Fig-3:
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 11 Issue: 05 | May 2024 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
the positive terminal and generate an electric current. batteriesaremainlyusedtopowermanydevices,fromsmall electronic gadgets like laptops, study lamps, and smartphonestolargerapplicationslikevehiclesandbackup devices.
Twodryrechargeablebatteriesof12v,8Ahareusedwhich areconnectedinseriesposition.
7.DC Charge Controller
A charge controller or regulator is a voltage or current regulatortoavoid/preventbatteriesfromovercharging.It regulatestheoutputvoltageandcurrentofthesolarpanel goingtothebattery.Mostly“12-volt”panelsgivesanoutput of around 16-20 volts, if there is no regulation of panel outputthenbatterieswillgetdamagedbyovercharging.
Boostconvertersaredevicesthatareusedforsteepingup voltages in many applications where voltage needs to be increasedwithoutconversionintoAlternatingCurrent(AC), withtheuseoftransformer andthenpassingtransformer outputthrougharectifier.
8.NO LOAD SPEED CALCULATIONS
A:
Numberofteethonsmallerthesprocket(motor)(t1)=9
Numberofteethonlargerthesprocket(Bicycle)(t2)=18
Speedonsmallersprocket(motor)(N1)=3300rpm
Byusingreductionratio(9.78),speedwillbereducedto 338rpm
Speedonlargersprocket(bicycle)(N2)=?
B:
Usingspeedratioformulae, N1t1=N2t2
388*9=N2*18
N2=(388*9)/18 N2=169rpm
C:
Diameterofwheel=560mm
Circumferenceofwheel =3.14*560 =1758.4mm
D:
Speed of the vehicle = speed of wheel*circumference of wheel =169*1758.4 =297169.6mm/min =297m/min =17830m/hour =17.83km/hour
9.POWER REQUIRED TO DRIVE BICYCLE
A.
Totalloadactingonbicycleareasfollows
Normalweightoftheperson =78.75kg =78.75*9.81 =772.54N
Weightofbicycle =12kg =12*9.81 =117.72N
Othermiscellaneousload =21.5kg =21.5-*9.81 =210.92N
Totalload =(772.54+117.72+210.92) =1101.12N
B:
Tofindreactiononeachwheel,theabovetotalloadwhichis dividedequallyonbothwheels
Force(Ffw)=Force(Frw) =1101.12/2 =550.6N
Wherethereactiononrearandfrontwheelareasfollows Rfw=Rrw =0.2*550.6 =110.12N
C:
Tofindtorqueoneachwheel
Totaltorque=Tfw+Trw
Fig-5: Battery
Fig-6: DCChargeController
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 11 Issue: 05 | May 2024 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
Tofindtorqueonfrontwheel
Tfw=Rfw*(D÷2)
Tfw =110.12*[(56*10-2)÷2]
Tfw =30.84Nm
Tfw=Trw=30.84Nm
Totaltorqueonwheel =30.84*2 =61.68Nm
10. BATTERY CHARGE TIME FROM SOLAR
Youhavea50-Watt,18-Voltpaneland8Ah,24Voltbattery bank,howlongdoesittaketocompletelycharge?Thequick answerwouldbetofigureouttheWatt-hoursofthebattery (24*8Ah=192-Watthours)anddivideitbythesolaroutput. Therealityisabout1.5timeslonger.
Therearemainlythreereasonsforthedifferences,evenin ideal conditions. First, the Watt-rating of the panel is the product of the peak current and the open circuit voltage. Whenweconnectapaneltoabattery,thevoltagedroptakes placetothatoftheload.Finally,allthepowerthatentersthe batterydoesnotgetsconvertedintostorageenergy.
Infieldtest,weareseeingthatthecombinedlossfactoris about 1.5. Divide the watt hours of the battery by the wattageofthepanelandmultiplyby1.5.
Inourproject:
WattRatingofbattery=192Watt
WattageRatingofpanel=50Watt
ChargingTime=1.5*(WattRatingofbattery/Wattagerating ofpanel)
=1.5*192/50 =4hoursand36Minutes
Thiscalculatedchargingcouldincreaseincloudyweather,if panel is not pointed at the sun or panel voltage is not matchedtoyourbattery.
11.CONCLUSIONS
AHybridbicycleisamodificationofanexistingbicycleand usessolarenergytochargethebattery.ThemodelofSolar panels and battery used in this electric bicycle has total weightofaround9kg.Itcancarrypersonofweightupto75 kgandrunswiththemaximumspeed(withoutsolarsetup) ofaround25km/hr.Bycombiningsolarpowerwithelectric propulsion, these bicycles offer reduce emission and fuel consumption.
Thecalculated No load speed of bicycle (with solar setup ) is = 17.83 km/hour
The range of bicycle is = 23-25 km
12.ADVANTAGES
1.Itisenvironmentfriendlywithnouseofanyfuel.
2. Removal batteries can be taken inside the house for charging.
3.Notdependentonotherformsofenergyandsolarenergy isarenewableformofenergy.
4.Hybridbicyclesareeasytooperate.
13.DISADVANTAGES
1.ThePriceofbatteries,motors,andsolarpanelsincreases withtheincreaseinenergydemandofconsumers.
2. Solar panels fail to charge battery at night and its efficiencygetsreducedincloudyweather.
3.Increasedweightofthebicycle.
4.Highinitialcost.
REFERENCES
[1] Kartik S Mishra, Shubham V Gadhawe, Dhiraj C Chaudhari,BhupendraVarmaandS.B.Barve,“Design andDevelopmentofSolarHybridBicycle”,2016
[2] Mr. Pramod R. Wadate, Pratik S Deshmukh, Vikas V Kadam, Chandrakant T Kadam, Mangesh Navgire, “A StudyofElectricBikes-FutureNeeds”,2019.
[3] RShashank,VAkshay,SachinRamesh,BGNithin,KS RaviandSAMohanKrishna,“DesignandFabricationof SolarPoweredBicycle”,2021.
[4] A. P. Rathkanthiwar, Suvarna Gaymukhe, Dhanashri Bhukte,RajanSaroj,“DesignofElectricalBicycleUsing SolarPanel”,2020.
[5] SanjeebKumarPattanayak,MilanTirkey,PramodLakra, Vivek Ranjan, Soumya Ranjan Panda, Manas Ranjan Panda,“ElectricBicycle”,2017.
[6] Mr. Prashant Kadi, Mr. Shrirang Kulkarni, “Hybrid PoweredElectricBicycle”,2016.
[7] Ashish S. Patil, Prasant Singh, Kapil Thoke, Kishor Ghegad, Prof. Sandip S. Kanase, “Solar Electric Bicycle (Hybrid)”,2019.
[8] Prof. Ravikant K. Nanwatkar, Abhijit Khairnar, Trupti Karke, Saket Edake, Vishwas Sathe, “Design & DevelopmentofSolarElectricBicycle”,2022.
[9] RanjanKumar,MunnaKumar,PradyumnSah,Mustaim Alam, Prof. Dr. M. Asok Raj Kumar, “Design and FabricationofElectricBicycle”,2018.
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 11 Issue: 05 | May 2024 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
PHOTOGRAPHY
Fig-7: SolarOperatedHybridBicycle
BIOGRAPHIES
Shivam Tiwari
MechanicalEngineer
Babu Banarasi Das Institute of TechnologyandManagement
Prasoon Tyagi
MechanicalEngineer
Babu Banarasi Das Institute of TechnologyandManagement
Divyansh Gupta
MechanicalEngineer
Babu Banarasi Das Institute of TechnologyandManagement
Shashank
MechanicalEngineer
Babu Banarasi Das Institute of TechnologyandManagement