Oculus Science Journal
Issue 11
FOCUS– Mild Hybrid: The Ultimate Solution for Petrol Cars in Tough Emission Regulations BY FABIAN ROH
Climate change is defined as the long-term alteration of temperature and typical weather patterns. It has been an issue for the past 10 years or so. Combustion engine automobiles were always selected as one of
the main causes of climate change due to their exhaust emissions and additional pollution caused by burning fossil fuels, which make up petrol. Due to the emission regulations intensifying, the future is grim for petrol cars to continue enhancing their performance and efficiency. Deriving the technologies from Formula 1 racing, the mild hybrid technology was chosen by many premium automakers, especially German automobile manufacturers such as Audi, Mercedes-Benz, Mercedes-AMG, and BMW. ‘Mild hybrids’ technology consists of at least one electric 48-volt (48V) motor that assists a classic internal combustion engine, known as the ICE, and a 48V battery that is charged by an electric generator recovering excess mechanical energy, either from the engine itself or the fans inside the turbo. Such technology can be implemented in both gasoline and diesel engines. In Europe, mild hybrids play a huge role in the automotive industry. In Asian car markets, especially in South Korea, the mild hybrid feature is advertised as the future technology of automobiles and is now equipped within nearly every premium range of automobiles sold.
There are various types of mild hybrid technologies implemented. Most of them differ by the location of the 48V motor. In the P0 architecture, the 48V motor is linked to the combustion engine with an accessory belt—the most common type of mild hybrid technology implemented in cars. In the P2 architecture, the 48V motor is connected to the crankshaft. This type of architecture can be mostly seen in models from either Mercedes-Benz or 53 and 73 lineup from Mercedes-AMG. The layout of the 48v motor being connected to the crankshaft brings a huge advantage of removing the starter motor. From this, the car can turn its engine on more smoothly since the 48v motor, rather than a starter motor, connected to the crankshaft can smoothly turn the crankshaft, causing the engine to start. This does not only provide the
car with a weight advantage, but also gives a more premium driving quality to the drivers due to the absence of loud noise caused by the starter motors that we are used to. Mild hybrid technology is praised for enhancing the car’s efficiency and performance at the same time. Besides statistics, these advantages can be experienced while driving or experiencing the car in real-time. In terms of efficiency, the 48v motor in the car aids when cruising. In performance facets, mild hybrid helps by spooling up the turbos quicker for better throttle response. When cruising at high speeds, especially on highways, cars do not require a lot of power from the engine due to inertia. Around 5-6 years ago, most brands unleashed ‘cylinder deactivation technology’ to increase the car’s efficiency in these cases. As implied in its title, this technology does not supply fuel to half of the car’s cylinders. For example, if the car has 8 cylinders, then 4 of them are not functioning, which ultimately decreases the car’s petrol consumption at the time. Except for Audi, the technology only shut down the cylinders but still had the other parts, such as camshafts, linked to the 4 cylinders active, losing some efficiency. However, after the advent of 48v motors being connected to the engine, mild hybrid cars can entirely shut off their engines when the car is traveling with inertia. Since there is no need for lots of power, the 48v motor takes the sole responsibility of spinning the crankshaft, which means spinning the wheels and making the car go forward. Meanwhile, the excess kinetic energy can be used to recharge the 48v battery at an intense rate. Since the mild hybrid engine can start and stop the engine in a more smooth manner, the car immediately shuts down the engine. If the driver presses on more gas for more power, then the car can immediately turn the engine through the 48v motor with zero delays. (Video)
As the near demise of naturally aspirated engines approaches, most performance cars, such as BMW M, Porsche, and Ferrari, are now equipped with turbos. Although mostly associated with the word ‘fast’, a turbo, or a turbocharger, is also known as turbines and can be simply considered as a fan that generates compressed air through the flow of the car’s exhaust gas and shoots the compressed air into the engine. The act of the turbochargers creating compressed air is known as ‘spooling’. The turbos do not always spool while the engine is active. In fact, they spool up when the engine passes a certain amount of RPM
(Revolution Per Minute) which determines the overall flow of the engine. The addition of turbos, despite giving high performances at high RPMs, makes the cars feel numb at low RPMs; hence, creating the phenomenon called a ‘turbo lag’. Due to continuous research since its advent in the 90s, the turbochargers nearly overcame turbo lags through various technologies such as twin-turbos and VTG (Various Turbine Geometry), which is frequently used by Porsche; however, it is mechanically impossible to eradicate turbo lags with the traditional engines. With mild hybrids, the turbos can be spun with the power from the 48v battery; therefore, without revving up to the designated, often high RPM, the turbochargers can spool up at a much wider range of RPMs. Despite gaining slightly more weight from the mild hybrid system, this provides a huge advantage in the car’s performance. In fact, Mercedes-AMG, the sub-company of Mercedes-Benz that makes high-performance cars, recently launched their fastest 73 lineup that consists of their 4.0 liter twin-turbo V8 and the 48v mild-hybrid technology. The 73 lineups not only gained quicker response that is proved in their 0-100 acceleration time but also peaks around 800 horsepower, which is 200 horsepower more than the traditional 63 lineups that only had the V8 engine. This proves that mild-hybrid technology can be used to enhance the performance of the car.
MLA Sources: Lampinen, Megan. “Mild Hybrids-a Multi-Billion Euro Growth Opportunity alongside e-Mobility?” Automotive World, 10 Aug. 2020, www.automotiveworld.com/articles/mild-hybrids-a-multi-billion-euro-growth-opportunity-alongside-e-m obility/?fbclid=IwAR31SS49BI7YJ7Z2QjiYrw7qfECFp90fiEZuc8WHtBu5vvxcNjhUG4sI-JA. Yekikian, Nick. “The Hybridized Mercedes-AMG GT73 Is Coming to Eat the GT63's Lunch-and Soon.” MotorTrend, MotorTrend, 26 Aug. 2021, www.motortrend.com/news/mercedes-amg-gt73-hybrid-arrival-details/.
Our bodies have been sending signals all along; we just haven’t noticed them… until now By HANNAH KIM
Figure 1: MicroRNAs indicating whether an individual will develop dementia or not can be discovered in blood. Source Credit: Today UK News (LINK) Researchers at the DZNE (the Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, or the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases)—an institution that specifically researches neurodegenerative diseases—and UMG (University Medical Center Göttingen) discovered that dementia can be detected earlier than what was once thought. Dementia is a general term referring to an impaired ability to recall information, think, and communicate. Some examples of dementia include Alzheimer’s Disease, Vascular Dementia, and Lewy Body Dementia. André Fischer, the leading researcher in DZNE and professor at the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy at the UMG, said through extensive studies, they were able to identify three microRNAs—microRNAs are short strands of RNA that act as their inhibitors and control the protein production in the body—whose levels correlated with cognitive abilities. In order to confirm their hypothesis, they analyzed data from the two groups: 132 young, healthy human volunteers with no cognitive impairment and 53 elderly people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The result of their analysis indicated that healthy individuals with lower levels of the three microRNAs, also referred to as the blood markers, in the blood had higher mental fitness.
However, when the scientists measured the level of the microRNAs in mice, they discovered that the number of proteins increased even before showing a mental decline. In addition, in MCI patients, the researchers noted that in those whose blood markers had increased, 90 percent of them developed Alzheimer’s disease within two years. More specifically, the three particular microRNAs were directly connected to inflammatory processes and neuroplasticity, which is how well neurons can form connections. “Indeed, we see in mice that learning ability improves when these microRNAs are blocked with drugs. We've observed this in mice with age-related mental deficits, as well as in mice with brain damage similar to that occurring in Alzheimer's disease,” Fischer said. “We, therefore, see an increased blood level of these three microRNAs as a harbinger of dementia. We estimate that in humans this biomarker indicates a development that is about two to five years in the future.” But why is it important for dementia to be detected early on? Usually by the time patients, especially the elderly, discover that they have dementia, their brains are too impaired to give a diagnosis and make an effective treatment. However, if the patients could start receiving treatments one or two years before their brains get damaged, the development of the disease could be slowed down or prevented. However, researchers say that more investigation is needed to confirm this study. More experiments and real-life trials are needed to be certain of such correlation. In addition, even after this study is proven to be true, scientists would need to find an affordable and efficient way for hospitals to analyze the blood of their patients and determine their potential for developing dementia. Q&A: Sunmin: Before researchers found these biomarkers, what were some conventional ways doctors or scientists used to identify dementia patients? - Usually, doctors identified patients with dementia when they started showing symptoms of cognitive decline. By this stage, the disease has probably caused significant damage to the brain, making it more difficult to treat the patient. However, the biomarkers mentioned in this article may indicate that a patient will develop dementia even before significant damage happens to the brain, which is why this discovery is so significant. Anna: How do the brains of the elderly get impaired? Does it wear out over time? - When an individual develops a neurodegenerative disease like Alzheimer’s Disease, the neurons in the brain get damaged and die. Many connections and networks between
neurons also break, causing the brain to shrink. In the late stages of Alzheimer’s Disease, a significant volume of the brain is lost due to so much neuron loss. Jennah: What are some methods health professionals use to slow down or prevent the development of dementia after its discovery? - Health professionals give several medications to slow down the development of dementia. Some of them include donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine, which boosts the level of chemical messengers involved in memory. Xavier: It is mentioned in the article that mice showed improved learning ability from the treatment. Could the results of this research be applied to young, healthy people, or is it exclusive to those with diseases like dementia? - That is an area that still needs research. However, this research can be applicable to anyone because in the end, it is a measurement of the level of those biomarker microRNAs. So if we tested this on a healthy, young individual, the result would simply show that the person does not have a high level of the biomarkers in his or her blood, meaning the individual won’t be developing dementia soon.
Works Cited “Dementia.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 17 June 2021, www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dementia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352019#:~:t ext=Medications,involved in memory and judgment. Nall, Rachel. “Changes in the Brain: 10 Types of Dementia.” Healthline, Healthline Media, 22 June 2017, www.healthline.com/health/types-dementia. Nield, David. “Early Warning Signs of Dementia Could Be Lurking in Our Blood.” ScienceAlert, www.sciencealert.com/blood-biomarkers-could-carry-early-signs-of-dementia-study-show s. “Researchers Find Warning Signs for Dementia in the Blood.” ScienceDaily, ScienceDaily, 11 Oct. 2021, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/10/211011091258.htm.
“What Happens to the Brain in Alzheimer's Disease?” National Institute on Aging, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-happens-brain-alzheimers-disease#:~:text=In Alzheimer's disease, as neurons,significant loss of brain volume. “What Is Dementia?” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 5 Apr. 2019, www.cdc.gov/aging/dementia/index.html#:~:text=Dementia is not a specific,a part of normal aging.
The Origin of Tusks BY: ANNA KIM
Figure 1: Tusk of a dicynodont (Source Credit: The Harvard Gazette) A group of researchers that published a new study decided that a tooth be a tusk only if it amplifies out from the mouth, is made exclusively of dentine (a major tissue that builds the structure of teeth), and develops persistently to regenerate the damaged areas. Therefore, not all mammals have tusks. Homo sapiens, for instance, have their teeth coated with a substance called enamel that prevents the growth of teeth. Unlike tusks, which can repair themselves, enamel-covered teeth are sturdy but irreplaceable once destroyed. On the other hand, elephants, water deer, narwhals, and walruses are just a few that do have tusks. But did they have tusks from the beginning, and why do only a handful of mammals have these features? According to the study, led by Megan Whitney, a postdoctoral researcher at Harvard University, these mammals evolved to have tusks. She and her colleagues detected the first authentic tusks from several dicynodonts, mammal-like reptiles that existed approximately 270 to 201 million years ago. These reptiles belong to therapsids, an extinct group. Dicynodonts had beaks and a pair of teeth similar to the appearance of tusks—large and projecting from their heads. The team was able to detect how the first tusks were attached to the skulls of dicynodonts through the examination of micro-CT scans. Researchers utilize micro-CT scans to primarily
explore the internal structure of material and biological specimens without literally cutting them so that these samples are preserved for use in future research. Through observation, they found that several of the 19 dicynodont specimens tested did not meet the requirements of what should be considered a tusk. Researchers found that many dicynodont “tusks” were coated in enamel—not dentine—making them large teeth. Only a few dicynodonts started to develop tusks. These reptiles that formulated tusks also began to form soft tissue ligaments that connected the tooth to the jaw. The tissue ligaments decreased the rates of tooth replacement. Previously, Dr. Whitney hypothesized that all dicynodonts came to have tusks at a certain point in the family tree. So, she was astonished to discover that the dicynodonts developed their tusks convergently. In other words, these reptiles independently evolved similar traits to adapt to similar environments. An incredible discovery, as such, allows scientists to further probe through our (mammal) lineage of evolutionary processes.
Q&A: Sunmin: You mentioned that this discovery leads to further exploration through the mammal lineage, so what are some examples? What other aspects can now be explored? It wasn't a while back when scientists discovered that dicynodonts were closely related to mammals. Recently, they have found how dicynodonts developed to form tusks. Scientists can conclude how mammals came to have teeth by exploring the origin of tusks that evolved in such ancient reptiles. Jennah: The article mentions that other species, such as the narwhal, water deer, and walrus also have tusks for a similar function as the elephant. What are some similarities and differences that the tusks of those mammals have with the elephant? Elephants use their tusks for many purposes, such as foraging, digging, defense, and lifting objects. Similarly, water deer use their tusks for defense; their tusks help them fight off mates and predators. Walruses and narwhals use their tusks for slightly different purposes. Walruses use their features to pull themselves out of the water. Narwhals use their tusks to detect temperature and water pressure. However, all of these mammals use their tusks for survival. Xavier: The article explains how tusks came to be, but not exactly why. Why did animals evolve to have tusks? How were they a favorable trait for survival? As mentioned in the previous question, tusks are essential for the survival of mammals. Tusks allow mammals to defend themselves from predators, attack their prey agilely and feasibly, and
attract mates. Mammals with tusks have been deemed favorable within changing environments; they essentially were naturally selected. Hannah: What exactly is the significance of this discovery? How can we benefit from learning about the mammal lineage? There are essentially many more homo sapiens in this world than any other mammal. And as dicynodonts are reptiles very closely related to mammals, researchers may use the results of this study to relate them to humans and other mammals.
Works Cited Elbein, Asher. “How Did Elephants and Walruses Get Their Tusks? It's a Long Story.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 28 Oct. 2021, www.nytimes.com/2021/10/28/science/elephant-walrus-tusks-evolution.html. Siliezar, Juan. “Harvard Researchers Show How Tusks Evolved.” Harvard Gazette, Harvard Gazette, 2 Nov. 2021, news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2021/11/harvard-researchers-show-how-tusks-evolved/.
Increasing Sustainability with 5G BY SUNMIN LEE
Figure 1: Effect of 5G stations on carbon emissions Source Credit: CENGN (LINK) At this point, we all know that carbon emissions are a global environmental problem. Loss of animal habitats, rise in sea levels, and extreme weather events are only a few of the devastating consequences of carbon emissions. The threat it poses on humans, animals, and our planet is exigent, but the amount of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere continues to rise. Despite the economic slowdown from the pandemic, the global average atmospheric carbon dioxide level was 412.5 parts per million last year, the highest in history. As many individuals are striving to lessen the greenhouse gasses, corporations and industries should decarbonize their sectors too. Especially energy, transportation, and manufacturing areas need to strategize and rearrange to minimize the release of gasses for they are the biggest carbon emitters. As a solution to reducing the carbon footprints in these industries, MIT Technology Review Insights in collaboration with Ericsson has explored in their white paper “Decarbonizing industries with connectivity & 5G” the use of cellular infrastructure: 5G.
5G is a fifth generation mobile network that enables higher data speeds, lower latency, more reliability, increased capability and availability; its advancement compared to the previous generations of mobile network can lead to higher efficiency and performance. In addition, it is expected to create 22 million jobs and 13.1 trillion dollars worth of goods and services by 2035 when its full economic impact would become evident. Global operators already deployed 5G in 2019, and more than 60 countries are currently in use of the new cellular network. But how does 5G affect the environment? How does it specifically impact energy, transportation, and manufacturing sectors? Let’s first talk in relation to electricity and energy supply. Through an effort of replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy, “the Exponential Roadmap19 estimates that adopting solar and wind energy could contribute nearly half of emissions reductions required by 2030” according to “Decarbonizing industries with connectivity & 5G.” However, the transformation to a volatile, widely dispersed energy source has caused difficulty in connecting to the main grid and a call for better storage and data distribution management. Adopting 5G could be one of the solutions since, as Professor Antonello Monti, Chair of Automation of Complex Power Systems in RWTH AACHEN University, stated, 5G could be an “intelligent connectivity at the grid’s edge.” Energy industries could operate more efficiently in local and main networks as well as connect the routers to all sensors and machines quickly. As for the manufacturing sector, industries can reduce large amounts of carbon emissions in the process of shipping, distribution, and warehouse processes. In order to do so, Hosein Torabmostaedi, Hyperbat and Unipart Manufacturing’s digital and innovation manager, revealed that systems could be at the “backbone of the business to digitally manage interaction with the suppliers and customers.” The problem that arises is the size of data; however, this could also be solved with 5G infrastructure’s fast speed and bandwidth. With its various advantages that were mentioned earlier, industries can easily monitor all interconnected floors. In other words, 5G increases efficiency by “connecting the entire mixed-use warehouse, office, and production facility, gathering and analyzing data, and communicating actionable issues through a mobile alerting system” according to MIT Technology Review Insights. Better visibility into the transportation networks can help decrease carbon footprints. However, transportation systems are still not entirely interconnected, and we are not yet at the level of reaching cross-system integration. In addition, information from topography and traffic need to be included, and as Tony Sandberg, director of e-mobility for the Scania Group, said, “To utilize the potential of all the collected data within each individual transport management system and to connect each one to every other, data must be shared between public and private transportation network platforms and new mobility private firms.” That is, we need 5G to improve data visibility and efficient mapping of public transportation networks to optimize traffic flow.
To recognize the severity of climate change and combat the increasing carbon emissions, there have been numerous regulations and new legislations that have guided industries toward a sustainable direction. Despite the effort they are showing, the three industries above have been struggling to do so in face of managing enormous amounts of data. 5G, therefore, is significant in its ability to increase efficiency in all sectors, helping to bring out the best performance and at the same time build a digital structure that helps reduce carbon emissions. It also reminds us again that technology is now not merely existing for the convenience of humans but also for the good of nature. Q&A: Anna: How does 5G increase efficiency by “connecting the entire mixed-use warehouse, office, and production facility, gathering and analyzing data, and communicating actionable issues through a mobile alerting system”? - David Hart at Ericsson’s 5G smart factory said, “they can take proactive views on the data” because “production crews know when materials are running out or whether machine downtime is exceeding their threshold.” Jennah: The article mentions that there were “numerous regulations” and “new legislations” that were proposed regarding the creation of sustainable energy. Could you provide some examples about these reforms and how they relate to the development of 5G? - For example, I mentioned earlier in the article that industries are replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy. In 2020, 260 gigawatts of renewable energy capacity was added to the power grid according to “Decarbonizing industries with connectivity & 5G.” However, electricity producers are facing difficulty in managing the unpredictable renewables, and the use of 5G can help control, such as by connecting them to all sensors and machines, for better efficiency. Xavier: The article describes different ways in which carbon emissions have been cut down at the corporate level using 5G technology. Is there anything we can do as individuals to contribute to the effort? Hannah: The article seems to focus a lot on the benefits of 5G and show that it can solve a lot of the problems we have right now. However, what are some possible negative effects/downsides of utilizing 5G in these sectors? Work Cited: Dyton, Joe, et al. “What Is the Environmental Impact of 5G and How Is It Impacting the World?” Connected Real Estate Magazine, 21 Oct. 2021, connectedremag.com/das-in-building-wireless/5G/what-is-the-environmental-impact-of-5 G-and-how-is-it-impacting-the-world/. Insights, MIT Technology Review. 5G Can Help Industries Reduce Carbon Emissions, Says MIT Technology Review Insights, 20 Oct. 2021,
www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/5G-can-help-industries-reduce-carbon-emissions-say s-mit-technology-review-insights-301403825.html. Insights, MIT Technology Review. “Decarbonizing Industries with Connectivity and 5G.” MIT Technology Review, MIT Technology Review, 21 Oct. 2021, www.technologyreview.com/2021/10/20/1037636/decarbonizing-industries-with-connecti vity-and-5g/. Osmanski, Stephanie. “How Do Carbon Emissions Affect the Environment?” Green Matters, Green Matters, 30 Mar. 2020, www.greenmatters.com/p/how-do-carbon-emissions-affect-environment. “What Is 5G: Everything You Need to Know About 5G: 5G FAQ.” Qualcomm, 13 May 2021, www.qualcomm.com/5G/what-is-5G.
‘Fat Sweating’ Mice Open Up a New Chapter for the Treatment of Obesity BY JENNAH YOO
Figure 1: Diagram explaining how cytokine-induced sebum secretion works in experimental mice. The treated mice were able to shed up to 40 percent of their body weight by excreting fat through their skin. Source Credit: Penn Medicine News
In today’s rapidly operating society, technology has grown to take a crucial role in our lives. Although it consistently provides us the comfort of its accessibility and efficiency, as all good things do, technology also has its downsides—obesity. Following the rapid increase of accessible products, obesity has become a prevalent issue in today’s society. Despite a striking 40% of the global population being affected by the issue (“Obesity and Overweight”), obesity surprisingly does not have a cure that directly diminishes the condition at hand. A recent discovery shows that this may no longer be the case. According to a research published by scientists in the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, treating overweight mice with the minuscule immune protein, cytokine, known as thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), resulted in the observation of significant abdominal fat and weight loss compared to the control.
During their original investigation of testing the effect of TSLP’s impact on insulin resistance, and its effect on Type 2 Diabetes, the researchers injected obese mice with a vector that would noticeably increase the body’s TSLP levels. After four weeks, the investigators found out that not only did the injection significantly decrease their risk for diabetes, but it also had “undone” the obesity in these mice, who were continuously fed a fat-dense diet. In comparison to the control group that had consistently gained weight, the TSLP-injected mice went from an overweight mass of 45 grams to a normal weight of 25 grams (on average) in only 28 days (Ingeno). Along with this noticeable decrease in weight, the scientists additionally found out that the visceral fat level, along with the possibility of fatty liver disease, had consequently dropped. Due to these unanticipated outcomes, researchers initially inferred that the prominent decrease in weight must be due to a factor associated with lower caloric intake or increased metabolism; however, both of these assumptions were not the case. The Kambayashi research group, led by principal investigator Taku Kambayashi, MD, PhD, an associate professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at Penn, and Ruth Choa, PhD, a fourth-year medical student, concluded that the TSLP injected in the mice were stimulating the immune system to release lipids through the skin’s oil-producing sebaceous glands. The mice were, simply put, ‘sweating’ fat through the layer of their skin (NewsDesk). To explain in friendlier terms, Prof. Kambayashi further mentioned a critical observation of these bizarre ‘sweating mice’. “When I looked at the coats of the TSLP-treated mice, I noticed that they glistened in the light. I always knew exactly which mice had been treated, because they were so much shinier than the others”. In order to confirm his theory, the researchers shaved off the TSLP-treated mices’ fur, then proceeded to extract the unidentifiable oils from it. The results supported the hypothesis: the glistening fur had, in fact, contained a considerable amount of sebum-specific lipids. Although the primary goal of this investigation was not to find a cure for obesity but for Type 2 Diabetes, the Kambayashi research team states that the outcome of the experiment marks a solid embark for the human race’s efforts of overcoming obesity and other lipid disorders. “I don’t think we naturally control our weight by regulating sebum production, but we may be able to highjack (hijack) the process and increase sebum production to cause fat loss. This could lead to novel therapeutic interventions that reverse obesity and lipid disorders” (Ingeno). Though the results mark the beginning of a potential medical breakthrough, it is an undeniable fact that extensive research will be necessary in order for the theory to be applied in the human body.
Works Cited
Ingeno, Lauren. “Mice Treated with This Cytokine Lose Weight by 'Sweating' Fat.” Penn Medicine, Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania, 29 July 2021, www.pennmedicine.org/news/news-releases/2021/july/mice-treated-with-this-cytokine-lo se-weight-by-sweating-fat. John J Reilly Professor of Physical Activity and Public Health Science. “Obesity Is More Common than You Think – Here's Why.” The Conversation, 21 July 2021, theconversation.com/obesity-is-more-common-than-you-think-heres-why-131341#:~:text =The%20main%20drivers%20of%20the,and%20we%20need%20them%20now. Newsdesk, Edited by Gadgets 360. “Medical Breakthrough Shows Cytokine Could Help Lose Weight by 'SWEATING' FAT.” NDTV Gadgets 360, Gadgets 360, 31 July 2021, gadgets.ndtv.com/science/news/weight-loss-fat-lose-sweating-tslp-cytokine-protein-resea rch-mice-perelman-school-medicine-university-pennsylvania-2499371. “Obesity and Overweight.” World Health Organization, World Health Organization, 9 June 2021, www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight.