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Experimental Evaluation on Partial Replacement of Cement with Marble Powder

Adnan Manzoor1 , Sushma DM2, Prof. Vinay Kumar S3

1 Department of Civil Engineering, Cambridge Institute of Technology, Bangalore

2Department of Civil Engineering, Cambridge Institute of Technology, Bangalore

3Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Cambridge Institute of Technology, Bangalore

Abstract - Leaving the waste materials to the environment directly can cause environmental problem. Hence the reuse of waste material has been emphasized. Waste can be used to produce new products or can be used as admixtures so that natural resources are used more efficiently and the environment is protected from waste deposits. Marble industry generates both solid waste and stone slurry. Solid waste results from the rejects at the mine sites or at the processing units whereas stone slurry is a semi liquid substance consisting of particles originating from the sawing. These industrial wastes are dumped in the nearby land and the natural fertility of the soil is spoiled. Therefore, the scientific and industrial community must commit towards more sustainable practices. In this project our main objective is to study the influence of partial replacement of cement with marble powder, and to compare it with the compressive and tensile strength of ordinary concrete. We are also trying to find the percentage of marble powder replaced in concrete that makes the strength of the concrete maximum. Nowadays marble powder has become a pollutant. So, by partially replacing cement with marble powder, we are proposing a method that can be of great use in reducing pollution to a great extent.

Key Words: Cement, Concrete, Compressive Strength, Marble Dust Powder, Partial Replacement, Tensile Strength.

1. INTRODUCTION

Civil engineeringisa professional engineeringdisciplinethatdealswiththedesign, construction andmaintenanceof the physicalandnaturallybuiltenvironment,includingworkslikeroads,dams,parksandrecreation,bridgesetc.Itisbrokeninto several sub- disciplines including environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering, infrastructure and construction techniques and many more. Development of city is governed by its infrastructure. This project deals with the advanced constructiontechniquebyconcretetechnologyreplacedbydifferentwastematerials.Concreteisanessentialbuildingmaterial thatiswidelyusedintheconstructionofinfrastructuresuchasbuildings,bridges,highways,damsandmanyotherfacilities. The production of ordinary Portland cement produces 7% approximately of the total greenhouse gas emitted to the atmosphere

Environmentally,whenindustrialwastesarerecyclednotonlytheCO2emissionsarereducedbutresidualproductsfromother industriesarereusedandthereforelessmaterialisdumpedaslandfillandmorenaturalresourcesaresaved.Flyash,blast furnaceslagandsilicafumearemostwidelyusedindustrialwastesinplaceofcementforconcreteproductionattributedto theirreactivitynaturecalledpozzolanicbehavior.Inadditiontopozzolanas,otherinertby-productsandwastematerialshave beenusedinconcreteandmortarproductionasinertfillerforsimilarreasons.Amongthese,marblewastepowderwhichusing marblewastepowderincementandconcreteproductionisaby-productofmarbleprocessingfactorywasstudiedbymany researchers for its use in concrete and mortar production as sand replacing or cement replacing material. Marble is a metamorphicrockresultingfromthetransformationofapurelimestone.Wastemarblepowderisgeneratedasabyproduct duringcuttingofmarble.Thewasteisapproximatelyintherangeof20%ofthetotalmarblehandled.Thewastegenerated everyyearisintones,whichisdumpedinopenspace.Thisleadstoseriousenvironmentalanddustpollution.Thismayalso lead to contamination of underground water reserves. The environmental problems attributed by waste marble powder imposethreattoecosystem,physical,chemicalandbiologicalcomponentsofenvironment.Itisthereforeveryimportantto reusethewastemarblepowderwhichshallsolvemostoftheproblem.Thisreportdescribesthefeasibilityofusingthewaste marblepowderasapartialreplacementofcement.

Thepurityofthemarbleisresponsibleforitscolorandappearanceitiswhiteifthelimestoneiscomposedsolelyofcalcite (100%CaCO3).Marbleisusedforconstructionanddecoration;marbleisdurable,hasanobleappearance,andconsequentlyin greatdemandMarbleDustPowderisanindustrialwasteproducedfromcuttingofmarblestone.Theresultisthatthemassof marblewastewhichis20%oftotalmarblequarriedhasreachedashighasmillionsoftons. Marbleasabuildingmaterial especiallyinplacesandmonumentshasbeeninuseforages. However,theuseislimitedasstonebricksinwallorarchesoras liningslabsinwalls,roofsorfloors,leavingitswastageatquarryoratthesizingindustrygenerallyunattendedforuseinthe

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buildingindustryitselfasfillerorplasticizerinmortarorconcrete.Oneofthelogicalmeansforreductionofthewastemarble massescallsforutilizingtheminbuildingindustryitself.

Marblepowderisnotavailableinalltheplaces.Despitethisfact,concreteproductionisoneoftheconcernsworldwidethat impacttheenvironmentwithmajorimpactbeingglobalwarmingduetoCO2emissionduringproductionofcement.Waste Marbledustcanbeusedtoimprovethemechanicalandphysicalpropertiesoftheconventionalconcrete.Now-a-daysthecost ofmaterialisincreasingsoifweusethewastematerialintheproductionoftheconcretesowedecreasetheprice.Ifthewaste isdisposedonsoils,theporosityandpermeabilityoftopsoilwillbereduced,thefinemarbledustreducesthefertilityofthesoil byincreasingitsalkalinity.Presently,largeamountofmarbledustisgeneratedin naturalstoneprocessingplantswithan importantimpactontheenvironmentandhumans.

InIndia,marbledustissettledbysedimentationandthendumpedawaywhichresultsinenvironmentalpollution,inaddition toformingdustinsummerandthreateningbothagricultureandpublichealth.Therefore,utilizationofthemarbledustin various industrial sectors especially the construction, agriculture, glass and paper industries would help to protect the environment.Hencethereuseofwastematerialhasbeenemphasized.Wastecanbeusedtoproducenewproductsorcanbe usedasadmixturessothatnaturalresourcesareusedmoreefficientlyandtheenvironmentisprotectedfromwastedeposits.

2 Literature Review

S Suthandra Devi, R.Ramya and R.Keerthika (2018) conductedanexperimentalstudyonconcretebypartialreplacementof flyashandmarblepowderforthecementtofindoutmechanicalpropertiesofconcrete.Theflyashandmarblepowderwere replacedwithinthepercentageof0%,5%,10%,and15%and20%.ThestrengthofconcretehasbeenfoundforbothM20and M25mixes.Thecompressiveandsplittensilestrengthofconcretewasevaluatedafter28dayscuringperiods.Thereplacement 0%,5%,10%,15%and20%cementbyflyashandmarblepowdershowed24.5,26.7,27.3,25.6and24.4N/mm2increasein compressivestrengthat28daysofcuringforM25.Thereplacement5%,10%,15%and20%cementbyflyashandmarble powdershowed1.52,1.78,1.98,1.89and1.76N/mm2respectivelyincreasesplittensilestrengthat28daysofcuringforM25. Finally,itwasobservedthatthecompressiveandsplittensilestrengthofM25willbehighat10%replacementofmarble powderandflyashbytheweightofcement.

Neha Yadav, Navinderdeep Singh (2018) presentsareviewontheconcretemixbyaddingmarblewastepowderandflyash. Theaimofthestudywastocheckthecompressivestrength,spilttensilestrengthandflexuralstrengthofconcretebyreplacing cementandfineaggregatesbyFlyAshandwastemarblepowderwithconstantwatercementratio0.38.Itwasobservedthat increaseinwatercementratiodecreasesthestrengthofconcrete. Upto20%,compressivestrengthisincreasedinMarble Waste Powder as a partial replacement of fine aggregates. With the addition of Fly Ash initial and final setting time gets decreased.

Virendra Singh, Pratik Gajjar, P.N. Nimodiya (2017) carriedoutanexperimentalstudytoenhancethestrengthpropertiesof self-compactingconcreteusingwastemarbledustandflyash.TheexperimentalworkwascarriedoutforM30gradeofselfcompactingconcretemixwiththereplacementofcementwithdifferentproportionsofmarbledust(10%,15%,20%and25%) and30%offlyash.Themainaimofthestudywastoidentifythebestproportionofmarbledustwithflyash,whichcanbe replacedwithcementtogetthedesiredstrength.Inthestudyworkprocessofthedevelopmentoftheconcreteforstrength aspectsinvariousproportionsvaryingfrom0%,10%,15%,20%and25%marbledustasareplacementofcementalongwithfly ash.Finalresultsfromthecompressivetestrepresentthatforreplacementofcementbymarbledustupto10%andflyashupto 30%givescomparativelyhigherresultsthanControlmix.ItwasobservedthatthesplittingtensilestrengthoftheSCCforthe replacementofcementby30%and10%marbledustgivesalmostsameresultsascontrolmixatboth28thdayand56thday. Thefurtheradditionofthemarbledustcontentreducesthesplittingtensilestrengthoftheconcrete.Atfinallybyexperimental resultsofcompressivestrengthtestandsplittingtensilestrengthtest,itcanbeconcludedthatthebestproportionofmarbledust andflyashare10%and30%respectivelywith28daysofcuring.

Professor Mallesh M and Abhilash K (2017) conductedanexperimentalinvestigationonstrengthspropertiesofconcreteby partialreplacementofcementwithmineraladmixture.Bythisinvestigation,itwasobservedthattheidealtradeproportionfor M20reviewsolidblendisthesubstitutionofCementby10%ofFlyAshand10%ofMarblePowder,whichgivesabout20% moreCompressivestrengththantheconsequencesofcustomarycementofM20blend.

Darzi Musaib ,Bhumre Shivkumar (2016) providea reviewpaperon“effectivepartialreplacementofcementandsandwith fly-ashandmarblepowdertomakegreenconcrete”.Intheexperimentalinvestigation,cementwasreplacedwithflyashin percentagesof5,10and15%andsandwithmarblepowderinpercentagesof20,40and60%.Theobjectiveofthestudywasto

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assesscompressiveandsplittensilestrengthofconcreteandfindtheoptimumpercentageofreplacementtogainthemaximum strengthandcompareitwiththestrengthofordinaryM20concrete.Afterstudyingofreviewpapers, itwasexpectedthat optimumproportionofreplacementofcementwithflyashwillbe10%,andthatofsandwithmarblepowderwillbebetween 40to50%.

Krishna P Pala, Krunal J Dhandha (2015) presentsanexperimentalstudyonuseofmarblepowderandflyashonselfcompactingconcrete.ThemainobjectiveofthestudywastodeterminethebehaviorofSCCwithmarblepowderandflyashand understandtheeffectonfreshproperty,Hardenproperty,andDurabilityofconcrete.TheslumpandV-Funneltestwascarried outonthefreshself-compactingconcrete.Thecompressivestrengthofconcretewasalsodeterminedat7days,14daysand28 days’timeintervals.Thefinalresultsshowthatself-compactingconcretewith10%ofmarblepowderand25%offlyashgivesa highervalueofcompressivestrengthat7days,14daysand28days’timeintervalsfortheM30gradeconcretemix.

3 Aim & Objective

 Tostudytheinfluenceofpartialreplacementofcementwithmarblepowderandtocomparethestrengthoforiginal mixwiththepartialvariedmarblepowderinconcretemix

• Todetermineandtofindtheoptimumpercentageofmarblepowderwhichcanbeeconomicallyusedtogetastronger concrete

• ToreducetoEnvironmentalPollutioncausingbythewasteproductofmarbletomakeuseincementindustriesandto reducetoCo2Emission.

• Tofindeconomicalsolutionforhigh-costconstructionmaterial.

4. Materials

4.1 Cement

OrdinaryPortlandcementisusedintheprojectwork,asitisreadilyavailableinthelocalmarket.Thecementusedintheproject workhasbeentestedforvariouspreparationsasperIS:4031-1988andfoundtobeconformingtovariousspecificationsofIS: 1489-1991.Thespecificgravitywas3.05.

4.2 Fine Aggregate

The natural sand is used as fine aggregate for the study purpose. Normal river sand locally available in the market and confirmingtoZoneIIasperBIS(IS383:1970).

4.3 Coarse Aggregate

Thefractionsof20mmareusedascourseaggregate.CAwasusedinthisexperiment.CAusedas60%byweightof20mmsize& 40%of10mmsizeoftotalaggregatemaybetaken.

Table -1: PhysicalpropertiesofFineandCoarseaggregate

4.4 Water

Waterwhichisfreefromsaltsisgenerallyconsideredformakingconcrete.

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4.5 Marble Dust Powder

Marblepowderof90Micronpassingisused.ThiswastemarbleWastepowderisreplacedinincreasingpercentagefrom0%to 30%.

Table -2: ChemicalconstituentsofMDP

Table -3: ComparisonbetweenCementandMarblePowder

Chemical compound [Sources: Lab Testing Sucofindo 2013]

5. Methodology - Tests Conducted on Materials

5.1. Cement:

a) Initial&finalsettingtime

b) Standard&normalconsistency

c) Specificgravity

5.2. Fine & coarse aggregate:

a) Specificgravity

b) Moisturecontent

c) Particlesizedistribution

5.3. Concrete:

a) Slumptest

b) Compactionfactor

c) Compressiontest

d) Splittensiletest Properties

International

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6. Mix Design

Table -4: DesignStipulationforProportioningofM30

6.1 Target Strength for Mix Proportioning

f’ck=fck+1.65S

Where,

f’ck=Targetaveragecompressivestrengthat28days, fck=Characteristiccompressivestrengthat28days, S=StandarddeviationFromTable1standarddeviation,s=5N/mm2, Therefore,targetstrength=30+1.65x4=36.6N/mm2

6.2 Water Cement Ratio

SelectionofwatercementratioFromTable5ofIS:456-2000

Maximumwatercementratio=0.50, Henceok

SelectionofwatercontentFromTable-2ofIS:456-2000Maximumwatercontent=186liters(for25mm–50mmslump rangeandfor20mmaggregates)

6.3 Calculation of Cement Content

Water-cementratio=0.5

Cementcontent=Maximumwatercontent

Water−cementratio=186x0.5=372kg/m3>300kg/m3,HenceOk.

ProportionofvolumeofcoarseaggregateandfineaggregateFineaggregate=ZoneICoarseaggregate=20mm(downsize) W/C=0.5Foreverydecreaseof0.05w/c,CAraisedby0.01for0.5w/c

Volumeofcoarseaggregate=0.6+0.01=0.61

Volumeoffineaggregate =1-0.61=0.39

6.4

Mix Calculations

Themixcalculationsperunitvolumeofconcreteshallbeasfollows:

a)Volumeofconcrete=1m3

b)Volumeofcement=(Massofcement/Specificgravityofcement)x(1/1000)=3723.11x11000=0.119m3

c)Volumeofwater=(Massofwater/specificgravityofwater)x(1/1000)=1861x11000=0.816m3

d)Volumeofallinaggregates=[a-(b+c)]=[1-(0.119+0.186)]=0.695m3

e)Massofcoarseaggregate=dxVolumeofcoarseaggregatexSpecificgravityofcoarseaggregatex1000=0.695x0.610x 2.51x1000=1064.11kg

f)Massoffineaggregate=dxVolumeoffineaggregatexSpecificgravityoffineaggregatex1000=0.695x0.39x2.59x 1000=702.01kg

6.5 Mix Proportion

Mixproportion/m3

Cement=372kg/m3

Water=186kg/m3

Fineaggregate=702.01kg/m3

Coarseaggregate=1064.11kg/m3

Water/cementratio=0.5

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7.1 Compression Test:

Forcompressivestrengthtest,thecubesofsize150x150x150mmwerecastandtestedundercompressiontestingmachine of2000kNcapacityasperIS:516-1959

Procedure:

ThefollowingprocedureisadoptedtoconducttheCompressivestrengthtest.

1.Sizeofthetestspecimenisdeterminedbyaveragingperpendiculardimensionsatleastattwoplaces.

2.Placethespecimencentrallyonthecompressiontestingmachineandloadisappliedcontinuouslyanduniformlyonthe surfaceperpendiculartothedirectionoftamping.

3.Theloadisincreaseduntilthespecimenfailsandrecordthemaximumloadcarriedbyeachspecimenduringthetest.

Compressivestresswascalculatedasfollows

Compressivestrength=P/Ax1000

Where,

P=LoadinKN

A=Areaofcubesurface=150x150mm2

Table -6: CompressiveStrengthTestData

7.2. SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST:

Forsplittingtensilestrengthtest,thecylindersof150mmdiameterandlength300mmwerecastandweretestedunder compressiontestingmachineasperIS:5816-199

Procedure:

Thefollowingprocedureisadoptedtoconductthetensilestrengthtest.

1.Drawdiametricallinesontwoendsofthespecimensothattheyareinthesameaxialplane.

2.Determinethediameterofspecimentothenearest0.2mmbyaveragingthediametersofthespecimenlyingintheplaneof pre-markedlinesmeasured nearthe endsand themiddleofthespecimen.Thelengthofspecimenalso shall betakenbe nearest0.2mmbyaveragingthetwolengthsmeasuredintheplanecontainingpre-markedlines.

3.Centreoneoftheplywoodstripsalongthecenterofthelowerplaten.Placethespecimenontheplywoodstripandalignitso thatthelinesmarkedontheendofthespecimenare

4.Verticalandcenteredovertheplywoodstrip.Thesecondplywoodstripisplacedlengthwiseonthecylindercenteredonthe linesmarkedontheendsofthecylinder.

5.Applytheloadwithoutshockandincreaseitcontinuouslyattheratetoproduceasplittensilestressofapproximately1.4to 2.1N/mm2/min,untilnogreaterloadcanbesustained.Recordthemaximumloadappliedtospecimenasshowninfig. 6.Computationofthesplittensilestrengthwasasfollows.

Table -5: MixDesign

7. Test Procedure – Harden Concrete

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Splittensilestrength=2P/πdLx1000 Where,

P=LoadinKN

Π=3.142

d=Diameterofcylinder=150mm

L=Lengthofcylinder=300mm

Table -7: SplitTensileStrengthTestData

8. CONCLUSIONS

Duetomarbledust,itprovedtobeveryeffectiveinassuringverygoodcohesivenessofmortarandconcrete.Fromtheabove study,itisconcludedthatthemarbledustcanbeusedasareplacementmaterialforcement;and15%replacementofmarble dustgivesanexcellentresultinstrengthaspectandqualityaspectanditisbetterthanthecontrolconcrete.Theresultsshowed thatthesubstitutionof15%ofthecementcontentbymarblestonedustinducedhighercompressivestrength,highersplitting tensilestrength,andimprovementofpropertiesrelatedtodurability.

Mechanicalbehaviorofconcretecubespreparedwithoutchemicaladmixtureswasstudiedbycompressive&splittensiletests (Grade M30 and curing time of 3,7,15 days. It can be noticed that 15% replacement of cement with marble dust in mild conditionareshowingincreaseincompressivestrength&splittensilestrength.

REFERENCES

[1] SSuthandraDevi,R.Ramya,R.Keerthika(2018),“Experimentalstudyonconcretebypartialreplacementofflyashand marblepowderforcement”IJARTET,2018,pp152-156.

[2] NehaYadav,NavinderdeepSingh(2018),“AReviewontheconcretemixbyaddingmarblewastepowderandflyash”Int. ResearchJournalofEngineeringandTechnology(IRJET),Volume:05Issue:02,e-ISSN:2395-0056 p-ISSN:2395-0072,Feb2018.pp1136-1137.

[3] VirendraSingh,PratikGajjar(2017), "Experimentalstudytoenhancethestrengthpropertiesofselfcompactingconcrete usingwastemarbledustandflyash"JournalofEmergingTechnologiesandInnovativeResearch(JETIR), ISSN-2349-5162, Volume4,Issue11,November2017.pp428-434.

[4] Prof.MalleshM,AbhilashK(2017),“AnExperimentalInvestigationonStrengthsCharacteristicsofConcretewiththePartial ReplacementofCementbyMineralAdmixture”InternationalResearchJournalofEngineeringandTechnology(IRJET),e-ISSN: 2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072,Volume:04Issue:10|Oct2017,pp1417-1423.

[5] SPraveenkumar*,KMurugesan(2017),“InfluenceofMarblePowderandFlyAshinFreshandHardenedPropertiesofSelf CompactingConcrete”InternationalJournalofChemTechResearch,Vol.10No.8,ISSN:0974-4290,ISSN(Online) :

[6] A.Sathesh Kanna, G.Sangara Pitchai Raj(2017), “Partial replacement of cement with marble dust and fly ash” SSRG InternationalJournalofCivilEngineering-(ICRTCETM-2017),ISSN:2348–8352SpecialIssue–April2017,pp-728-731.