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Volume: 12 Issue: 06 | Jun 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN:2395-0072
A REVIEW OF SEISMIC STUDY OF THE RC FRAME STRUCTURE BY USING THE PUSHOVER ANALYSIS WITH NON-LINEAR STATIC METHOD
Mohammad Akhloq1, Mr. Ushendra Kumar2
1Master of Technology, Civil Engineering, Lucknow Institute of Technology, Lucknow, India
2Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Lucknow Institute of Technology, Lucknow, India
Abstract - Reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures provide an important group to be evaluated for seismic performance. The aim of this paper is to review the use of the pushover analysis based on the nonlinear static method for the structural behavior of RC frames submitted to seismic loading. In this topic, the pushover analysis is an efficient method to predict the inelastic performance of structures by applying incrementally increasing lateral forces until a target displacement is met. The modeling techniques, material non-linearity considerations and the input of plastic hinge formation in defining the structural failure mechanism are presented. The paper also reviews different performance levels, capacity curves and the limitations of pushover analysis in being able to capture complex dynamic effects. Advantages and shortcomings of this strategy are furnished by a contrast examination of earlier inquire about thinks about. It is concluded that in addition to its application to analyze the probable failure patterns and ultimate capacity of RC frame structures, which are valuable predictions, pushovers need to be supplemented with methods of dynamic analysis for the seismic evaluation. This review helps improve the understanding of practical applications and refinements in the analysis of structures having non-linearities for static analysis leading to more resilient structures dealing with seismichazardsbyengineers.
Key Words: Seismic analysis, RC frame structures, Pushover analysis, Non-linear static method, Structural performance.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview of Seismic Vulnerability in RC Frame Structures
The reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures are often adopted in buildings such as residential, commercial, and industrial due totheconstructioncost-effectiveness,good strength, and durability. But their performance under seismiceventsisofutmostconcernparticularlyinregions prone to earthquakes.Factorssuchas poor detailing, lack of ductility, substandard construction practices, old infrastructureandnoncompliancewithuptodateseismic codes have caused RC frame structures to become seismically vulnerable. These structures can sustain substantial damage, i.e. from minor cracking to total
collapse, during strong ground motion. Brittle failure caused by inadequate reinforcement detailing, soft story effect where lower floors deform excessively in the absence of stiffness, shear failure in columns and beams resulting in sudden collapse, and insufficient ductility resulting in failure before the structure can dissipate a great amount of energy are key vulnerabilities. It is importanttorecognizethesevulnerabilitiesforthedesign of earthquake resistant structures and for increasing the seismicresilienceofexistingstructuresbyretrofitting.
1.2 Importance of Seismic Assessment for Structural Safety
Evaluation of the safety and performance of a structure under earthquakes through seismic assessment is essential.Seismicassessmentmainobjectivesforensuring lifesafetybyavoidingstructuralfailureswhich couldlead to casualties; maintaining function of the critical infrastructures such as hospitals, bridges, emergency responsecenters;reduceeconomiclosses,avoidingsevere structural damages and expensive repair; comply with seismic code and regulation. Traditionally, the seismic assessment methodologies like the elastic static and dynamic analyses are quite incapable of capturing the inelasticbehaviorofstructures.Accordingly,sophisticated methods such as non linear static and dynamic analyses are necessary for knowing how a structure will response toextremeseismicforces.
1.3 Introduction to Pushover Analysis as a NonLinear Static Method
RCframe structuresare often evaluatedusing methods of pushover analysis. It is a static nonlinear structure capacity estimation technique where gradually increasing lateralloadsareappliedtoovercomethestructureuntila target displacement is reached. The point of interest differed from linear elastic methods in that, unlike linear elastic methods, pushover analysis is able to account for material and geometric nonlinearity, giving the more realistic representation of the inelastic behavior of the structure. A pushover analysis is an incremental loading approach that simulates the structure’s progressive response under seismic forces, creates plastic hinges for identification of potential failure points, develops a capacity curve (base shear vs displacement) to evaluate
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seismic resistance, and helps in performance based evaluation of the structure as to whether it meets safety and serviceability criteria on various intensity of earthquakes.Whilepushoveranalysisisdefinitelylimited, for exampleitcannotfullycapture higher mode effects as well as dynamic interactions, it still provides a valuable tool to perform preliminary seismic assessments and retrofitdesign.
1.4 Objective and Scope of the Review
Theintendedcontributionofthisreviewpaperisthatitis an exhaustive review of pushover analysis and applications in assessing the seismic performance of RC framestructures.Themaingoalsofthisreviewinclude:
An attempt to investigate the basic concepts regardingthepushoveranalysisanditsimportancein theseismicassessment.
Investigating various modeling techniques as well as material nonlinearity to be considered in pushover analysis.
It will review previous research relating to the seismic performance prediction for RC frame structuresthroughtheuseofpushoveranalysis.
Discussion of limitations of pushover analysis and improvementtowardspotential;
It provides some ideas for future research and non linearstaticanalysis.
Some aspects of pushover analysis are reviewed and included in the review whichinclude methodologyinuse, computational tools, case studies, and practical applicationsinstructuralengineering.Thispaperattempts to aid in the development of a deeper understanding of pushoverasusedinimprovingtheseismicresilienceofRC frame structures by synthesizing findings from previous studies.
2. FUNDAMENTALS OF SEISMIC ANALYSIS IN RC FRAME STRUCTURES
The seismic analysis of Reinforced Concrete ( RC) frame structures plays a key role in understanding how they respond to the earthquake forces. RC structures which were designed to resist earthquakes must maintain stability and prevent catastrophic failure since earthquakes result in complex and dynamic ground motions.Thefirstpartofthissectiongivesanoverviewof the basic ideas in earthquake engineering; their behavior under seismic loading; common failure modes; and ductility, stiffness and energy dissipation in structural otherperformance.
2.1
Basic Concepts of Earthquake Engineering
2.1.1.Seismic
Forces and Ground Motion
The sudden release of energy along faults generates ground shaking that forces buildings and structures with dynamic forces which are dependent on intensity, duration and frequency. The seismic forces acting on structuresdependonafewkeyparametersincludingPeak Ground Acceleration (PGA) which represents maximum acceleration that a building is subjected to during an earthquake, ground motion frequency i.e. how fast the ground is vibrating and then how that ground vibration impactsbuilding responses aswell asduration of shaking that means how long a building is subjected to seismic forces.Also,thetypeofsoilinwhichthestructuresitswill either enhance or soften seismic waves, which will determinehowthestructurerespondstoshaking.
2.1.2.Seismic
Design Principles
However,detailedinformationofseismicdesignprinciples is not available. The mechanisms which ensure strength and stiffness so that structures can resist applied forces without excessive deformation, ductility so as to allow controlled deformation and prevent sudden the failure, redundancy to provide multiple load paths facilitating progressive collapse, and energy dissipation to involve damping mechanisms and materials to absorb seismic energy and minimize earthquake impact on the structure, aretheoneswhichareincluded.
2.2 Behavior of RC Frames Under Seismic Loads
Beamsandcolumnsconnectedbyrigidjointscomposethe RCframestructures and are intended for transferringthe loads as efficiently as possible. These structures are subjected to various kind of motions such as lateral displacement (horizontal motion due to ground shaking), interstory drift (relative displacement between adjoining storeyswhichhastobecontrolledinorderthatitdoesnot become excess for damage), base shear (total horizontal force applied by the earthquake at the foundation level) and torsion (rotational motion because of uneven mass distribution which often causes structural instable). RC frame resist these forces using moment resisting frame, shear walls or braced frame. These systems are effective only to the extent the seismic loads are distributed and stabilityismaintainedunderextremeconditions.
2.3 Failure Mechanisms and Damage Patterns in RC Structures
Thesoft-storyeffect,orcolumnfailure,ischaracterizedby disproportionatedeformationatonelevelofabuildingfor whichtheupperstoriesarerelativelyintactyetthelower story is significantly weaker and or more flexible. If these buildingshaveopenfloors,asmaybethecaseforparking
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spaces or commercial spaces, the scenario occurs quite regularly.Thefailureofbeam-columnjointoccursbecause of low detailing of reinforcement in through connection leading to premature failure caused by high stress concentration. Often seen in older buildings where the buildingwasnotbuiltaccordingtomodernseismiccodes. The lack of enough shear reinforcement in beams and columns leads to the diagonal cracking and sudden post crackingfailureduetoshearfailure.Itismorebrittlethan the flexural failure and can cause rapid collapse due to shear failure. Beams or columns fail in flexure (bending) due to excessive moment forces. The type of failure is ductile if the reinforcement is properly used, giving signs of collapse before they really happen. Torsional failure occursinirregularstructures,lateralforcesthatcausethe twisting motion, may be severe structural damage for asymmetrical buildings. The knowledge of these failure mechanisms enables a more resilient design of the structuresandthedevelopmentofappropriateretrofitting solution.
2.4 Role of Ductility, Stiffness, and Energy Dissipation
2.4.1.Ductility
Ductility refers to a structure’s ability to undergo large deformationswithoutitsloadbearingcapacityislost,and it is important to seismic design. As buildings absorb and dissipateenergyduringan earthquakewithoutcollapsing, andfailureoccursgraduallyaspeoplearegivenmoretime toevacuate,itprovidesmoretimeforanimalisticsurvival instincts to take over. Also, reinforcement detailing in RC frames is important in order to improve ductility, e.g. closelyspacedtiesinthecolumnsandadequatelapsplices andanchorageofreinforcement.Inaddition,plastichinges in the beams as opposed to the columns are designed to assist in providing a more controlled and 'desirable' failuremechanism.
2.4.2.Stiffness
Stiffness refers to a structure’s resistance to deformation under applied loads. High stiffness diminishes excessive displacements, but its outcome is overly stiff structures subjected to higher seismic forces that may fail brittle. Consequently, it is important to maintain a balance between stiffness and ductility to guarantee effective seismic performance. Stiffness can be affected by the column to beam stiffness ratio, in which the columns are stronger than the beams to avoid soft story failure, shear walls or bracing systems to increase the lateral stiffness and reduce the excessive sway, and material properties and cross sectional dimensions, where larger, reinforced crosssectionleadstoincreasedstiffness.
2.4.3.Energy Dissipation
Energydissipationmechanismsallowseismicforcesto be reducedbyconvertingkineticenergyintootherformslike heat. The main mechanism of energy dissipation in RC frames is through inelastic deformation of material, for example plastic hinges in beams and columns, damping devices (viscoelastic or friction dampers) installed in the structure, and base isolation techniques that reduce the transmitted forces to the superstructure. Engineers can improve RC frame structures’ seismic resilience by optimizing these three properties and thus reduce catastrophicfailuresinearthquakes.
3. PUSHOVER ANALYSIS: AN OVERVIEW
The methodology of pushover analysis is quite widely usedinstructuralengineeringfortheseismicperformance assessmentofbuildings.Itisaneffective,simplifiedwayto understandthewayastructurewillbehaveandultimately fail as the lateral loads increases. This section discusses the principlesinvolved in performing a pushover analysis and enumerates specific differences between this process andotherseismicanalysismethods,outlinesthehistorical evolution of pushover analysis, and describes its advantages,aswellasitslimitations.
3.1 Definition and Principles of Pushover Analysis
Nonlinear static pushover analysis is a method applied to analyse structures’ capacity under seismic loads. Incremental application of gradually increasing lateral forces in a structural model, either up to a specified performance level (e.g., yielding, ultimate capacity, or collapse)oracertainincrementalfactormaybeapplied.It enablesustofindtheweakpoints,failuremechanisms,as wellasthecapacityofastructureunderseismicforces.
3.1.1.Principles of Pushover Analysis
The use of pushover analysis involves applying incremental lateral loads to a structure which simulates the earthquake induced forces that increase gradually. This step evolves to a capacity curve or pushover curve, which is a plot of the structure’s strength against roof displacement, and is a very good starting point to understand the structure’s strength and deformation capacity. It also pinpoints locations where inelastic (plastic)hingeformationoccurs,whicharepossiblefailure points. Furthermore, a performance based evaluation classifies structure in performance level, like Immediate Occupancy,LifeSafetyorCollapsePreventionaccordingto the deformation they can tolerated. Pushover analysis offersaclearvisualrepresentationoftheseismicresponse of a structure, thus enabling engineers to come up with retrofitting strategies that would strengthen a weak buildingandenhanceitsresiliencetoearthquakes.
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3.2. Historical Development of Pushover Analysis in Structural Engineering
Over the past years engineers have developed the implementation of pushover analysis due to it being easy touseforseismicassessment.
Studies on plastic mechanism analysis of structural capacityunderseismicloadin1970sandearly1980sgave early observations. Although these methods were highly simplified and did not take into account of material behavior, the problem is solved much faster with the computationalsolution.
Researchers refined pushover analysis techniques during the 1990s to develop performance-based seismic design (PBSD). Guidelines for performing pushover analysis in structural assessment were developed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA-273, FEMA-356) andATC-40(AppliedTechnologyCouncil).
Pushover analysis became more accurate and more efficientduetotheuseofthecomputational toolssuchas ETABS, SAP2000, and OpenSees. Other limitations have been improved, such as additional use of adaptive pushoveranalysis.
Pushoveranalysiscontinuestoplayanimportantroleasa part of seismic vulnerability assessment and retrofitting strategiesinresearchandengineeringpractice,today.
4. NON-LINEAR STATIC METHOD IN PUSHOVER ANALYSIS
One widely used approach to perform pushover analysis to evaluate the structure’s performance under seismic loads is the non-linear static method. Whereas linear methods, which are based on proportionality between loads and deformations, are approximations of the real material behaviour, geometric changes, and plasticity, the non-linear approach is used. This section examines the idea of non-linearity of the structural behavior, the material and geometric non-linearity, plastic hinge formation, the capacity curves, and exhibits the comparisonwithnonlineardynamicanalysis.
4.1.
Material and Geometric Non-Linearity Considerations
Material non-linearity refers to the behavior of concrete and steel under stress. However, when its strain limit is exceeded, concrete is elastically strong initially but then will crack, crush, and spall, and it will lose strength with stresscycling.Secondly,steelreinforcementshowselasticperfectly plastic behaviour until strain hardening occurs. However,steel yields and developsresidual strainsunder cyclicloading,andthisoverallreductioninstrengthcanbe used to power secondary storage devices. Pushover
analysis is used to model the structural response using non-linear stress-strain models of concrete and steel. Large displacements and P-Delta effects are geometrical non linearities which lead to instability as gravity load actingonthedisplacedstructurecauselargelateralforces duetoincreasinginstability.Whendisplacementsbecome large, such second order effects result in the progressive strength degradation through a change of the stiffness distribution. The non, linear material models and the geometriceffectsareintegratedtogetherwithmostofthe pushover analysis tools to increase the accuracy in the simulation.
5.LITERATURE SURVEY
In this section of the literature survey, we will study the previous research work based on the push over analysis on the reinforced concrete frame structure, and summary ofthepreviousresearchworkaregivenbelow:
Shi and Choi (2024): This research employs nonlinear pushover analysis to evaluate the seismic performance of 10 distinct RC frame structures, focusing on the mechanical influences of varying stories and column orientations, ultimately enhancing understanding of their seismicresistanceandvulnerabilities.
Anuj et al. (2024): The study employs non-linear static pushover analysis to evaluate the seismic performance of 5-story reinforced concrete frames on sloped ground, comparing stepback and stepback-setback configurations. Findingsindicatesuperiorseismicresilienceforstepbacksetbackconfigurationsonslopesof15°,30°,and45°.
Erdem et al.(2024): The paper presents a nonlinear elasto-plasticanalysismethodforstaticpushoveranalysis of 3D frame structures, incorporating geometric nonlinearity and plastic hinge hypothesis, demonstrating accurateresultsthroughtheupgradedTUNALprogramfor a2-storeyRCbuilding.
Ahmed et al.(2024): The study employs pushover analysis, a nonlinear static method, to assess the seismic performance of RC frame structures. This technique, as outlined in ATC 40 and FEMA 356, effectively predicts damage under seismic loads, addressing limitations of traditionaldesignmethods.
Belal Almassri (2023): The study utilized nonlinear static analysis (pushover) to assess the seismic performance of a proposed RC frame building in various seismic zones in Palestine, demonstrating that a steel jackingsystemeffectivelymitigatedcollapserisksandmet seismicdesigncriteria.
Kevin and Orsolya (2023): The paper reviews nonlinear static procedures (NSPs) like pushover analysis for assessing seismic performance in structures, highlighting
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their advantages in accuracy and efficiency over rapid visual screening methods, while noting challenges in addressingcomplexresponsesandinteractions.
Fang (2023): The paper discussesthe collapse resistance of RC frame structures during earthquakes, emphasizing evaluation criteria, collapse mechanisms, and the influence of nonstructural components, which are essential for understanding seismic behavior and informing pushover analysis using non-linear static methods.
Windy and Wardi (2023):The study evaluates the seismic performance of a three-story RC building in Padang using pushover analysis. It reveals that the building achieves immediate occupancy performance level,indicatingminimaldamageduringearthquakes,with plastichingeformationstartingatbeamends.
Prashant and Madan (2023): The paper conducts a seismic study of irregular tall RCC structures using pushover analysis, a nonlinear static method, to evaluate base shear, pushover curves, and performance limits, focusingon T-shapedandU-shapedframed structures for lateralloadresistance.
Chinmaya et al.(2022): The study employs pushover analysis, a non-linear static method, to evaluate the seismic performance of RC buildings with floating columns.Itassessesbaseforceanddisplacementforthree G+9 storey structures using ETABS 2017, determining collapseloadandductilitycapacity.
Yubo (2022): The study employs pushover analysis to evaluate the non-linear behavior of a 15-storey RC frame structure,identifyingpotential weak areasand estimating damage probability under various pile group configurations, ultimately aiming to minimize earthquake damagethroughoptimaldesign.
Aastha and Deepti (2022): Thestudy employsnonlinear static pushover analysis to evaluate the seismic behavior of regular and irregular RC frame structures, focusing on parameterslikestoreydrift,displacement,andbaseshear, asperIS456:2000andIS1893:2002guidelines.
6.CONCLUSION
Background: The seismic performance evaluation of RC frame structures using pushover analysis can offer useful knowledge on their inelastic behaviour, failure mechanisms and the whole structural capacity under seismicloading.Thepurposeofthisreviewistopointout this role of pushover analysis as a non-linear static assessment method of structural vulnerability, plastic hinge formation, and of capacity curves for predicting seismic resilience. However, the pushover analysis provides a useful simplified means to evaluate the
structural performance while its limitations of not being able to capture higher mode effects and dynamic interaction require its integration with more advanced non linear dynamic methods for more thorough seismic assessment.
The results of past research studies show that pushover analysis has been used dominantly on various structural configurationssuchasregular,irregularandretrofittedRC frames. The review of studies shows that geometry and material irregularities, reinforcement detailing are the major factors determining the structural responses for earthquake. Indeed, pushover analysis is an effective method of determining potential failure zones and deformation capacities, which, however, can be improved upon with better development of computational techniquesandhybridanalysismethods.
Future research should improve the pushover methodologiestoincorporateadaptiveloadingtechniques and site diagnosis monitoring systems, which are convenient fortheseismicassessmentand seismic design strategies. Therefore, an integration of pushover analysis and dynamic simulations is introduced to provide engineers with more resilient RC structures that are capable of resisting seismic hazards and improving structuralsafetyandsustainability.
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