“FABRICATION AND ANALYSIS OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES CELLULOSE JUTE FIBER AND GRAPHITE FIBER BASED HYBRID COMPOSITE MATERIAL”

PRITI DWIVEDI1, ASHUTOSH SHUKLA2

1M.Tech Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kanpur Institute of Technology, Kanpur AKTU, U.P India.

2Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kanpur Institute of Technology, Kanpur AKTU, U.P India.

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Abstract – Compositematerialisoneofthemostemergingmaterialsofmoderneraasitprovideslightweight,highstrength toweightratio,electricalinsulationetc.andHybridcompositeshavevastareaofapplicationduetoitsbetter mechanical propertiesandeconomicallypointofview.Intoday’sscenariocompositematerialhascompetitionwithitsowncompatibilities. Aviationindustriesaremostbenefittedfromcompositematerials.Hybridcompositematerialssuchascarbon-glassfiber, agamidetc.areusedinthefabricationofaircraftwings,noseandsomeotherpartsthatfullfilltheirdesireddemands.Some otherhybridcompositesofbaggage,cellulosefiberparticles,cellulosejutefiberash,cellulosejutefiberpowder,barleyhusk etc.aremostsuccessfullyusedinautomobileindustry,furnitureindustry,andelectronicdeviceindustryandindentistryfor filling.Itisverydifficulttofabricateahybridcompositethatprovidessuperiorpropertiesoverexistingcomposites.Thusthe measurementofmechanicalpropertiesoffabricatedcompositematerialisstudiedtounderstandthebehaviorofcompositeof material.

Inthepresentwork,ahybridcompositeofcellulosejutefiberpowderandgraphite-fiberhasbeenfabricated.Forbinding cellulosejutepowderandgraphite-fiberepoxyresinisused.Forfabricationhandlay-upmethodwasusedandtwocategories weredecidedonefor30gmCSP(cellulosejutepowder)andanotherfor45gmCSP.Thenextstepanumberofsampleswere takenfromthesetwocategories.Thenhardnesstesting,tensiletesting,impacttestingandbendingtestwereperformedon theseselectedsamplesandbehaviorof30gmCSPand45gmCSPwerestudied.

Key Words: Then hardness testing, Tensile Testing, Impact Testing and Bending test were performed on these selected samplesandbehaviorof30gmCSPand45gmCSPwerestudied.

1. INTRODUCTION

Intoday’sindustrializationcompositematerialsareusedinvariousapplicationslikeinteriorsofvehicles,machineparts,aerospaceindustry,furnitureindustry,railways,buildingconstructions,ceilingsandpanels,automobiles,medicalindustryetc.due theresurprisingpropertyof lightweight,costeffective,easymanufacturing,bio-degradableandenvironmenteco-friendly materials.Compositeshavethecontinuousphasewithoneormorediscontinuousphase.Thereinforcementmaterialiscalled discontinuousphaseandthecontinuousphaseisknownasmatrix.Discontinuousphaseisstrongerthancontinuousphase. Compositedisplaysthepropertiesoftheirconstituentmaterials.Thesize,shapeandmaterialreinforcementdistributionaffect the composite properties. The size, shape and material reinforcement distribution affect the composite properties. Fiber reinforcedandnaturalfillerscompositehavehighqualitiesandwideareaofapplicationinvariousfieldsoftechnicalsector[1]. Inthethermoplasticlikearmedandglassfiberconventionalsyntheticfibersarealsousedforreinforcement.Duetoproperties likelowdensity,highthermalinsulation,bettermechanicalproperties,environmentfriendly,disposable,minimaltoolwear, easyavailabilityandlowpricesyntheticsfibersareused.Syntheticfibersareavailableindifferentformslikethreads,woven form,woolform,strandsetc.

1.2 Definition of Composite

Twoormorenaturalorartificialmaterialsarecombinedtomakeacomposite.Thustheirconstituent’susefulpropertiesare maximizedandtheirweaknessesareminimized.Mostwidelyusedcompositeisgraphite-fibersreinforcedplastic(GRP)that combineswithgraphitefiberswithplastictomakea compositematerial thatistoughbutnotbrittle.Compositearebest alternativesofmetalsastheyprovidehigherstrengthinlighterweight.

1.3 Hybrid composites

Thesecompositesarethecompositionoftwoormoredifferenttypesofreinforcementmaterial,combinedinasinglematrix form.Hybridcompositematerialshavethepropertiesofbothreinforcementmaterialsinasinglematrix.Awidevarietyof reinforcementmaterialavailable,butwellknowncommonreinforcementmaterialisgraphite-fiber.Theconstituentsofhybrid compositematerialaremixedatmolecularlevel,duetothisitformsthemorehomogenousmaterial andmostlytheyare anisotropicinnature.

2. Fabrication methods

2.1 Hand lay-up method is the process when fiber reinforcements are placed with resin and allow air dry in room temperature.Inthisthewoodenmoldarepreparedofrequiredsizeandgelcoatingisdonetopreventthestickingofresinover thesurface.Afterthatwiththehelpoftrowelthelayersofresinandreinforcementmaterialareformed.

2.2 Compression molding,inthismethodtheheatandpressureisusedtofabricatethematerial.Themoldisfilledwiththe plasticmaterialandthentheheatandpressureappliedtothemoldtoformthecompositematerial.

Fibersarecategorizedintwotypesoneisnaturalfiberandsecondissyntheticfiber.Naturalfibersareextractingfromorganic sources,whereassyntheticfibersaremadefrominorganicsources.Naturalfibersaretheby-productofplants,fruitsand crops.Theyarethewasteofplants,fruitsandcropsafterusingtheseorganicproducts.Naturalfibersarerenewable,cheap, recyclableandbiodegradable.Plantslikebanana,pineapple,jute,bambooetc.

2.3 Cellulose fiber

Cellulosefiberisanaturalcropanditcomesfromcrops.FarmingofcellulosefiberismainlydoneinallIndianstatesnearby therivescrops.ItisalsocroppedinothercountrieslikeSriLanka,Indonesia,ThailandandMalaysia.Afterusingthecellulose fiberwaterthewasteisrestcalledcellulosefiber.Cellulosefiberisagrowastewithhardlingo-cellulosecontent.Composite madefromcellulosefiberareusedinbuildingmaterial,furnitureandfishnets.Cellulose fiberisprominentreinforcement

Figure 1.2: Composite materials

Figure 2.1 Hand Lay-up Method Figure 2.2 Compression molding Method

materialinfabricationofvarioustypesofpolymermatrixcomposites.Cellulosefiberhaslowcost,easilyandabundantly available,highstrength,etc.

2.4 Cellulose jute

Cellulosejutefiberwastakenandthensievedtodeterminethehairsizesinbypassingthroughdifferentsieves.Cellulosejute fiberhavenoeconomicvaluebecauseitisthewasteby-productafterusingcellulosejuteanditshairforms.Cellulosejutefiber iscostlyandtheenvironmentfriendly.Cellulosejutefiberarecanalsousedasabsorbentsinwaterpurificationsystemandto treatindustrialandmunicipalwaste.

Thegraphitefiberis theverystrongcertainclassofCarbonefibertheatomicstructureisthebothareseamisthecarbonfiber isthesimilartographitefiberitistheconsisting ofsheetsofthecarbonatomsarrangedinaregularhexagonalpattern.

3. Experimental Set-Up and methodology

Thepresentstudyistofabricateanewtypeofcompositeandtomeasureitsmechanicalpropertiessothatitcanbeusedin differentapplications.Themethodologyasgiveninaflowchart(figure3.1)followedintheexperimentalinvestigation:

Cellulose jute fiber hair by crushing and takingsamplesofdifferentweights

Graphitefiberinwovenform

Slurryofcellulosejutefiberwillbepreparedbymixingtheresinandhardenerbyhandlay-up methodandgraphitefiberwillbeplacedintheslurryafterthatmixture withgraphitefiberwillbedried

Mechanicaltestingofsamples

Figure. Cellulose fiber

Figure Graphite fiber

Figure 3.1: Flow diagram of experimentation

3.1

Materialthatareusedaregivenbelowinfigure3.2

Materialsareuse

Cellulosejutefiber

Epoxysolution(Resin+Hardener)

Graphitefiberin wovenform

Graphite fiberisanartificialfibermostlyusedasreinforcedmaterialinpreparingofcomposite.Thereseveraltypes’ graphitefiberisformedlikewool,threadsandinwovenform.Graphitefiberisusedinwovenforminpresentwork.

3.4

Theadhesivesolutionepoxyresinandhardenerismixinproportion,byweighingscaleresinandhardeneraretaken150gm eachinbeakerandbotharemixwellbystirring continuously untilboththeresinandhardeneraremixeswitheachother. Mixtureiscuredinnormalroomtemperature and pressure.Curedmixturehasgoodthermalandphysicalstability.

CSPistakenintwoweights30gmand45gmbyweighingscaleandthesetwoweightsaremixedwithresinhardenermixture (160gmeach)separatelyinseparatebeakers,stirthemixtureofCSPandepoxywelluntiltheCSPmixedwithinepoxysolution evenly.Thismixtureisalsocuredinnormalroomtemperatureandpressure.

Material used

Figure 3.2: Materials used

3.2 Cellulose jute fiber

Table3.1.1:Grainsizeratiofor30gmCSP

3.3 Graphite fiber

Table3.1.4:MaterialsQuantity

Mixing of Resin and Hardener

3.5 Mixing of Cellulose jute fiber (CSP) and Epoxy solution

4.

4.1

Thisdigitalandadvancemachineusedfortestingtensilestrengthforvariouspolymercompositesplasticmaterialetc.Machine hasamaximumcapacityof1000kgf.Aspecimenof170×20×7mmistakenandfixitinbetweenthegrippersofUTMthespan lengthis90mm.

4.2 Bending strength test

ForthistestUTMisused.Forthistestspecimensizeis76 25 7mmtakenandspecimenheldinrollertypebendingsetup.

4.3 Impact strength test

A specimen size of 65 ×15×7 mm is taken and notch is prepared at the center of specimen then specimen is kept on the machine.Inthenextsteppendulumisreleasedtowardsthespecimentomeasuretheimpactenergyofspecimen.

5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

5.1 Hardness

ASamplepieceof30gmCSPand45gmCSPisplacedonebyoneover theflatsurface,thentheprobeofhardnesstesteris pressedat5randompointsoverthesamplesurfacesandreadingsarenoted.Hardnessvalueforbothcompositesamplesis taken as the average of 5 random values of hardness for selected sample For 30 gm CSP composite sample the average hardnessvalueis78.2whilefor45gmCSPtheaveragehardnessvalueis80.5

5.2 Tensile strength

Tableno.5.2.1:Maximumloadandtensilestrengthofsamplesfor30gmCSP:

Tableno.5.2.2:Maximumloadandtensilestrengthofsamplesfor45gmCSP

Sample Preparation Table3.5Specimen

Tensile strength test:

5.3

Table5.3.1:Maximumloadandbendingstrengthofsamplesfor30gmCSP:

Tableno.5.3.2:Maximumloadandbendingstrengthofsamplesfor45gmCSP

5.4

Forimpactstrengthtest,foursamplesaretaken,twoof30gmCSPandtwoof45gmCSP.

Bending Strength

Impact strength

Tableno.5.4.1ImpacttestshowingImpactenergyandImpactstrengthfor30gmCSP:

Tableno.5.4.2ImpacttestshowingImpactenergyandImpactstrengthfor45gmCSP

6. CONCLUTION

45gmCSPsamplewasharderthan30gmCSP.AstheweightofCSPincreaseshardnessofhybridcompositeincreases.30gm CSPhybridcompositesampleresultanimprovedtensilestrengthinUTMthan45gmCSPhybridcompositesample.Load requiredtobreak30gmCSPhybridcompositesampleisalsohigherthanthatof45gmCSPhybridcompositesample.45gm CSPhybridcompositeresultedanimprovedbendingstrengthin UTMthan30gmCSP.Maximumloadthata45gmCSPsample canbearishigherthanthatof30gmCSPsample.Impactstrengthof30gmCSPhybridcompositeishigherthanthatof45gm CSPhybridcomposite.Impactenergyof30gmCSPis1.752whilefor45gmCSPitis1.095.

7. FUTURE SCOPE

ManyexperimentshavebeenperformedtofabricateandtotesthybridcompositebutlimitedstudyispresentforcelluloseJute fiberandgraphitefiberhybridcomposite.Graphitefibercanalsobeusedinsomeotherformslikewoolform,threadformetc. InthecurrentworkCellulosejuteisusedfiberbyvaryingitsweight.Thishybridcompositecanalsobefabricatedbyvarying particlesizeCellulosejutefiber.Inthecurrentworktheratioofresinandhardeneraresame,thiscanalsobevariedtochange the properties of hybrid composite. SEM (Scanned Electron Microscopy) can also be used for detailed study of hybrid compositematerial.

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BIOGRAPHIES

PRITI DWIVEDI (M.Tech.) Master of Technology Student,DepartmentofMechanical Engineering, Kanpur Institute of Technology, Kanpur AKTU, U.P India.

Ashutosh Shukla Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kanpur Institute of Technology, Kanpur AKTU,U.PIndia.